The Cold War Begins

1945-19521945-1952

Post-War Post-War AmericaAmerica

1946 to 1961: 1946 to 1961: Four Main ThemesFour Main Themes

1946 to 1961: 1946 to 1961: Four Main ThemesFour Main Themes

COLD WARCOLD WARCONFIDENT NATIONCONFIDENT NATIONCONSUMERISMCONSUMERISMCIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTCIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

COLD WARCOLD WARCONFIDENT NATIONCONFIDENT NATIONCONSUMERISMCONSUMERISMCIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTCIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Was it a time of “happy days Was it a time of “happy days or anxiety, alienation, and or anxiety, alienation, and

social unrest”?social unrest”?

Was it a time of “happy days Was it a time of “happy days or anxiety, alienation, and or anxiety, alienation, and

social unrest”?social unrest”?

1948 to 1968: 1948 to 1968: The “Vital Center”The “Vital Center”

1948 to 1968: 1948 to 1968: The “Vital Center”The “Vital Center”

Anti-CommunistAnti-CommunistEconomic growth can Economic growth can

solve societies problemssolve societies problemsPolitical pluralismPolitical pluralism

Anti-CommunistAnti-CommunistEconomic growth can Economic growth can

solve societies problemssolve societies problemsPolitical pluralismPolitical pluralism

A political consensus A political consensus developeddevelopedA political consensus A political consensus developeddeveloped

Postwar Economic Postwar Economic AnxietyAnxiety

Fear of return to Fear of return to depressiondepression

Businesses called for Businesses called for an end to an end to government controls government controls over the economyover the economy

1946-47 saw an 1946-47 saw an economic slump & economic slump & inflation increase 33%inflation increase 33%

Removal of price Removal of price controls led to the controls led to the increase in inflationincrease in inflation

Labor Trouble & Labor Trouble & InflationInflation

Worries about job Worries about job security & inflation led security & inflation led to new labor demandsto new labor demands

Organized labor called Organized labor called for crippling strikes in for crippling strikes in major industriesmajor industries

Increasing numbers Increasing numbers of strikes led to of strikes led to Truman warning Truman warning strikers of federal strikers of federal interventionintervention

1946 Congressional 1946 Congressional Elections: Elections: Republicans gained Republicans gained control of both control of both houses of Congresshouses of Congress

Passed over Passed over Truman’s vetoTruman’s veto

Banned closed shop Banned closed shop & weakened labors & weakened labors rightsrights

Taft-Hartley Labor Bill Taft-Hartley Labor Bill (1947)(1947)

Labor frustrated in Labor frustrated in its attempts to its attempts to unionize the unionize the southern textile southern textile industries in its industries in its “Operation Dixie” “Operation Dixie”

Truman’s Economic Truman’s Economic PolicyPolicy

Employment Act of Employment Act of 19461946 Created the Council of Created the Council of Economic AdvisorsEconomic Advisors

Sought to promote Sought to promote maximum employment, maximum employment, production & purchasing production & purchasing powerpower

Servicemen’s Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944)Readjustment Act (1944)

GI Bill of RightsGI Bill of Rights Servicemen given Servicemen given educational & educational & economic benefitseconomic benefits

Total cost of Total cost of the World the World

War II War II education education

program was program was $14.5 billion.$14.5 billion.

Civil RightsCivil Rights

African-American’s African-American’s fared a little better fared a little better economically & economically & politically, despite politically, despite congressional refusal congressional refusal to pass civil rights & to pass civil rights & fair labor lawsfair labor laws

1947: Color line 1947: Color line crossed in baseball crossed in baseball when Brooklyn when Brooklyn Dodgers hired Jackie Dodgers hired Jackie RobinsonRobinson

1948: Armed forces 1948: Armed forces began desegregatingbegan desegregating

Long Economic Boom: Long Economic Boom: 1950-19701950-1970

GNP (Gross National GNP (Gross National Product) began to Product) began to climb after 1948 – climb after 1948 – nearly doubling in the nearly doubling in the 1950s & again in 1950s & again in 1960s1960s

