The Hebrews and Judaism

Chapter 7

Bell Ringer November 2, 2015

• Page 209 – Analyze a visual1. What can you learn about the religion of Judaism from the

Picture? • Judaism is an old religion ( clothes – tradition)• Holy sites and prayer are important• Special clothing is important

The Early Hebrews• Between 2000 and 1500 BC the Hebrews appeared in Southwest Asia. They

developed a culture that became a major influence on later civilizations. • Much of what we know about them comes from archaeology and from written

accounts by Jewish scribes. • The scribes wrote about their history and their religion-Judaism. • These accounts became the Hebrew Bible, which is largely the same as the Old

Testament of the Christian Bible.

The Beginnings in Canaan & Egypt• The Hebrews are traced back to a man named Abraham• According to the Bible, God told him to leave his home in Ur and take his family

on a journey to the west. • Abraham left Mesopotamia and settled in Canaan on the Mediterranean Sea.

• God had promised to make Abraham’s descendants a mighty nation.

To Egypt

• Some Israelites moved to Egypt, probably due to famine.• They lived well there for a while• But then, a Pharaoh in Egypt began to worry about the numbers of

Hebrews and he made slaves of them .

The Exodus• In the 1200s BC, God told Moses – a Hebrew, to lead the Israelites out of Egypt.• A series of terrible plagues struck Egypt because Pharaoh would not let the

people go. • After the plague of the Firstborn of Egypt being killed, Pharaoh agreed to free the

slaves. This was the Exodus.

• Throughout history – enslaved people have found hope in this story of how God rescued the slaves out of bondage• Before the Civil War – American slaves sang about Moses to keep

their hopes of freedom alive.

Essential Questions1. Who was Abraham? 2. Why is the Exodus a significant event in Jewish History? • A. The man to which the Hebrew Bible traces back Jewish ancestry• B. Jews believe it proved God loved and was protecting them

Vocabulary Chapter 7

• Judaism: the religion of the Hebrews• Exodus: The journey out of slavery in Egypt by the Hebrews• Ten Commandments: Code of moral laws given by God to the

Hebrews through Moses• King David: One of the most famous kings of Israel – writer of most of

the Psalms. • King Solomon: Son of David, considered to be one of the wisest kings

of Israel. • Diaspora: The dispersal of the Jews outside of Israel and Judah

Bell Ringer November 3, 2015• Time Line; Page 214 – Hebrew and Israelite History1. About how many years after Abraham settled in Canaan did Saul

become the first king of Israel? 2. What caused Solomon’s Kingdom to split into two kingdoms?

• About 950 years• The death of Solomon

After the Exodus• For many years after they left Egypt, the Israelites traveled through

the desert.• During their journey they reached Mt. Sinai, where God gave Moses

the Ten Commandments• Over time – the Ten Commandments shaped the development of their society

The Return to Canaan• The Hebrews reached the land of Canaan. • They had to fight the people living there to gain control of the land.• They built their own society• The 12 Israelite tribes lived in small, scattered communities with no central

government• Each community selected judges to enforce laws• Eventually a threat arose that called for a new kind of leadership

Essential Question1. How did the Ten Commandments shape the lives of the Hebrews? 2. How would you paraphrase the Ten Commandments in today’s

language? • The Ten Commandments was the foundation of the Hebrew’s

government and laws: Worship only God, value human life, truthfulness, self-control, justice, etc.

Bell Ringer November 4, 2015

• Interpreting Maps Page 2161. How did Israel and Judah compare in Size to Solomon’s kingdom? • Each was only a small part of what Solomon had

Kings Unite the Israelites• In the mid-1000s BC the Philistines invaded the Israelites’ lands• The Israelites banded together under a single ruler• That first King over Israel was Saul, who never won total support of

the tribal leaders.

King David• After Saul died, David the Shepherd became the King. • He was known for killing the Philistine giant- Goliath• David was admired for military skills as he grew & as a poet in song• Many of the Psalms are attributed to him• David was very loved by the Israelites• He defeated the Philistine & many other enemies• He established the capital of Israel in Jerusalem

King Solomon• David’s son Solomon took the throne after David’s death• He was a strong king, who expanded the kingdom and made Egypt & Phoenicia

his allies.• Trade with these allies made Israel very rich• He built a great temple to God in Jerusalem• It became the center of the Israelites’ religious life and a symbol of their faith.

