The APA System of Documentation

9810003M Zooey Lee

9810004M Lydia Wei

Outline

10a Parenthetical documentation:

Author-date (APA)

10b Format for ”References” (APA)

10c Writing the abstract

10d Finished form of the paper

APA

The American Psychological Association’s style

The social sciences, business, anthropology, & some of the life sciences

10a Parenthetical documentation: Author-date (APA) Mention the author (last name only) &

the date of the cited publication

Pollock (1994) has shown that a disturbance in the mother’s initial contact with the infant can affect her decision or capacity to breast-geed her infant.

Or One study has shown that a disturbance in the mother’s

initial contact with the infant can affect her decision or capacity to breast-geed her infant (Pollock, 1994).

Not the author & page number No page number The psychological response to defeat was often more

dramatically expressed by the women of the South than by the men, as Mary Chestnut documents in her Civil War diary (Vann Woodward, 1981).

But Page number necessary because of direct

quote The psychological response to defeat was often more

dramatically expressed by the women of the South than by the men. Evidence of that comes from Mary Chestnut, who in her diary tells the story of a woman who “raved and dashed herself finally on the ground” when she heard about the fall of New Orleans (Vann Woodward 1981, p. 640).

Note: pp. if more than one page is cited. (Vann Woodward, 1981, pp. 640-641).

10a-1 Examples of APA in-text citations to books a. One work by a single author Leakey (2001) speculates that perhaps we have not yet

found the perfect link between humans and apes.

Or In a recent study (Leakey, 2001), paleoanthropologist

focused on Kenya Man, a possible early hominid and ancestor of humankind.

Or In a study published in 2001, Leakey described finding a

skull in the Kenya desert that turned out to be a candidate for humankind’s ancestor.

b. Subsequent references In a more-recent study, Johnson (2002) found that

children were more susceptible. Johnson also found that…

c. One work by two authors Much earlier, Grant and Change (1958) had

discovered…

But In a previous study of caged rats (Grant & Change,

1958), the surprising element was…

d. One work by three to five authors

First citation: Holland, Holt, Levi, and Beckett (1983) indicated that…

Subsequent citation: Holland et al. (1983) also found…

e. Work by six or more authors Name only the surname of the first author follow

ed by et al. Holland et al. (1983)

If two separate references would shorten to the same form, list as many authors as are necessary to distinguish between two references.

Verska, Sage, Finley, et al. (2006)

and Verska, Sage, Bradley, et al. (2006)

Note: A comma precedes et al. following more than one

name, but not following a single name.

f. Corporate author a committee, an institution, a corporation, or government

agency First citation in the text: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2005) Subsequent citations: (NIMH, 2005)

Note: When using an acronym be sure that you spell out the full name the first time you use the acronym unless it is commonly known, like TV, PC, IQ…

The Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) was encouraged to give money to victims of the fire.

g. Works by an anonymous author or no author

The author of a work is listed as “Anonymous” (Anonymous, 2004)

In the text, no author information. To obtain the tax benefits of a property exchange, the

parties who started the exchange must complete it (“First guarantee exchange,” 2002).

One study shows that the number of women in their forties returning to college continues to grow (“New educational horizons,” 2002)--especially in urban areas.

Citations of statutes and other legal materials are treated like citation of works without authors, you cite the first few words of reference and the year.

(Baker v. Carr, 1962) --- court cases must be in italic (National Environmental Protection Act, 1970) (Civil Rights Act, 1964)

h. Authors with the same surname

D. L. Shang (1965) and H. F. Shang (2002) studied both aspects of…

i. Two or more works in the same parentheses

List two or more works by the same author(s) by year of publication. If one work is in the process of being published, cite it last, using the words in press.

Research in the past two years (Ford & Beckham, 2000, 2002) has revealed many potential...

Or Past studies (Murphy, 2005, 2006, in press) reveal…

Identify different works by the same author that have the same publication date by a, b, c, and so on, added after the year in the “References” entries.

According to these studies (Sturgis, 2001a, 2001b, in press) the prevalent attitude is…

List two or more works by different authors alphabetically according to the first authors’ surnames. Using semicolons (;).

Three separate studies (Delaney & Rice, 1980a,1980b, 1981; Rodney & Hollander, 1980; Zunz, 1980) tried to build on the same theory, but…

j. references to specific parts of a source

If you refer to a specific quotation, figure, or table, you must supply the appropriate page, figure number, or table number.

(Spetch & Wilkie, 1983, pp. 15-25) (Halpern, 1982. Fig. 2) (Table 4.8, p. 2)

Note: the words page, pages, and figure are abbreviated.

k. Personal communications

Letters, memos, e-mail and telephone conversations

(A. Sorensen, personal communication, November 19, 2001)

Or A. Sorensen (personal communication, November 19, 20

01) quickly approved the entire research project.

Or In two separate e-mails, Dr. Kazanijian approved the prot

ocol for this significant autism research project (personal communication, November 19, 2005)

l. Citation as part of a parenthetical comment

(See Appendix A of Jenkins, 1983, for additional proof.)