By 1950, the By 1950, the economy will begin to economy will begin to skyrocket & reach a skyrocket & reach a plateau of growth plateau of growth that will last until that will last until 19701970

Middle Class ProsperityMiddle Class Prosperity

““Chicken in every pot” of Chicken in every pot” of depression became depression became desire for 2 cars in every desire for 2 cars in every garagegarage Plus a TV, air conditioner, Plus a TV, air conditioner, swimming pool, vacation swimming pool, vacation home, RVs & hoola-hoops home, RVs & hoola-hoops for the kids for the kids

Women in the Women in the WorkforceWorkforce

Many women decided Many women decided to keep working after to keep working after the war but did so the war but did so under gender under gender discriminationdiscrimination

Women account for Women account for 25% of the workforce 25% of the workforce by the end of the war by the end of the war & will have 50% of & will have 50% of the jobs by the 1990sthe jobs by the 1990s

Cult of domesticity re-Cult of domesticity re-emerges & supported by emerges & supported by science & popular culturescience & popular culture

Clash of these dual roles Clash of these dual roles will lead to the feminist will lead to the feminist movement of the 1960smovement of the 1960s

Suburban LivingSuburban LivingThe Typical TV Suburban FamiliesThe Typical TV Suburban Families

Suburban LivingSuburban LivingThe Typical TV Suburban FamiliesThe Typical TV Suburban Families

The Donna The Donna Reed ShowReed Show1958-19661958-1966

The Donna The Donna Reed ShowReed Show1958-19661958-1966

Leave It to Leave It to BeaverBeaver

1957-19631957-1963

Father Knows BestFather Knows Best1954-19581954-1958

Father Knows BestFather Knows Best1954-19581954-1958

The Ozzie & Harriet ShowThe Ozzie & Harriet Show1952-19661952-1966

The Ozzie & Harriet ShowThe Ozzie & Harriet Show1952-19661952-1966

Causes of growthCauses of growth

Much of the Much of the continued economic continued economic growth caused by the growth caused by the “war economy” “war economy” appropriations of the appropriations of the Cold WarCold War

Korean War, Arms Korean War, Arms Race, Space Race, & Race, Space Race, & Vietnam will keep Vietnam will keep American defense American defense spending rolling spending rolling through two decadesthrough two decades

National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

America America enjoyed the enjoyed the benefits of benefits of cheap energy cheap energy & lack of & lack of environmentaenvironmental controlsl controls

America productivity America productivity increased & educational increased & educational levels roselevels rose

By 1970, 90% of the By 1970, 90% of the school age population school age population was enrolled in schoolwas enrolled in school

Farmers dropped from Farmers dropped from 15% of the workforce 15% of the workforce in the 40s to 2% by in the 40s to 2% by the 90s but harvested the 90s but harvested a large percentage of a large percentage of the world’s foodthe world’s food

The SunbeltThe Sunbelt

Invention of air-Invention of air-conditioning, existence of conditioning, existence of cheap fuel, & large cheap fuel, & large number of defense jobs in number of defense jobs in the south & west caused the south & west caused many Americans to move many Americans to move to the “sunbelt” following to the “sunbelt” following the warthe war

•The U. S. population was on the move in the late 1940s and into the 1950s.

•NE & Mid-W S & SW (“Sunbelt” states)

The The SuburbsSuburbs

Low interest FHA & VA Low interest FHA & VA loans made it economical loans made it economical to own a hometo own a home

The BurbsThe Burbs

Levitt brothers Levitt brothers pioneered the pioneered the “assembly line” “assembly line” construction of construction of suburban homessuburban homes

$7,990 or $7,990 or $60/month $60/month

with no down with no down paymentpayment

Post-war families Post-war families snatched up these snatched up these “cookie cutter” tract “cookie cutter” tract homeshomes They filled the yards They filled the yards with barbeques & kidswith barbeques & kids

Lots of kidsLots of kids

Suburban LivingSuburban LivingSuburban LivingSuburban Living

SHIFTS IN POPULATION SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, DISTRIBUTION,

