the followers of horus

8/12/2019 The Followers of Horus

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The Followers of HorusStudies dedicated toMichael llen Hoffman

Edited Renee Friedman and arbara dams

Egyptian Studies Association Publication NoOxbow Monograph


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Michael Allen Hoffman1944 199


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The ollowers orusStudies dedicated toMichael llen offman

1944 199

Edited byRenee Friedman and Barbara Adams

Egyptian Studies Association Publication NoOxbow Monograph 2992


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Published byOxbow Books Park End Place Oxford OX N

Individual authors 1992ISBN 946897 44 1

This book is available direct fromOxbow Books Park End Place Oxford OX NPhone: 0-865-241249; Fax: 0-865-794449and

The David Brown Book CompanyPO Box 56 5 Bloomington IN 474 7 USAPhone: 812-331-0266; fax: 812-331-0277

Printed in Great Britain byThe Short Run Press Exeter


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The Followers of HorusStudies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman1944 - 1990

Frontispiece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael Hoffman 1944-1990Editors Preface Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii-vContributors and Affiliations/Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi-viiiMichael by Walter J. Fairservis Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix-xivMichael Allen Hoffman xv-xxiiPublications and Reports xxiii-xxviiAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii

William Y. AdamsThree Questions for the Archaeologist

Christian E GukschOn Ethnographic Analogies

Georgette ScarzellaMichael Ho ffman in Cairo: Hom e at Gard en City Hou se

1-6

7-10

11-13Map 1. Topographic Map of Hierakonpolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Fred Harlan

Wadi and Desert Settlement at Predynastic Hierakonpolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-18Jeremy Geller

From Prehistory to History: Beer in Egypt 19-26James O Mills

Beyond Nutrition:Antibiotics Produced through Grain Storage PracticesTheir Recognition and Implications for the Egyptian Predynastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-35

Map 2 . Southern Egypt and Nor ther n SudanDiane L Holmes

Chipped Stone-Working CraftsmenHierakonpolis and the Rise of Civilization in Egypt

Hany Hamroush Michael Lockhart and Ralph AllenPredynastic Egyptian Finewares: Insights into the Ceramic Industry

36

37-44

45-52


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IV Renee Friedman and Barbara Adams eds.John E. McArdlePreliminary Observations on the Mammalian Faunafrom Predynastic Localities at Hierakonpolis 53-56Walter Fairservis JrThe Development of Civilization in Egypt and South Asia.

A Hoffman-Fairservis Dialectic 57-64May Trad

The Sequence of the Artist s Strokes on a Sherd from Hierakonpolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65-68Barbara AdamsTwo more Lions from Upper Egypt: Hierakonpolis and Koptos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69-76Helen WhitehouseThe Hierakonpolis Ivories Oxford. A Progress Report

David O ConnorThe Status of Early Egyptian Temples: an Alternate Theory

77-82

83-98Renee Friedman

Pebbles Pots and Petroglyphs: Excavations at Hk64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99-106Michael BergerPredynastic Animal-headed Boats from Hierakonpolis and Southern Egypt 107-120Bahay Issawi and John F. McCauleyThe Cenozoic Rivers of Egypt: The Nile Problem 121-138Susan L. Gawarecki and Steven PerryLate Pleistocene Human Occupation of the Suez Rift Egypt:

A Key to Landform Development and Climatic Regime 139-146Alfred MuzzoliniDating Earliest Central Saharan Rock Art:

Archaeological and Linguistic Data 147-154Fred Wendorf and Angela Close

Early Neolithic Food Economies in the Eastern Sahara 155-162

Pierre M. Venneesch Etienne Paulissen Dirk HuygeKatherine Newmann Willem Van Neer and Philip Van PeerPredynastic Hearths Upper gypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163-172

Bodil MortensenCarbon-14 Dates from EI Omari 173-174Robert J Wenke and Douglas J BrewerThe Neolithic-Predynastic Transition in the Fayum Depression 175-184Joan Crowfoot Payne

Predynastic Chronology at Naqada 185-192William GriswoldMeasuring Social Inequality at Armant 193-198


