the human skeleton system 9 cmh physical education

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The The Human Skeleton Human Skeleton System System 9 CMH 9 CMH Physical Education Physical Education

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Page 1: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

The The Human Skeleton Human Skeleton

SystemSystem

9 CMH 9 CMH

Physical EducationPhysical Education

Page 2: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

What is the Human Skeleton What is the Human Skeleton

The human Skeleton is part of the support system in humans.

It is a strong internal framework.

It has two major parts: The Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton.

Page 3: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Division Of The Skeleton SystemDivision Of The Skeleton System

Axial Skeleton Axial Skeleton This include the ribs, sternum, spine This include the ribs, sternum, spine

and skull. and skull.

Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Include the upper limb, lower limb, hip Include the upper limb, lower limb, hip

and shoulder girdles.and shoulder girdles.

Page 4: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Axial Skeleton PartsAxial Skeleton Parts

Skull

Protects our brain, ears and eyes.

Consist of 28 bones.

Page 5: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Vertebral column Protects the spinal cord.

Supports the upper body.

Help us to move in different directions.

Also called the back bone.

Consist of 33 very small irregular bones called vertebrae.

The vertebral column allow an athlete to bend and stretch his or her body when

taking part in sports.

Page 6: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Sternum A point of attachment for the ribs.

Helps to strengthen our rib cage.

Page 7: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Ribs Ribs There are 12 pairs of ribs.

Help to protect our heart and lungs.

Page 8: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Appendicular Skeleton PartsShoulder girdle

Consist of two scapulas and two clavicles.

Help to give a sport person good flexibility in the arms.

Page 9: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Arms Bones of the arm are radius, ulna and

humerus.

Eight carpal bones are found in the wrist.

Five metacarpal bones found in the hand.

Fourteen phalanges are found in each hand.

Page 10: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Hip Girdle Gives the lower abdomen supports.

Give the femur a strong point of attachment.

Females normally have a wider hip.

Page 11: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

LegsLegs Made up of the tibia, fibula and femur. Made up of the tibia, fibula and femur.

Seven tarsals are found in each foot. Seven tarsals are found in each foot.

5 metatarsals5 metatarsals

14 phalanges are found in each foot. 14 phalanges are found in each foot.

Page 12: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Functions Of the Skeleton SystemFunctions Of the Skeleton System

ProtectionProtection The skull and the ribcage have a

protective function for example.

The skull protects the brain and the rib cage protects the lungs and heart.

The vertebral column protects the spinal cord.

Page 13: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

SupportSupport The vertebral column (backbone) and girdles

mainly provide support.

Vertebral column supports the body and head, while the girdles support the bones in the limbs.

Movement/LocomotionMovement/Locomotion Movement is moving a part of the body while

locomotion is the movement of the entire body.

Skeleton muscles are attached to bones, therefore when the associated muscles contract they cause bones to move.

Page 14: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Production of Blood CellsProduction of Blood Cells The red bone marrow inside larger bones

produce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Provide a framework Provide a framework This is keeping the body in shape.

Storage of minerals Storage of minerals Bone tissues store several minerals, including

calcium and phosphorus.

Page 15: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Assistance in BreathingAssistance in Breathing The skeletal system assisted when the

diaphragm muscles contract and push the diaphragm up and outwards to expand the rib cage. This make more air enter the lungs.

Page 16: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Tissues of the Human Skeleton BonesBone is a living hard connective tissue.Make up from ground substance called matrix and bone cells.

Also contain calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

Bone is a living tissue.

Long bones are not solid.

Page 17: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

The outer layer is compact bone. The outer layer is compact bone. An inner layer of spongy bone and a An inner layer of spongy bone and a

central marrow cavity. central marrow cavity.

Hence long bones are tubular. Hence long bones are tubular.

Red bone marrow is where red Red bone marrow is where red and white blood cells are made. and white blood cells are made.