1940-19701940-1970

19401940 19501950 19601960 19701970

Central CitiesCentral Cities 31.6% 32.3% 31.6% 32.3% 32.6% 32.6% 32.0%32.0%

SuburbsSuburbs 19.5% 23.8% 19.5% 23.8% 30.7% 30.7% 41.6%41.6%

Rural Areas/Rural Areas/ 48.9% 43.9% 48.9% 43.9% 36.7% 36.7% 26.4%26.4%Small TownsSmall Towns

U. S. Bureau of the CensusU. S. Bureau of the Census

SHIFTS IN POPULATION SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, DISTRIBUTION,

1940-19701940-1970

19401940 19501950 19601960 19701970

Central CitiesCentral Cities 31.6% 32.3% 31.6% 32.3% 32.6% 32.6% 32.0%32.0%

SuburbsSuburbs 19.5% 23.8% 19.5% 23.8% 30.7% 30.7% 41.6%41.6%

Rural Areas/Rural Areas/ 48.9% 43.9% 48.9% 43.9% 36.7% 36.7% 26.4%26.4%Small TownsSmall Towns

U. S. Bureau of the CensusU. S. Bureau of the Census

The Baby BoomThe Baby Boom

Huge birthrate jump Huge birthrate jump began in 1945, peaked in began in 1945, peaked in 1957, & tapered off to 1957, & tapered off to 19611961

““Baby boom” generation Baby boom” generation has had a major impact has had a major impact on the economy & on the economy & culture in Americaculture in America

Baby BoomersBaby BoomersBaby BoomersBaby Boomers

““It seems to It seems to me that every me that every other young other young housewife I housewife I

see is see is pregnant.”pregnant.”

British visitor to British visitor to America, 1958America, 1958

““It seems to It seems to me that every me that every other young other young housewife I housewife I

see is see is pregnant.”pregnant.”

British visitor to British visitor to America, 1958America, 1958

The Truman EraThe Truman Era

1945-19521945-1952

Harry S. TrumanHarry S. Truman

““The average The average man’s average man’s average man.”man.”

First president First president in many years in many years without a without a college college educationeducation

Failed at business but Failed at business but worked his way up in worked his way up in local Missouri politicslocal Missouri politics

Truman’s bluntness & Truman’s bluntness & hard-headedness hard-headedness worried & upset many worried & upset many peoplepeople

Roots of Roots of The Cold WarThe Cold War

US & USSR SimilaritiesUS & USSR Similarities

US & USSR resembled US & USSR resembled each other in many each other in many troublesome ways:troublesome ways: Large, expansionist, Large, expansionist, born in revolution, & born in revolution, & believed their way was believed their way was the best waythe best way

Soviet Goals• Wanted to rebuild Europe

in ways that would help the Soviet Union recover from the huge losses it suffered during the war

• Wanted to establish Soviet satellite nations, countries subject to Soviet domination and sympathetic to Soviet goals

• Wanted to promote the spread of communism throughout the world

American Goals• Wanted conquered

European nations to experience the democracy and economic opportunity that the United States had fought for during the war

• Wanted to develop strong capitalist economies, which would provide good markets for American products

Conflicting InterestsConflicting Interests

•Uneasy peace between the U.S. & Soviet Union.

•Competition for world dominance & global power.

•Fought on political & economic fronts rather than on military battlefields - even though the threat of war was always present.

•Defined American foreign policy from 1946-1989.

•It affected domestic politics & how Americans viewed the world & themselves.

•Constant state of military preparedness & arms race

Propaganda war: Democracy vs. CommunismUS policy: Support nations threatened by Communism

The Cold War Summary:The Cold War Summary:

The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle

Soviet & Eastern Bloc

Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]

METHODOLOGIES:

1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

4. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

Before A-bomb Before A-bomb tested, US believed tested, US believed Soviet military would Soviet military would be needed to defeat be needed to defeat the Japanesethe Japanese

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

Soviets agreed to allow Soviets agreed to allow democratic elections in democratic elections in Eastern Europe Eastern Europe

They lied leaving the They lied leaving the USSR in control of a USSR in control of a large sphere of influence large sphere of influence

Conservatives Conservatives accused Roosevelt of accused Roosevelt of selling out China & selling out China & Eastern Europe to the Eastern Europe to the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Potsdam Conference Potsdam Conference