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The Followers Horus Studied Dedicated to Michael llen Hoffman vStan HendrickxThe Predynastic Cemeteries at Khozam 199-202Carter LuptonAnother Predynastic Pot with Forged Decoration 203-206Karla Kroeper and Lech KrzyzaniakTwo Ivory Boxes from Early Dynastic Grave at Minshat Abu Omar 207-214Map 3. Egypt and the Near East 215Thomas von der WayIndications of Architecture with Niches at Buto 217-226Joseph MajerThe Egyptian Desert and Egyptian Prehistory 227-234

Harry S. SmithThe Making of Egypt:A Review of the Influence of Susa and Sumer on Upper Egyptand Lower Nubia in the 4th millennium B.C 235-246Krzysztof M. Cialowicz

composition, e sens et la symbolique des scenes zoomorphespredynastiques en relief. Les manches de couteaux 247-258Gunter DreyerHorus Krokodil, ein Gegenkonig der Dynastie 0Map 4. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Sites in EgyptEdwin C M van den rink

Corpus and Numerical Evaluation of the Thinite Potmarks

259-263264

265-296Kathryn A. ardOrigins of Egyptian Writing 297-306Fekri HassanPrimeval Goddess to Divine King.

The Mythogenesis of Power in the Early Egyptian State 307-322M. Nabil EI Hadidi

Notes on Egyptian Weeds of Antiquity: Min s Lettuce and the Naqada Plant 323-326

Zahi A. HawassA Burial with n Unusual Plaster Maskin the Western Cemetery of Khufu s Pyramid 327-336

William J Murnane and Frank J YurcoOnce Again the Date of the New Kingdom Pylon at Edfu 337-346Robert C. Snashall JrHot Antiquities: UNESCO, Egypt and the U.S. 347-356


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328 z i awasssurfaces were repaired by using linen, sand, andaraldite. Where appropriate, the cracks were filledby using a special mortar, composed three partssand, two parts lime powder, and one part kaolin Petrie and Hawass 1990:102-105).

Other changes included the opening to the public the original entrance to the Descending Passageand the Subterranean Chamber the Great Pyramid.All the blocks in the Grand Gallery were recorded indrawings and photographs. A video monitoringsystem was installed in order to control the circulation visitors.The result these efforts by the Egyptian Antiquities Organization is that the monuments the GizaPlateau are now in the best-preserved state since theywere opened to visitors.This phase the site management also includedthe commencement, in 1989, the most scientificconservation and restoration work ever undertaken onthe Great Sphinx. Those who performed the work onthe site include Egyptologists, restorers, an architect,a geologist, and an artist. The work has focused onthree areas:

The removal modem cement which wasused in previous restorations. This cement createdserious conservation problems, and has been replacedby a much more benign mortar.2. The replacement the large stones that wereadded to the masonry cover around the lower part the Sphinx from 1982 to 1987. These additions hadseriously altered the proportions the monument.

3. Photogrammetric drawings and old photographs the Sphinx were studied in order to replacethe large stones with ones the same proportions asthose that existed prior to 1982.The mortar used in the current restorationsconsists lime and sand. A quarry fine limestonewas opened in Helwan especially for this restorationwork. The masonry along the southern side theSphinx has been entirely replaced and modeled. Acourse limestone blocks was added beneath theSphinx s chest to support badly-weathered layers natural limestone. Specialists from UNESCO examined the head and neck the Sphinx and reportedthat they were in good condition. The Getty Conservation Institute placed an electronic device to monitorweather and atmospheric conditions on the back the Sphinx. The Institute Astronomy and Geophysics examined the water table, and measured it atseven meters below the base the Sphinx.In March, 1992, an international symposium willbe held at Giza to discuss all current and previousrestoration work on the Sphinx and to proposesolutions to outstanding problems the monument sdeterioration - particularly in the area the chestand upper north side the Sphinx s body.

