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Home > Did You Know > The Five Generations of Computers

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The Five Generations of Computers

By: - Webopedia Staff

Last Updated: 06-27-2012 , Posted: 01-22-2010

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological

development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in

increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable

devices.

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different

generations of computing devices. Each of the five generation of computers is

characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed

the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more

powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. Learn about each generation and

the developments that led to the current devices that we use today.

Related Webopedia Definitions: computer, magnetic drums, binary, integrated

circuit, semiconductor, nanotechnology

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesSponsored

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The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for

memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very

expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a

lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers,

to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape,

and output was displayed on printouts.

The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first

commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Second Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947

but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube,

allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation

predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast

improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for

output.

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which

allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this

time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in

their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized

and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors

and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central

program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were

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smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single

silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip,

developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output

controls—on a single chip.

In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors

also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to

use microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the

development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld

devices.

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some

applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is

helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change

the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural

language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

DID YOU KNOW...?

An integrated circuit (IC) is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material. The first integrated circuit was

developed in the 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.

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