the great war: shaping the 20 th century thanks for coming in…

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The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…

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Causes of the War: Militarism As the world entered the 20th century, an arms race had begun. ◦ Industry ◦ Britain and German Navies ◦ Further, in Germany and Russia particularly, the military establishment began to have a greater influence on public policy.

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Page 1: The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…

The Great War: Shaping the 20th Century

Thanks for Coming in…

Page 2: The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…

Essential QuestionsWas World War 1 a just war?How does World War 1 shape the

20th century?Can the technological race be a

bad thing?

Page 3: The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…

Causes of the War: MilitarismAs the world entered the 20th

century, an arms race had begun.◦Industry◦Britain and German Navies◦Further, in Germany and Russia

particularly, the military establishment began to have a greater influence on public policy.

Page 4: The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…

Causes of the War: AlliancesRival Alliances Created a “False

Sense of Security” ◦Triple Entente

Great Britain: King George V France: Premier Clemenceau Russia: Czar Nicholas II

◦Triple Alliance Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm II Austria-Hungary: Emanuel II

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Causes of the War: Alliances

Over time, countries throughout Europe made mutual defense agreements that would pull them into battle. ◦ Thus, if one country was attacked, allied countries were bound

to defend them.

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Causes of the War: ImperialismImperialism is when a country increases

their power and wealth by bringing additional territories under their control.

Africa and parts of Asia were points of contention amongst the European countries. ◦Raw materials◦New markets

The increasing competition and desire for greater empires led to an increase in confrontation that helped push the world into World War I.

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Causes of the War: NationalismUnrest in the Balkans

◦Bosnians felt abused under the rule of Austria-Hungary

◦Goal: To create a “Greater Serbia” (unite Slavic people)

◦This movement was strongly supported by “Mother Russia”

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Page 9: The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…

Causes of the War: The SparkAssassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. ◦June 1914, a Serbian nationalist

assassinated him and his wife while they were in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was part of Austria-Hungary.

◦ This was in protest to Austria-Hungary having control of this region.

◦https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Assassination-of-Archduke-Franz-Ferdinand

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Most Important Man in 20th century

Gavrilo Princep

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The SidesCentral Powers

◦ Germany◦ Austria-Hungary◦ Turkey (Ottoman

Empire)◦ Bulgaria

Allies◦ France◦ Britain◦ Russia◦ Japan◦ Italy

Neutral Powers• Spain• America• Switzerland• Netherlands• Belgium

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Page 13: The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…

Political CartoonUsing the perspective of your

assigned country, create a political cartoon assigning blame for the war.

Grade ___ / 20◦5 pts for detail of information◦5 pts for knowing the leader◦5 pts for cleverness◦5 pts for creativity/quality

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America’s Neutrality1914: Most Americans did not

want to join◦3,000 miles away◦No threat to American lives/property

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Who to Join? Britain:

◦Cultural similarities Democracies/legal system

◦Language◦Economic ties◦Controls trans-Atlantic cables◦German atrocities

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Who to Join?Germany?

◦11 million Central power immigrants in US Most are happy to be away

◦Kaiser Wilhelm II Arrogant autocracy Industrial sabotage Attacked neutral Belgium

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Page 18: The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…

America’s NeutralityTwo Reasons to get involved:

◦Repayment of Allied debt JP Morgan and Co.

2.3 billion to AlliesAnd protect US shippingGermany can trade, but…

◦British Navy◦Mines

Blockade leads to food shortages and riots◦750,000 Germans die of

starvation

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Germany’s AnswerUnterseeboot *U-Boats*

◦Try not to sink neutral ships◦First couple months of 1915

95 ships were sunkLusitania

◦May 7, 1915◦British Passenger Ship◦1,198 lives (198 American)◦4,200 cases of ammunition

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Wilson’s ResponseNo military responseArabic…Sussex…Get Britain to end their blockade!

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Wilson’s Response1916: Re-

elected◦Runs on the

campaign “He kept us out

of war”◦Against Court

Justice Evan Hughes “…tell him he’s

no longer president”

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Thanks for Coming in…Who was responsible for World

War 1?Who was responsible for the

sinking of the Lusitania?◦Was it enough for America to get into

the war?Is President Wilson right to wait?

◦Why does he avoid American involvement?