Essential Question

• What contributions did David and Solomon make to the history of the Hebrews? Who do you believe was the greater king? • David: Slew the giant Goliath, encouraging Israel that they could win.

First King of Israel to gain full support of tribal leaders; established capital at Jerusalem; wrote the Psalms –songs of comfort

• Solomon: Known for his wisdom; expanded the Kingdom; made allies of wealthy nations; expanded trade; built “Solomon’s Temple” –part of which is still standing today; built shrines to other Gods in his old age

Bell Ringer November 5, 2015• Page 217 Biography – Naomi & Ruth1. What lessons might the story of Ruth be used to teach? • Devotion to family/ responsibility & duty/ help to widows

Invaders Conquer and Rule • After Solomon’s death, 930 BC, Israel was split into two kingdoms

called Israel and Judah. • The people of Judah became known as Jews. • The two kingdoms lasted several centuries.

Invaders Conquer and Rule ! • In the end – both Israel and Judah were conquered• Assyrians -> defeated Israel – 722 BC• Chaldeans (Babylon) -> defeated Judah – 586 BC and destroyed

Solomon’s Temple. • Chaldeans marched thousands of Jews to Babylon as slaves

The Diaspora• In the 530s BC, the Persians conquered the Chaldeans and let the Jews return to

Jerusalem.• Many never took this opportunity and instead moved to other parts of the

Persian Empire. • Scholars call the dispersal of the Jews outside of Israel & Judah the Diaspora• The rest returned home and rebuilt Solomon’s Temple• They remained under Persian control for about 200 years till Persia was

conquered by invaders

Independence & Conquest

• A Jewish family called the Maccabees led a revolt in the 160s BC• 100 years -> Independence• 63 BC conquered by The Romans/ Brutal rule/ heavy taxes

Women in Israelite Society• Israelite government and society were dominated by men• Woman’s husband was chosen by her father• Bible recognizes many women and their contributions – Esther, Ruth,

Deborah, Miriam

Essential Question

• Who are the most important people we have studied in this section and what are their contributions? • Abraham: Father of Israelites – moved to Canaan• Moses: led Exodus, Ten Commandments• David: Psalms/ Example of God’s might and forgiveness• Solomon: Wisdom/ Proverbs/ Temple/ • Ruth: Story of God’s provision/ example of devotion

Bell Ringer November 9, 2015• Page 219 – Reading for Information• What are the main beliefs of Judaism? • Belief in one God• Education• Justice & Righteousness• Observance of Religious and Moral Law

Belief in One God• The Jews are monotheistic – belief in One God• It may be the world’s first monotheistic religion• The Hebrew name for God is YHWH – too Holy to be pronounced• The belief in one God set them apart from other people in ancient

times.

Education

• Teaching children the basics of Judaism has always been important in Jewish society.• Older boys studied with professional teacher to learn their religion• Education and study are still central to Jewish life.

Justice & Righteousness• Justice means kindness & fairness • Be kind to strangers - even those in prison• Give aid ( charity) to the poor, the sick, the orphan• Be fair in business dealings

• Righteousness refers to doing what is proper• Behave properly regardless of what others are doing

Religious and Moral Law• Moral & Religious laws have guided Jews through their history• The most important are the Ten Commandments• Moses set a whole system of laws to them to obey –> Mosaic Law• Mosaic Law governs daily life-> how to pray, & celebrate holidays, no work on the

Sabbath• The Sabbath begins at sundown Friday & ends at nightfall Saturday – the seventh

day of the week.

Food!!• The Mosaic laws have rules about what food can and cannot be eaten

and how to prepare them.• The Jews cannot eat pork or shellfish.• Meat has to be killed and prepared in a certain way (no blood)• Today – foods that have been prepared correctly are called Kosher

Various Sects of Judaism• Orthodox Jews: strictly follow Mosaic Law• Reform Jews: more modern – don’t follow ancient laws• Conservative Jews: Adheres to Torah & Talmud but allows for changes

due to the times (United States)

Essential QuestionWhat are the main Texts of Judaism?

