ARALING PANLIPUNAN

THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGESThe period from 500 to 1500 is known as the Middle Ages or medieval period

From the fallen Roman Empire emerged new institutionsINVASIONS TRIGGER CHANGES IN EUROPE Invasions and warfare led to new changes in government, economy, and culture.Merchants were very much affected with the invasions

Business collapsedMoney became scarce

Cities were abandoned as a result of destroyed trade, forcing the nobles to retreat to the rural areas.

Cities were without strong leadersPopulation of Western Europe became mostly ruralKnowledge was almost lost among the Romans.The invaders who attacked Rome were illiterates-they had no written language.

Few people, except for the priest and priest officials, were literate.

The mixture of German and Roman speaking people ushered in the development of new words and phrases.

Latin began to change.

Years 400-600,small Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces.Borders of these kingdoms changed constantly with the fortunes of war.The church-the institution that survived the fall of the Roman empire ; they provided order and securityTHE EMERGENCE OF GERMANIC KINGDOMSFamily ties and personal loyalty rather than citizenship bound Germanic society together

Germanic people were governed by unwritten laws and traditions.

GOVERNMENT CHANGESGermanic chief led a band of warriors who had pledged their loyalty to the chief.

IN PEACETIMEfollowers lived in the lords hallwas given food, weapons and treasuresIN BATTLEWarriors fought to the death at their lords side

Germanic warriors willingly died for a leader they respected. Yet, they felt no obligation to obey a king they didnt know, nor any official to taxes or administer justice in the name of an emperor they have never met.

Germanic people called Franks held power in Roman province of Gaul-their leader is Clovis who brought Christianity.By 530CE, the Franks controlled much of the land in what is now France and Germany.Clovis was converted into ChristianityMany Germanic peoples were converted into Christianity.

The Frankish kingdom was divided into smaller kingdoms.THE RISE OF THE FRANKSIn 717, a leader named Charles Martel reunited the Frankish kingdom.

His name Charles means the Hammer described him well.

He put down all his rivals and enemies.

CHARLES MARTEL

Known as the mayor of the palace who became so powerfulThe Muslim raiding army from Spain was defeated by him at the Battle of Tours in 732-this battle was most significant because Europe was spared from being ruled by the MuslimHis power was passed on to his son Pepin the Short

Pepin wanted to become king so he cooperated with the Pope.In exchange, the pope anointed Pepin King by the grace of God this began the reign of Frankish rulers called the Carolingian Dynasty

Pepin the Short died in 768.He left a strengthened Frankish kingdom to his two sons, Carloman and Charles.After Carlomans death in 771,Charles known as Charlemagne or Charles the Great quickly seized control of the entire kingdom.Charles became king in 768 when he was about 26.He was a devout Christian who wanted to build a Christian empire in Europe.Charlemagnes fiercest campaign was the 30 year struggle against the pagan Saxons in Northern Germany.The defeated Saxons had to convert to Christianity or be killed.

THE RULE OF CHARLEMAGNECharlemagnes army also crossed the Pyrenees to attack the Muslim rulers of Spain.By the year 800,Charlemagnes empire included most of central and western Europe-stretched from Atlantic Ocean to Adriatic Sea.The Carolingian Empire exceeded the Byzantine Empire.He became a very powerful king in Western Europe.He was able to crush a mob that attacked the Pope and, in turn, the Pope Leo III crowned him emperor.His coronation was historic because it signifies the unification of Germanic power, the Church and the Roman Empire.

