the cambridge history of nineteenth-century political...

the cambridge historyof nineteenth-century

political thought

This major work of academic reference provides the first comprehensive survey of political thoughtin Europe, North America and Asia in the century following the French Revolution. Written bya distinguished team of international scholars, this Cambridge History is the latest in a sequenceof volumes firmly established as the principal reference source for the history of political thought.In a series of scholarly but accessible essays, every major theme in nineteenth-century politicalthought is covered, including political economy, religion, democratic radicalism, nationalism,socialism and feminism. The volume also includes studies of major figures, including Hegel, Mill,Bentham and Marx and biographical notes on every significant thinker in the period. Of interestto students and scholars of politics and history at all levels, this volume explores seismic changesin the languages and expectations of politics accompanying political revolution, industrialisationand imperial expansion and less-noted continuities in political and social thinking.

gareth stedman jones was formerly Professor of Political Thought at the University ofCambridge. He is currently Professor of the History of Ideas at Queen Mary, University of London.He is also Director of the Centre for History and Economics and a Fellow of King’s College,Cambridge. Professor Stedman Jones has published numerous books and articles, including OutcastLondon, Languages of Class, The Communist Manifesto – Penguin introduction and An End to Poverty?He is currently working on an intellectual biography of Marx.

gregory claeys is Professor of the History of Political Thought at Royal Holloway, Universityof London. He has edited numerous works including Modern British Utopias 1700–1850 (8 vols.),Restoration and Augustan British Utopias, Late Victorian Utopias (6 vols.), and The Cambridge Com-panion to Utopian Literature. Professor Claeys has written several studies of aspects of the Owenitesocialist movement, of the French Revolution debate in Britain, and of Thomas Paine’s thought.

www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-43056-2 - The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political ThoughtEdited by Gareth Stedman Jones and Gregory ClaeysFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521430562

http://www.cambridge.org


THE CAMBRIDGEHISTORY OF

NINETEENTH-CENTURYPOLITICAL THOUGHT

edited by

GARETH STEDMAN JONESUniversity of Cambridge

and

GREGORY CLAEYSRoyal Holloway, University of London






cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,

Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521430562

c© Cambridge University Press 2011

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2011

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataThe Cambridge history of nineteenth-century political thought / edited by Gareth Stedman

Jones and Gregory Claeys.p. cm. – (The Cambridge history of political thought)

Includes bibliographical references and index.isbn 978-0-521-43056-2

1. Political science – History – 19th century. I. Stedman Jones, Gareth. II. Claeys, Gregory.ja83.c24 2011

320.01 – dc22 2011003322

isbn 978-0-521-43056-2 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to

in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






Contents

List of contributors page xiiiAcknowledgements xvi

Introduction 1

Pa r t I : Political thought after the French Revolution

1 Counter-revolutionary thought 9bee wilson1 Mallet du Pan and the intellectual roots of counter-revolution 122 Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald: throne and altar 163 Maistre and Bonald: women, power and mœurs 224 The German Burkeans 275 The attack on popular sovereignty and the social contract 306 Pierre-Simon Ballanche and the end of the counter-revolution 35

2 Romanticism and political thought in the early nineteenth century 39john morrow1 Conservative romanticism in England and Germany, 1800–1830 412 The radical reaction to conservative romanticism

in the post-war years 603 Romanticism and modernity, 1815–1850 64

3 On the principle of nationality 77john breuilly1 Introductory comments 772 The national idea before 1800 783 The nation as civilised 794 The nation as historic 835 Nation as ethnicity 88

v






Contents

6 Nationality as political programme 977 Expanding the discourse of nationality 1008 Nationality as dominant norm 1069 Concluding points 108

4 Hegel and Hegelianism 110frederick c. beiser1 Problems of interpretation 1102 Reason in history 1123 Ethical life and the critique of liberalism 1184 The analysis of civil society 1245 The structure and powers of the state 1276 The foundation of law 1337 The rise and fall of Hegelianism 140