Yellow marrow does not made Yellow marrow does not made blood cells but stores fat. blood cells but stores fat. The end of bones are covered withThe end of bones are covered with cartilage. cartilage. Tendons attach muscle to bone. Tendons attach muscle to bone.

Page 18: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Long Bones

The largest bones in our legs fingers and arms.

Long bones are used for the main movements of our body.

For example swinging the bat to play a cricket stroke.

Page 19: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

The small bones found at joints in our feet and hands.

Short bones are used for fine movements of the human body.

For example moving the wrist to play a cricket shot.

Page 20: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Flat Bones The bones of your skull knee, pelvic

girdle and shoulder girdle.

Flat bones are used to protect the organs of our body.

Flat bones allow large muscles to attach to them.

Page 21: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Irregular Bones Irregular bones are found in our face and

vertebral column.

These bones give the human body shape and support.

Page 22: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

LigamentsLigaments A form of connective tissue.A form of connective tissue.

Join bone to bone at a joint.Join bone to bone at a joint.

Has yellow elastin fibres whichHas yellow elastin fibres which

make them elastic but tough.make them elastic but tough.

The they are elastic to allow The they are elastic to allow movement. movement.

Page 23: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

TendonsTendons Attach muscles to bone. Attach muscles to bone.

Made up of white fibrous Made up of white fibrous protein (collagen) in a matrix.protein (collagen) in a matrix.

This is a tough non-elastic This is a tough non-elastic fibre.fibre.

Tendons must not stretch when muscle Tendons must not stretch when muscle contracts to move the bone.contracts to move the bone.

Page 24: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

CartilageCartilageThis is a flexible connective tissue.

Cartilage reduce friction and absorb shock at joints.

Found at the ends of bones, nose and the ears.

Page 25: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

MusclesMuscles They are bundle of fibrous tissue in a They are bundle of fibrous tissue in a

human with the ability to contract. human with the ability to contract.

This contraction allow movement to take This contraction allow movement to take place or maintain body posture. place or maintain body posture.

Muscle tissue contains cells, which Muscle tissue contains cells, which contract to allow movement. contract to allow movement.

Page 26: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Types of MusclesTypes of MusclesVoluntary MuscleVoluntary MuscleAttached to the bones of the Attached to the bones of the skeleton .skeleton .

This is called voluntary muscle This is called voluntary muscle because it contracted when you because it contracted when you wish wish

it to. it to.

Page 27: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Involuntary Muscle/Smooth MuscleInvoluntary Muscle/Smooth Muscle

This muscle is under automatic This muscle is under automatic control.control.

You do not consciously control the You do not consciously control the contraction of involuntary muscle. contraction of involuntary muscle.

Examples of this include the Examples of this include the smooth circular muscle found in smooth circular muscle found in the walls of the intestines, which the walls of the intestines, which moves food by peristalsis. moves food by peristalsis.

Page 28: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle

This is an involuntary muscle.This is an involuntary muscle.

It is located in the walls of the heart.It is located in the walls of the heart.

Very strong and resistant to fatigue, as it Very strong and resistant to fatigue, as it must work constantly throughout life.must work constantly throughout life.

Page 29: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

How Muscle ContractsHow Muscle Contracts It start by the arrival of nerve It start by the arrival of nerve impulses.impulses.

Calcium ion is then release into Calcium ion is then release into the muscle and then ATP.the muscle and then ATP.

Muscles are attached to bones so Muscles are attached to bones so that when they contract they pull.that when they contract they pull.

The muscle shortens and gets The muscle shortens and gets fatter when contract.fatter when contract.

Page 30: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Pull up your lower arm and watch the muscle in your upper arm bulge.

When a muscle relaxes it does not do any work.

It extends and gets thinner due to the action of another muscle contracting.

This other muscle acts in opposition and the pair are said to work antagonistically.

Page 31: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Movement At the Elbow JointMovement At the Elbow JointFlexionFlexion Two muscles work antagonistically to flex

and extend.

The biceps muscle on the humerus contract to pull the ulna and radius closer.

