THE BUBONIC PLAGUEReturned …

Alessandro C.This presentation was created by a student from technical

instituteClass 2a

Biology

SOURCES

WikipediaabcNEWSMadagascar WHOThe Black DeathBBC newsVICE – ReturnBioweaponPlague

www.wikipedia.orgwww.abcnews.go.com

http://www.who.int/www.independent.co.uk

www.news.bbc.co.ukwww.vice.com

www.ilgiornale.itwww.epicentro.iss.it

NAME: SITE:

Biology

SUMMARY

Bubonic plague, introduction

Signs and symptomsCauseTreatmentHistoryReturnCuriosity

Biology

BUBONIC PLAGUE

Introduction

Bubonic Plague, IN GENERAL Bubonic plague is one of three types

of bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis.

Three to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu like symptoms develop. This includes fever, headaches, and vomiting.

Bubonic Plague, introduction

COMPLICATIONS Swollen and painful lymph nodes occur in the

area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin.  Occasionally the swollen lymph nodes may break open.

A bubo on the upper thigh of person infected with bubonic plague.

Lymph nodes = is an oval or kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach

Bubonic Plague, introduction

CAUSED BY

The three types of plague are the result of the route of infection: bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague. Bubonic plague is mainly spread by infected fleas from small animals.  It may also result from exposure to the body fluids from a dead plague infected animal.  

Bubonic Plague, introduction

In the bubonic form of plague, the bacteria enter through the skin through a flea bite and travel via the lymphatic vessels to a lymph node, causing it to swell. Diagnosis is by finding the bacteria in the blood, sputum, or fluid from lymph nodes.

FLEA’S BITEBubonic Plague, introduction

PREVENTION Prevention is through public health

measures such as not handling dead animals in areas where plague is common.There aren’t VACCINES for Plague

PreventionNO VACCINES,

YES TREATMENT

With treatment the risk of death is around 10%

Bubonic Plague, introduction

70 million PEOPLE Plague is believed to be the cause of

the Black Death that swept through Asia, Europe, and Africa in the 14th century and killed an estimated 70 million people.First World War

Second World War

Black Death

20million

s 60million

s70

millions

Bubonic Plague, introduction

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The best-known

symptom of bubonic plague is one or more infected, enlarged, and painful lymph nodes, known as buboes. After being transmitted via the bite of an infected flea, the Y. pestis bacteria become localized in an inflamed lymph node where they begin to colonize and reproduce.

Signs and Symptoms

Series of Illnesses

Because of its bite-based mode of transmission, the bubonic plague is often the first of a progressive series of illnesses. Bubonic plague symptoms appear suddenly a few days after exposure to the bacterium

Signs and Symptoms

SYMPTOMSSymptoms include:o Chillso General ill feeling (malaise)o High fever (39 °C; 102 °F)o Muscle crampso Seizureso Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a bubo,

commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often near the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch)

o Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appearso Gangrene of the extremities such as toes, fingers, lips

and tip of the nose.

Signs and Symptoms

EXTREME SYMPTOMS Other symptoms

include heavy breathing, continuous vomiting of blood (hematemesis), aching limbs, coughing, and extreme pain caused by the decay or decomposition of the skin while the person is still alive. Extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, lenticulae (black dots scattered throughout the body), delirium, and coma.Vocabulary:

Lenticulae =blacks points throughout the body

Signs and Symptoms

CAUSEthe

IN PARTICULAR

Bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (the rat flea).

The Cause

RARE CIRCUMSTANCES

In very rare circumstances, as in the septicemic plague, the disease can be transmitted by direct contact with infected tissue or exposure to the cough of another human. 

The Cause

TREATMENT

Treating BUBONIC PLAGUETreatment

Several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague. These include amino glycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin, Tetracyclines (especially doxycycline), and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin.

Mortality associated with treated cases of bubonic plague is about 1–15%, compared to a mortality of 40–60% in untreated cases.Descriptions:

Aminoglycosides = is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial therapeutic agents that inhibit protein synthesisStreptomycin =  is an antibioticGentamicin = aminoglycoside antibioticTetracyclines = is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infectionsFluoroquinolone ciprofloaxin = is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.

Having PLAGUE

People potentially infected with the

plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24

hours of the first symptoms to prevent

death.

Treatment

Other TREATMENTS Other treatments include oxygen, intravenous fluids, and

respiratory support. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics. 

Using the broad-based antibiotic streptomycin has proven to be dramatically successful against the bubonic plague within 12 hours of infection.

