the digestive and endocrine systems slides
DESCRIPTION
http://www.leslie-samuel.com - We love to eat, and I love explaining how the digestive system works. This lecture deals with the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination, following the food from the mouth to the esophagus, stomach to the small and large intestines and out the anus. I then deal with the endocrine system and how hormones are involved in the control of the body.TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems35.1 - Following Digestion of a Meal
In this section . . .
In this section . . .The Functions of the Digestive System
In this section . . .The Functions of the Digestive System
A Journey through the Digestive tract
Functions of the Digestive System
Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
4 Steps
Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: mechanically and chemically breaking down food
Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: mechanically and chemically breaking down food
Absorption: taking into body cells
Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: mechanically and chemically breaking down food
Absorption: taking into body cells
Elimination: getting rid of waste
A Journey through the Digestive tract
What happens in your mouth
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
Chemical digestion begins
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
Contains the enzyme amylase: Breaks down starch
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
Contains the enzyme amylase: Breaks down starch
Tongue shapes food into a ball and moves it to the back of the mouth
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
Contains the enzyme amylase: Breaks down starch
Tongue shapes food into a ball and moves it to the back of the mouth
Swallowing forces food into esophagus
A Journey through the Digestive tract
The Esophagus
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle contractions
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle contractions and relaxations
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle contractions and relaxations
Epiglottis
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle contractions and relaxations
Epiglottis
Closes opening to the respiratory tract
The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle contractions and relaxations
Epiglottis
Closes opening to the respiratory tract
Talking or laughing while you eat can cause the epiglottis to open - then you choke and cough
A Journey through the Digestive tract
Stomach
StomachMuscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
StomachMuscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
StomachMuscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
3 layers of involuntary muscles - physically breaks down food
StomachMuscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
3 layers of involuntary muscles - physically breaks down food
Produces digestive juice that contains digestive enzymes
StomachMuscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
3 layers of involuntary muscles - physically breaks down food
Produces digestive juice that contains digestive enzymes
Food remains in your stomach for approximately two to four hours
Stomach
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Pepsin
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
Needs acidic environment (provided by HCl :pH 2)
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
Needs acidic environment (provided by HCl :pH 2)
Stomach lining is protected by mucus
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
Needs acidic environment (provided by HCl :pH 2)
Stomach lining is protected by mucus
Food leaves the stomach with the consistency of tomato soup and enters the small intestine
Chemical digestion in the stomach
The Small Intestine
The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical breakdown
The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical breakdown
Enzymes in the small intestine break down carbohydrates and proteins
The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical breakdown
Enzymes in the small intestine break down carbohydrates and proteins
First 25 cm of the small intestine is called the duodenum
The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical breakdown
Enzymes in the small intestine break down carbohydrates and proteins
First 25 cm of the small intestine is called the duodenum
Receives enzymes from the pancreas and liver via ducts
The Small Intestine and Friends
The Pancreas
The Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes (and hormones)
The Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes (and hormones)
Breaks down carbohydrates, proteins and fats
The Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes (and hormones)
Breaks down carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Pancreatic juices are Alkaline (Basic), which neutralizes the acidity of the food and stops the action of pepsin
The Small Intestine and Friends
Liver
Liver
Secretes Bile
Liver
Secretes Bile
Substance that helps to break down fats
Liver
Secretes Bile
Substance that helps to break down fats
Stored in a small organ called the gallbladder
Liver
Secretes Bile
Substance that helps to break down fats
Stored in a small organ called the gallbladder
High levels of cholesterol in the diet can cause gallbladder to become inflamed and gallstones to form
The Small Intestine and Friends
The Small Intestine
The Small IntestineLiquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to 5 hours
The Small IntestineLiquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to 5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
The Small IntestineLiquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to 5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
Contains thousands of fingerlike structures called villi
The Small IntestineLiquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to 5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
Contains thousands of fingerlike structures called villi
Increases surface area, which increases absorption
The Small IntestineLiquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to 5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
Contains thousands of fingerlike structures called villi
Increases surface area, which increases absorption
Food molecules enter the villi, diffuse into blood vessels and then enter the bloodstream
The Small Intestine
The Large Intestine
The Large IntestineAlso called the colon
The Large IntestineAlso called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
The Large IntestineAlso called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
Indigestible material enters the large intestine
The Large IntestineAlso called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
Indigestible material enters the large intestine
Water is absorbed, leaving behind more solid material
The Large IntestineAlso called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
Indigestible material enters the large intestine
Water is absorbed, leaving behind more solid material
Vitamin B and K are synthesized by anaerobic bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed into the body as needed
The Large Intestine
The Large Intestine
The remaining indigestible material (feces) reaches the rectum after 18 to 24 hours in the large intestine
The Large Intestine
The remaining indigestible material (feces) reaches the rectum after 18 to 24 hours in the large intestine
Eliminated through the anus
The Large Intestine
The remaining indigestible material (feces) reaches the rectum after 18 to 24 hours in the large intestine
Eliminated through the anus
Your meal’s entire journey takes 24 to 33 hours.