In addition to the work described above, twentytombs located in the Eastern and Western Cemeteries the Khufu Pyramid and south the Khafracauseway were restored and opened to the public.3

Phase The aims Phase III are as follows: All asphalt roads will be removed and replaced by sand roads that blend in with the site.2. All the electricity pylons will be removed andwe will install indirect, ground-based lighting.3. No vehicles will be permitted on the plateauand parking areas will be provided at the base theplateau.4. A picnic area will be established south theThird Pyramid Menkaura, with an entrance via theFayum Road, away from the Giza Plateau.5. A cultural center will be opened near thepyramids to provide information on the history thesite to visitors. 4As the writing this article, the EgyptianAntiquities Organization has already begun Phase III

in two areas the plateau. East the Great Pyramid, the Organization has removed the asphalt roadthat covered the boat pit located to the north thefoundations the Khufu Mortuary Temple. Theboat pit is being re-excavated and the Khufu Causeway and Queens Pyramids are being cleaned downto the bedrock and restored on the interior.The work around the pyramid GI-a, the northernmost the three Queens pyramids, revealed part the pyramid casing, as well as holes around thepyramid base-line that may have been used forsurveying see Maragioglio and Rinaldi 1965:76;Lehner 1983:7-25). We are also re-excavating andrestoring the Saite pit located in the sanctuary theupper temple Khufu Lauer 1947:245-259). Allthe archaeological features located in this area, suchas the tomb shaft Hetep-heres, the trial passages,and the tombs the nobles, will be cleaned andrestored. The whole site will thus become an openair museum.Another aspect Phase III concerns work in theWestern Cemetery the Khufu Pyramid. We arecontinuing the excavation this site, and cleaningthe debris away from the long and narrow streets.All the tombs will be restored and numbered. During the work in this area, we found the burialwith the plaster mask near tomb G5520. Althoughseveral major expeditions have excavated in theWestern Field, there are still new discoveries to bemade because the enormous quantity debrisencumbering the tombs. A systematic excavation this area is essential to retrieve the stratigraphicsequence the site, as well as to locate and recordhitherto unknown tombs.


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A Burial with an Unusual Plaster Mask 329

Figure Excavating the Western cemeteryOur first season excavation was carried out inFebruary and March 1989. The work began onthe east side the Western Field, and extended fromthe tomb Sy-ankh-n-ptah G5520) P III: 164) to

the south as far as tomb G5412. The purpose thiswork was to remove the debris from around thetombs and to return fallen stones to their originalpositions. During work in the debris, we found afalse door, in very poor condition, belonging to thetomb Ka-Nefer G5350) PM 2 III: 160). This falsedoor has been cleaned, restored and returned to itsoriginal position in the tomb.

We also worked south the tomb Ihy G5330)in the southeast c om er the Western Field PIII: 159). We cleared the corridor south this tomband found two tomb shafts. Shaft number I wasencased with mud brick on its four sides to a depth about 3 cm. We found the burial niche in thenorth wall this shaft. contained a skeleton in thefoetal position. In shaft number II, we found redpottery vessels and pottery sherds in the style theFirst Intermediate Period. This shaft has a rectangular shape and a depth about 277 cm. The burialniche in the western wall the shaft was closed with

mud brick. contained a skeleton lying on its leftside, with the head to the north. In the general area,we also found many pottery sherds dated to theGraeco-Roman Period, as well as two Roman coins.We also began to restore the south side theancient wall dividing the Western Field fromKhafra s pyramid.T he Buria l with the Pl ast er Ma skIn this same season, we began to clear the debrisaround tomb G5520, a stone-built mastaba located inthe northern comer the Western Field beside thefamily mastaba Senedjem-Inty PM 2 III: 164;Reisner 1942:264-5). We discovered a shaft next tothe northern wall the mastaba. A burial niche wasfound in the southern wall the shaft. The nichewas closed with limestone blocks and mud brick.This shaft was lined with gypsum to a depth 89cm., and the remainder the shaft was encased withmud brick for a total depth 180 cm. The burialniche was 75 cm. long and 52 cm. high figures 2and 3). Within this burial niche, we discovered thebody with the plaster mask. We found a group four types pottery around the top the burial shaft:


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330 Zahi A Hawass > l> N

G 5520S lC A

. o ..

. , . : p II. O . . . . 4

8

S l C A J r ~GIZAwestern fieldburial shaft C) 2 3 4 5m.

section south north

N

VJplan of substructure pIan of suberstructurea 1 2 3m.