The triceps relaxes at this time.

The biceps is joined to the radius by a single tendon of insertion.

At the other end two tendons of origin are joined to the scapula.

Page 32: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

The scapula holds firm and the lower arm will pull up.

Extension at the elbow jointExtension at the elbow joint The triceps at the back of the humerus

will contract.

This draws the ulna nearer to the scapula and extend the arm.

The biceps relaxes at this time.

One point of insertion for the triceps is on the ulna.

Page 33: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

The triceps has three points of origin.

Two on the upper part of the humerus and one on the scapula.

Page 34: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Joint A joint is formed wherever two or more A joint is formed wherever two or more

different bones meet.different bones meet.

Movement occurs in many different Movement occurs in many different planes and to make this possible the planes and to make this possible the bones must be joined to each other in bones must be joined to each other in different ways.different ways.

Page 35: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Types of JointsTypes of JointsFixed JointsFixed JointsSynovial Joints/moveable JointsSynovial Joints/moveable Joints

Fixed JointsFixed Joints Are formed where bones are not meant Are formed where bones are not meant

to move. to move.

The sutures of the skull is made up of The sutures of the skull is made up of several bones which fuse together in several bones which fuse together in the early years of life. the early years of life.

This is important so that the skull This is important so that the skull provides strong protection for the provides strong protection for the brain. brain.

Page 36: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Features Of A Synovial JointFeatures Of A Synovial Joint

Freely moveable joints are called synovial joints.

All have the same basic structures.

The ligaments hold the bone firmly together.

The surfaces of the bones are covered in cartilage.

The cartilages are very smooth to reduce friction and Absorb shocks.

Page 37: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

The synovial membrane produces the synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid serves as a lubricant which help to reduce friction.

Page 38: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Kinds of Synovial JointsKinds of Synovial Joints

Ball and SocketBall and Socket Found in the hip and shoulder. Found in the hip and shoulder.

Allows movement in all planes/universal Allows movement in all planes/universal movement. movement.

The fitting of the humerus into the The fitting of the humerus into the cavity of the Scapula (shoulder blade) cavity of the Scapula (shoulder blade) allows you to swing your arm right allows you to swing your arm right around.around.

Page 39: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Hinge JointsHinge Joints

Allows movement in one plane only (like a door) approximately 1800 .

as at the knee and elbow joint.

Thanks to the hinge joint in the knee footballers can easily run and kick a ball in front of them.

Page 40: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Gliding joint Gliding joint

These joints allow bones to glide over each other, giving flexibility in the area.

Allows several angles of movement.

Are found where there are several small bones.

Thanks to gliding joints in the hands bowlers are able to hold and spin the ball in cricket, and batsman can grip the bat.

Page 41: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Pivot jointPivot joint

One bone stays stationary while the other rotates on it.

Example at the neck and head.

Page 42: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Posture And LocomotionPosture And Locomotion Good posture means that the body is held

correctly so that there is only slight tension in the muscles.

Page 43: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Factors that Affect The SkeletonFactors that Affect The Skeleton Poor posture puts strain on muscles and

they lose their tone.

High-heeled shoes can cause bad posture while standing.

This strain leg muscles.

Page 44: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

ArthritisArthritis Inflammation of the joints.

This is a deterioration of the cartilage covering the bones in the joints.

Page 45: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

DislocationDislocation This happens when a bone is forced out of its

normal position in the joint cavity.

Fractures This occur when you put more pressure on a

bone than it can stand, causing it to crack, split or break.

A break of any size is called a fracture.

Page 46: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis This is a condition in which the bone matrix is

lost and not replaced, resulting in an increased softening and weakening of the bones.

RicketsRickets Is a disease in you children caused by a

deficiency vitamin D and calcium, resulting in soft and deformed bone.

Page 47: The Human Skeleton System 9 CMH Physical Education

Sprains Sprains Occur when a ligament is damaged or torn

because excessive force is applied to the joints.