5 Historians and lawyers 147donald r. kelley1 Law and political thought 1472 The historical and the philosophical schools 1503 The coming of law in France 1524 The new history in France 1555 The historical school in Germany 1576 Conservatism and radicalism in England 1627 Conclusion 166

6 Social science from the French Revolution to positivism 171cheryl b. welch1 Social science during the revolutionary era 1722 Political economy: queen of the social sciences or dismal

science? 1743 The emergence of a scientific logic of the ‘social’ 1794 Comtism in England and France 1875 Conclusion 198

7 Radicalism, republicanism and revolutionism: from the principles of ’89to the origins of modern terrorism 200gregory claeys and christine lattek1 Introduction 2002 Radical and republican traditions 202

vi






Contents

3 Secret societies and revolutionary conspiracies 2234 From tyrannicide to terrorism 2355 Conclusion 252

Par t II: Moder n liber ty and its defender s

8 From Jeremy Bentham’s radical philosophy to J. S. Mill’sphilosophic radicalism 257frederick rosen1 Dumont’s Traites 2602 Evidence 2633 Codification 2664 Ford Abbey 2695 Philosophic radicalism 2766 ‘Remarks on Bentham’s Philosophy’ 2827 ‘Bentham’ and ‘Coleridge’ 286

9 John Stuart Mill, mid-Victorian 295ross harrison1 Intellectual and biographical context 2962 The logic of the moral sciences 2993 Harriet 3014 On what On Liberty is about 3025 More misconceptions 3036 Value base 3057 Utility old and new 3068 Civilisation 3089 The harm principle 310

10 Act and rule 31211 Paternalism 31512 Feminism and other unpopular causes 316

10 The ‘woman question’ and the origins of feminism 319lucy delap1 The passionate languages of utopian socialism 3252 Mid-century debates: liberalism and sexual difference 3343 ‘Redundant women’ and social democracy 3404 Character and individualism 345

vii






Contents

11 Constitutional liberalism in France: from Benjamin Constant toAlexis de Tocqueville 349jeremy jennings1 Introduction 3492 Benjamin Constant 3543 The doctrinaires 3604 Alexis de Tocqueville 3655 Conclusion 372

12 American political thought from Jeffersonian republicanismto progressivism 374james p. young1 Introduction 3742 Jeffersonian republicanism 3793 Jacksonian democracy 3894 Antebellum reform 3905 The pro-slavery arguments 3966 Lincoln’s synthesis 3987 The new nation 402

13 German liberalism in the nineteenth century 409wolfgang j. mommsen1 Enlightenment, war and reform from above 4092 The emergence of a liberal movement 4113 Liberals, Radicals and the Revolutions of 1848 4164 The ‘new era’, the constitutional conflict and unification 4215 Liberal divisions in imperial Germany 4256 Moves towards realignment and the First World War 430

14 Visions of stateless society 433k. steven vincent1 Moral and rational foundations 4332 Scientific assumptions 4373 Strategy 4394 William Godwin and rationalist anarchism 4425 Thomas Hodgskin and individualist anarchism 4476 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and mutualist anarchism 4547 Michael Bakunin and collectivist anarchism 4608 Peter Kropotkin and communist anarchism 4699 Conclusion 475

viii






Contents

Par t III: Moder n liber ty and its cr itics

15 Aesthetics and politics 479douglas moggach1 Foundations of modern aesthetics 4842 Aesthetics and revolution 4863 Spontaneity and autonomy: Schiller and Holderlin 4894 Spontaneity, schism and expression: Schelling and

the varieties of romanticism 4955 Art, modernity and autonomy: Hegel and the Hegelian School 5026 The denial of autonomy and aesthetic redemption:

Schopenhauer and Wagner 5087 Decadence, classicism and alternative modernities:

from Baudelaire to Nietzsche 5128 A new synthesis? 518

16 Non-Marxian socialism 1815–1914 521gregory claeys1 Introduction: ‘political’ and ‘anti-political’ socialism 5212 Definitions, historiographic controversies and boundary issues 5243 Owen and Owenism 5294 Fourier and Fourierism 5325 Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism 5376 Paternalistic or feudal socialism: Thomas Carlyle and John

Ruskin 5427 The revolutions of 1848 5448 Christian Socialism and the problem of religion 5459 Leading trends 1875–1914 547

10 Later non-Marxian socialism 54911 Extra-European socialism: Australasia and the USA 55212 Conclusion 554

17 The Young Hegelians, Marx and Engels 556gareth stedman jones1 From Hegel to Hegelianism 5562 Hegelians, Saint-Simonians and the formation of

Young Hegelianism 5613 The breakup of the Young Hegelian movement 5664 Marx’s move from republicanism to communism 570

ix






Contents

5 Marx’s theory of the advent of communism 5756 The critique of the state 5797 Marx’s critique of political economy 5858 After Capital: Engels 5909 After Capital: Marx 592

10 Conclusion 598

Pa r t I V: Secular ity, refor m and moder nity

18 Church and state: the problem of authority 603john e. toews1 Romantic reframing: church and state as expressive polarities 6052 Systematisation: church and state in the totality of history

and culture 6163 Practice: the intellectual movements of the mid-nineteenth century 6284 Historicism and church–state relations: the case of Ranke 639

19 The politics of nature: science and religion in the age of Darwin 649daniel pick1 Introduction 6492 Science and authority 6643 Nature and inequality 6724 Uncertain futures 680

20 Conservative political thought from the revolutions of 1848 untilthe fin de siecle 691lawrence goldman1 The emergence and definition of the conservative tradition 6912 The development of conservatism: European politics and society

after 1848 6953 Conservative cultural and political thinkers in Britain 6994 The conservative tradition in America 7085 The ‘revolt against positivism’: conservative irrationalism in late

nineteenth-century Europe 712

21 Modern liberty redefined 720james thompson1 Introduction 7202 Liberty, good government and the state 7233 Citizenship, democracy and the constitution 7364 Conclusion 746

x






Contents

22 Political economy 748emma rothschild1 Introduction 7482 A universal science 7513 Economic cultural history 7604 Abstract and deductive ideas 7645 Money, empire and race 7676 The politics of political economy 772

23 German socialism and social democracy 1860–1900 780vernon l. lidtke1 Origins of socialist political thought 7802 Ferdinand Lassalle 7833 The Volksstaat 7884 State socialism 7945 Parliamentary participation 7966 The road to power 7987 The socialist society of the future 8048 Eduard Bernstein 806

24 Russian political thought of the nineteenth century 811andrezj walicki1 The epoch of Alexander I 8112 The Nicholaevan Russia 8143 Liberals and radicals of the period of reforms 8184 Populism and anarchism 8215 Ideologies of reaction 8256 Vladimir Soloviev and Boris Chicherin 8287 The controversy between populists and Marxists 830

25 European political thought and the wider world during thenineteenth century 835christopher bayly1 The Righteous republics worldwide 8402 The advent of liberalism 8433 From liberalism to cultural protectionism 8474 National essences and race 8505 Liberalism and culture in South Asia 8526 The African triangle: religion and emancipation 8587 Conclusion 862

xi






Contents

26 Empire and imperialism 864duncan bell1 Introduction 8642 Mapping the imperial imagination 8673 Liberalism and empire: glory and civilisation 8764 Liberalism and empire: ambivalence and critique 8865 Conclusions 891

Epilogue: French Revolution to fin de siecle: political thought inretrospect and prospect, 1800–1914 893jose harris1 An overview from 1900 8932 Issues and problems 8983 New wine in old bottles 9064 Political thought on the brink of the twentieth century 9165 Conclusion and postscript: rationality and violence 928