Figures 2 and 3 Plans 552


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A Burial with an Unusual Plaster Mask 33

Figure 4 Pottery from 05520Nile clay, wheel-made bowl with recurved rimand round base figure 4.1). The core is black andbordered with two red zones, exterior and interior

surfaces are red Munsell lOR 4/6). The bowl wasprobably used to hold liquids.2-3. Nile clay, wheel-made bowl, keeled, withspout figure 4.2-3). Two examples o this type werefound. T he first one is red-polished on the interiorsurface Munsell lOR 4/6). The exterior surface islight reddish-brown Munsell 5YR 6/4). The secondbowl resembles the first one except that the interiorsurface is light red Munsell 2.5YR 6/8). Both wereprobably used to hold liquids.

4. Nile clay, wheel-made bowl, hand-finishedwith flaring lip figure 4.4), with a black core bordered by two red zones. Exterior and interiorsurfaces are light red Munsell 2.5YR 6/8). Fourrather deep grooves run from the base upward. Thesewere used to hold the string with which the lid wastighten to the vessel.

5. Nile clay, hand-made, rough beer j r figure4.5). The exterior and interior surfaces are pinkMunse1l7 5YR 8-7/4). This type o j r was used inthe cemetery to imitate the actual beer jars made omarl clay, which were used domestically. A lump omud was found in the jar .

This group o pottery dates to Dynasty IV.Numbers 1 and 2 are similar to types found by Rickein the Funerary Temple o Userkaf beginning oDynasty V) at Saqqara Kaiser 1969: types XIV andXXX). Numbers 3 and 4 are o types well represented in Reisner s excavations at Giza Reisner and

Smith 1955: types CLXV and XIV).6The burial and its plaster mask belong to a youngwoman. The body, which is 150 cm. in length, wasfound lying on its back with its head directed to thenorth, and its feet toward the south. The face andneck were completely covered with a layer o whiteplaster which show the facial features o the woman.

Figure 5 Mask before restoration


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Zahi A Hawass

Figure Mask after res ora ion


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A Burial with an Unusual Plaster Mask 333The back part of the head was not covered with pIaster. The skull showed where the plaster had brokenaway. The plaster was very close to the skull, butthere was a thin layer of mud between the plaster andthe skull figure 5 mask before restoration .

Th e plaster mask exhibits very fine, delicatemodelling, particularly of the forehead, nose and lips.The eyes are less well-defined. The preservation ofthe mask is excellent. The best parallel with whichthis one can be compared is in the Boston Museum ofFine Arts figure 7 .7 Th e mask features a subtlesmile which reminds one of the Mona Lisa figure 6after restoration .8

Around the top of the head was found a copperheadband, which was covered with a thin layer ofgold and faience beads. This band was found insmall pieces. The enti re body was found intact andcovered with a very thin layer of mud. The bodywore a necklace consisting of three rows of faiencebeads. On one wrists was a bracelet made of faience.

Figure Mask in the Boston Museum Fine ArtsBMF 39.828; courtesy BMFA

We found a great quantity of beads around the body.The woman s teeth were found broken into smallpieces beside the head. This must indicate that theteeth were removed before the plaster was applied tothe face.

The Restoration and Conservation Department atGiza cleaned the mask and carried out an emergencyrestoration. Later, they sent the mask to the laboratory of the Egyptian Antiquities Organization forfurther restoration figure 6 and analysis. 9 Mr.Nasry Iskander, Director of Conservation at theOrganization, carried out a chemical analysis of theplaster mask see Appendix I and II . Dr. FawziaHussein and Dr. zz Mohammed of the NationalCenter for Research analyzed the anatomical data ofthe plaster mask and skeleton.

The skeleton is represented by bones of the upperand lower limbs, pelvis hip bones and sacrum , leftclavicle, most of the bones of the hands and feet, andsome of the teeth. The pelvic bones indicate that thiswas a 20-25 year old female. He r stature wasestimated to be about 163.3 cm ca 5 feet, 4 inches ,based on measurements of bones of the lower limbs.The sacrum shows unilateral sacralization of the fifthlumbar vertebra, a congenital anomaly which mayaffect walking, unless compensated by other parts ofthe spine figure 8 .