Stalin warned indirectly Stalin warned indirectly about the existence of about the existence of the Atomic bombthe Atomic bomb

Soviets felt slighted Soviets felt slighted about being out the about being out the loop on the Manhattan loop on the Manhattan ProjectProject

United NationsUnited Nations

April 25, 1945: SF April 25, 1945: SF Conference creates UN Conference creates UN CharterCharter

Security Council Security Council responsible for settling responsible for settling disputes among disputes among nationsnations

American-Soviet American-Soviet Relations Relations

Decades of distrust & Decades of distrust & misunderstanding misunderstanding came to a head at the came to a head at the end of the warend of the war

1945: Washington 1945: Washington abruptly ended lend-abruptly ended lend-lease to the Soviets & lease to the Soviets & refused to grant them refused to grant them loans while still aiding loans while still aiding BritainBritain

Agreement created Agreement created the World Bank & the the World Bank & the International International Monetary FundMonetary Fund

Soviets refused to Soviets refused to participate in eitherparticipate in either

Bretton Woods Bretton Woods Conference (1944)Conference (1944)

The Baruch PlanThe Baruch Plan

Bernard Baruch called Bernard Baruch called for a UN agency to for a UN agency to oversee nuclear power oversee nuclear power to halt weapons to halt weapons developmentdevelopment

Stalin rejects the ideaStalin rejects the idea

Postwar GermanyPostwar Germany

1945-46: Nuremberg 1945-46: Nuremberg TrialsTrials 22 top Nazi war 22 top Nazi war criminals put on trial criminals put on trial for crimes against for crimes against humanityhumanity

12 hanged12 hanged

Nazi leaders being tried for war crimes and crimes against civilians: Established the principle: That individuals are

responsible for the actions regardless if they are carrying out orders.

Nazi leaders being tried for war crimes and crimes against civilians: Established the principle: That individuals are

responsible for the actions regardless if they are carrying out orders.

trialtrial

Crimes against peace, humanity = war crimesImportant principle established:

Individuals responsible for their actions

trialtrial

Several Nazi leaders would be found guilty for crimes against humanity. Punishments ranged from prison sentences up to

life and execution by hanging.

USSR sought to make USSR sought to make Germany pay Germany pay reparations for warreparations for war

US realized need for a US realized need for a economically strong economically strong but militarily weak but militarily weak GermanyGermany

Germany divided into 4 Germany divided into 4 territories at the end of territories at the end of the war: British, French, the war: British, French, American, & SovietAmerican, & Soviet

Western Allies began to Western Allies began to call for a reunited call for a reunited GermanyGermany

The The Division Division of Berlinof Berlin

The “Iron Curtain” FallsThe “Iron Curtain” Falls

Soviets force Soviets force the Eastern the Eastern European European countries countries behind what behind what Winston Winston Churchill called Churchill called the “Iron the “Iron Curtain”Curtain”

Fulton, Fulton, MissouriMissouri19461946

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the

Adriatic, an iron curtain has

descended across the Continent.”

The Containment PolicyThe Containment Policy

1947: George Kennan 1947: George Kennan writes from Moscow writes from Moscow describing that the describing that the goals of the Soviet goals of the Soviet Union were Union were expansionaryexpansionary

Kennan suggests a Kennan suggests a policy of “containment”policy of “containment”

Soviet Union/China and Allies

Containment: Stop the expansion of Communism in Asia and Europe

US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies

1950’s

Democracy vs. Communism

Bi-Polarization of the World

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

Greece & Turkey were Greece & Turkey were turning leftist - danger turning leftist - danger of Soviet involvement of Soviet involvement

Truman issues his Truman issues his Doctrine describing Doctrine describing the need to “contain” the need to “contain” communismcommunism

The Buck The Buck Stops HereStops Here

Truman Truman Doctrine, 1947:Doctrine, 1947:

The first use ofThe first use of “containment”

Truman Truman Doctrine, 1947:Doctrine, 1947:

The first use ofThe first use of “containment”