• Hebrew Bible :1. Torah: most sacred text of Judaism, 5 books, Mosaic Law2. Prophets: 8 books with messages from God through people3. Poetry (Psalms - David), Proverbs ( Solomon), stories of history

Commentaries• Talmud: commentaries and lessons for everyday life produced

between AD 200 – 600• Second only to the Hebrew Bible

Bell Ringer November 10, 2015• Why might historians have had trouble reading the Dead Sea Scrolls

and Searching for additional scrolls? Page 222• Understanding the language/script; missing text; fragile remains; dark

caves; using scientific equipment in the caves

Dead Sea Scrolls

• Dead Sea Scrolls• Found in 1947 near the Dead Sea in a cave in old jars• Scholars began to search the area and found more over the years• Written between 100 BC and AD 50• Included prayers, commentaries, letters, and passages from the

Hebrew Bible.

Jewish Influence in the Western World• Jewish ideas have greatly influenced other cultures, especially in Europe

and America (Western World)• Due to Jews living all over Europe & America – they helped shape the

largest religion of Western Society -> Christianity

• Many Christian teachings reflect Jewish ideas: Ten CommandmentsNo work on SundayWorship One day a weekConcept of CharityTaking care of Orphans

Essential Question• How are Jewish teachings reflected in Western Society today? • Helped shape Christianity• Influenced the development of Islam -> common history• Ten Commandments guide to moral & political law

Bell Ringer November 12, 2015• Page 225: History Close-up – Analyze a Visual• What effect do you think the burning of the Temple had on the

Jews? • Some lost their will to fight and surrendered. Others barricaded

themselves in Masada, fought for two years, and killed themselves rather than surrender.

Judaism Over the Centuries• One threat to Judaism was foreign rule. • In the First Century AD – a group called the Zealots refused to obey Roman

officials• AD 66 – the Zealots led a revolt against the Romans• It lasted 4 years, the Jews lost, & Jerusalem was in ruins• The Romans destroyed the 2nd Temple of Solomon in AD 70.

Masada

• Most Jews surrendered after the Temple’s

destruction

• A few held out in a mountain fortress named Masada

• They held out against the Romans for two years, but in the end the Zealots took their own lives rather than become Roman slaves.

Results of the Revolt• As punishment for the revolt – the Romans killed many Jews• They took many as slaves to Rome• Others spread along the Mediterranean Sea in communities• After another revolt in AD 130, the Jews were banned from Jerusalem

Migration & Discrimination

• The nature of Judaism changed after the destruction of the Temple• Local synagogues became important with teachers called rabbis• A school, started by a man named Yohanan, trained men to be rabbis

and they went out and settled in Jewish communities• Judaism spread as Jews migrated due to discrimination

Essential Question

• How did defeat by the Romans affect Jewish history? • The Jews scattered throughout the world, and Jewish cultural

traditions developed in Europe

Bell Ringer• Page 227 – Jewish Migration after AD 701. In what direction did many Jews migrate from their homeland? 2. Where are the largest area of Jewish Settlements on the Map? • North, West, Southwest• Along the Mediterranean Sea

Two Cultural Traditions

• As a result of the Diaspora 500BC – AD70, Jewish communities began to develop their own languages, rituals, and cultures around the world. • This led to two main cultural traditions both existing today.

Two Main Traditions• Ashkenazim (ahsh-kuh-NAH-zuhm): made up of descendants of Jews who moved to

France, Germany, & eastern Europe. Lived in their own communities and speak Yiddish (similar to German but written in Hebrew)

• Sephardim (suh-FAHR-duhm). Settled in Spain & Portugal. Speak Ladino (mix of Spanish, Hebrew, & Arabic). They mixed with non-Jewish residents. Borrowed elements from other cultures. Golden age of Jewish Culture 1000-1100. Poems, Mathmatics, Astrononmy, Medicine, & Philosophy.

Traditions & Holy Days• Hanukkah: Falls in December• Honors the Rededication of the Second Temple during the revolt of the

Maccabees. • A miracle occurred during the first celebration. The Lamp oil, enough for one day,

burned for 8 days. • Jews celebrate by lighting candles in a Menorah. Eight branches celebrating 8

days that the oil burned.• They also exchange gifts

Traditions & Holy Days• Passover: celebrated in March or April• Time for Jews to remember the Exodus.• Celebrate the day with unleavened bread – quick bread• Meal is called Seder (Say-duhr)• Participants talk of the Exodus.