Charlemagne ruled his empire personally by riding on horseback from one place to another.IN BATTLES-he depended on his nobles not on his professional army.GOVERNMENTCharlemagne in governing his empire.He sent out royal agentsMake sure that landowners called counts governed counties justlyHe visited regularly part of his kingdomHe judged casesSettled disputesRewarded loyal followersKept a close watch on the management of his large estates

He enjoyed music and set to a palace school and libraryHe invited English, German, Italian, and Spanish scholarsHe ordered monasteries to open schools that trained future monks and priestsCULTURECharlemagne died in 814After 40 years, Charles the Bald and Louis the German fought one another for the empire.The civil war ended in 843 when they signed the Treaty of Verdun. This pact divided into three kingdomsAfter, Carolingian kings lost power, central authority broke down, lack of strong rulers led to a new system of governing & landholdingEND OF CHARLEMAGNES EMPIRECharles the BaldLouis the German

Faith in GodChurch prominent feature; more than a place of worship; powerful institution with its own government, laws, courts, and system of taxation.Feudal society from king to peasant was influenced by the teachings of the church.

THE CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGESChurch in the Middle Ages

In the Northern and Eastern Europe, missionaries who preached the gospel, like Patrick in Ireland and Augustine in England, won many converts.Boniface carried Christian teachings to Germanic people in Saxony in700 CE.Dedicated people converted the Slavs, Magyars, and Vikings.THE CHURCHS GROWING INFLUENCEAugustine in EnglandPatrick in Ireland

Several parishes made up a see or diocese; the district was ruled by a bishop.Archbishop administered several diocesesBishops and archbishops are noblesParish priests were generally commonersPope in Rome was the spiritual leader in the Christian WorldPapal Estates lands ruled by the popePriest celebrated mass; helped care for the sick and poor; collected the tithe/10% tax; only teacher in the villageThe clergy gained great influence in political affairsHigh church officials owned feudal lands with their own fiefs and vassalsAs nobles, some were also vassals to a king/other lordAs churchmen, they weren't required to fight in battle, but they had to decide between loyalty to a feudal lord and loyalty to the church.THE SOCIETY AND THE CHURCHDocuments were sworn before a member of the clergySo that those who travel and those who remain at home may enjoy security and peace.The church declared that fighting must stop between Friday and Sunday each week and during religious holidays Peace of GodIt contributed to the decline of the feudal warfare in 1100CEChristians believed life on Earth was less important than salvation and everlasting life in heavenThe route to salvation was through sacraments, the seven sacred rites, which were administered by the church through priestsThey used harsh measures to enforce discipline

CHRISTIAN SALVATIONChristians who disobeyed were threaten with excommunicationPeople who were excommunicated could not receive sacraments; lost their property and were treated as outcastsA king who defied the church could also be excommunicated just like Martin LutherHeresy holding a belief that differed from those of the church

Martin LutherLuther was excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church

As a monk, he struggled to find peace with God

Best way to serve God was to withdraw from the world.St. Benedict established a monastery in Monte Casino in Italy at 6th centuryShall not have anything of his own neither a book nor a pen.Monk took vows of chastity/purity, and of absolute obedience to the Abbot head of the monasteryRELIGIOUS ORDERS

St. BenedictWomen were allowed to become nuns

A bell summoned monks and nuns to pray at dawn and at set hours during the day

Two teaching orders became prominentFrancis of Assisi dedicate his life to poverty and service; founded the Franciscan Order of MonksFranciscans owned no property or worldly goods; survived on charity and worked to help the poorDominic founded a new order of monksDominicans teachers who set up schools in new townsDominicFrancis of Assisi

The medieval church helped preserve ancient learningCharlemagne ordered monks to copy classical Greek and Latin textsBy carefully copying Greek and Roman works, they preserved the traditions of the ancient world for future generationsLATIN TEXTSGreat monasteries and convents flowered as centers of learning and the artsOne problem of the church was how to control the clergyCorruption and immorality was feltThe Abbot of Cluny banned simony or the buying and selling of religious officesHe stressed the virtues of hard work and service to GodThe Cluny reforms helped restore discipline among the clergy. THE CHURCH-A CIVILIZING FORCEUnity and StabilityHumanitarianismCivilizing InfluencePreservation of Classical CultureField of Agriculture and IndustryEmphasis on justice, mercy, brotherhood, peace and salvationCONTRIBUTIONS OF THE CHURCH