the fertile crescent/ mesopostamia chapter 2. the fertile crescent is known as the crossroads of the...

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THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2

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Page 1: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA

Chapter 2

Page 2: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

•The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because• it links three continents together: Asia, Europe and Africa

•The Fertile Crescent is made up of two rivers: Tigris and Euphrates•Mesopotamia is a Greek word meaning “The land between two rivers”

•The Fertile Crescent is made up of two rivers: Tigris and Euphrates.

•Mesopotamia is a Greek word meaning “The land between two rivers”

ASIA

EUROPE

AFRICA

Page 3: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

•Desert Climate - Flooding enriched the soil.•Farming possible by:

irrigation canalsdrainage ditches

Page 4: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

City-StatesCity-States

A city-state has political and economic A city-state has political and economic control over the surrounding country side.control over the surrounding country side.

Theocracy - religious ruleTheocracy - religious rule Polytheistic - many godsPolytheistic - many gods

Page 5: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

SUMERIANSSUMERIANS cuneiform - wedge shaped writingcuneiform - wedge shaped writing

The Sumerians also made technological advancements:The Sumerians also made technological advancements: Wagon wheelWagon wheel ArchArch Potter’s wheelPotter’s wheel BronzeBronze Sun dialSun dial Number system based on 60Number system based on 60 Geometry to measure fields and erect buildingsGeometry to measure fields and erect buildings

Page 6: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

Conquered SumerCreated the first Empire (King Sargon)

AKKADIANS

Page 7: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

A.King Hammurabi’s Code1. 1st to record all laws for an empire2. 282 laws (p. 41 & 44)3. “eye for an eye” - very harsh

BABYLONIANS

Page 8: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

HITTITES A. Conquered BabylonB. First to have Iron weapons

Page 9: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

Pastoral Nomads

1. Roamed with herds of animals.

2. Traded with cities and spread goods and ideas.

3. “cultural diffusion”

Page 10: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

The Phoenicians

1. Built a trade empire.

2. Made glass & purple dye.

3. Alphabet of 22 characters. (basis for Latin & English)

Page 11: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

Israelites

Lasting contributions:

1. Judaism

2. 10 Comandments

3. Monotheism

4. King Solomon’s temple in Jerusalem

Conquered by Assyrians

Page 12: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

ASSYRIANS

1. By 850 B.C. conquered all of the Fertile Crescent and Egypt

2. Brutal (used terror p. 62)3. communication4. built library

Page 13: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

1. The Pharaoh was considered to be divine (god-like) and held absolute power. 2. considered a THEOCRACY

3. Nile River flooded and provided fertile soil

EGYPTIANS

Page 14: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

Hieroglyphics - on tomb walls, buildings andpaper called papyrus.

Page 15: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

Harrapan

1. Well organized government and cities.

2. Sewage

3. Trash chutes

4. Streets ran NSEW

Page 16: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

Shang

1. Famous for their Bronze casting.

Unit 1 ends here.

Time to Study for the Test.

Page 17: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

The Hyksos invaded Egypt around 1652 B.C. These invaders were able to conquer and rule the Egyptians for 100 years because of the horse drawn war chariot.

NEW KINGDOM (1570-1075 B.C.)Hyksos are driven out. Egypt uses the chariot and other military tactics obtained from the Hyksos and begin to conquer other civilizations that include Syria and Palestine. They create an empire.

First woman ruler: Queen Hatshepsut 1472-1458 B.C.

Ramses II 1304-1237 B.C. Expanded Egyptian Empire to its greatest size. Signed first peace treaty in history (Hittites). Ramses II was the last great ruler of the New Kingdom.

Page 18: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

INVADERSAfter Ramses, civil war in Egypt left the country weak and open to a series of invasions:

1. Persians2. Greeks - Alexander the Great in 331 B.C.

Cleopatra was a descendant of one of Alexander's generals (Ptolemy). She was the last Egyptian Pharaoh.

3. Romans - 31 B.C. Egypt became a Roman province.

Page 19: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

WOMEN The status of women was relatively high. By the New Kingdom they could buy and sell property, testify in court and seek divorce. Property descended through the female line. Women still were considered their husband's property.

EDUCATIONAt first only priests were trained in reading, writing, and arithmetic. Eventually sons of nobles were educated……no girls. Centers for higher learning were opened for medicine, astronomy and engineering.

Page 20: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

EGYPTIAN ACCOMPLISHMENTSHieroglyphics

Papyrus to make paperGeometry for land surveying

Engineering skillsStone columns in architecture

Calendar - 365 daysMedicine

MathematicsNumber system based on 10 (with fractions)

Grew cotton and made cloth

Page 21: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

PERSIA (550 B.C.)A. Empire under _____ (toleration to conquered people)B. Divided empire into ____________ (satrapies)

1. A province was ruled by a _________________2. The government taxes and administers uniform laws3. _____ are sent out by king to watch governors (eyes and ears of the King)

C.______ unified the empire by building roads and using standardized ___________

D. Religion: ______________1. Ahura Mazda - ____ / Ahriman - ____ (constant struggle)2. Ahura Mazda wins final battle3. Those who were good - paradise / bad - eternal suffering4. ___________ - book of prayers and hymns

Cyrus20 provinces

governor (satrap)

Spies

Dariuscoin money

Zoroastrianismgood evil

Zend Avesta

Page 22: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

CHALDEAN BABYLON (612 B.C.)A. Rebuild the old city of Babylon under _____________________B. _______________C. Absorb Culture of conquered and add advancements in __________________

King NebuchadnezzarHanging Gardens

astronomy and math

Page 23: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:
Page 24: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

Fertile land to grow crops

Water source

Source of transportation

Current flows NorthWind blows South

Page 25: THE FERTILE CRESCENT/ MESOPOSTAMIA Chapter 2. The Fertile Crescent is known as the Crossroads of the world because it links three continents together:

Mediterranean Sea

Red Sea

Egypt

Nile R

iver

Mesopotamia