the holocaust project - ark boulton academy 9 holocaust project... · the holocaust happened during...

14
NAME: Class: Cedars Upper School Year 9 History The Holocaust Project

Upload: others

Post on 10-Jul-2020

22 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

NAME:

Class:

Cedars Upper School Year 9 History

The Holocaust Project

Key Term Definitions – provide a definition below. Look up the word if you are unsure…

Minority

Semite

Intolerance

Discrimination

Persecute

Superiority

Aryan

Sterilise

Genocide

Exterminate

Asocial

Boycott

Resistance

Ghetto

Segregated

Euthanasia

Retribution

Scapegoat

Prejudice

Stereotype

Synagogue

Add five more words of your own below with definitions. You might want to come back and do this once you’ve found out more about the Holocaust.

The Holocaust happened during the Second World War between the years 1939 - 1945. However, the seeds for the events began much, much earlier. As you probably now understand, major events are often the result of several causes that often overlap, connect and influence each other. The key reasons for the Holocaust are outlined in the boxes below and explained in the subsequent sources (next slide). Task: For each of the sources on the next page, decide which reason/s it supports and explain why in the table.

1. Historical scapegoating

2. Impact of WW1

3. Nation building

4. Hitler’s experiences

5. Other reasons

Source Reason /s Explanation of choice

A Scapegoating Jewish people were seen as different and often forced out of their homelands by invaders. This caused them to be scapegoated as groups would blame them for problems as they weren’t liked by the majority.

B Nation Building

The poster shows Germany being rebuilt by Aryans. Aryans were…

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

C

D

E

F

G

HA cartoon showing a Jew (based on stereotype) leading away an innocent Aryan girl. The Nazis

promoted the idea that the Jews were trying to corrupt their

young girls and breed with them to destroy their Aryan race.

I

A

B

In 1939 there were eight million Jews living in Europe. Between 1939 and 1945 six million Jewish men, women and children were murdered in the parts of Europe controlled by the Nazis. This attempt to wipe out the Jewish population is usually known as the Holocaust, although some Jews object to this term as it means ‘sacrifice’. Some Jews prefer to use the term ‘Churban’ which means ‘destruction’. Hundreds of thousands of gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, disabled people, political opponents and prisoners of war were also victims of this mass murder. Different methods of killing were used. Over a million people were killed in their own towns and villages, or in ghettos, where they were deliberately starved of food or shot. The rest were transported by train across Europe to extermination camps. The most well-known of these camps was Auschwitz in Poland. At least four million people were sent to Auschwitz. Only around 60,000 survived.

For hundreds of years, Christian Europe had regarded the Jews as ‘Christ-killers’ as they were blamed for the death of Jesus Christ. At one time or another, Jews have been driven out of almost every European country, including Britain. In 1275, Jews in Britain were forced to wear a yellow badge and 269 of them were hanged in the Tower of London in 1287. The deep prejudice against the Jews was still strong in the twentieth century, especially in Germany, Poland and the Ukraine, where the Jewish population was large. After the First World War, hundreds of Jews were murdered. In Germany, the Jews were blamed for losing World War One. Prejudice for the Jews increased during the economic depression which followed the war. Many Germans were poor and unemployed and wanted someone to blame. They turned on the Jews, many of whom were rich and owned successful businesses.

Task: Answer the comprehension questions below: 1. When did the Holocaust take place? Answer: 2. Why might some Jews not like the term ‘Holocaust’? Answer: 3. What was one of the reasons for Jews being killed after WW1 in Germany? Answer: 4. Which other groups were targeted during the Holocaust? Answer: 5. What was the original name of Hitler’s Nazi party? Answer:

During the 1920s, a new organised group in Germany started preaching hatred towards Jews. This was Hitler’s Nazi Party, who were originally known as the German Workers Party, and then the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP).

In 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. This made him the second most powerful person in Germany. It did not take long for Hitler to put his hatred of Jews into practice. During 1933, 36 Jews were murdered. Thousands were sent to concentration camps such as Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp. Placards appeared outside shops and cafes and beside roads leading to towns and villages, reading ‘Jews not wanted’. By the end of 1933, over 35,000 Jews had fled from Germany. Jews were also being attacked, and similar actions were being taken against them in Poland, Romania and Hungary.