March 1947: Truman March 1947: Truman asked Congress for asked Congress for $400 million to $400 million to support democracy in support democracy in Turkey & GreeceTurkey & Greece

1948: Truman 1948: Truman recognizes Israelrecognizes Israel

Marshall Plan (1947)Marshall Plan (1947)

Sec of State Marshall Sec of State Marshall develops European develops European Recovery Program to Recovery Program to stop communism stop communism (containment)(containment)

$12.5 Billion spent in $12.5 Billion spent in Europe over 4 yearsEurope over 4 years

1948: Soviet sponsored 1948: Soviet sponsored coup in Czechoslovakia coup in Czechoslovakia pushes Congress into pushes Congress into actionaction

Creates an “economic Creates an “economic miracle” in W. Europemiracle” in W. Europe

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

Berlin Airlift (1948-49)Berlin Airlift (1948-49)

Stalin closes ground Stalin closes ground access to Berlin to access to Berlin to choke off the Allieschoke off the Allies

US & British air power US & British air power breaks the blockade breaks the blockade through a massive through a massive airliftairlift

Berlin Berlin AirliftAirlift

U.S. flew supplies 24/7 to feed West

Berlin for 11 months.

Iran CrisisIran Crisis

Stalin tested the West's Stalin tested the West's resolve in Middle East & resolve in Middle East & began fomenting began fomenting revolution in Iranrevolution in Iran

Truman’s protest caused Truman’s protest caused Stalin to back downStalin to back down

US Military is US Military is ReorganizedReorganized

National Security Act National Security Act of 1947of 1947 Brought all of the Brought all of the armed forces under the armed forces under the Department of DefenseDepartment of Defense

Created the Joint Chiefs Created the Joint Chiefs of Staffof Staff

1948: National Security 1948: National Security Council coordinated Council coordinated decisions on military decisions on military interventionintervention

1949: Central 1949: Central Intelligence Agency Intelligence Agency created for intelligence created for intelligence gatheringgathering

The North Atlantic Pact The North Atlantic Pact (1949)(1949) NATO (North Atlantic NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)Treaty Organization)

Defensive alliance of US & Defensive alliance of US & 12 W. European countries12 W. European countries

Greece & Turkey join Greece & Turkey join 1952 1952

West Germany in 1955West Germany in 1955

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RomaniaRomania

TheThe Bipolarization of EuropeBipolarization of Europe

NATO

WARSAW PACTUNALIGNEDOTHER

US & East Asia (1945-53)US & East Asia (1945-53)

Reconstruction of JapanReconstruction of Japan Under General MacArthur Under General MacArthur Japan received a Japan received a democratic constitution democratic constitution & aid for reconstruction& aid for reconstruction

Japanese war criminals Japanese war criminals also tried & 7 executedalso tried & 7 executed

1949: Communists in 1949: Communists in China under Mao China under Mao Zedong defeat the Zedong defeat the Nationalists Nationalists

Nationalists under Nationalists under Chiang Kaishek Chiang Kaishek establish the Republic establish the Republic of China on Taiwanof China on Taiwan

Republicans declare Republicans declare Truman had “lost” Truman had “lost” China to the China to the communistscommunists

New Secretary of State New Secretary of State Dean Acheson seeks to Dean Acheson seeks to recognize communist recognize communist ChinaChina

Election of 1948Election of 1948

Democrats nominate Democrats nominate TrumanTruman Platform of civil rights Platform of civil rights causes segregation south causes segregation south to form State Rights to form State Rights PartyParty

Strom Thurmond runs as Strom Thurmond runs as States Rights candidateStates Rights candidate

New Progressive New Progressive Party nominates Party nominates Henry Wallace - seen Henry Wallace - seen as a patsy for the as a patsy for the communist partycommunist party

Republicans nominate Republicans nominate Thomas E. DeweyThomas E. Dewey

Truman Defeats DeweyTruman Defeats Dewey

Though polls & Though polls & pundits call for pundits call for Truman defeat, he Truman defeat, he wins 300 to 189 in wins 300 to 189 in electoral voteelectoral vote Dixiecrat Thurmond: 39 Dixiecrat Thurmond: 39 electoral voteselectoral votes