In Review . . .
In Review . . .The Functions of the Digestive System
In Review . . .The Functions of the Digestive System
A Journey through the Digestive tract
Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems35.2 - Nutrition
In This Section . . .
In This Section . . .The Vital Nutrients
In This Section . . .The Vital Nutrients
Calories and Metabolism
The Vital Nutrients
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
The Vital Nutrients
The Vital NutrientsWe get these nutrients from the five main food groups
Carbohydrates
CarbohydratesStarches: found in bread, cereal, potatoes, rice, corn, beans, pasta
CarbohydratesStarches: found in bread, cereal, potatoes, rice, corn, beans, pasta
Sugars: found in fruits
CarbohydratesStarches: found in bread, cereal, potatoes, rice, corn, beans, pasta
Sugars: found in fruits
Broken down into simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
Cellulose (fiber) isn’t digestible by humans
Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
Cellulose (fiber) isn’t digestible by humans
Helps eliminate waste
Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
Cellulose (fiber) isn’t digestible by humans
Helps eliminate waste
Foods: Pasta, fresh-baked bread, corn on the cob
Fats
FatsEssential building block of the cell membrane
FatsEssential building block of the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
FatsEssential building block of the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
Protects body organs
FatsEssential building block of the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
Protects body organs
Protects against cold
FatsEssential building block of the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
Protects body organs
Protects against cold
Broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
Fats
FatsSome fatty acids end up in the liver
FatsSome fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
FatsSome fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
Glycogen
FatsSome fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
Glycogen
Fat throughout the body
FatsSome fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
Glycogen
Fat throughout the body
Foods: meats, nuts, dairy products, cooking oils
Proteins
ProteinsNeeded to make enzymes, antibodies, hormones and substances involved in blood clotting
ProteinsNeeded to make enzymes, antibodies, hormones and substances involved in blood clotting
Part of muscles and cell structures
ProteinsNeeded to make enzymes, antibodies, hormones and substances involved in blood clotting
Part of muscles and cell structures
Broken down into amino acids
ProteinsNeeded to make enzymes, antibodies, hormones and substances involved in blood clotting
Part of muscles and cell structures
Broken down into amino acids
Some carried to the liver and made into fats and glucose (as last resource)
Proteins
Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
Body needs 20 amino acids
Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
Body needs 20 amino acids
Only makes 12 naturally
Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
Body needs 20 amino acids
Only makes 12 naturally
Found in meats, dried beans, whole grains, eggs and dairy products
Minerals and Vitamins
Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
Vitamins
Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
Vitamins
Organic substances
Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
Vitamins
Organic substances
Required for growth and metabolism
Vitamins
VitaminsTwo groups:
VitaminsTwo groups:
Fat-soluble
VitaminsTwo groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
VitaminsTwo groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
Too much can be toxic
VitaminsTwo groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
Too much can be toxic
Water soluble
VitaminsTwo groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
Too much can be toxic
Water soluble
Not stored
Water
WaterMakes up 60% of RBCs
WaterMakes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle cells
WaterMakes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle cells
Facilitates chemical reactions
WaterMakes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle cells
Facilitates chemical reactions
Helps maintain body’s internal temperature
WaterMakes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle cells
Facilitates chemical reactions
Helps maintain body’s internal temperature
Your body looses 2.5 L of water/day (exhalation, sweat, urine)
Calories and Metabolism
Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
Metabolism
Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
Age
Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
Age
Sex
Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
Age
Sex
Level of physical activity
Calories and Metabolism
Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than females
Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than females
Teenagers need more than adults
Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than females
Teenagers need more than adults
Active people need more than inactive people
Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than females
Teenagers need more than adults
Active people need more than inactive people
Excess calories is stored as body fat
Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than females
Teenagers need more than adults
Active people need more than inactive people
Excess calories is stored as body fat
Taking in fewer calories than your body can metabolize results in loss of weight
In Review . . .
In Review . . .The Vital Nutrients
In Review . . .The Vital Nutrients
Calories and Metabolism
Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine SystemsSection 35.3: The Endocrine System
In This Section . . .