From 1933, Jews found that persecution rapidly increased against them.

In your end of unit assessment (yes, you still have to write assessments), you’ll be asked the following question (slides 14/15): Write a narrative account analysing the key stages of persecution towards the Jews in Nazi Germany (8). Slides 6-12 will help you prepare for this assessment.

The Boycott, April 1933

Watch the YouTube clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B

EtYR0KrLi4

On April 1, 1933,8 weeks after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, he ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores.Task: Answer the questions: Why do you think the Nazi’s boycotted Jewish shops?Answer:

What was the boycott teaching non-Jewish Germans about the Jews?Answer:

* In April 1933, after the second set of elections, the SA (Nazi Party army known as Stormtroopers) set about terrorising individual Jews, damaging synagogues and organising boycotts outside Jewish businesses. Homes and shops were

painted with the Star of David to let everyone know they were Jewish.* This put Hitler in a difficult position: should he support the SA then he would be seen as a brutish thug – this could lead

to him being removed from government. If he sympathised with the Jews, he would be seen as weakening his stance against the Jews, who he hated, and he’d lose the support of the Nazis.

* He decided on a nationwide boycott of Jewish businesses and professions.* Hitler justified his tactics to the moderate and conservative right by suggesting that he was simply responding and

reacting to Jewish propaganda in the foreign press.* Reactions to the boycott were mixed.

* Some cities saw violence, others nothing.* The general German public were apathetic (disinterested) and continued to shop freely.

On 2nd August 1934, President Hindenburg died and Hitler took over control of Germany. This terrified many Jewish people, but many didn’t think he would go as far as mass violence or mass murder. The majority of Jews were not in a position to be able to leave their homes to flee abroad. Many countries in Europe were also anti-Semitic and didn’t want to take in Jewish refugees. In September 1935, the Nazis released their most direct laws discriminating the Jews, these were known as the Nuremburg Laws. The Nuremburg Laws stated;

Jews were no longer considered German citizens.

Jews couldn’t marry non-Jews or have sexual relations

with them.

Jews couldn’t employ German women in their

households.

Jews are forbidden from flying the

Reich and national flag.

In 1933, Jewish businessman Oskar Danker and his girlfriend, a Christian woman, were forced to carry

signs discouraging Jewish-German integration. Intimate relationships between “true Germans” and

Jews were outlawed by 1935.

This diagram shows how Jewish blood could spread to the pure blooded Aryan race if Jews and non-Jews were to have relationships and children. Hitler was

obsessed with racial purity and the German race remaining ‘pure’. He believed the Jews had ‘dirty

blood’.

Task: Imagine you are a Jew living in Nazi Germany in 1935. You have just read about the Nuremburg Laws for the first time in a newspaper. Use the space below to explain how you feel. Answer:

Many lesser known laws were introduced in Germany to persecute the Jews.

Task: Answer the questions below:

1 Which law surprises you the most? Answer:

2 Which law do you think caused the most anger? Answer:

3 Which law do you think is the saddest? Answer:

4 Which law would you struggle with the most if you lived in Nazi Germany and why? Answer:

Kristallnacht, November 1938

What caused Kristallnacht to happen?The attacks were retaliation for the assassination of the Nazi German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a seventeen-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris.

What happened during Kristallnacht? 91 Jews killed, 1400 synagogues and Jewish cemeteries destroyed, 7500 Jewish store fronts shattered, 30,000 Jews arrested and taken to concentration camps.

Task: Watch the video clips below and visit some of the websites listed for research. You will be writing a newspaper report about Kristallnacht on the next slide. You can EITHER write a report for a Jewish newspaper or a Nazi newspaper. The Jewish newspaper could have eye witness testimony from Jews who witnessed it and will be sympathetic to those who have suffered. The Nazi newspaper would need to support the use of violence against the Jews and suggest they deserve what happened. The Nazis did not openly admit they had been involved in Kristallnacht at the time!

