the challenge of ageing

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The Challenge of Ageing Università degli Studi di Parma Dipartimento di Economia Corso di Laurea Magistrale in International Business and Development Relatore Chiar.mo Prof. Guglielmo Wolleb Candidato Andrea Danni Anno Accademico 2011/2012

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The Challenge of Ageing - An analysis of causes, consequences and solutions to the challenge of population ageing in Europe

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Page 1: The Challenge of Ageing

The Challenge of Ageing

Università degli Studi di Parma Dipartimento di Economia

!Corso di Laurea Magistrale in International Business and Development

Relatore Chiar.mo Prof. Guglielmo Wolleb

Candidato Andrea Danni

Anno Accademico 2011/2012

Page 2: The Challenge of Ageing

The Problem

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 3: The Challenge of Ageing

Introduction !

Wellbeing and Ageing Society

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 4: The Challenge of Ageing

Introduction !

Wellbeing and Ageing Society

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

To define well-being (...) the following key dimension should be taken into account (...): !• Material living standards (income, consumption and wealth); • Education; • Political voice and governance; • Environment (present and future conditions); • Insecurity, of an economic as well as a physical nature • Social connections and relationships • Personal activities including work • Health !

(Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress)

Page 5: The Challenge of Ageing

Introduction !

Wellbeing and Ageing Society

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 6: The Challenge of Ageing

Introduction !

Wellbeing and Ageing Society

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

• Social connections and relationships• Personal activities including work Ageing process• Health

Page 7: The Challenge of Ageing

Introduction !

Wellbeing and Ageing Society

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

• Social connections and relationships• Personal activities including work Ageing process• Health

Page 8: The Challenge of Ageing

Demographic Changes

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 9: The Challenge of Ageing

Demographic Changes

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 10: The Challenge of Ageing

Demographic Changes

Age Pyramid

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 11: The Challenge of Ageing

Main drivers of the demographic structure

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 12: The Challenge of Ageing

Main drivers of the demographic structure

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Fertility rates

Life expectancy

Historical demographic path

Immigration

Page 13: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Low fertility rates, when combined with low mortality rates, produce a rapid ageing of population

!Declining fertility rates in all EU countries with different timing and pace.

Most of countries register fertility rates under the replacement fertility rate (2.1)

Fertility rates

Page 14: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 15: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 16: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Fertility rates

Life expectancy

Historical demographic path

Immigration

Main drivers of the demographic structure

Page 17: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Men Women

Life expectancy

Page 18: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 19: The Challenge of Ageing
Page 20: The Challenge of Ageing

Fertility rates

Life expectancy

Historical demographic path

Immigration

Main drivers of the demographic structure

Page 21: The Challenge of Ageing

Greying of baby boomers: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

High post war fertility rate created a generation bigger than usual that now is ageing and approaching retirement age

Historical demographic path

Page 22: The Challenge of Ageing

Greying of baby boomers: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

High post war fertility rate created a generation bigger than usual that now is ageing and approaching retirement age

Historical demographic path

Page 23: The Challenge of Ageing
Page 24: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 25: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Fertility rates

Life expectancy

Historical demographic path

Immigration

Main drivers of the demographic structure

Page 26: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Nationals EU but Not Nationals Not EU All immigrants

Median age of immigrants by nationality (2006)

Positive effects of projected migration inflows are not enough to balance demographic change: 11 million immigrant should be added to

the 14 forecasted for next 50 years

Immigration

Page 27: The Challenge of Ageing

Effects of demographic changes

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 28: The Challenge of Ageing

Effects of demographic changes

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

EU25

* Economic old-age dependency ratio calculated as non active population aged 65+ as percentage of employed population aged 15-64)

Page 29: The Challenge of Ageing

Projected older workers (55-64) share on total workforce

Effects on the labour market

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 30: The Challenge of Ageing

Projected older workers (55-64) share on total workforce

Effects on the labour market

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

EU27

Page 31: The Challenge of Ageing

Effects on the labour market

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Older workers have peculiar features which importance will increase with the increase of older workers’ share on the total workforce:

• Higher wages• Less likely to change or lose their job • Unemployed older workers find a new job with more difficulties than younger workers• Re-employed older workers are likely to have wages lower than their previous job• Less “educated” than younger workers• Less mobile than young workers (both sectorial and geographically)

Page 32: The Challenge of Ageing

Effects on the health system

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 33: The Challenge of Ageing

Healthcare expenditures represent a big share of national expenditures (10.2% of GDP of EU27)

!Healthcare expenditure drivers:

Effects on the health system

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

• Size and composition of the population • Health status of the population • Technology • Income • Policies and regulations

• Inputs’ markets (workforce, pharmaceutics, etc) • Education • Sociocultural framework

Page 34: The Challenge of Ageing

Effects on the health system

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

• Size and composition of the population Older people are those who consume the biggest share of healthcare goods and

services. !

Age related expenditure profiles of healthcare provision. Males, per capita.

Increased weight of older cohorts produces an increase in the demand of healthcare goods and a reduction of resources (increasing dependency ratios)

Page 35: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Uncertainty in prediction regarding future healthcare expenditures due to the quantity of cost drivers.

