The Early History and Scopeof Psychology

Define Psychology

•The science of behavior and

mental processes

Early History (around 400 B.C.)Hippocrates Theory of the Four Humors, • First personality theory. • We are made up of four humors• The dominant humor affected the individual's

personality

The 4 Humors1. SANGUINE (Blood) - A warm, outgoing

personality. Rarely loses temper and is compassionate and loving by nature.

2. PHLEGMATIC (Phlegm) - A lazy, laid-back personality. Is rarely bothered by carrying out jobs or work, and does not express many emotions. Never is emotionally intense.

The 4 Humors3. CHOLERIC (Yellow Bile) - An angry,

aggressive personality. Is often loyal, but at the same time, has a very short fuse and is impulsive by nature.

4. MELANCHOLIC (Black Bile) - A sad, despondent personality. Tends to display more reactions of negativity towards stimuli, and is often selfish and self-absorbed.

Early History (around 387 B.C.)

• Socrates, and his student Plato (Greek Philosophers)

–The mind and the body are two separate entities,

and do not influence each other.

• Socrates, and Plato believed that:

• Human behavior and knowledge is pre-disposed and genetically built-in (Nature).

• IE. If you are intelligent, you were born with a smart brain. If you are athletic, you were born with strong muscles and balance. If you are violent, depressed, or forgetful, you were born with a brain disorder.

Aristotle (335 B.C.)

The mind and the body are

inseparable and each influences the other with

regards to behavior.

• Aristotle (Greek Philosopher)

• Human behavior and knowledge is not preexisting; it grows from the

experiences stored in our memories (Nurture).

• IE. You are violent because you watched it on television. You are smart because you studied. You are kind because you were loved.

• Rene Descartes (French Philosopher) (1600s)

• The body and the mind are separate entities, though they do interact and communicate through the “spirits” of the brain, and the “passages” of the body. Knowledge is inborn as well.

•Early dissections led to the early understanding of mind/body connections (biological psychology).

John Locke (British Philosopher)

• Tabula rasa (Empiricism) – literally means “blank slate”

• Theory: the mind is at birth a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and processed based solely by our sensory experiences.

• It also emphasized the individual's freedom to author his or her own soul.

1600s

• IE. There are no inherited notions regarding the world. Therefore, my decision to drink or not to drink is based solely on my sensory experience of the taste and effects of a glass of wine, not my parent’s alcoholism. My grades in school and my professional goals are based on my study and work habits, not my parent’s idiocy.

• Stressed the scientific principles of observation and experimentation when evaluating human behavior

•Francis Bacon (English Scientist)

1600s

• 1879 establishes the first psychology laboratory at the

University of Leipzig, Germany.

• This is generally considered the starting point of

Psychology as a science.

•Wilhelm Wundt

Psychology Comes to America

• G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924)– A student of Wundt– Establishes 1st American laboratory at Johns

Hopkins (1883) – Founded 1st American Psych. journal (1887)– Founded American Psychological Association-

APA (1892)

• Edward Titchener (Structuralism)

• A student of Wundt

• Measured and compared individuals perceptions of smells, sights, memories, etc., Introspection

• Provides direct contact with the mind.

1880s

• Structuralists break human experiences down into their smallest parts in order to understand the entire behavior.

• William James (turn of the

century) (Functionalism)

• Focused on the physical functions of the brain and the body, and how they worked together

• Also, reintroduced the Darwinist theory of human evolution, and that body and brain functions evolved as humans learned about and experienced the world

Humanistic Perspective

• Humanists believe that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs. Humanists stress free will and individual choice.– Abraham Maslow and Carl

Rogers

• IE. An introverted person chooses to limit social contact with others because he or she finds that social needs are better satisfied by contact with a few close friends rather than large groups.

Gestalt Psychology• Emphasize our tendency to

integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Mostly used with Sensation & Perception

Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Psychoanalysts believe that the unconscious mind (a part of our mind that we do not have conscious control over or access to) controls much or our thought and action. – Sigmund Freud

• IE. An introverted person avoids social situations because of a repressed memory of trauma in childhood involving an acutely embarrassing experience at a party.