Reisner and Junker found many plaster masks atGiza see Smith 1946:27-28; Junker 1944:113-116;D Auria et al 1988:91-92, especially fig 23 . Themost complete one, now in Boston, is illustrated infigure 7, and comes from Tomb G2037, dated toDynasty VI. There are also fragments of four other

Figure 8 The sacrum showing unilateral sacralization the fifth lumbar vertebra


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334 Zahi A Hawassmasks in Boston from Reisner s excavation (BMFA

5 ~ 4 ; 36-2-7 (37.644); 37-10-44; and 39-2-7).There are also others in the Cairo Museum (Smith1946:27-28). The body with its mask in the Saqqaratomb of Nefer is the best preserved of all (Moussaand A1tenmiiller 1971). They all seem to be modelled over the bandages wrapping the body, and thebones show clearly in many of them. Smith statedthat all the heads which he listed are modelled plasterover linen. As for the function of these masks, hestated: They are not ordinary death-masks, in thesense that they are not casts taken from the actualface, such as that found in the Teti Pyramid Complexby Quibell, but are a rounding out of the shrunkenfeatures of the dead man to simulate his appearancein life (Smith 1946:27; Quibell 1909:20, 112-113,pI. 55).Reisner dated most of the masks to the end ofDynasty V and Dynasty VI (D Auria et al. 1988:92Mununification in the Old Kingdom has been discussed by many scholars; only members of the royalfamily were actually mununified (Sternberg 1982;Dawson 1927:40-49; Elliot-Smith and Dawson 1924;Koln 1982; Lucas and Harris 1962:270-326). iscertain, based upon the style of art in the Old Kingdom, that these portraits or masks simulate the actualappearance of the deceased in life.The reserve heads, carved in limestone and foundat Giza, may represent the actual appearance of thedeceased. They are dated mainly to Dynasty IV.They have delicate rendering of the nose and mouth.These reserve heads function as substitutes for thebody s head (Smith 1946:223; D Auria t al.1988:82). They are found inside the tomb shaftibid.; cf. Kelley 1974:5; Millet 1981:113). Anotherexplanation is that the reserve heads are sculptor sprototypes . This idea postulates that molds weretaken from at least some of the heads and used toproduce replicas in plaster or mud at other worksites, perhaps at the tomb site for workers on reliefportraits or in the sculptor s workshop D Auria etal. 1988: 82; Kelley 1974: 113ff.).Conclusions

The pottery found near the tomb shaft datesfrom Dynasty IV to the beginning of Dynasty V2 The plaster mask is a very well-modeled face,and it seems to represent the face of the youngwoman, as the analysis of the bones indicated.3 Based on the pottery, the plaster mask couldbe dated to the end of Dynasty IV.4. The plaster masks may fulfill the same function as the reserve heads. They also served topreserve the skeleton, and represent an early stage ina process leading to the full mununification of nonroyal bodies.

Notes: In 1989, the British Guild for Travel Writersawarded us a prize for the work of Phase I at Giza.2. In the mid-fifth century B.C., Herodotus reported

seeing salt that covered the interior of the pyramid.3. The architecture as well as the relief scenes and

inscriptions were restored in the tombs. The followingtombs are now open to the public: (Western Field) Ka-emAnkh, Nensedjerkai I, Nefer, Seshem-Nefer I, Jasen,Nesut-Nefer, Seshem Nefer II, Senedjem-Ib-Inti, Ka-Hif,Kai; (Eastern Field) Khufu-Kaf I, Sneferu-Kha-ef, NeferMaat; (Central Field - south side of Khafra s Pyramid)Debehen, Kha-ef-Ankh. See Simpson 1976; 1978; 1980;other unpublished tombs were also opened.4. The project is supported by His Excellency FaroukHosni, the Minister of Culture.