! However Eurostat projections predict increase in the healthcare

expenditures also in the most conservative scenario

Effects on the health system

Projected results for different scenarios on healthcare expenditures

Page 36: The Challenge of Ageing

Effects on Long-term care

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Long term care aims at making lives of people with limitations more tolerable and preventing steep declines in quality of life.

!!

LTC weight on national expenditures is significantly lower respect healthcare expenditure !!

Different ways to provide LTC. There are great differences between formal and informal LTC

!!

Women represent a great share of LTC workers both formal and informal

Page 37: The Challenge of Ageing

The Solution

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 38: The Challenge of Ageing

Definitions: !

Active ageing is “the process of optimising opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people

age” (WHO). !!

Active ageing is a win-win strategy producing a double positive effects: !

1. It increases individual wellbeing and quality of life of older people improving their health, wealth and capabilities.

!2. It reduces ageing negative consequences at macroeconomic level.

Active ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 39: The Challenge of Ageing

Active ageing statistics: Health

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 40: The Challenge of Ageing

Active ageing statistics: Health

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Males Females

Page 41: The Challenge of Ageing

Active ageing statistics: Health

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Long standing Illness (75+)Self-perceived severe limitation (75+)

Page 42: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Active ageing statistics: Participation

Page 43: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Total Employment Older workers employment

Active ageing statistics: Participation

Page 44: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Men Women

Active ageing statistics: Participation

Page 45: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Total Population People aged 55-64

Active ageing statistics: Participation

Page 46: The Challenge of Ageing

Health Policies

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Policies that improve health have a double positive outcome: they increase individual quality of life and they improve the economic and social

abilities of the population. !

Page 47: The Challenge of Ageing

Health Policies

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

• Direct policies on the healthcare system and health services and goods supply:

• Preventive policies that aim to foster better lifestyle:

Page 48: The Challenge of Ageing

Health Policies

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

• Direct policies on the healthcare system and health services and goods supply:

- Physical activities- Healthier diet and better nutritional habits- Control substance use and misuse (alcohol, tobacco and medication drugs)

• Preventive policies that aim to foster better lifestyle:

Page 49: The Challenge of Ageing

Health Policies

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

• Direct policies on the healthcare system and health services and goods supply:

- Increase rates of preventive controls for relevant disease - Increase supply of qualified workforce - Increase investments in infrastructures and technology - Increase supply of care (long- and short-term care) - Adapt healthcare system to new needs - Ensure equity in the healthcare system (age and income discrimination)

- Physical activities- Healthier diet and better nutritional habits- Control substance use and misuse (alcohol, tobacco and medication drugs)

• Preventive policies that aim to foster better lifestyle:

Page 50: The Challenge of Ageing

Health policies are necessary but are not the only policies needed to create a sustainable ageing society.

!!

Policies are needed also in the fields of labour market and social participation of older people

Participation Policies

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 51: The Challenge of Ageing

Participation Policies

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

• Policies aimed to increase older people participation in the labour market:

• Policies aimed to increase older people participation in the society:

Page 52: The Challenge of Ageing

Participation Policies

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

• Policies aimed to increase older people participation in the labour market:

- Increase working lives- Flexible retirement process- Increase activity rates of older employment (hiring process and job search)- Increase participation of older people in learning activities

• Policies aimed to increase older people participation in the society:

Page 53: The Challenge of Ageing

Participation Policies

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

- Support older people involved in informal work (e.g. LTC)- Create a physical environment aged friendly (transportation, accessibility, housing, security)- Create a positive social attitudes towards older people

• Policies aimed to increase older people participation in the labour market:

- Increase working lives- Flexible retirement process- Increase activity rates of older employment (hiring process and job search)- Increase participation of older people in learning activities

• Policies aimed to increase older people participation in the society:

Page 54: The Challenge of Ageing

Implemented Policies

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 55: The Challenge of Ageing

EU provides resources to promote active ageing through several projects and programmes funded with EU funding tools:

Implemented Policies

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

- European Social Funds - European Regional Development Fund - Cohesion Fund - European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development

EU promotes and sustains project of technologic research and innovation which helps to reach the goals of active ageing.

EU plays also a key role in promoting active ageing through programmes of research, coordination and sensitisation of local policymakers and public opinion

Many actions necessary to promote active ageing belong to areas where Member States have direct responsibility so EU cannot act directly in those fields.

Page 56: The Challenge of Ageing

Conclusions

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Page 57: The Challenge of Ageing

Conclusions

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have

added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Population ageing have several negative effects on our society. These effects are very diversified geographically across Member States.

The most effective response is to improve the health status and the social importance of older generations: ACTIVE AGEING.

Active ageing is a win-win strategy since improve both individual and aggregate wellbeing.

Active ageing is a long term policy and several years will be necessary to adapt the society to the demographic changes.

Fast and concrete actions must be taken at all levels: European, national and local.

Page 58: The Challenge of Ageing

“This increase in the life span and in the number of our senior citizens presents this Nation with increased opportunities: the opportunity to draw upon their skill and sagacity and the opportunity to provide the respect and recognition they have earned. It is not enough for a great nation merely to have added new years to life our objective must also be to add new life to

those years.” !

John F. Kennedy, 1963.

Thank you for your attention.