Biopsychology (Neuroscience)

• Biopsychologists explain human behavior in terms of biological processes, including genetics, hormones, and brain (dys)functions.

• IE. An introverted person may lack a certain gene for sociability, or an extroverted person may be producing an overabundance of a particular hormone. There may be a dysfunctional frontal lobe.

Evolutionary Perspective• Evolutionary psychologists

(sociobiologists) examine human behavior in terms of natural selection and survival traits.– Charles Darwin

• IE. An extroverted person carries a social genetic trait based upon the need to make friends or allies, thus increasing their chances of survival. An introverted person may have a genetic quality that precludes isolation as a way to avoid predators, thus increasing their chances for survival.

Behavioral Perspective• Behavioral

psychologists explain human thought and behavior by looking strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specific behaviors.– Ivan Pavlov, John

Watson, B.F. Skinner

• IE. An introverted person may be withdrawn and shy because they are punished for speaking at home. An extrovert may get monetary rewards for garnering attention.

Cognitive Perspective

• Cognitive psychologists explain human behavior

in terms of how we interpret, process, and

remember environmental events.

• How we view the world plays a big role in what

we do! Stimulus Mental process Behavior

• IE. An introvert does not socialize much because they interpret friendship as pity, or whispered conversations as criticism. An extrovert may think that the world is a happy and safe place, and therefore all people are potential friends.

Social-Cultural Perspective

emphasize the influence of groups and culture on the way that we think and act.

• Sociocultural psychologists:

• IE. An female introvert lives in a society where women are not allowed to talk, vote, or own land. An extrovert lives in a society where gluttony and extravagance is encouraged.

Fields in Psychology

What do people do with a degree in Psychology?

…what can I do with a degree in Psychology?

Fields in Psychology

• Applied v. Basic Psychology:

–Applied refers to practical and interactive psychology.

– the use of psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in other areas

–Basic refers mainly to the research fields of psychology.

Therapy• Mental and

physical rehabilitation regarding mental disorders.

• Can include medications, in/out patient services, counseling, etc.

School

• Assisting school-aged children, adolescence issues, counseling, etc.

ClinicalClinical• Diagnosis and

treatment of troubled people.

• Career, marriage, stress counseling.

Industrial/OrganizationalIndustrial/Organizational

Productivity, job stress, motivation, automation.

Practical issues of selecting and training a workforce

Forensic Psychology

• Provide advice to legislators, judges, correctional officers, lawyers and the police

• Called upon, for example, to serve as an expert witness, diagnose and treat incarcerated and probation offenders; and screen and evaluate personnel in the law enforcement and judicial systems

Sports PsychologySports Psychology• Issues and techniques of

sport-specific psychological assessment and mental skills

• Goal-setting, visualization and performance planning, self-confidence, eating disorders, overtraining and burnout counseling, team building, sportsmanship

Developmental

• Study mental and physical growth from prenatal through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and into old age.

Social

• Study how people influence each others attitudes, prejudices, norms, interpersonal attractions, etc.

CognitiveCognitive

•Experiment with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

Experimental• Conduct

research on learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation, etc.

Major Research Areas pie chart

Careers in Psychology: Percentage of Psychology Degrees by Specialty

Current Perspectives in Psychology

Woman and Minorities

Few woman and minorities in early 1900’s

Women

Margaret Floy Washburn - first PhD 1894

- Mary Calkins - first president of APA

- Currently woman get about 70% of PhD’s

African Americans

Francis Sumner - first PhD in 1920

- Kenneth B. Clark- first PhD from Colombia in 1940 - brown vs. white doll study - helped with desegregation of public schools

What is the difference between a

psychologist and a

psychiatrist?

Psychology v. Psychiatry

• Psychiatry is the study of mental disorders.

• Psychiatrists are medical doctors and can prescribe medications to treat the physical and mental causes of psychological disorders.