• High Holy Days: September or October • Rosh Hashanah – The beginning of a new year in the Jewish calendar• Yom Kippur: Jews ask God to forgive their sins – The holiest day of

the entire year. Jews don’t eat or drink anything for the entire day. Many ceremonies date back to the days of the Second Temple. Connects them together & to their past.

Essential Question

• What belief or custom may have had the biggest role in strengthening Jewish Society? • Jewish traditions & holy days unite Jews. They help connect Jews to

their long history, persecutions, trials, & successes. They unify Jewish identity & culture.

Bell Ringer November 16, 2015• Page 232 – Social Studies Skills• Identifying Short and Long Term Effects – • Create a chart identifying both the short-term and long-term effects of each

of the following events: the Exodus, the Babylonian Captivity, the Diaspora• Exodus: immediate release from slavery – return to homeland (short)• Encouragement of God’s love, hope for slaves throughout history(long)• Babylonian Captivity: strengthened resolve of the Jews (short)• Rebuilt Temple – lasted 500 years (long)• Diaspora: immediate removal of Jews from homeland – breaking up (short)• Determination to maintain traditions/holy days (long)• Spread of influence in Western Hemisphere (long)

The Hebrews & JudaismChapter 7 Review

1. God spoke to Abraham while he was living in Ur which was located in what part of the world?

Mesopotamia

2. Who are the groups who controlled the Israelites at one point or another in history?

Chaldeans (Babylon), Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, & Romans

3. A series of plagues struck Egypt convincing Pharaoh to do what? Let the Israelites go

4. A Hebrew woman’s father chose her husband – showing that Hebrew women did or did not have full rights?

Did not have full rights

5. Laws that guided the Hebrews daily lives were called the ? Mosaic Laws --------------------------------

6. On which part of the world did Judaism have its greatest effect? On Western Civilization (Europe & America)

7. The Burning of the Second Temple of Solomon in AD 70 put an end to the Jewish revolt against whom?

The Romans

8. Judaism influenced Islam because the first people to follow Islam believed that they also descended from what person?

Father Abraham

9. Hanukkah is a Jewish Holiday that celebrates what? The rededication of the Second Temple

10. Due to moving to different parts of the world – the Jews broke into two distinct groups called?

Ashkenazim & Sephardim

11. Yom Kippur is the Jews’ most holiest day of the year because it is the day that what happens?

Day of Atonement ( sins are forgiven)

12. Where and when did the Zealot Jews take their own lives by the hundreds?

AD 72 – Two Years after the sacking of Jerusalem & the Second Temple. They had held out at Masada – a fortress on top of a mountain as long as they could against the Romans.

13. Moses wrote the first five & most sacred books of the Old Testament, called what by the Jews?

The Torah

14. Abraham is called the ? Father of the Jews

15. What moral is taught in the story of Ruth? Duty & obligation to family

16. What do the Hebrews call their Jewish bible? The Tanakh

17. Who barricaded themselves at Masada – the Mt. fortress? The Zealots

18. Yiddish is a language created by who? The Jews who moved into Eastern Europe

19. How many Gods did the Jews worship? One - YHWH

20. Were Jewish women allowed to inherit property – even if they had brothers? No – the eldest son took inherited, then took care of younger

21. Where were the Dead Sea Scrolls found? By whom? A young boy, tending goats, found them in a cave near the Dead Sea

22. Who took the throne of Israel after Saul died? King David

23. What was the name of the Jewish family who led a revolt against the Greeks & gained independence for the Jews for a short time in 167-160 BC The Maccabees

24. What promise did God give to Abraham? To lead him to a new land & make his descendants into a mighty nation

25. A set of commentaries & lessons for everyday life – many Jews their importance second only to the Hebrew Bible. The Talmud

26. Holiday time for Jews to remember the Exodus from Egypt Passover

27. A code of moral laws written on two stone tablets. Ten Commandments

28. Written 2000 years ago by Jews to explain ancient Jewish beliefs Dead Sea Scrolls

29. Rebellious (Patriotic) Jews who led many revolts through the years, who didn’t believe they should answer to anyone but God. Zealots

30. The scattering of Jews out of their homeland. Diaspora

31. What are the Jewish High Holy Days? The two most sacred holidays – Rosh Hashanah & Yom Kippur

32. For what events is Moses famous? Exodus (exiting Egypt) , Ten Commandments

33. Who are the Rabbis? Religious teachers of the Jews