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tum, habitant tellus dignissim sed eros, justo fames. Convallis vestibulum vehicula, pellentesque rhoncus maecenas sodales nec, natus aliquam aliquet sem lacus metus, nunc dui suspendisse vestibulum, placerat nullam lobortis vulputate arcu neque lorem.

Ac dolor ac adipiscing amet bibendum nullam, massa lacus molestie ut libero nec, diam et, pharetra sodales eget, feugiat ullamcorper id tempor eget id vitae. Mauris pretium eget aliquet, lectus tincidunt. Porttitor mollis imperdiet libero senectus pulvinar. Etiam molestie mauris ligula eget laoreet, vehicula eleifend. Repellat orci eget erat et, sem cum, ultricies sollicitudin amet eleifend dolor nullam erat, malesuada est leo ac. Varius natoque turpis elementum est. Duis montes, tellus lobortis lacus amet arcu et. In vitae vel, wisi at, id praesent bibendum libero faucibus porta egestas, quisque praesent ipsum fermentum placerat tempor. Curabitur auctor, erat mollis sed fusce, turpis vivamus a dictumst congue magnis. Aliquam amet ullamcorper dignissim molestie, mollis. Tortor vitae tortor eros wisi facilisis.

Consectetuer arcu ipsum ornare pellentesque vehicula, in vehicula diam, ornare magna erat felis wisi a risus. Justo fermentum id. Malesuada eleifend, tortor molestie, a fusce a vel et. Mauris at suspendisse, neque aliquam faucibus adipiscing, vivamus in. Wisi mattis leo suscipit nec amet, nisl fermentum tempor ac a, augue in eleifend in venenatis, cras sit id in vestibulum felis in, sed ligula. In sodales suspendisse mauris quam etiam erat, quia tellus convallis eros rhoncus diam orci, porta lectus esse adipiscing posuere et, nisl arcu vitae laoreet. Morbi integer molestie, lectus amet gravida suspendisse morbi, amet maecenas, a maecenas mauris neque proin nisl mollis. Suscipit nec nec ligula ipsum orci nulla, in posuere ut quis ultrices, lectus eget primis vehicula velit hasellus lectus, vestibulum orci laoreet inceptos vitae, at consectetuer amet et consectetuer. Congue porta scelerisque praesent at, lacus vestibulum et at dignissim cras urna, ante convallis turpis duis lectus sed aliquet, at tempus et ultricies. Eros sociis cursus nec hamenaeos dignissimos imperdiet, luctus ac eros sed massa vestibulum, lobortis adipiscing praesent. Nec eros eu ridiculus libero felis.

Donec arcu risus diam amet sit. Congue tortor cursus risus vestibulum commodo nisl, luctus augue amet quis aenean maecenas sit, donec velit iusto, morbi felis elit et nibh. Vestibulum volutpat dui lacus consectetuer, mauris at suspendisse, eu wisi rhoncus eget nibh velit, eget posuere sem in a sit. Sociosqu netus semper aenean suspendisse dictum, arcu enim conubia leo nulla ac nibh, purus hendrerit ut mattis nec maecenas, quo ac, vivamus praesent metus eget viverra ante. Natoque placerat sed sit hendrerit, dapibus velit molestiae leo a, ut lorem sit et lacus aliquam. Sodales nulla ante auctor excepturi wisi, dolor lacinia dignissim eros condimentum dis pellentesque, sodales lacus nunc, feugiat at. In orci ligula suscipit luctus, sed dolor eleifend aliquam dui, ut diam mauris, sollicitudin sed nisl lacus tempus.

Ut facilisis ante in dui ac suscipit, turpis voluptatum donec, fusce suspendisse, quasi luctus amet urna tempor amet sit. Cras volutpat mattis hasellus justo massa sed, odio feugiat gravida nunc praesent. Mauris pretium eget aliquet, lectus tincidunt. Quam ac ligula risus lectus dapibus, nunc lectus velit, vel placerat odio, vestibulum in tellus nam, eros amet fusce hasellus facilisis. Vehicula sed, class dignissim ullamcorper eros, mauris consequat ut lacinia. Aliquam amet est, quam leo maecenas mauris turpis leo pharetra, vulputate lacus. Ad ornare donec, fringilla feugiat augue imperdiet laoreet, ipsum enim sit lectus felis at, aliquam blandit donec pede, luctus platea etiam mauris ut. Dui vel diam, vitae et scelerisque erat volutpat viverra velit, risus pellentesque tellus nullam nibh, morbi posuere.

