the human organism and the perpetuation of life. write the black, read the red
TRANSCRIPT
The Human Organism and The Human Organism and the Perpetuation of Lifethe Perpetuation of Life
• Write the black, read the red
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT CELLS?
Follow in workbook pg. 67
The Cell
building blocks of all living organisms.
Start= all the same, become specialized.
Use pg. 127 of your textbook to help you fill in the cell diagram
• We will only really focus on the Nucleus, DNA, and the Mitochondria
Homework: Workbook pg. 68
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
DNA = a double helix molecule located in the cell nucleus
when straightened looks like a ladder.
adenine thymine
guanine cytosine
Label diagram on pg. 69 of workbook using pg. 128 of the textbook
The Human Genome
A genome = complete set of genetic information of an individual
Genes
Genes
= a section of DNA with genetic information required for a particular job.
small differences between each of our genes, making us all different
Genetic Diversity All possible variation of genes = e.g. blue, brown
eyes
Only identical twins are genetically identical
• More individuals in a population = greater the genetic diversity (larger gene pool)
• The smaller the gene pool, the more genetic abnormalities
Homework: Workbook pg. 70
Discussion: Textbook Pg 152, Questions 1-7
Cell Division
Cell Division
= the process to produce new cells to: increase cell count (grow)regenerate damaged/broken tissuesexual reproduction
Cells not dividing all the time = interphase
Chromosomes
• Has genetic material from father and mother
• 23 pairs = total of 46 chromosomes (2n, or diploid)
Chromosomes
Human Cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
Tightly coiled DNA strand gives the chromosome its recognizable shape
Caryotype of a male Caryotype of a female
Before cell divides = copies all DNA
bases = proper sequence until 2 identical strands.
Fill in Workbook pg. 71 and the handout using pg. 134 of textbook
Stages of Mitosis film
• mitosis models
Meiosis= sex cell division
division of certain cells = produce sperm and ovum (gametes)
Gives 4 daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes (n or haploid)
Meiosis filmMeiosis film
Fill in workbook pg. 72 using pg. 135 of textbook
Daughter cell comparison
Mitosis• 23 pairs of
chromosomes
• Diploid (2n)
• 2 daughter cells produced
Meiosis• 23 chromosomes
• Haploid (n)
• 4 daughter cells produced
Workbook pg. 73 & 74
Discussion: textbook Pg. 152, questions 8-15
Cellular Specialization
Follow on pg. 75 of workbook
Tissues ,Organs and Systems
Our cells = specialized but work together Tissues = Cells with common function Organs= a structure made of various tissues
with specific function Systems= group of organs and tissues
working together
Tissues
1. Epithelial tissue:
Function: Covers & protects organs (inside and out)
E.g. skin, lining of stomach, lining of lungs, etc.
2. Connective tissue:
Function: Binds & supports tissues and organs, provides protection & nutrients
E.g. tendons, cartilage, blood, bones, fat
3. Nervous tissue:
Function: Control and guide body activity, transmit messages
E.g. brain, spinal cord, nerves
4. Muscular tissue:
Function: contract & regain shape =making body move
e.g. heart, internal organs, skeletal muscles
Organ Systems group of organs and tissues that work
together to perform a task. e.g. The respiratory system
Discussion: Textbook Pg. 153, questions 16-18
Homework: Workbook pg. 76
Cells and tissues colouring• Colour the diagram according to the cell
and tissue type
• All similar letters get coloured the same colour
• E.g. This handout shows individual epithelial cells, a small group of epithelial cells, and epithelial tissue. They all get coloured the same colour
The Reproductive System
Stages of human development
Fertilization = fusion of an ovum (n) and a spermatozoan
(n). Gives 1 complete cell, zygote, with all genetic material (2n)
Conception video
Stages of human growth
Puberty• The change that prepares the human body for
reproduction.
• Usually occurs between ages 10-14
• The beginning of puberty is marked by a progressive increase in the production of sex hormones.