In This Section . . .Control of the Body
In This Section . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
In This Section . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
In This Section . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
Specific Examples
Control of the Body
Control of the Body
Internal control of the body is directed by two systems:
Control of the Body
Internal control of the body is directed by two systems:
The Nervous System
Control of the Body
Internal control of the body is directed by two systems:
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
Control of the Body
Control of the Body
The Endocrine System
Control of the Body
The Endocrine System
Made up of endocrine glands
Control of the Body
The Endocrine System
Made up of endocrine glands
Release chemicals directly into the bloodstream - act as messengers in the body
Hypothalamus
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
HypothalamusPortion of the brain
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
HypothalamusPortion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
HypothalamusPortion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood vessels
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
HypothalamusPortion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood vessels
Sends messages to the pituitary gland
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
HypothalamusPortion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood vessels
Sends messages to the pituitary gland
Pituitary glands then releases its chemicals
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
HypothalamusPortion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood vessels
Sends messages to the pituitary gland
Pituitary glands then releases its chemicals
Stimulates other endocrine glands to secrete theirs.
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
Hormones
Hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
Hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
Conveys information to cells in the body
Hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
Conveys information to cells in the body
Bind to receptors on plasma membranes, or in the nuclei of target cells
The Endocrine Glands
The Endocrine GlandsLocated throughout the body
The Endocrine GlandsLocated throughout the body
Most are controlled by the pituitary gland
The Endocrine GlandsLocated throughout the body
Most are controlled by the pituitary gland
Master endocrine gland
An Example
An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to release HGH
An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to release HGH
Liver converts glycogen into glucose and release glucose into blood
An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to release HGH
Liver converts glycogen into glucose and release glucose into blood
Increased sugar causes hypothalamus to slow stimulation of pituitary
Negative Feedback Control
Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
Thermostat stimulates heater to increase output
Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
Thermostat stimulates heater to increase output
Temperature rises, thermostat stops stimulating the heater, so it shuts off.
Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
Thermostat stimulates heater to increase output
Temperature rises, thermostat stops stimulating the heater, so it shuts off.
Cycle continues
Negative Feedback Control
Negative Feedback Control
Most endocrine glands operate under negative feedback systems
Negative Feedback Control
Most endocrine glands operate under negative feedback systems
I.e. HGH
Control of blood water levels
Control of blood water levels
Lets say you are working out in the gym.
Control of blood water levels
Lets say you are working out in the gym.
Water level in your blood goes down.
Control of blood water levels
Lets say you are working out in the gym.
Water level in your blood goes down.
Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Control of blood water levels
Lets say you are working out in the gym.
Water level in your blood goes down.
Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
ADH reduces amount of water in urine by causing the absorption of water in the kidneys.
Control of blood water levels
Lets say you are working out in the gym.
Water level in your blood goes down.
Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
ADH reduces amount of water in urine by causing the absorption of water in the kidneys.
If the body gets over-hydrated, hypothalamus stops stimulating the release of ADH
Control of blood glucose levels
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose.
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose.
Lowers blood glucose levels.
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose.
Lowers blood glucose levels.
When levels go down, pancreas releases glucagon.
Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose.
Lowers blood glucose levels.
When levels go down, pancreas releases glucagon.
Glucagon causes the release of glucose from the liver
Hormone Action
Hormone ActionSteroid Hormones
Made from lipids (lipid soluble)
Binds to receptors inside the cell
Hormone ActionSteroid Hormones
Made from lipids (lipid soluble)
Binds to receptors inside the cell
Amino Acid Hormones
Made from Amino Acids
Binds to receptors on the cell membrane
I am STRESSED OUT!!
I am STRESSED OUT!!
The Adrenal Gland is involved in preparing your body for stressful situations
I am STRESSED OUT!!
The Adrenal Gland is involved in preparing your body for stressful situations
Located on top of the kidneys
I am STRESSED OUT!!
The Adrenal Gland is involved in preparing your body for stressful situations
Located on top of the kidneys
Has 2 parts:
Inner Portion
Outer Portion
The Adrenal Gland
The Adrenal GlandOuter portion releases steroid hormones like glucocorticoids and aldosterone
The Adrenal GlandOuter portion releases steroid hormones like glucocorticoids and aldosterone
Increases available glucose and raises blood pressure
The Adrenal GlandOuter portion releases steroid hormones like glucocorticoids and aldosterone
Increases available glucose and raises blood pressure
Inner portion secretes the amino acid hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
The Adrenal GlandOuter portion releases steroid hormones like glucocorticoids and aldosterone
Increases available glucose and raises blood pressure
Inner portion secretes the amino acid hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
Increases heart rate, BP and rate of respiration
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism, growth and development
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism, growth and development
Secretes calcitonin - causes the release of calcium
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism, growth and development
Secretes calcitonin - causes the release of calcium
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism, growth and development
Secretes calcitonin - causes the release of calcium
Parathyroid gland
Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) - causes kidney to absorb calcium and magnesium
In Review . . .
In Review . . .Control of the Body
In Review . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
In Review . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
In Review . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
Specific Examples