5. Many scholars have excavated in the cemetery westof Khufu s pyramid, including Reisner, who first workedunder the aegis of the Hearst Expedition of the Universityof California (1902-5) and then for Harvard University andthe Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. Reisner excavated atGiza longer than any other archaeologist (1905-1939). Hismagnum opus .A History o th Giza Necropolis VolumeI, (1942), provides a systematic exposition ofthe historicaland architectural features of Giza. For this, he drew upona vast file of material, but paradoxically, relatively littlehas made its way into his book in any detailed form. In aseries of appendices, a few of the larger structures weregiven detailed treatment. The Museum of Fine Arts inBoston houses the files and records from which Reisnerworked, and these remain to be published. W. S. Smithused some of these for Giza II published posthumouslywith Reisner (1955), but the focus of this work is thefabulous Hetep-heres material, while giving a generalcorpus of pottery types in Giza. W. K Simpson iscurrently publishing more of the Boston material in hisseries, Giza Mastabas. This hardly exhausts the material.C. S. Fisher, on behalfof the Eckley B Coxe Expeditionof the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, worked for a three month period in 1915, in theG3000 cemetery. This area is published as The MinorCemetery at Giza (1924). The unpublished work of theUniversity of Leipzig was conducted by Georg Steindorff,from 1903 to 1906 in the central portion of Giza sWesternField. Schiaparelli, of the Turin Museum, conducted someexcavations in Giza s Western Field from 1949-53.

6. Number 4 is also similar to the pottery found in thetombs of the pyramid builders at Giza, southeast of theSphinx, T. N 1908.

7. I would like to thank Rita Freed and Peter Lacovaraof the Egyptian Department at the Museum of Fine ArtsBoston for allowing me to use this photograph.8. I would like to thank my colleagues at the GizaPlateau who actually did the work during the excavation atthe Western Field. Miss Amal Samuel, Chief Inspector ofthe Giza Pyramids; Mrs. Ahmed Abdou EI Hamied; Mr.Mohammed Salah, and Mr. Mohammed Alaa Ed Din,Inspectors of the Pyramid. I would also like to thank mycolleague, Dr. Ali Hassan, Head of the Pharaonic Monuments, who came to the site with His Excellency, The


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A Burial with an Unusual Plaster Mask 335Minister of Culture to see this discovery. During thediscovery, I was in the United States, accompanying theRamsses II exhibit in Dallas, Texas.

9. Mr. Nasry Iskander was responsible for the restoration and conservation of the plaster mask assisted by Mr.Osama Abu-El-Kheir, Conservation Laboratory ResearchCenter, Egyptian Antiquities Organization.

References:D Auria, S., P. Lacovara, and C.H. Roehrig1988 Mummies and Magic. The Funerary Arts of

Ancient Egypt. Boston.Dawson, W.R.1927 Making a Mummy , JEA 13: 40-49.Elliot Smith, G., and W.R. Dawson1924 Egyptian Mummies. London.Fisher, C.1924 The Minor Cemetery at Giz a Philadelphia.Junker, H1944 Giza VII DOAW 72, Vienna and Leipzig.Kaiser, Werner1969 Die Tongefiisse , Beitrilge Bf 49-79.Kelley, A.L.1974 Reserve Heads: A Review of the Evidence for

Their Placement and Function in the Old Kingdom Tombs , JSSEA 5: 6-12.Koln, H1982 Mumienetiketten , LA VI: 216-222.

Millet, N1981 TheR eserve Heads of the Old Kingdom , in W.Simpson and W. Davis (eds.), Studies in AncientEgypt the Aegean and the Sudan. Essays inHonor ofDows Dunham on the Occasion of his90th Birthday June 1, 1980. Boston: 129-131.

Moussa, A.M. and H Altenmiiller1971 The Tomb of Nefer and Kahay. AVDAlK 5,Mainz am Rhein.

Petrie, W.M.F. and Z. Hawass1990 The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh with an

update by Zahi Hawass. Histories and Mysteriesof Man Ltd., London.

Porter D., R Moss, and J Mlilek1974 Topographical Bibliography ofAncient EgyptianHieroglyphic Texts Reliefs and Paintings. VolIII, part I Second ed., Oxford. ( PM 2

Quibell, J.E.1909 Excavations at Saqqara 1907-1908 . Vol. III,Cairo.Reisner, G.A.1942 A History of the Giza Necropolis. Vol I, Cam

bridge, MA.Reisner, G.A. and W.S. Smith 955 A History of The Giza Necropolis. Vol. II, Cambridge, MA.Simpson, W.K.1976 The Mastabas ofQar and Idu: Giza Mastabas II

Boston.

Sternberg, H.1982 Mumie , LA IV 213-216.

Smith, W.S.1946 History ofEgyptian Sculpture and Painting in theOld Kingdom. London.