1948 Election1948 Election

Truman’s Fair DealTruman’s Fair Deal

Truman’s State of the Truman’s State of the Union called for a Fair Union called for a Fair Deal including:Deal including: Aid to EducationAid to Education National Health National Health InsuranceInsurance

Civil Rights LegislationCivil Rights Legislation

More Social SecurityMore Social Security Public HousingPublic Housing Repeal of Taft-HartleyRepeal of Taft-Hartley Streamlining of Streamlining of Federal BureaucracyFederal Bureaucracy

Point FourPoint Four

Point Four of Truman’s Point Four of Truman’s inaugural address calls inaugural address calls for aid, along with for aid, along with scientific & technical scientific & technical assistance to third assistance to third world countries to stop world countries to stop communismcommunism

QuickwriteQuickwrite

Compare and contrast Compare and contrast American foreign American foreign policies after WWI policies after WWI (1918-1928) and WWII (1918-1928) and WWII (1945-1950).(1945-1950).

The Second The Second RedRed Scare Scare

American fears:American fears: Spread of CommunismSpread of Communism Nuclear WarNuclear War Spies at HomeSpies at Home Economic DepressionEconomic Depression

1947: Launched to 1947: Launched to investigate “leftists” in investigate “leftists” in the federal governmentthe federal government

Employees, especially Employees, especially school teachers, were school teachers, were forced to take loyalty forced to take loyalty oathsoaths

Truman’s “Loyalty” Truman’s “Loyalty” ProgramProgram

HUAACHUAAC

House Un-American House Un-American Activities Committee Activities Committee (1938-1975)(1938-1975)

1948: Investigations 1948: Investigations begin of suspected begin of suspected commiescommies

Government Government employees dismissedemployees dismissed

Writers, movie Writers, movie producers & actors producers & actors blacklistedblacklisted

Hollywood TenHollywood Ten

1949: 11 communists 1949: 11 communists convicted of violating convicted of violating the 1940 anti-sedition the 1940 anti-sedition Smith ActSmith Act

Shocking Events of 1949Shocking Events of 1949

China goes China goes CommunistCommunist (Mao defeats Chang Kai (Mao defeats Chang Kai Shek = China & Taiwan)Shek = China & Taiwan)

RussiansRussians detonate their detonate their 11stst atomic weapon atomic weapon

Alger Hiss TrialAlger Hiss Trial

State Department State Department official Alger Hiss official Alger Hiss accused of spying by accused of spying by Whittaker ChambersWhittaker Chambers

Hiss sues for libel Hiss sues for libel but is then charged but is then charged with perjury when he with perjury when he is found to have lied is found to have lied under oathunder oath

Richard Nixon Richard Nixon prosecutes Hissprosecutes Hiss

McCarthyismMcCarthyism

1950: Senator Joseph 1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy makes his McCarthy makes his “Wheeling Declaration” “Wheeling Declaration” He has the names of 200 He has the names of 200 known communists in known communists in the federal governmentthe federal government

He becomes He becomes famous for famous for his his investigatioinvestigation of n of Communists Communists

The RosenbergsThe Rosenbergs

1951: Julius & Ethel 1951: Julius & Ethel Rosenberg found Rosenberg found guilty of espionage guilty of espionage for giving atomic for giving atomic secrets to Russianssecrets to Russians

1953: Executed1953: Executed

The The RosenbergsRosenbergs

The H-BombThe H-Bomb

1952: 11952: 1stst Hydrogen Hydrogen Bomb (fusion) tested Bomb (fusion) tested successfully in the successfully in the South PacificSouth Pacific

1953: Russians 1953: Russians explode their H-bomb explode their H-bomb & the arms race is on& the arms race is on

The Korean War The Korean War (1950-1953)(1950-1953)

Korea DividedKorea Divided

Dean Acheson Dean Acheson describes a defense describes a defense perimeter in the perimeter in the pacific excluding pacific excluding Korea Korea

June 25, 1950: North June 25, 1950: North Korea invades South Korea invades South

US & Korean forces US & Korean forces retreat to Pusan retreat to Pusan perimeterperimeter

