The EnduranceThe Endurance

By: Matthew BuzaBy: Matthew Buza

ExpeditionExpedition

The impact and importance of The impact and importance of the polar journeysthe polar journeys

Science as the focusScience as the focus The JourneyThe Journey Problems that aroseProblems that arose The great journey backThe great journey back

Meaning to such madnessMeaning to such madness Basically a large sheet of ice Basically a large sheet of ice

binding the islands and the main binding the islands and the main body of land.body of land.

The continent has an immense The continent has an immense effect on the Earth’s weather effect on the Earth’s weather pattern, also it reflects great pattern, also it reflects great amounts of heat back into the amounts of heat back into the atmosphereatmosphere

Also it houses a large amount of Also it houses a large amount of the Earth’s fresh water.the Earth’s fresh water.

The importance of monitoring the The importance of monitoring the o-zone deterioration, along with o-zone deterioration, along with ice levels, monitoring the effects ice levels, monitoring the effects on sea levels.on sea levels.

Also the wonderful variety Also the wonderful variety ecosystems that do exist, to fully ecosystems that do exist, to fully understand how life can survive in understand how life can survive in such harsh environments.such harsh environments.

Science the fruit of lifeScience the fruit of life Biology, main focus was marine life, plankton, seals, whalesBiology, main focus was marine life, plankton, seals, whales

– Including water temperature, salinityIncluding water temperature, salinity Meteorology, weather patterns and the low latitudesMeteorology, weather patterns and the low latitudes

– Mixing of hot and cold air masses cause dramatic storms, and terrible Mixing of hot and cold air masses cause dramatic storms, and terrible seasseas

Geologists, study the ice flows, and obtained bottom samples Geologists, study the ice flows, and obtained bottom samples when in the ice flows.when in the ice flows.

Physicists worked mainly on magnetic pole measurements, which Physicists worked mainly on magnetic pole measurements, which was tough due to the extreme environments. Very hard to get was tough due to the extreme environments. Very hard to get accurate measurements, apparatus exposed was contaminated.accurate measurements, apparatus exposed was contaminated.

The scientific examination of the environments helps to expand The scientific examination of the environments helps to expand the economic development of the uninhabited landsthe economic development of the uninhabited lands

Pre-historyPre-history Many attempts in the past to reach the Many attempts in the past to reach the

south pole but all failed. Two major south pole but all failed. Two major players who would be one of the first to players who would be one of the first to make it, Robert Scott, Roald Amundsen, make it, Robert Scott, Roald Amundsen, Ernest Shackelton. Ernest Shackelton.

1907-09 Shackleton treks to the south 1907-09 Shackleton treks to the south pole with aid of ponies, but turns back 97 pole with aid of ponies, but turns back 97 miles from the pole in order to save his miles from the pole in order to save his menmen

In June of ’11 Roald Amundsen set out in In June of ’11 Roald Amundsen set out in his ship, his ship, FramFram, bound for the North Pole., bound for the North Pole.

““Beg leave to inform you Fram proceeding Beg leave to inform you Fram proceeding Antarctic. Amundsen”Antarctic. Amundsen”

This set up a race to the pole with Scott and This set up a race to the pole with Scott and AmundsenAmundsen

Robert Scott sets out from Ross island in Robert Scott sets out from Ross island in ’11, unfortunately he used novice dog ’11, unfortunately he used novice dog drivers, and favored manhauling.drivers, and favored manhauling.

Amundsen was well trained in skiing and Amundsen was well trained in skiing and dog-driving, covering 40 miles a day and dog-driving, covering 40 miles a day and covering the 1400 mile trek in 10 days.covering the 1400 mile trek in 10 days.

Scott arrives to the pole to see the Scott arrives to the pole to see the Norwegian flag planted there not only a Norwegian flag planted there not only a month before.month before.

Now what?Now what? Shackleton was beat by both Shackleton was beat by both

Scott and Amundsen, but plans to Scott and Amundsen, but plans to be the first to traverse the entire be the first to traverse the entire continent.continent.

The The AuroraAurora, which sailed to the , which sailed to the Ross Sea and laid supply depots Ross Sea and laid supply depots at intervals to the Pole.at intervals to the Pole.

Shackleton’s hopes were to sail Shackleton’s hopes were to sail into the Wendell Sea, opposite of into the Wendell Sea, opposite of where Scott and Amundsen had where Scott and Amundsen had set in, and cross the continent to set in, and cross the continent to the Ross Sea.the Ross Sea.

The The EnduranceEndurance set out from the set out from the Whaling Port in South Georgia Whaling Port in South Georgia island. Making route through the island. Making route through the South Sandwich Islands.South Sandwich Islands.

The Beginning of the EndThe Beginning of the End The Endurance had set out on The Endurance had set out on

December 6, and by early January December 6, and by early January the Endurance had fallen to the the Endurance had fallen to the ice flows, and by the 19ice flows, and by the 19thth of of January the Endurance was frozen January the Endurance was frozen solid in the ice.solid in the ice.

Once frozen in the ship flows with Once frozen in the ship flows with the ice, and reached the 77the ice, and reached the 77thth parallel, which would be the parallel, which would be the farthest the ship would reach.farthest the ship would reach.

Problems of coal usage, Killer Problems of coal usage, Killer whale attacks, and the crushing whale attacks, and the crushing ice was a strain on the crew. Took ice was a strain on the crew. Took out frustration by playing games out frustration by playing games of Soccer.of Soccer.

Into the WinterInto the Winter The ship continued to be frozen in the The ship continued to be frozen in the

ice, throughout the Antarctic winter ice, throughout the Antarctic winter which begins in May 1, and lasts for 70 which begins in May 1, and lasts for 70 days. days.