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/kristallnacht - general information https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-y0uwd9QAYE – video summary of Kristallnacht

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14NPBMgQBK8&t=9s – Jewish eye witnesses https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDIXugTLGts – Heinz’s story – escaping to Britain after Kristallnacht

https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Kristallnacht/331414 - general information https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-46152567 - BBC article from an eye witness

THE JEWISH TIMES10th November 1938

Kristallnacht -

Subtitle:

Write your article in this box – you can change the layout of this page if you’d prefer a different design stick to size 12

Find your own image to go here!

Find your own image to go here!

Write your article in this box

DER STÜRMER10th November 1938

Kristallnacht -

Subtitle:

Write your article in this box – you can change the layout of this page if you’d prefer a different design stick to size 12

Find your own image to go here!

Find your own image to go here!

Write your article in this box

From the IWM website: https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/ghettos-in-the-holocaust

After the Nazis occupied Poland in 1939, they began segregating Jews in ghettos, usually in the most run-down area of a city.By mid-1941, nearly all Jews in occupied Poland had been forced into these overcrowded districts. In the Warsaw ghetto, by far the largest, 490,000 Jews and a few hundred Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) struggled to survive despite extreme hardship.In larger centres, ghettos were shut in by walls, fences or barbed wire. No one could leave or enter without a special permit. Each community was ordered to set up a Judenrat (Jewish Council), which would be responsible for enforcing German orders.Jews received little food and the ghettos were overcrowded. Diseases such as typhus and tuberculosis were rife. Conditions worsened when Jews from small towns and other countries were squeezed in. It is estimated that 500,000 Jews died in the ghettos of disease and starvation. Many also perished in nearby slave labour camps, where conditions were even worse.The Soviet-occupied zone of Poland fell into German hands following the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Killing squads called Einsatzgruppen rounded up and shot Jewish men, women and children, as well as communist officials and others considered racially or ideologically dangerous. Surviving Jews were forced into ghettos.In March 1942, the Nazis began deporting ghetto inhabitants as part of Operation ‘Reinhard’, the plan to systematically murder Jews in the part of German-occupied Poland not fully incorporated into the Reich, known as the General Government. From 1942 to 1944, the ghettos were liquidated and their Jewish inhabitants either shot or transported to extermination camps.

Task: Watch the two video clips which show what life was like for Jews in the ghettos. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jk-sJADfWrUhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMEB4Nrf278

Task: Answer the questions: Why do you think the Nazi’s kept the Jews in ghettos?Answer:

What was a ghetto like to live in? Explain your answer in detail. Answer:

There are 7 videos in this series. If you’d like

to know more about life in the ghettos, give

them a watch.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZYgzW2fS0oWatch the documentary on YouTube. Kitty-Hart Moxon is a Polish-English Holocaust survivor. She was sent to the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp in 1943 at age 16, where she survived for two years, and was also imprisoned at other camps. Shortly after her liberation in April 1945 by American soldiers, she moved to England with her mother, where she married and dedicated her life to raising awareness of the Holocaust. She has written two autobiographies entitled I am Alive (1961) and Return to Auschwitz (1981).

Answer the following questions using red font for your answers; 1. How old was Kitty when she was sent to Auschwitz? Answer: 2. How did the priest help Kitty and her mother? Answer: 3. How did Kitty and her mother travel to Auschwitz? What does she say about the journey? Answer: 4. What happened to people when they first arrived at Auschwitz? Answer: 5. What was Block 25 used for? Answer: 6. How many gas chambers were operating at Auschwitz? Answer: 7. How long did it take for people to die in the gas chambers? Answer: 8. What are two things you will always remember about this video? Answer: 9. Why do you think it’s important that people hear Kitty’s story? Answer:

From the Weiner Holocaust library website: https://www.theholocaustexplained.org/resistance-responses-collaboration/resistance/

