The Blood

Blood

Liquid connective tissueHemotology: study of blood, flood forming

tissues, and associated disorders

Physical Characteristics

Red Viscous FluidTemperature is 38 degrees Celsius or 100.4

degrees FarienheitpH 7.35-7.45Salt Content: .8 - .9 %Approximately 8% of body massVolume 5-6 Liters (10-12 pints)

Functions

1. Transport:– A. Gasses: oxygen and carbon dioxide– B. Nutrients– C. Wastes– D. Regulating factors: hormones and enzymes

2. Heat dissipation3. Maintenance of Acid/Base equilibrium4. Protects from loss of volume (clotting

mechanisms5. Protection from disease/toxins/microbes

Formed Elements

1. Erythrocytes ( Red blood corpusels) RBC’s Most abundant Females: 4.9 million/drop Males: 5 million/drop Biconcave disc

1.1 x 7.7 x 2.2 micrometers Flexible membrane (bag of hemoglobin (Hb) no

nucleus) Fetal hemoglobin is replaced by adult Hb

Hemoglobin

Heme: iron = oxygen carrierGlobin: protein

Hb + Oxgen = oxyhemoglobin 90% of oxygen is carried this way

Hb + Carbon dixoide = carboxyhemoglobin 30% of carbon dioxide is carried this way The rest is HCO3 anion dissolved

Red Blood Cell

• Life span: 120 days– Then removed by macrophages in the spleen, liver or

one marrow– Hemoglobin is then converted by the liver to

billireuben– RBC are produced and destroyed at 2 million/second

• Erythropoeisis: RBC formation– Stimulated by a lack of oxygen in tissues (hypoxia)– Kidney’s release Renal Erythropoetic factor- which

stimulates plasma protein to become Erythropeotin- which stimulated the bone marrow

Hematocrit (HCt)

Measure of the % of RBC’s present : Females: 40-54 % Males: 38-47%

Anemia: lack of circulating Red Blood CellsPolycythemia: excess of Red Blood Cells

Formed ElementsThe Anatomy of Red Blood Cells

Figure 11-2

Leukocytes: WBC

Have a nucleusNo definite shapeExhibit ameoboid action(move independently)

Types of Leukocytes

1. Granulocytes- formed in bone marrowA. Neutrophils: most numerous 60-70%

A. phagocytic cellsB. Contain amino acids with a wide range of antibiotic

activity

B. Eosinophils ( acidophiles)release chemical inhibitors that combat histamines, leave

the vessel to phagocytes immune complexes produced by allergic response and specific parasitic infections

2-4 % of WBC’s

C. Basophils: tissue mass cells that release histamine and seratonin, initiate and intensify the immune response (.5 to 1% of WBC)short life span

2. Agranulocytes (lymphatic tissue)D. Lymphocytes: responsible for specific immunity by

antibiotics and sensitized cells D. 20-25% of WBC count long life span (years)

E. Monocytes: large phagocytes activated by invasion of foreign protein 3-8% of WBC count

Normal WBC count: 5,000 to 10,000/dropLeukopenia- abnormally low level of WBCLeukocytosis- increased (desired) in the number of WBC’s (means body is

fighting off disease)Leukemia- malignancy- loss of control over the # and maturity of WBC’s

3. Thrombocytes: formed element platelets: round/oval disk without a nucleusfragile membraneFunction:

1. initiate clotting mechanism2. 5-9 day life span3. 250,000 to 400,000/drop

Matrix: Plasma

Makes up 55% of whole blood Components

1. water= 91.5% 2. proteins= 7%

Albumin- osmotic pressure Globulins- antibodies produced by plamsa cells Fibrogens- formed in the liver

3. Non-protein/Nitrogen Solutes NPN waste products (urea, uric acid, creatine)

4. Nutrients: fatty acids Glycerol, glucose, amino acids,

• Ions sodium, potasium, clorine, phosphate, calcium 5. Regulating Factors; endocrine hormones, enzymes, vitamins

Hemostasis (stop the bleeding)

1. Vascular Spasm: when damage occurs: the smooth muscle in a blood vessel wall contracts- stopping or reducing blood flow for 30 minutes

2. Platelet Plug- (capillaries) when thrombocytes come in contact with rough surfaces they become sticky adhering to the vessel wall and each other Stops bleeding in capillaries and small vessels

3. Coagulation“cascade reaction” Syneresis: loss of water by fibrin pulls wound edges together.

Plasminogen: plasmin dissolves the clotEmbolus: clot that travelsCoronary embolismPulmonary embolismCranial embolism (CVA) stroke

The Structure of a Blood Clot

Figure 11-9

Blood Types

Agglutination: clumping of incompatible blood typesRBC: agglutinogens A, B

Type A: AA, AOType B: BB, BOType AB: ABType O: OO( Drawing)

Rh Factor: D

++, +-, --Erythroblastosis Fetalis: destruction of Fetal

Rh+ RBC in an Rh- mother, may result in anemia or death

Rhogam to prevent

Other Blood Group Markers

MN Blood Groupco-dominant M (mm) N (nn) MN (mn)autosomalnot significant in transfusions

HLA – Human Leukocyte Antigen30,000,000 HLA GenotypesRejection of Tissues