Biographies 934Bibliography 988Index 1092

xii






Contributors

christopher baylyVere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History and Fellow,St Catharine’s College, University of Cambridge

duncan bellLecturer, Department of Politics and International Studies and Fellow,Christ’s College, University of Cambridge

frederick c. be i se rProfessor of Philosophy, Syracuse University

john breuillyProfessor of Nationalism and Ethnicity, London School of Economics andPolitical Science

g regory claeysProfessor of the History of Political Thought, Royal Holloway,University of London

lucy delapFellow and Director of Studies in History, St Catharine’s College,University of Cambridge

lawrence goldmanEditor, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Tutor in Modern History andFellow, St. Peter’s College, Oxford

jose harrisEmeritus Professor of Modern History and Fellow, St Catherine’s College, Oxford

ross harrisonProfessor of Philosophy and Provost of King’s College, University of Cambridge

xiii






List of contributors

j e remy jenningsProfessor of Political Theory, Queen Mary, University of London

donald r. ke lleyJames Westfall Thompson Professor of History, Rutgers, The State University ofNew Jersey

christ ine lattekFormerly Lecturer, Department of History, University of Cologne

vernon l. l idtkeEmeritus Professor, Department of History, Johns Hopkins University

douglas moggachUniversity Research Chair in Political Thought, University of Ottawa

wolfgang j. mommsenLate Emeritus Professor, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf

john morrowDeputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic), University of Auckland

danie l p ickProfessor of History, Birkbeck, University of London

frederick rosenEmeritus Professor of the History of Political Thought and Senior Research Fellow,Bentham Project, University College, London

emma rothschildJeremy and Jane Knowles Professor of History, Harvard University

gareth stedman jone sProfessor of the History of Ideas at Queen Mary, University of London

jame s thompsonLecturer in Modern British History, University of Bristol

john e. toewsProfessor of European Intellectual and Cultural History, University of Washington

k. steven vincentProfessor of History, North Carolina State University

andrezj walickiO’Neill Professor Emeritus of History, University of Notre Dame

xiv






List of contributors

cheryl b. welchProfessor of Political Science, Chair of Political Science and International Relations,Simmons College

be e wilsonFormerly Research Fellow in the History of Ideas, St John’s College, University ofCambridge

jame s p. youngEmeritus Professor of Political Science, State University of New York,Binghampton

xv






Acknowledgements

This is the last volume to appear in the Cambridge History of Political Thoughtseries and it has been a long time in the making. We are especially gratefulto Richard Fisher at Cambridge University Press, who has provided wiseadvice and patient encouragement throughout the period of preparation ofthe volume. We would like to extend our special thanks to the contributorswho have responded so willingly to editorial suggestions.

For help and encouragement in the early stages of the volume we wishto record our gratitude to two distinguished scholars who died before theircontributions could be completed; Professor John Burrow of Oxford andSussex Universities and Professor Sir Bernard Williams of Berkeley andOxford Universities. They provided invaluable advice on the overall shapeand the content of the volume. It is also a matter of deep regret that oneof our contributors, Professor Wolfgang Mommsen of Heinrich HeineUniversity, Dußeldorf, died before this volume was complete.

Susanne Lohmann, Inga Huld Markan, Jo Maybin and Amy Price offeredpractical support in the making of the volume. We are especially gratefulto Mary-Rose Cheadle who expertly supervised the final preparation andediting of the manuscript.

Most of the editorial work on the volume was carried out at the Centrefor History and Economics in Cambridge. In this connection we wouldlike to acknowledge the generosity of a number of foundations. We wouldespecially like to thank the Edmond de Rothschild Foundation and itsExecutive Director, Firoz Ladak. We would also like to thank the JohnD. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Andrew W. MellonFoundation who provided support at earlier stages.

Finally we would like thank at Cambridge University Press, Jo Northfor her conscientious copy-editing, Auriol Griffith-Jones who compiledthe index, and most importantly Dan Dunlavey for managing the finalproduction process.

xvi






the cambridge history of nineteenth-century political...

Documents