Curabitur labore. Ac augue donec, sed gravida a dolor luctus, congue arcu id diam praesent, pretium ac, ullamcorper non hac in quisque hac. Magna amet libero maecenas justo. Nam at wisi donec amet nam, quis nulla euismod neque in enim, libero curabitur libero, tempus arcu egestas molestie pede lorem eu. Posuere tempus porttitor odio urna et gravida, hasellus sed sit sodales laoreet integer, in at, leo nam in.

Vitae et, nunc hasellus hasellus, donec dolor, id elit donec hasellus ac pede, quam amet. Eget nibh maecenas ac, nullam duis elit, ligula eget pellentesque viverra morbi tellus molestie, mi odio. Sodales nunc suscipit sit pretium aliquet integer, interdum consectetuer pede, et risus hac diam at eget, commodo in. Scelerisque sodales, mauris lorem non consectetuer. Felis maecenas sit adipiscing elit ullamcorper non, amet pede consectetuer quis rutrum sit, nec vestibulum sem, integer non felis a vel. Vel proin, sapien sit, mauris amet in semper dolor. Lacus non pariatur et dolor. Risus mattis. Eu tristique erat a, morbi vel. Tempor quis elit ac maxime et. Amet mauris nec voluptatum, habitant tellus dignissim sed eros, justo fames. Convallis vestibulum vehicula, pellentesque rhoncus maecenas sodales nec, natus aliquam aliquet sem lacus metus, nunc dui suspendisse vestibulum, placerat nullam arcu neque lorem.

Faucibus semper id vivamus justo vel aliquam. Egestas curabitur sit justo, placerat elit risus velit orci vitae velit, orci curabitur amet recusandae ullamcorper. Quam nascetur fringilla quisque adipiscing porta, in nullam pharetra suspendisse, tincidunt dictumst varius. Quisque vitae lorem, tristique proin ut tincidunt id, ipsum cras bibendum eu arcu faucibus. Magna amet libero maecenas justo. Pellentesque soluta eget, mauris gravida nulla erat imperdiet tincidunt est, purus cursus aliquam eget sociis ac quis, amet lobortis dui amet. Amet quis habitasse vestibulum ipsum a suscipit, donec lectus turpis hendrerit integer laoreet. Feugiat dolor elit et wisi, posuere lorem ipsum vel class fringilla.

Montes et metus adipiscing placerat consectetuer nunc. Non libero nam dolor. Nascetur quis ut, tristique libero odio sit tempus, ac ut in et felis convallis. Sed sed mauris duis. Quis enim ut, cursus dolor id arcu explicabo ligula, quisque. Consectetuer arcu ipsum ornare pellentesque vehicula, in vehicula diam, ornare magna erat felis wisi a risus. Justo fermentum id. Malesuada eleifend, tortor molestie, a fusce a lectus turpis vel et. Mauris at suspendisse, neque aliquam faucibus adipiscing, vivamus in. Curabitur labore. Ac augue, sed gravida a dolor luctus, congue arcu id diam praesent, pretium ac, ullamcorper non hac in quisque hac.

Montes et metus adipiscing placerat consectetuer nunc,

Trenz Pruca

4321 First Street

Anytown, State ZIP

The Happening

november 2012Modern and contemporary history iversion 1

"My reading of history convinces me that most bad government results from too much government"

-Thomas Jefferson.

Alejandra Barrera.

Octavio Pérez.

Margarita Reyna.

Group 153

Index:

3.- Witchi, witchi.

4.- The cultural movement that most people loved...

5.- So important, that the movement was called like him...

6.- The Bloody Woman....

7.- The Ind... Progress Revolution & From the Dark to the Light.