Korean WarKorean War

[1950-1953][1950-1953]

Truman resurrects Truman resurrects NSC-68NSC-68

UN Security Council UN Security Council votes to restore votes to restore peacepeace

Sept. 15: UN forces Sept. 15: UN forces under MacArthur land under MacArthur land at Inchon onat Inchon on

South clear by South clear by OctoberOctober

The Forgotten WarThe Forgotten War

UN allows invasion of UN allows invasion of NorthNorth

November: Chinese November: Chinese troops cross the Yalu troops cross the Yalu river & push UN troops river & push UN troops south of the 38south of the 38thth parallelparallel

The Forgotten WarThe Forgotten War

The Shifting Map of KoreaThe Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953][1950-1953]

MacArthur criticizes MacArthur criticizes Truman’s decision Truman’s decision not to fight Chinanot to fight China

April 11, 1951: April 11, 1951: MacArthur relieved of MacArthur relieved of dutyduty

Civilian control of US Civilian control of US military reaffirmedmilitary reaffirmed

Issue becomes a Issue becomes a political “hot potato” political “hot potato” over communismover communism

Truce NegotiationsTruce Negotiations

July 1951: War breaks July 1951: War breaks down into stalemate down into stalemate

Discussions over a Discussions over a truce breakdown truce breakdown about exchange of about exchange of prisoners – war prisoners – war continuescontinues

Twenty-Second Twenty-Second AmendmentAmendment

1951: Amendment 1951: Amendment passes saying no passes saying no person shall be person shall be allowed to be allowed to be president more than president more than twicetwice

Truman excludedTruman excluded

Election of 1952Election of 1952

Democrats: Democrats: hampered by Korea, hampered by Korea, scandals, & Red scandals, & Red Scare nominate Adlai Scare nominate Adlai StevensonStevenson

I Like IkeI Like Ike

Republican Republican isolationists sought to isolationists sought to nominate Robert Taftnominate Robert Taft

Dwight Eisenhower Dwight Eisenhower wins nomination on wins nomination on first ballotfirst ballot

Anti-Communists got Anti-Communists got Richard Nixon to be Richard Nixon to be vice-presidential vice-presidential nomineenominee

Nixon attacks Nixon attacks Stevenson while Ike Stevenson while Ike takes the high roadtakes the high road

Nixon Slush FundNixon Slush Fund

Reports claim Nixon had Reports claim Nixon had a secret campaign fund a secret campaign fund for his personal usefor his personal use

Nixon makes “Checkers Nixon makes “Checkers Speech” in reaction to Speech” in reaction to slush fund allegationsslush fund allegations

Eisenhower Eisenhower makes a last makes a last minute minute pledge to pledge to personally personally go to Korea go to Korea to end the to end the warwar

Ike wins 33,963,234 Ike wins 33,963,234 to 27,314,992 (442 to to 27,314,992 (442 to 89) 89)

Republicans also take Republicans also take CongressCongress

Ike goes to Korea & 7 Ike goes to Korea & 7 months later, after months later, after the threat of a the threat of a nuclear strike, the nuclear strike, the war in Korea ends in a war in Korea ends in a shaky armisticeshaky armistice

War EndsWar Ends

54,000 American 54,000 American dead & over a million dead & over a million dead in East Asiadead in East Asia

Communism Communism containedcontained

Communist ExpansionCommunist ExpansionA Chronology of EventsA Chronology of EventsCommunist ExpansionCommunist ExpansionA Chronology of EventsA Chronology of Events

China1949

Soviet Union1918

Korean War1950 to 1953

Eastern Europe

1946

CONTAINMENT

Marshall PlanBerlin Airlift

NATOKorean War

Berlin Blockade

1947-8XX

XX

QuickwriteQuickwrite

Analyze the successes and Analyze the successes and failures of the Cold War policy of failures of the Cold War policy of containment as it developed in containment as it developed in TWO of the following areas from TWO of the following areas from 1945-1975.1945-1975.-EuropeEurope-East and Southeast AsiaEast and Southeast Asia-Middle EastMiddle East-Latin AmericaLatin America