Despite the repression of their opponents, resistance to the Nazis occurred throughout their time in power. This resistance manifested in different ways. Some people joined organised groups of resistance, some participated in armed uprisings, some refused to do the Hitler salute, and others produced secret writings condemning the regime.Within the ghettos of Nazi occupied Europe, there were several instances of Jewish resistance through armed uprisings. These movements resisted Nazi rule through distribution of illegal newspapers and radios, sabotage of forced labour efforts for the war, aiding escape from ghettos, and armed uprisings. Armed uprisings were difficult to organise, as most ghettos had high security measures and if resistors were caught they faced harsh punishments. Despite these obstacles, several armed uprisings did take place. The most famous of these armed uprisings was the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, which took place from 19th April 1943 – 16th May 1943. Despite the desperate efforts of those involved, most of the armed uprisings were quickly crushed by the Nazis. Many of those involved were either killed fighting or caught, tortured, and deported to extermination camps.

Task: Watch the video clip about the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIOdiO2_SYM

One common way of resisting Nazi rule and persecution was participation in resistance groups. These groups had a variety of different aims. Some aimed to sabotage the Nazi war efforts by destroying equipment, some helped people escape from camps and ghettos, and others produced anti-Nazi materials.

The Bielski brothers were a group of Jewish partisans (a secret group that fights an occupying force) who survived the Holocaust by hiding in the forests of Belorussia (now called Belarus). After their parents and two siblings were murdered by the Nazis, Tuvia, Asael and Zus Bielski escaped to the nearby forests. Initially, their aim was to survive and rescue their own family, but the group grew and they helped many people to escape persecution. By 1942, the group had grown to over 700 people. As the German raids increased, the group moved to Naliboki forest, west of Minsk, which was better protected. The group refused to turn people away, and the community grew to include a synagogue, bakery, school, and a basic hospital. They not only rescued people but also carried out sabotage missions and attacked German officials. By mid 1944, the area was liberated by the Soviet Army and the group had grown to 1230 people, 70% of which were women, children and the elderly.

Task: Watch the video clips below to find out more about famous resistance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLxFjDooib4 - An introduction to Jewish Partisans https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuqwevfLJHk – Marthe Cohn, Jewish spy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ond6r5pafjw – Who was Anne Frank? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtOKRsF6Rr0 – Secret Student Resistance – The White Rose Group

You will need to expand on all of these sentence starters. If you need more room for your answer, the

next slide can also be used.

Point: The first key stage of persecution towards the Jews in Nazi Germany was... [e.g. Jewish boycott of

shops 1933 or Nuremburg Laws 1935]

Evidence: [Add subject knowledge about the event]

Explanation: [Explain how this was persecution]

Link: This led to further persecution of the Jews, such as [name the next event you’re going to discuss]

because…

Point: The second key stage of persecution towards the Jews was… [e.g. Nuremburg Laws 1935 or

Kristallnacht 1938]

Evidence: [Add subject knowledge about the event]

Explanation: [Explain how this was persecution]

Link: This led to further persecution of the Jews, such as [name the next event you’re going to discuss]

because…

Point: The third key stage of persecution towards the Jews was… [e.g. Kristallnacht 1938 or Ghettos 1939]

Evidence: [Add subject knowledge about the event]

Explanation: [Explain how this was persecution]

Link: This led to further persecution of the Jews, such as [name the next event you’re going to discuss –

would be best to use the Holocaust for this one as this was the ‘final solution’ for the Jews] because…

TOP TIPS FOR ANSWERING THIS QUESTIONIn a Year 11 History exam, you’d have about 15 minutes to write your answer. As you’re still learning how to answer

these questions, spend 30 minutes answering this assessment. It would be worth planning your answer and what you’re going to write before you start.

You will need to write 3x PEEL paragraphs in chronological order (date order). Make a point, provide evidence and subject knowledge about the event, explain why this was persecution and then how it leads to further persecution.

Use specialist historical terms, e.g. Holocaust, persecution, genocide You could include information about the following – you only need three of them; Jewish boycott of shops (1933),

Nuremburg Laws (1935), Kristallnacht (1939), Ghettos (1939), extermination camps (1941).

Write a narrative account analysing the key stages of persecution towards the Jews in Nazi Germany (8 marks)