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The Greeks

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Page 1: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

The Greeks

Page 2: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Ancient Greece

• Minoan Civilization (c. 2000-1400 BCE)–Crete

• Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE)–Greek mainland

Page 3: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland
Page 4: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Minoan Civilization

• Knossos: Palace of Minos

• Minotaur: half-man and half-bull, born of bull & Minos’ queen

• Minotaur lived in labyrinth designed by Daedalus

Page 5: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland
Page 6: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland
Page 7: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Myth of Daedalus & Icarus

• Daedalus locked in tower by King Minos

• Escapes by making wax wings for himself and his son Icarus

• Icarus departs from father and flies too high

• The wax melts and Icarus falls to his death

• Daedalus reaches Sicily in safety

Page 8: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Brueghel,

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, 1558

Page 9: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Myth of Theseus &Ariadne

• Greek hero Theseus kills the Minotaur with the help of Ariadne, daughter of King Minos

• Ariadne gives Theseus a sword and thread to find his way out

• After killing Minotaur, Theseus escapes with Ariadne

Page 10: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Myth of Theseus &Ariadne

• On the way back to Athens, Theseus & Ariadne stop on island of Naxos

• Ariadne falls asleep and Theseus abandons her

Page 11: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Vanderlyn, Ariadne Abandoned, 1814

Page 12: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Mycenaean Civilization• At Mycenae

• “militant and aggressive” (72)

• C.1400 BCE: Mycenaeans absorb Crete

• c. 1200 BCE, Mycenaeans attack Troy in Asia Minor: 10 year war

• Soon after, Dorians destroy Mycenaean civilization Dark Ages

Page 13: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Homer

• Legendary blind poet, author of Iliad and Odyssey, Greek epics

• “Homer” represents oral tradition that was eventually written down in 9th century BCE

Page 14: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Iliad

• Wrath of Achilles

• Focuses on arete: heroic action to prove virtue—even if the consequence is death, and even in the face of the gods

Page 15: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland
Page 16: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Simile & Epithet

• Simile: See Book 18.113-116, 133-139

•  

• Epithets: “swift Antilochus” (18.2); “the great Achilles” (18.33); “man-killing hands” of Priam (24.7); “great godlike Achilles” (24.186); “old and noble Priam” (24.263); “brilliant Achilles” (24.316)

Page 17: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

David, The Funeral of Petroclus, 1778

Page 18: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Twombly, Achilles Mourning the Death of Petroclus, 1962

Page 19: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Hesiod, Theogony (700 B.C.E.)

•  Zeus, Hera, etc., live on Mount Olympus

•  meddle in human affairs

•  no clear moral or religious system

•  no guarantee of afterlife—focus is on being remembered for one’s actions in this life

•  Thus, Greek culture celebrates individual glory and individual responsibility

Page 20: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Greek Politics and Society

• During the Homeric Age, heroes are celebrated: it is an aristocratic age

• Ca. 750 BCE: the rise of the polis: Greek city-state– Athens, Thebes, Marathon, Corinth, Sparta, etc.– About 200 of them

Page 21: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

City-states

• City-states are self-governing, self-defending

• Take their own colonies

• Compete with one another

Page 22: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Persian Wars, 499-480 BCE

• Greek city-states unite to defend themselves against Persia

• Battle of Marathon, 490 BCE, Greeks defeat an army of Persians 2X bigger

• After Persian Wars, Athens becomes predominant Greek polis

Page 23: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Greek Golden Age: 480-430 BCE

• Oligarchy (elite minority) Democracy (gov. by the people, demos)

• Solon (ca.638-558 BCE): spread democracy: involved lower classes in gov.

• Ca.550 BCE: Popular Assembly

• 508 BCE: Popular Assembly can make laws

Page 24: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Greek Government Structure

• Board of Ten Generals

• Council of Five Hundred (aristocratic bureaucracy)

• Popular Assembly of Citizens

Page 25: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Democracy?• Citizen = landowning males over 18

• Total population: 250,000

• Citizens: 40,000

• Actually attended Assembly: 5,000

• Women, children, resident aliens, slaves: 150,000

Page 26: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Agora= “open air market”

Page 27: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Pericles (ca.495-429 BCE)• Leading supporter of Athenian

democracy• Many public offices filled by lottery• Delian League: defensive alliance

– Pericles moves funds from Delos to Athens

– Angers Sparta

Page 28: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 BCE)

• Athens vs. Sparta

• Sparta not democratic, more militaristic than Athens

• Athens loses to Sparta

Page 29: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Pericles, Funeral Sermon