Treatment

HISTORYOutbreaks

ThirdFirst

Historic summaryHistory

Plague

Outbreaks

Second

The plague in the yearsEUROPE

FIRSTStarted in 541 a.C. and Finished in 750 a.C.

The first recorded epidemic affected the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and was named the Plague of Justinian after emperor Justinian I, who was infected but survived through extensive treatment.The pandemic resulted in the deaths of an estimated 25 million (6th century outbreak) to 50 million people (two centuries of recurrence).

History

SECOND – the BLACK DEATH Started in 1300 a.C. and Finisched in

1440 a.C. In the Late Middle Ages (1340–1400) Europe experienced

the most deadly disease outbreak in history when the Black Death, the infamous pandemic of bubonic plague, hit in 1347, killing a third of the human population. It is believed that society subsequently became more violent as the mass mortality rate cheapened life and thus increased warfare, crime, popular revolt, waves of flagellants, and persecution.

History

THIRD and… not final? The plague resurfaced for a third time in the mid-19th

century. Like the two previous outbreaks, this one also originated in Eastern Asia. The initial outbreak occurred in China's Yunnan province in 1855. The disease remained localized in Southwest China for several years before spreading.

History

MOVIE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySClB6-OH-Q

Watch a movie that sums up what we

said

History

RETURNthe

IntroductionThe Black Death caused about 50 million deaths across Africa, Asia and Europe in the 14th Century. It wiped out up to half of Europe's population.

The RETURN

USA

PERU’

REP. DEM. CONGO

MADAGASCAR

PLAGUE in MADACASCAR

WHO and Madagascar’s Ministry of Health have completed a second investigation of the plague situation in that country. The investigation was further supported by experts from the Plague Central Laboratory at the country’s Institute Pasteur.

The RETURN

11 February 2015

PeriodThe outbreak, which began in September 2014 and peaked from November through to end-December, has slowed for the time being. However, the plague season on the island continues until April

The RETURN

Plague in ANTANANARIVOEvidence that the disease has gained a foothold in slum areas of Antananarivo, the capital city, reinforces the need for heightened vigilance. On November 2014, 2 cases (1 probable, 1 confirmed) were detected there.

The RETURN

WORLDWIDEWorldwide, the distribution of plague is geographically localized to areas where conditions of landscape and weather favour a high concentration of rodents and fleas.

The RETURN

Other Important CasesI think that it’s very simple to talk about the countries with poverty, dramatic situations and decadence…So, we will talk about a very strange episode that happened during last summer in one of the most important countries in economic and social standing

The RETURN

The United States

Person to PersonPlague has a well-documented high epidemic potential, especially in its pneumonic form, which can spread directly from one person to another via coughing.

The RETURN

Human Cases in USThere have been 15 cases in the US so far this year - compared to an average of seven, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - and the figure of four deaths is higher than in any year this century.

The RETURN

Bacterium

The bacterium responsible - Yersinia pestis - was introduced to the US by rat-infested steamships in 1900, according to Daniel Epstein of the World Health Organization (WHO).

The RETURN

TIME AND PLACESMost cases occur in summer, when people spend more time outdoors.The areas in question are New Mexico, Arizona, California and Colorado, according to the CDC.

The RETURN

CURIOSITY

Curiosity

SOME FEARS

The plague has been classified as a "category A bioweapon", he says. An average of seven cases of plague per year is one thing, but the risk of biological warfare, even if it's a remote one, is quite another.

ISIS

The laptop's contents turn out to be a treasure trove of documents that provide ideological justifications for jihadi organizations - and practical training on how to carry out the Islamic State's deadly campaigns.

Curiosity

FOUND

The ISIS laptop contains a 19-page document in Arabic on how to develop biological weapons and how to weaponize the bubonic plague from infected animals.

Curiosity

The document says…

“The advantage of biological weapons is that they do not cost a lot of money, while the human casualties can be huge.”

Curiosity

TEST the DISEASEThe document includes instructions for how to test the weaponized disease safely, before it is used in a terrorist attack. “When the microbe is injected in small mice, the symptoms of the disease should start to appear within 24 hours,”

Curiosity

SUMMARY

Actually we haven’t news. We don’t know if Isis has discovered something more, if they can make this weapon or if they will use it. The only certainty that we have, is that the plague isn’t a dead disease

Curiosity

THANKS FOR YOUR

ATTENTIONSchool year 2015/2016