The Development of Gender Inequality and Female Empowerment in South

Korea: A Comparison between the 20th

and the 21st Century

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Background

Gender inequality refers to discrimination in the access and control of resources and benefits and decision-making structures and processes.

South Korea has faced gender equality problems since the Chosun period in the 19th century.

Tremendous improvements in tackling the problem.

In 1999, the male and female unemployment rates stood at 6.0% and 18.1% respectively; in 2012, the respective rates stood at 3.4% and 3.0% respectively.

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Education

In 1975, the trends in female enrollment in secondary and tertiary institutions stood at 48 and 5 respectively.

In 1995, the figures improved to 101 and 38 respectively.

Current figures show that 95% of citizens undergo high school education.

Of these, women account for around 46 percent.

Enrollment in college and higher learning institutions demonstrates little gender disparity - men account for 61.7%, compared to women’s 57.6%.

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Political participation In 20th century, women were restricted from the public sphere in S. Korea.South Korea banned women from vying for any political seat or votingThis was under the Confucian philosophy, before the promulgation of the constitution on 17 July, 1948.2004: parliament amended the Political Parties Act and enacted that 50% of proportional representation must be composed of women.2006: South Korea elected the first woman Prime Minister, Han Myeong-sook .2013: Park Geun-hye became the first female president of S. Korea.

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Economic participation In 20th Century, women struggled to participate in the Korean economic sector.

The Confucian philosophy limited women’s participation in the economic sphere and made it a male dominated field.

In 1960, South Korea’s economy showed a per capita income level of $80, compared to higher than $22,000 in 2013.

World Bank: South Korea employed 20% of women in the agriculture sector in 1990, as opposed to 16.3% of men.

In 2010, the figures reflect 6.9% women and 6.6% men in the industry.

economy has shown a shift from agriculture to manufacturing as the main source of income, and women are currently well represented in this sector.

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