The History of ScotlandAncient ScotlandBirth of a NationStewart ScotlandNorth BritainModern Scotland

Ancient ScotlandAround 10 000 BC the ice that had covered

Scotland for a long time began to melt.Trees and bushes began to grow, and animals

such as bears wolves and wild pigs came searching for food.

Ancient ScotlandThe first settlers were hunters and gatherers

from Ireland, Germany and the rest of Europé.

They decided to stay and lived as nomads in Britain.

Nomads are people who live in and move to different places, in search of food and shelter.

Around 7000BC they had spread to most parts of the country.

Ancient ScotlandAround 4000BC hunter and gatherers

stopped living as nomads and settled down and became farmers.

They grew crops like oats and barley, which they later stored to survive the harsh winters.

They also learned how to tame animals and thereby didn’t need to hunt as much.

Ancient ScotlandBetween 1200BC to AD200 Scotland got

closer and merged with a civilization that flourished throughout Europé, called Celtic.

The name Celtic was given by the Greeks and Romans who fought against these people.

Celtic culture first developed in central Europé, and later spread to the British Isles.

Ancient ScotlandAround AD80 the Romans invaded and

conquered Scotland.The Romans realized it would be impossible

to control all the land, so they withdrew. The Romans built Hadrian’s Wall to protect

themselves from the Scottish Celts.

Ancient ScotlandBefore the Romans came, the people of

Scotland worshipped many different gods and goddesses.

With the Romans this new religion called Christianity came along, and things like bishops monks and saints became part of everyday life in Scotland.

Ancient ScotlandVikings from Scandinavia came to the

northern part of Scotland, around AD800.First just to plunder and and steal treasures

and jewelry.But around AD1000, they had settled down

and ruled much of northern part of Scotland.

Birth of a NationFor thousands of years, Scotland was not a

united nation.But between AD800 and 1300 warriors and

kings created the first Scottish nation.The new threat came not from Vikings or

Romans now, but from the English…

Birth of a NationThe last of the Viking kings to have any real

power in Scotland was Norway’s Magnus the Lawgiver, who returned the power to the Scottish people in 1266.

Birth of a NationThe first real towns in Scotland were built

around 1150.Towns like Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen

and Inverness were founded by kings, great nobles or monasteries as trading centres.

Birth of a NationThe way people lived was much determined

by the environment.In the Lowlands people mostly worked on

great estates owned by kings lords or monks.In the Highlands people were more

independent, but instead they belonged to different clans and its clanchiefs. For example McDougals, McSorley and others.

Birth of a NationIn 1296, the English king Edward I invaded

and defeated Scotland.Scotland now belonged to England and had

no king.

Birth of a Nation• One of the most famous and important Scots

to resist the English was William Wallace.• William Wallace and his army beat the

English at Stirling Bridge, which was a great upset for Edward I.

• Later, William Wallace and his army got defeated at Falkirk 1298

• William Wallace was later executed, but to this day he is considered to be a great hero.

Birth of a NationInspired by William Wallace, Robert Bruce I

fought against the English and won an amazing and surprising victory at Bannockburn in 1314.

This ensured the freedom and independence of the Scottish people for another 400 years.

Stewart Scotland 1300-1600• Between 1300 to 1600 Scotland was

transformed.• It turned from a weak country troubled with

fights between warlords into a confident nation ruled by intelligent kings and queens.

• Named ”Stewart Scotland” because of the dynasty (ruling family) that reigned during this era and started with Robert the Steward, who became king in 1371.

Stewart Scotland 1300-1600The Black Death (the plague) was a deadly

disease, carried by rats, which killed many Scots during the 14th century.

Stewart Scotland 1300-1600Many sea-based indistries developed during

this era, much due to the fact that Scotland is surrounded by sea.

Such industries were fishing, salt-making and carrying goods by cargo ship.

Stewart Scotland 1300-1600Until around 1600 most Scottish people could

not read and write. Before 1600 most schools were run by

churches, but after the Reformation schools were taken over by and run by town councils.

By time, education got more available for the Scots and more and more people learned how to read and write.

Stewart Scotland 1300-1600Scottish people had followed the Catholic

Church led by the Pope in Rome until the Reformation.

You could pay the Church to forgive your sins and guarantee that you would go to heaven.

A lot of people protested against this, these people were called Protestants, and suddenly a new branch of Christianity was created.

Stewart Scotland 1300-1600Mary Queen of Scots refused to be part of

this new Protestantism. She wanted to be a Catholic so she abdicated

as queen, and she is now the most famous queen in Scottish history.

North BritainIn 1603 King James VI of Scotland inherited

the English crown, which made Scotland and England much closer to each other.

In 1707 Scotland and England were united and Scotland became more a part on Britain.

Since Scotland is in the northern part of Britain, you could say that it was North Britain.

North BritainIn the 16th century witches were seen as a

threat to society, and beacause of that, witchcraft became a crime.

Innocent women were accused of being witches, and some were killed.

Witch-hunting became less common after around 1650.

North BritainThe massacre at Glencoe in 1692 was a

horrible thing, but Scottish society was about to change.

People looked to England and France for a more polite and civil society.

People wanted to leave Scotland’s history of bloody clan battles and ”primitive” life behind.

North BritainAround 1750, new people from all over

Scotland moved to Edinburgh.People as different as artists, architects,

designers, boooksellers, scientists, publishers, teachers and students.

They gathered in coffee houses and salons.This meant that the Enlightenment had

started in Edinburgh and Scotland.

North BritainScottish engineers and inventors changed the

world by helping to create the Industrial Revolution.

From around 1750-1850, millions of ordinary men and women stopped working at home and on farms, instead they began to work in huge factories.

Modern ScotlandBetween 1750-1850, Scotland was

transformed from a poor rebellious region to the workshop of the world.

In 1999, the Scottish parliament met again for the first time in almost 300 years.

Modern ScotlandIn 1851 only one out of five Scots lived in big

cities like Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee and Aberdeen.

People lived very differently, there was a great gap between Scotland’s rich and poor.

Modern ScotlandThe majority of Scottish people lived hard an

unpleasent lives, but others had a much more comfortable existence. They were the middle-class.

Only 3 in 1000 belonged to the upper-class during the 19th century.

Modern ScotlandDuring the 19th century, ordinary men and

women did not have the right to vote.They could not choose their political leaders

or make their views known.

Modern ScotlandMany Scots fought in the First World War in

1914-18.In many towns and villages all the young men

of fighting age (between 16 and 40) went to war together – and died together.

Modern ScotlandIn 1939, Britian and its allies went to war

with Germany. Fighting in the Second World War until 1945,

young Scottish menwere conscripted (forced by law) to join the army, navy and the new air force.

Modern ScotlandIn 1999 Scotland got their own parliament

and a bit more independence from Great Britain.

The Scottish Parliament now has the power to raise or lower taxes and manage Scotland’s health care, education, transport, farming and the environment.