• Athenians are interested in public affairs

• Athenians respect written and unwritten laws

• Athenians value thinking/discussion before action

• Athenians value the individual Athenian

Page 30: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Aristotle, Poetics

• Unites of action and time• Tragedy: “imitation of an action” arousing

“pity and fear” leading to catharsis (purgation)

• Hero “better than the ordinary man”• His downfall “must not lie in any depravity,

but in some great error on his part” (94-95)

Page 31: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

• Scientific thinkers asking what the world is made of and how it came into existence

• Thales: water

• Heraclitus: flux, change—dictated by Form or Guiding Force

• Leucippus of MiletusLeucippus of Miletus: atoms

• DemocritusDemocritus: atoms make up the mind too

Page 32: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

• Pythagoras: proportion (numbers)

• Hippocrates: “father of medicine”

– Humours: blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile

Page 33: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Sophists

• Not scientists but metaphysicians: concerned with how we know

• Traveled around to teach people

• Focused on rhetoric more than truth– They thrived in a democracy where the ability

to persuade was important

Page 34: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Protagoras (ca. 485-410 BCE)

• A sophist

• “Man is the measure of all things”

Page 35: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Socrates (ca. 470-399 BCE)

• A stonemason who walked around Athens talking to people: a gadfly

• Opposed the sophistry: the use of clever argument

• Instead: “Know thyself”

• “the unexamined life is not worth living”

• To know the good is to do the good

Page 36: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Plato (ca. 428-ca. 347 BCE)

• We know Socrates through Plato

• Socrates is a character in Plato’s dialogues

• Through dialectical method (question and answer method) one moves closer and closer to the truth

Page 37: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Plato’s Theory of the Forms

• All sense experience is an imperfect copy of the Forms. A ball, for example, is an imperfect copy of the Form of the Sphere.

• The Forms derive from the ultimate Form, the Form of the Good

Page 38: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Plato’s Theory of the Forms

• the psyche, or soul, comes from the world of the Forms, while the soma, or body, is trapped in the sensory world.

• Where do we get the idea of the perfect sphere? Plato would say we get it from our soul’s connection to the perfect world of Forms.

Page 39: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Allegory of the Cave

• In the Republic

• Allegory: story with figurative or hidden meaning story (allos=other + agoreuein=to speak publicly < agora=marketplace)

• A parable for the movement from sense experience to the Form of Goodness

Page 40: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Allegory of the Cave

Page 41: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Plato’s Political Views

• Anti-democratic• Philosopher-kings should rule (could be

women)• Philosophers are fit to rule, soldiers to fight,

laborers to work (mind, heart, hands)• The goal of society is not the happiness of

the individual but to bring society as a whole as close as possible to the good

Page 42: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Plato’s Political Views

• Education for both men and women, according to their abilities

• No private property

• In Plato’s republic, no poets are allowed

Page 43: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

What, no poets?

• That’s right, no poets. Why?

• Plato says poets:

1) lie; they don’t know or tell the truth

2) lead children and youth away from knowledge

3) they offer not ideas, or images of ideas, but images of images of ideas

Page 44: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

• Student of Plato

• Rejected Plato’s Theory of Forms, thought that mind and matter are connected

• Empirical method: direct experience

• Syllogism

• End of life is happiness, “the good life”

Page 45: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics

• “the object of our inquiry is not to know the nature of virtue but to become ourselves virtuous”

• “It is necessary therefore to consider the right way of performing actions”

• The Golden Mean: the mean between extremes

Page 46: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland
Page 47: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland
Page 48: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Aristotle, Politics

• the best government is constitutional and ruled by the middle class—those who would be least likely to govern out of self-interest

• man (Aristotle does not include or exclude women here) is a political animal

Page 49: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Aristotle, Politics

• “[The] state is by nature clearly prior to the family and to the individual, since the whole is of necessity prior to the part. . . . The proof that the state is a creation of nature and prior to the individual is that the individual, when isolated, is not self-sufficing; and therefore he is like a part in relation to the whole.”

Page 50: The Greeks. Ancient Greece Minoan Civilization (c. 2000- 1400 BCE) –Crete Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1600-1200 BCE) –Greek mainland

Aristotle, Politics

• We tend to think of society as a creation of individuals, but according to Aristotle, society comes first, and what we call the individual presupposes the existence of society. The individual doesn’t exist without society. The individual does not create the concept of society; society creates the concept of the individual.