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The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS

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Page 2: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

• LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars

• Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted to challenge law

• USSC: 7-1 LA law did not violate 14th Am.

• Confirmed “separate but equal” doctrine

Page 3: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Jim Crow South

• Laws mandated legal segregation of all public facilities• Public schools• Restaurants• Public

transportation• Restrooms• US military /

bureaucracy

Page 7: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Brown v. Board of Ed. Topeka Kansas (1954)

• School segregation accepted throughout country (required, in South)

• Brown: unanimously decided by USSC

• Ruled that school segregation was unconstitutional

• Overturned Plessy

• Integrate with “all deliberate speed”

Page 9: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Massive Resistance• “The Southern

Manifesto”• 100

congressmen sign document pledging defiance to Brown

• White Citizen’s Councils formed throughout South to organize resistance

Page 11: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Murder of Emmett Till1955

• Segregationist backlash against black citizens by gangs of whites

• Emmett Till: 14 year old Chicago boy visiting cousins in Mississippi

• On dare, said “Bye, Baby” to white woman, while exiting a store

• Several days later, woman’s husband, brother hunt Till down

Page 12: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Emmett Till

• Body found 3 days later in river• Barbed wire around

neck• Bullet in brain• Eye gouged out• Forehead crushed on

one side

Page 14: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Jury in Till Case

• Eyewitness testimony against both men

• All white, all male jury found bothmen “not guilty”

• Galvanized a generation of young black men

Page 15: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycott,

1955-1956• Rosa Parks, 43, a

seamstress

• Refused to give up bus seat to white man; arrested

• Dexter Ave. Baptist Church meeting of 50 ministers (incl. MLK)

• Plan boycott of bus companies

Page 16: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Bus Boycott

• Boycott deprived company of 65% of its revenues

• MLK arrested, charged with 1 year in jail or $500 fine

• USSC: 8 months later, court decided that bus segregation violated the Constitution

Page 17: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Little Rock (1957)

• Little Rock Central HS supposed to start ‘57 year desegregated

• Gov. Orval Faubus announced AK Nat’l Guard would “monitor” the school

• NG blocked students from entering school

Page 19: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Central High School• 9/20: injunction

vs. Governor – students try again

• 9/23: white mob of 1000 townspeople blocked access

• Ike: ordered 1000 paratroopers to Little Rock to escort students

Page 21: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

(5)• Southern

Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) founded, 1957

• Important as coordinating group for protests nationwide

Page 22: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Sit-Ins• Greensboro NC

Woolworth’s lunch counter refused service to Joe McNeill, an A-A college student

• McNeill returned, refused service next 3 days

• NYT wrote article covering sit in; soon, students across nation began sit in campaign

Page 23: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Sit ins• Sit ins met with

white violence• Beatings• Dumped ammonia

on them• Heavy court fines• Arrest &

imprisonment

• Police eventually given orders not to arrest them due to negative publicity

Page 24: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

(SNCC)• As a result of

success of campaign, students encouraged to create new group

• Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee formed

• Worked with SCLC to coordinate protests

Page 25: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Freedom Riders• 1961: busloads of

volunteers of mixed races traveled cross country to end segregation of bus terminals

• Test segregated seating on interstate buses and trains

• Local segregation laws used to arrest freedom riders

Page 26: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Freedom Riders• Riders through deep

South were savagely attacked in Montgomery, AL

• JFK sent in 600 federal marshals sent in for a confrontation with AL law enforcement

• JFK cut deal with southern state leaders: no fed troops if no mob violence vs riders

Page 27: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

James Meredith & the Integration of Ole

Miss• 1962: President Kennedy ordered federal marshals to escort James Meredith to attend University of Mississippi

• First black student to enroll at the school

• Riot broke out – two students killed before troops could arrive to back up marshals

Page 28: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Birmingham• Birmingham AL one of

the most segregated cities in America• Sit-ins at lunch counters• “kneel ins” on steps of

churches• 100s of demonstrators

fined, imprisoned

• MLK led protest march in May 1963; met with cops w/ dogs, fire hoses

• Arrested, jailed, wrote “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

Page 29: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

“Justice too long delayed

is justice denied”

“Letter from Birmingham Jail”,Dr. King 1963

Page 30: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

16th St. Bombing and Medgar Evers

• Sept 1963: KKK bombed Birmingham Baptist church

• Four little girls preparing to lead service killed

• Riots, fires broke out throughout town; 2 more teens killed

• Mississippi Director of NAACP, Medger Evers, assassinated in driveway in the midst of leading a boycott against Jackson, MS businesses