8.- Finally Free! & Comic.

9.- Living in the French Revolution.

10.- Te Truth of an Empire.

11.- Editorial & Binliography.

Witchi, witchi.

Do you know what people thought of witches in the middle ages..?

It was not until the very end of the medieval period (ca. 1500) that a definition emerged. Witchcraft, is known something evil that witches do for bad things, it can be with spells principally, and in middle ages, they were so famous because of the books people wrote on those times, saying witches were not humans, they were demons and so many more things that can be said of the witches. Normally, the ones that were accused of witchcraft were burned cruelly in public acts. Both men and women were accused of witchcraft. Even the notorious witch-hunting manual, the Malleus Malleficarum, used pronouns of both genders to discuss and to identify witches. People thought that they did bad accidents, bad luck, sickness or death.

They were hunted for more than 75 years. . Any woman could be accused of witchcraft and even someone who tried to help others, such as a healer who used plants and herbs in her cures, could be accused and put on trial for witchcraft, a trial which could cost her life. Not only could a person be accused with very little proof, the majority of those accused were found guilty and many were tortured in order to extract a confession. Some of the accused were simple people without the experience and knowledge to defend themselves against the authorities in court.

How really witches are?

So we’re here to discover what witches are really like.

Witches are not like we imagine: Ugly, old, and that could fly with their broom.

They just used herbolary to cure some injuries of the people, that wasn’t so bad...

How to dress like a witch?

All you need is:

*A triangle hat

*A broom

*A long dark dress

The cultural movement that many people loved...

Did you know?

*Most people got married in June because they took their yearly bath in May and

were still smelling pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell, so

brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the bad smell

Michelangelo and Leonardo became rivals when Michelangelo mocked da Vinci for

not finishing a statue of a horse

It was believed that the 7th son of a 7th son had supernatural powers.

Spilling salt was considered bad luck mainly because salt and other spices were so

expensive.

The Renaissance was a great cultural movement that began in Italy during the early 1300’s. It spread to England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and other countries in the late 1400’s and ended in 1600. It is one of the most beautiful, if not misleading, names in history. It is beautiful because it implies an awakening of intellectual awareness. It is misleading because it suggests a sudden rebirth of learning and art after the presumed stagnation of the Middle Ages.

People believed in old prejudices in the Renaissance world. While they were aware of mathematics and science, they also held their belief in werewolves, rainfalls of blood and death-predicting comets. This century also brought the invention of surgery, the watch and bank checks. But it also saw the rise of witch hunts, wars of religion, destruction of civilization in America and the first black slaves.

The Renaissance marks the passing of European society from an exclusively religious orientation to a more secular one, and from an age of unquestioning faith and mysticism to one of belief in reason and scientific inquiry.

During this time, artists and musicians produced works that displayed more artistic freedom and individualism. This creativity allowed artists to abandon the stricter ways of the Medieval Era. Their art forms rediscovered the ancient Greek ideals. The great masters of the Renaissance were revered in their own lifetimes (rather than after their deaths), which was different from most of their Medieval predecessors. With the new printing techniques, music and musical ideas were able to be preserved and distributed to the people

So important, that the movement was called like him...

Lutheranism is the name given to the movement caused by the ideology of Martin Luther, a German reformer that made an effort to reform the theology and the practice of the church. Also Martin translates the Bible to German.

He started his ideologies by the "95 Theses" were he reflected the side of the church that wasn't known.

Luther's writings disseminated internationally, spreading the ideas of the Reformation beyond the ability of governmental and churchly authorities to control it.

Then the Lutheranism spread to most part of Europe, but the fight really started by the "Edict of the Worms".

“Beautiful music is the rate of the prophets that can calm the agitations of the soul; it is one of the most magnificent and delightful presents God has given us.”

Martin Luther.

The Bloody Woman....

In the time of absolutism there was a woman who became famous because of her actions to eked the throne, actions like killing her own cousin Lady Jane Grey.

Then she tried to return England to the Roman Catholicism so the protestant that opposed this mandate would be executed.