The Men continued to entertain The Men continued to entertain themselves with ‘Arctic Derbies’ with 5 themselves with ‘Arctic Derbies’ with 5 teams competing. Chocolate and teams competing. Chocolate and Cigarettes were the paid winnings.Cigarettes were the paid winnings.

October 23October 23rdrd marked the beginning of marked the beginning of the end. The ship sustained the end. The ship sustained tremendous pressure, and the ship tremendous pressure, and the ship began to leak. The Temperature was began to leak. The Temperature was 8.5 F.8.5 F.

Shackleton ordered the ship emptied. Shackleton ordered the ship emptied. The men pitched tents 100 yards from The men pitched tents 100 yards from the ship. They were 346 miles from the the ship. They were 346 miles from the nearest point of possibly finding any nearest point of possibly finding any shelter or food.shelter or food.

Start to runStart to run A pressure ridge began to split the ice A pressure ridge began to split the ice

beneath them which forced the men to beneath them which forced the men to move camp a mile and a half from the move camp a mile and a half from the wreck, ‘Ocean Camp’.wreck, ‘Ocean Camp’.

On November 21On November 21stst the Endurance the Endurance raised it stern and slipped beneath the raised it stern and slipped beneath the ice. The men were without a ship.ice. The men were without a ship.

Shackleton chose to begin moving Shackleton chose to begin moving westward towards Paulet Island. westward towards Paulet Island. Christmas was celebrated on the 22Christmas was celebrated on the 22ndnd, , this would be their last good meal for this would be their last good meal for 8 months. 8 months.

They continued to march west, all the They continued to march west, all the while the ice beginning to break while the ice beginning to break beneath them. Many times forcing the beneath them. Many times forcing the 28 men into the two boats. On April 928 men into the two boats. On April 9thth they were forced into the boats for they were forced into the boats for good.good.

Shackleton thought they had made Shackleton thought they had made good progress to the west but actually good progress to the west but actually they drifted East to Elephant Island. they drifted East to Elephant Island. The men touched land for the first The men touched land for the first time in 16 months.time in 16 months.

The Greatest Journey of all TimeThe Greatest Journey of all Time The men now marooned on Elephant Island with no hope of survival except for the The men now marooned on Elephant Island with no hope of survival except for the

will of Shackleton.will of Shackleton. Two Ships the Two Ships the Stancomb WillsStancomb Wills, and the , and the James CairdJames Caird began to ready for the journey began to ready for the journey

ahead. ahead. On April 24On April 24thth The The James CairdJames Caird, supplied with ice for drinking water, a sextant, aneroid, , supplied with ice for drinking water, a sextant, aneroid,

prismatic compass, anchor, some charts and a pair of binoculars, including the 6 prismatic compass, anchor, some charts and a pair of binoculars, including the 6 bravest men ever. They set out for St. George Island.bravest men ever. They set out for St. George Island.

Leaving the majority of the crew behind, to fend for themselves and hope for a Leaving the majority of the crew behind, to fend for themselves and hope for a rescue.rescue.

At SeaAt Sea The The James CairdJames Caird was traveling at 3 mph between icebergs, making was traveling at 3 mph between icebergs, making

60-70 miles a day.60-70 miles a day. On the 9On the 9thth day of the voyage they were besieged by endless day of the voyage they were besieged by endless

storms. Ice and water coming over-board freezing the sleeping storms. Ice and water coming over-board freezing the sleeping bags, and icing over the ores. They continued to sail and row bags, and icing over the ores. They continued to sail and row trusting their path.trusting their path.

Frostbite and blisters began to plague the men, with fingers Frostbite and blisters began to plague the men, with fingers feeling the brunt of the weather.feeling the brunt of the weather.

They were hit by a wave that covered the boat and threatened to They were hit by a wave that covered the boat and threatened to capsize. The men baled the water out by hand, because the bilge capsize. The men baled the water out by hand, because the bilge had frozen over.had frozen over.

On the fourteenth day of the voyage at sea, and traversing 800 On the fourteenth day of the voyage at sea, and traversing 800 miles in a small rescue boat, the men reached St. George Island.miles in a small rescue boat, the men reached St. George Island.

South Georgia’sSouth Georgia’s The men were now 17 miles from the Whaling Station, and the men The men were now 17 miles from the Whaling Station, and the men

had the mountains and glaciers awaited them. A feat which had never had the mountains and glaciers awaited them. A feat which had never been accomplished. been accomplished.

The men scaled the 4500 ft mountains and glaciers. And walked down The men scaled the 4500 ft mountains and glaciers. And walked down into the Whaling Station.into the Whaling Station.

Those left behindThose left behind It took 4 tries to return back to It took 4 tries to return back to

rescue the men. The rescue the men. The Southern Southern Sky, Instituto De Pesca, Emma,Sky, Instituto De Pesca, Emma, and finally the and finally the YelchoYelcho. .

It was approaching lunch time on It was approaching lunch time on August 30August 30thth and the men spotted and the men spotted the the YelchoYelcho. They set their clothes . They set their clothes afire to set a signal.afire to set a signal.

They were described as running They were described as running back and forth, shouting.back and forth, shouting.

The Boat Approached the shore, The Boat Approached the shore, with Shackleton at the bow and with Shackleton at the bow and shouted to the crew…shouted to the crew…

– ““Are you all well?”Are you all well?” Within an hour they were all Within an hour they were all

sailing north. They survived sailing north. They survived Elephant Island for 105 days.Elephant Island for 105 days.