Page 31: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

March on Washington

• August 28, 1963: 200k marchers appeared to support Civil Rights movement

• Purpose: show support for proposed CR bill

• Dr King delivered his “I have a Dream” Speech

Page 32: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• LBJ called for CR Act as monument to JFK

• Passed House; overcame Senate filibuster by Southern Democrats through massive lobbying campaign by Civil Rights, religious leaders

• Prohibited segregation in public facilities

Page 33: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Twenty Fourth Amendment

• Prohibited use of poll tax

• Illinois first state to ratify

• Eight states have still not ratified it• Wyoming • Arizona • Texas • Oklahoma • Arkansas

• Louisiana • Georgia • South Carolina

Page 34: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Freedom Summer & “Mississippi Burning”

• SNCC organized voter registration drive in South

• Mainly in Mississippi

• Strategy teamed black southern volunteers w/ white northern volunteers

• White southerners resented strategy

• 3 freedom summer workers disappeared; found later, shot and buried – arrested, beaten, by police, then turned over to KKK

Page 35: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Freedom Summer

Presiding Judge William Cox, in handing down lenient sentences for 7 of 18 white men convicted of charges (not murder):

“They killed one ni—r, one Jew, and a white man. I gave them all what I thought they deserved.”

Page 36: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Malcolm X• Joined Nation of Islam, a

black separatist religion

• Left movement in 1964, converted to Islam

• Alternative approach to civil rights• Rejected non-violence of

MLK• Rejected integration with

whites• Advocated

black separatism, black nationalism

• The Ballot or the bullet

• Assassinated Feb 1965 at NY rally by NOI members

Page 37: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

The Selma March (1965)

• AL state troopers kill demonstrator; march organized by MLK

• Gov. refuses to authorize march; MLK goes to LBJ

• Marchers go anyway; state troopers at city line use billy clubs and tear gar to disperse demonstrators

• Called “Bloody Sunday” by CR movement

• LBJ promised action in honor of Selma

Page 38: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Voting Rights Act (1965)

• LBJ followed throughwith Voting Rights Act, prohibiting literacy tests• Also sent federal

registrars into south to register AA

Page 39: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Watts RiotAAs riot in poor neighborhood of LA after cops beat black teen

AA youths frustrated with brutality of police, pace of reform

34 people die; Nat’l Guard called in to stop violence

Page 40: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Affirmative Action (1965)

• Driven by frustration that Civil Rights legislation had not stopped discrimination

• Employers, universities need to actively recruit minorities to make up centuries of discrimination

• Issue continues to this day• Grutter v. Bollinger

(2003): USSC upheld U of M’s admission policy allowing race to be a factor

Page 41: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Chicago, 1966• MLK led march to

end housing, employment discrimination

• In Cicero, whites show up throwing bricks and obscenities

• MLK later says the hateful racism he saw in Chicago surpassed the racism from Jim Crow South

Page 42: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Radicalization: Stokely Carmichael

• 1966 - SNCC dropped its commitment to non violence

• New leadership: Carmichael an advocate of Black Power• Blacks to take bold

action to achieve equality, freedom

• Promoted black nationalism, Afro-centric culture and history

Page 44: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Radicalization: Black Panther Party (1966)

• Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale

• Militant group providing social services to poor black neighborhoods

• Stood up against police, city authorities

• Armed, angry black men scare white people

• Coincided with violent protest on college campuses against Vietnam war

Page 45: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Assassination of King (1968)

• Memphis Tennessee: supporting strike of sanitation workers

• MLK’s focus had changed focus to poverty, Vietnam war

• Government considered him dangerous

• Assassinated by James Earl Ray while on balcony of Lorraine Motel

Page 48: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Kerner Commission (1968)

“…our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white- separate and unequal.”

Kerner Cmm’n

• LBJ organized commission in reaction to violence in northern cities following MLK’s death

• Kerner – former IL gov

• 7 month investigation• “Profound

frustration” amongst nation’s urban blacks

• Racism was deeply embedded in society

Page 49: The Civil Rights Movement Libertyville HS. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) LA passed law requiring separate AA & white rail cars Homer Plessy, 1/8 AA, enlisted

Civil Rights Act 1968• Prohibited discrimination in sale or

rental of housing