Lauer, J.P.1947 Le temple funeraire de Kheops la grandepyramide de Guizeh , ASAE 46: 245-259.

Lehner, M1983 Some Observations on the Layout of the Khufuand Khafra Pyramids , JARCE 20: 7-25.

Lucas, A., and J.R. Harris1962 Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries.

London.Maragioglio, V., and C. Rinaldi1965 L Architettura delle Piramidi Menfite. Vol. IV,Rapello.

1978

1980

The Mastabas of Kawab Khajkhufu I and Giz a Mastabas Boston.Mastabas of the Western Cemetery: Part : GizaMastabas IV Boston.


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336 ahi awassAppendix I Appendix

Report on Mummy Head Unearthed at Giza PyramidsArea Nasry Iskander1991Nasry Iskandar and Osama Abu-El-Kheir1 January, 1991 The following samples have been examined by the X-ray diffraction method and the results are tabulated below.

Sample 2: Plaster layer

Sample 3: Faience beads

Sample 1: Mud

(Gypsum) Calcium sulfate hydrate (CaS04 2H2 (98 )Impurities 2 )

(a-quartz) Silicon IV oxide (Si02)Calcium and chloride silicate(Ca4 PB6 C12 Si3021)Calcium Aluminum Silicate (Ca Al2 Si2 8Calcium Aluminum Silicate hydroxide(Ca A12 (Si2 Al2) 1 (OH)2)(Calcite) Ca C 3

(a-quartz) Silicon IV oxide (82 )(Cuprite) Copper I) oxide Cu20 (17 )undefined

Major:Minor:

Description or the ObjectThe object consists of the head of a mummy with acrown and collar of faience beads. The head is a humanscalp covered by a mud layer which is also covered by aplaster layer having the form of a face. The plaster layeris composed of gypsum (CaS04, as determined by X-raydiffraction analysis). The mud and gypsum layers coveredthe entire head and neck except for a portion of the back ofthe head.

Under the neck and on the left side of the face exists amud block representing a part of the collar affixed to thehead. The collar consists of seven rows of small bluefaience beads. The collar is composed of two groups ofdifferent sized beads of faience. The first group of beadsis fixed on the mud layer of the left side of the face. Thesecond one is made up of an unknown quantity of faiencebeads of different shapes and sizes.The crown consists of a group of fragments from com

pletely corroded bronze, someof which are covered by thinplates of gold.Condition or the Object Berore TreatmentThe scalp was in a good state. The mud layer washighly friable. The gypsum layer was weak with somefissures observed in the neck and behind the left ear. It

was observed that there was a clear separation between theplaster and mud layers. The bronze portions of the crownwere completely corroded. The collar s beads were moreor less calcified.Treatment and Conservation

1. A wooden base was designed to enable handling ofthe object during reconstruction and restoration.2. The mud layer was strengthened by using Bramal

3 percent several times in order to achieve completesaturation.3. The plaster layer was consolidated using paraloid 5percent. Cracks were treated with Bramal 5 percent andthe separated parts fixed with Bramal 5 percent.4. The crown was mechanically cleaned and reassembled to form its original circular shape using araldite andimmersed in (treated with) wax to prevent chemical

reactions with the atmosphere.5. The groups of faience were mechanically cleanedand then washed using distilled water and alcohol 10

percent mixture. The final step was the restringing of thefaience beads into the original shape of the collar. It wasthen fixed to the mud layer.


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When Michael Hoffman brought his New World model orientated anthropologically biasedviewpoint his methodical archaeological techniques and his multi disciplinary researchapproach to the Nile Valley some twentylour years ago Egyptian archaeology was stillstruggling to emerge as a science. I t was in o little way due to his influence that the number missions working the archaeology settlement sites has increased dramatically inEgypt and the Sudan in the last twelve years. On the simplest level he showed that it ispossible to locate define and excavate mud brick and other organic based structures indesert and alluvial contexts as well as to derive fundamental information from the analysis all organic remains. On a higher plane he demonstrated that while these particularmethods are fundamental it is necessary to rise above the results they produce in order topresent an overview the development early Egyptian civilization from a site to aregional to a national level.

This collection studies by his friends and colleagues is a measure his inspiration andinfluence and the respect and affection with which he was regarded.

the followers of horus

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