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Wilson sticks to his guns…Jan 31,

1917◦Germany:

Unrestricted submarine warfare

◦Wilson asks Congress to arm merchant ships No

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The Straw?The Zimmermann

Telegram◦March, 1917◦Germany/Mexican

Alliance◦Texas, New Mexico,

and Arizona4 more unarmed

shipsRussian overthrow

Page 26: The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…

Mobilization: PropagandaGeorge Creel

◦Committee on Public Information◦“Four minute men”◦Movies, pamphlets, songs◦Over There◦Passion and voluntary compliance◦Two goals:

Sell America on the war Sell the world on Wilson’s war goals

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Page 28: The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…

Mobilization: Labor“Labor will win the war”

◦Unemployed immediately drafted◦Ultimate goal: government’s

guarantee of the right to organize into unions

◦Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies) Protested for better conditions Beaten, arrested, or run out of town

◦Steel Strike of 1919 Over 250,000 walked off jobs 30,000 African American strikebreakers

were hired

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Mobilization: MilitarySelective Service Act: Conscription (the

draft)◦ All males between 18-45◦ No substitutes◦ Conscientious Objector

Pacifist If found guilty of insubordination (not wearing uniform,

bearing arms, peeling potatoes) 24 years in Leavenworth

Reputation? Who qualifies? Amish, Quakers

◦ Segregated units (no Navy/Marines) 369th Infantry Regiment

Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts (Croix de Guerre)

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How to build a NavyMission: transport millions of

men/equipment 3,000 miles of ocean avoiding German U-Boats◦Exempt shipyard workers◦US Chamber of Commerce public

relations campaign Service flags, car owners provide rides to

work◦Prefabrication techniques◦Government take over of private and

commercial ships

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How to use a NavyConvoy system

◦Guard merchant ships with destroyers

Lay mines

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Greatest Contribution to VictoryFresh troops and enthusiasm

◦The US had not been fighting for the previous 3 years, and was not used to trench warfare

◦“Bravery” of Americans was result of not knowing

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Mobilization: Crushing the “Enemy”

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Mobilization: CiviliansFood Administration

◦Herbert C. Hoover “Wheatless Wednesdays”, “victory

gardens”, “meatless Tuesdays”, “gospel of the clean plate”

◦Alcohol = Germans 18th Amendment (Prohibition)

◦Bonds Govt. guarantees a certain percentage

rate return on borrowed money. Buy a $100 bond, in three years get $130

back

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Technology takes a leap… forward?Trench Warfare

◦Machine Guns◦Chemical warfare◦Airplanes◦Tanks◦Sub-Marines

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Thanks for coming in…What effects did mobilization

have on America?Did President Wilson wait too

long?Was/is conscription ever the

answer?

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White flag at Eleven11/11 at eleven o’clock on 1918Prospect of Endless troops not the

American’s battles that won the warPresident Wilson made some mistakes:

◦Campaigned for Democrats Went to Paris as diminished leader

◦Went to Europe Looked like he was grandstanding

◦Peace delegation did not include one Republican Senator

◦Hung everything on L.o.N.

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Wilson Presents His PlanItalians, Parisians, Armenians,

Jews, Ukrainians, and Poles all welcomed him like a savior

Wilson’s 14 Points◦No secret treaties◦Freedom of seas◦Reduce arms◦Get rid of colonialism; self-

determination◦League of Nations

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Wilson’s Fourteen PointsWhich ones do you like?Which need improvement? How?Are they too idealistic?Does any of them sound like a

hint at future organizations?

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The Big FourWoodrow Wilson (US)

◦Wants 14 pts Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

◦Wants Austrian territory David Lloyd George (Britain)

◦“Make Germany Pay!”Georges Clemenceau (France)

◦Cripple Germany so this cannot happen again

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Page 43: The Great War: Shaping the 20 th Century Thanks for Coming in…

Treaty of Versailles Handed on the point of a bayonet The German Army was restricted

◦ 100,000 men, no conscription, no tanks or heavy artillery, No German General Staff.

German Navy ◦ 15,000 men, no submarines, six battleships (of less than

10,000 tons), six cruisers, 12 destroyers. Germany was not permitted an air force Germany was explicitly required to retain all enlisted men for

12 years and all officers for 25 years, so that only a limited number of men would have military training.

Article 231◦ War Guilt Clause

held Germany solely responsible for all 'loss and damage' suffered by the Allies during the war and provided the basis for reparations.

◦ Reparations: 33 billion dollars, 269 billion gold marks

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Treaty of VersaillesCreated new nations

◦Poland, Yugoslavia, CzechoslovakiaRussia was excluded… despite

having lost more than anyone◦Including territories

No self-determination (Vietnam)

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And Back Home…Most rejected this treaty back home…

for obvious reasons◦Imperialism◦Too harsh◦Ethnic empathy

Republican Senators, led by Henry Cabot Lodge refused to back Wilson’s plans◦Congress needs to be able to declare war;

not obligations to EuropeWilson goes to the “boss”

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Defeat of TreatyAsked for all or nothing… got

nothing◦If Wilson had been willing to

compromise, then the US might have passed the Treaty of Versailles.

◦Rejected◦Not an official member of the League

of Nations