• Hormones are chemical messengers transported by blood to control actions of organs
Hormones
WomenHormones that trigger puberty
•FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
•LH (luteinizing hormone)
function
•Stimulate maturation of ova
•Stimulate ovaries to produce female sex hormones
Hormones
WomenSex hormones
•Estrogens, progesterone
function
•Start develop primary and secondary sexual characteristics
Hormones
MenHormones that trigger puberty
•FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
•LH (luteinizing hormone)
function
•Stimulate production of spermatozoa
•Stimulate testicles to produce male sex hormones
Hormones
MenSex hormones
•testosterone
function
•Start develop primary and secondary sexual characteristics
Sexual characteristics
Primary sexual characteristics
Women
•Genital organs mature
•Menstrual cycle begins
Secondary sexual characteristics
Women
•body hair appears
•Breasts develop
•Pelvis widens
Sexual characteristics
Primary sexual characteristics
Men
•Genital organs mature
Secondary sexual characteristics
Men
•body hair appears
•Skeletal muscles grow
•Larynx enlarges (voice drops)
Homework: pg. 78 in Workbook
Discussion: Textbook Pg. 154, questions 19-23
Female reproductive system
Fill in the diagram on pg. 79 of the workbook using pg. 144 of your textbook
Oogenesis
• = the process of ovum (egg) production by meiosis
The Ovarian Cycle
• = the process whereby a single ovarian follicle matures (in order to release an ovum) and changes into a corpus luteum (in order to encourage the implatation of the ovum in the uterus)
Oogenesis & The Ovarian Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle
• Represents all of the periodic changes in the uterine endometrium
The Menstrual Cycle
• Has three phases:
Menstrual phase
Proliferation phase
Secretory phase
Fill in page 80 of your workbook using the tables on page 146 and 147 of your textbook
Menopause
• Occurs in women over the age of 40
• Ovarian and Menstrual end
• End of fertility
Homework: Pg. 81 & 82 in workbook
Discussion Questions: pg. 154 #24-31
Male Reproductive System
Fill in the diagram on pg. 83 of the workbook using pg. 149 of your textbook
Spermatogenesis
• = the process of sperm production by meiosis
Erection and Ejaculation
• An ERECTION involves the increase in volume and rigidity of the penis as a result of sexual arousal
• EJACULATION is the expulsion of semen by the penis
Birth Control
• Have a look at page 151 in your textbook
Homework: page 84 of your workbook
Discussion Questions: Pg. 155# 32-34
• Using the the words on page 155 to fill in concept maps 1-3 for Chapter 5 of your textbook.
• You can use your notes too.
Build a Concept Map
Study questions: workbook pg. 85-88, questions 1-21
Page 68
1. They are the basic units of all living beings
2. A) Nucleus
B) Cell Membrane
C) Cytoplasm
3. A) cytosol
B) Endoplasmic reticulum
C) Lysosomes
Page 68D) Nucleus
E) Cell membraneF) MitochondriaG) Endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes
H) Golgi apparatus
I) DNA
J) Nuclear membrane
4. A) Yes B) No C) Yes D) No
Page 701. Example answers: digesting nutrients, making
hair grow, repairing wounds, sending messages to another cell, giving eyes their color, etc.
2. - sexual reproduction - large population
3. A) DNA B) Gene
C) Genome D) Genetic Diversity
4. Identical twins
Page 705. A) adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
B) 2
C) because each base always binds with the same base
6. No, these unions will not be beneficial because they will decrease genetic diversity. There will therefore be a greater risk of genetic diseases developing
Page 731. a) True b) True c) False d)
True
2. A) Chromosomes or a human genome
B) because one chromosome comes from your mom, the other from your dad
3. a) telophase b) metaphase
c) anaphase d) prophase
4. a) male gametes or sperm(atozoa)
b) female gametes or ova (eggs)
Page 745.
Similarities: The parent cell is diploid, the DNA from the parent cell coils and condenses to form pairs of chromosomes with identical chromatids
Differences: During meiosis cell divides twice instead of only once, in meiosis the four daughter cells end up with only half the genetic material while in mitosis the two daughter cells have the same genetic material as parent cell
Page 746.
7. Diploid cells have twice as many chromosomes as haploid cell, or diploid cells have two copies of each gene while haploid cells have only one
Cell division method Example Function
Mitosis Our bones getting longer during childhood
Growth
Mitosis A scar forming when we cut ourselves
Repair
Meiosis Production of gametes Sexual reproduction
Mitosis Dead skin cells replaced by new cells
Tissue repair
Page 761. a) muscle tissue b) connective tissue
c) nerve tissue
2.
3. A – cartilage tissue B – bone tissue
C – blood tissue D – fatty tissue
4. System: Cardiovascular System Organ: Heart Tissue: Muscle Tissue
Function Examples
cover and protect Epithelial tissue of the skin
secrete Epithelial tissue of salvary glands
absorb Epithelial tissue of the small intestine
filter Epithelial tissue of the kidney
Page 781.
2. See diagram in textbook
3. A – yes, secondary B – no
C – yes, primary D – yes, secondary
E – yes, primary F – no
G – yes, secondary
4. Through fertilization of the mother’s ova by the father’s spermatozoa
Hormone Gland Female Male
FSH, LH, progesterone, estrogen, testosterone
Pituitary gland Estrogen, Progesterone
Testosterone
Page 811. See diagram in textbook
2. A – 3 B – 4 C – 2
D – 6 E – 5 F – 1
3. a) ovarian follicle ruptures (ovulation)
b) Ovarian follicle changes into a corpus luteum
c) Menstruation or increase in FSH production
d) Thickening of the endometrium or decrease in the production of FSH and LH
e) An ovarian follicle develops
Page 824. Menstrual phase – 2 to 6
Proliferation phase – 7 to12
Ovulation – 13
Secretory phase – 14 to 26
Menstrual phase – 27 to 31
5. a) Ovarian follicle b) Pituitary gland
c) Corpus Luteum d) Uterus
e) Ovarian follicle f) Endometrium
Page 82
6. Ovulation will take place of the 16th day because it occurs after a surge of FSH hormones
Page 841. a) seminiferous tubules in the testicles
b) Spermatogenesis
c) Spermatogonia
d) Prostate and seminal vesicles
e) Corpora cavernosa and spongiosa
2. A – C – E – B – D
3. See diagram in textbook