Those actions were the cause of her nickname "Bloody Mary". She became very hated because this mandates and actions, but she had a bad fame.

When she died, the throne was took by her half-sister Elizabeth I. She changed many mandates immediately when she became queen, returning England to a Protestant- Friendly reformation.

After he received a big funding from the Spanish monarchs he set sail on August 3 of 1492 with

the 3 known ships: La pinta, La niña and la Santa Maria with the company of 104 men. They

stopped a while in the Canary Islands to carry more supplies and to make a few repairs to the

ships because they would cross the Atlantic. The voyage was of five weeks long, much longer

than Columbus expected, because he thought that the world was smaller. Many members of the

crew died because a disease or from hunger and thirst.

At 2:00 am on October the 12th of 1492, Rodrigo de Triana arrived to the present area of

Bahamas. Later Columbus arrived to the land he thought that it was an Asian island and called it

San Salvador. He didn´t find any goods so he decided to continue sailing in search of China. But

instead that he visited Cuba and Hispaniola.

On November the 21st of 1492 the pinta and all the company of that boat left the group to

explore by their own, but then, when Christmas arrived, Columbus’ Santa Maria wrecked off the

coast of Hispaniola. Because of the insufficient space in the lonely niña, Columbus was forced to

leave 40 men there. Not too much time later Columbus set sail for Spain, and when he arrived on March 15 of 1493, his first voyage was complete.

Columbu’s First Voyage...

From the Dark to the Light...

The Ind... Progress Revolution

Inventions of the industrial revolution

•First reliable steam

engine.

• Cotton Gin.

• Regular steamboat

• Telegraph.

• Sewing Machine.

• Transatlantic cable.

• Telephone.

• Phonograph.

•Induction

• Motor.

• Diesel Engine.

• First Airplane.

Model T Ford.

This are some inventions that remark the industrial

revolution worldwide.

Although the intellectual movement called "The Enlightenment" is usually associated with the 18th century, its roots in fact go back much further. But before we explore those roots, we need to define the term. This is one of those rare historical movements which in fact named itself. Certain thinkers and writers, primarily in London and Paris, believed that they were more enlightened than their compatriots and set out to enlighten them.

They believed that human reason could be used to combat ignorance, superstition, and tyranny and to build a better world. Their principal targets were religion (embodied in France in the Catholic Church) and the domination of society by a hereditary aristocracy.

Coffee Houses

What’s the purpose of us going to a coffee shop? Yes, principally to go with friends, talk, have a good time and have some fun. But, you know the purpose during enlightenment? Take a look, because it’s so interesting. Historians have described Enlightenment era coffeehouses as “public social houses” during the 17th and 18th centuries, in which patrons would assemble for conversation and social interaction, while taking part in newly emerging coffee consumption habits for the time” (The Social Life of Coffee, 81). For the price of a cup of coffee, Enlightenment coffeehouses provided customers access to newspapers, books, and journals. Coffeehouses were seen as the “nerve center” of intellectual stimulation, where male citizens of the community could congregate and discuss politics and news. Whilst coffeehouses are often associated with the transmission of knowledge, at a more fundamental level, coffeehouses were public institutions of sociability.

The coffeehouse was seen almost as the equivalent to a gentleman's club in that

the institution was designed for and allowed men to congregate and discuss the

day's topic, without the presence of women. Coffeehouses were so popular that

they spread across Europe like wild fire. For example, by 1760, Vienna already had

at least 60 coffee houses!

During the enlightenment, the coffee shops were created principally for the artist,

and scientists, for discussing their ideas and advances, so they can have new

ideas of the situation that was happening in the society. Most of those places were

small but very beautiful so the artists could feel good about being there.

The 13 colonies where some states in the North America but they were property of England. The reason that this colonies decide to be independent was because England increased the taxes so the people of the colonies decided to do something about it that was throwing the merchandise of tea from England in the "Boston tea Party". Then they made the declaration of independence so England would be forced to sign it, after they won the war against them with the help of France.

Te official Dependence day was read and published some days after, but it was considered official when they first accepted it.

Nowadays it's still celebrated by all the people that live in the USA, and it's a very big parade.

Finally Free!

How do people celebrate it nowadays?

Living in the French Revolution.

A watershed event in modern European history, the French Revolution began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. Like the American Revolution before it, the French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideals, particularly the concepts of popular sovereignty and inalienable rights. Although it failed to achieve all of its goals and at times degenerated into a chaotic bloodbath, the movement played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the world the power inherent in the will of the people.

There were many men who believed in the Revolution, but not for women's rights. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, one of the most well-known writers of the Enlightenment movement in the 18th century, believed that females were biologically and thus socially different from men.

Their role was to be a wife and mother, rather than play significant roles in public. Rousseau's comments on education galvanized both his male and female members. He called for increased independence for boys and stressed how important it was to have mothers raise their children. But many women objected to his insistence that women did not need serious intellectual preparation for life.

Though men were reluctant to share their political rights with women, many women activists and anonymous women shaped the course of the revolution during its earliest years.

Among the most dramatic events of the revolution occurred on October 5 and 6, 1789, when women of the Parisian lower classes forced many women from all social classes to march with them to Versailles to seize the King.

During French revolution, women didn’t have many rights like now, they were considered like a kid that has to be protected by men. So we did an interview with a woman named Ana Marie, to learn more about this.

Us: Hi Ana Marie, how are you?

A.M.: Very good, thanks.

Us: We would like to make you

some questions about your life.

AM: Ok, I’m pleasured

Us: So tell us, are you married?

A.M: Yes I am

Us: And how is marriage for you?

AM: It’s kind of weird, because

all the lands I had, I had to give

them to my husband, and practically all that were mine now is him.

Us: Oh, that’s interesting, and how do you feel about it?

A.M.: I don’t know, it’s sad, but I love him, so it doesn’t care to me.

Us: And what about education

A.M.: Oh well, in this times, jus men can study, women just have to have

ready the food, clean the house and take care of the kids

Us: Oh, and what about those women that show their breast in public?

What does it means?

A.M.: It shows their discomfort about their rights, because we want

freedom of being how we like.

Us: Well, that’s all we wanted to know, nice to meet you, have a good day.

We all know that Napoleon was an emperor, but, do you really know what’s a empire? Discover it know!

An empire is defined as a politico.military dominion of a population who are ethically and culturally different from the imperial group.

What composes an empire physically and politically can have many definitions. It might be a state effecting imperial policies, or a particular political structure. Empires are typically formed from separate components that come together. Some units include ethnic, national, cultural, and religious diversity.

Sometimes an empire is a construction, when a ruler assumes the title of "Emperor". The said ruler's nation logically becomes an "Empire".

The terrestrial empire's maritime analogue is the thalassocracy, an empire comprising islands and coasts which are accessible to its terrestrial homeland, such as the Athenian-dominated Delian League.

The truth of an Empire.

- http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/middleages/witchcraft/witchcraft.html

-http://suite101.com/article/witchcraft-in-the-middle-ages-a125228

http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/martinluth401125.html

http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/t/thomasjeff157220.html

Life and Times: Leonardo and the Renaissance by Nathaniel Harris. 1987.

http://www.thebards.net/articles/history20000818.shtm

http://library.thinkquest.org/15413/history/history-ren.htm

http://triomeka.brynmawr.edu/exhibits/show/coffeehouse-culture/a-history-of-coffee-coffeehous/coffeehouses-enlightenment

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAO5Me4rFSo : The role of clubs and coffee shops in England

- http://www.ehow.com/about_4572367_women-french-revolution.htm

- http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/ Lutheranism.html

-http://www.greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-history/queen-mary.html

Bibliography:

Our opinion is that this magazine is a reduced summary of the interesting history that lead to our present with all our innovations that had their roots in the topics that we saw. From the Government to the way of thinking, it took a lot of process and facts that all in conjunction is our history. The people don’t really realize the importance of all what it was necessary. They just ignore all because they think that it is boring. We hope that this magazine make them an idea so they reflect like the Enlightenment. We are all part of this amazing history.

Editorial