10a-2 Avoiding clutter in the text The protocol itself was faulty (Jacobson, 1995); thus the

resulting research also was seriously flawed (Lester, 1961; Masters, 1961; Zimmerman, 1960), and millions of dollars in time and equipment were wasted (Smith, 1999).

clutter

↓

orderliness In 1995 Jacobson acknowledged that the original protocol

was faulty, so that when Zimmerman (1960), Lester (1961), and Masters (1961) performed their experiments, these, too, were flawed. The consequent loss of millions of dollars in time and equipment has been well documented (Smith, 1999).

Format for “ Reference” Start on a new page. The page number continue on fro

m the text. Center the title “Reference”. Double-space throughout the list. Cite sources you actually use. List titles by the same author chro

nologically. Indent the subsequent lines of eac

h entry five space . Place a period followed by one sp

ace between all of the elements in each entry.

Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, and the volume numbers.

p.267

13

References

Jones, E. (1931). On the nightmare.

London: Hogarth.

Phillips, J. M., & Gully, S. M. (1997).

Role of goal orientation,

ability, and need for

achievement, and focus on

control in the self-efficacy

and goal-setting process.

Journal of Applied

Psychology,82(5), 792-802.

10b-1 General order for books in “Reference”

1.Use only the initials of the first and middle names .

2.The year of publication in parentheses, followed by a period.

3.The title of the book in italic with only initial letter of the first word and proper noun capitalized.

4.The place of publication, followed by a colon.

5.The name of the publisher, followed by a period.

Ex: Jones, E. (1931). On the nightmare: Ghost. London: Hogarth.

Book by two or more authors: 1.Less than 6: use “&”before the last name and use com

mas to separate the names.( Bowen, B. M., Poople, K. J., & Gorky, A.)

2.more than six: use et al. to indicate the seventh and subsequent authors.(Bowen, B. M., Poople, K. J., Gorky, A. Castuera, I. O., Nassiman, P., White, P. R., et al. )

Edited book:1.Give the surname and initials of all editors up to six.2.Insert Ed. or Eds. In parentheses after the name or names.3.The period after the closing parenthesis.Ex: Friedman, R. J., & Katz, M. M. (Eds.). (1974). The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research. New York: Wiley.

Ex: Waxer, P. (1979). Therapist training in nonverbal. In A. Wolfgang (Ed.), Nonverbal behavior: Applications and culture implications (pp. 221-240). New York: Academic Press.

Translated book:1.Place the name of the translator after the book title.2.It is followed by a comma and Trans.EX: Rank, O. (1932). Psychology and the soul (W. Turner, Trans.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Book in foreign language:1.The title is given in the foreign language with an English tr

anslation provide in brackets without italic.Ex: Saint-Exupery, A. de. (1939).Terre des hommes [Earth of men]. Paris: Gallimard.

Revised edition of a book:Ex:

Boulding, K. (1955). Economic analysis (3rd ed.). New

York: Harper.

Book by a corporate author:Ex:

Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. (1955).

Report to the president. Washington, DC: Author.

Multivolume book:Ex:

Reusch, J. (1980). Communication and psychology. In H. I.

Kaplan, A. M. Freedman, & B. J. Sadock (Eds.).

Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry: Vol. 1.

Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Unpublished manuscript: Ex:

Lopez, M. R.(2006). Health problems of immigrations in

San Bernardino County. Unpublished manuscript.

10b-3 General order for periodical in “References”

name. + the year of publication. + title of article with first word and proper noun capitalized. (no quotation marks or italics)+ Name of Journal in Italic + volume number in italics+ inclusive page numbers

Ex: Phillips, J. M., & Gully, S. M. (1997). Role of goal orientation, ability, and need for achievement, and focus on control in the self-efficacy and goal-setting process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 792-802.

Magazine article, magazine issued monthlyEX:Kernan, M. (2001, October). Head’s up: From a computer- generated model, sculptors cast a bronze triceratops that looks like the real thing. Smithsonian, 34-36.

Newspaper article:Ex:Goodman, E. (1983, December 23). Bouvia case crosses the “rights” line. Los Angeles Times, p. B5.

EditorialEx: Guion, R. M. (1983). Comments from the new editor [Editorial]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 547.

10b-5 sample references to electronic sourcesName+ date (year-month-day with no abbreviation).+ title of article

(no quotation marks, use italic for titles of books periodicals and microfilm).+ the source with italic. +Retrieved +date.+ from + URL

Ex:

Peterson, S. (2001, December 18). Business: The smaller the better. ZDNet News. Retrieved January 5, 2002, from http://www.zdnet.com/zdnn/stories/comment/0,5859,28833529,00.html

Abstract online: add the word Abstract before retrieved.

E-mail: E-mail and personal communications can not by readers

should be cited in the text, not list in the reference.

FTP source Gopher

Government website Online book

Online database Online dictionary

Online encyclopedia Online magazine article

(pp.208-209) They almost use the same way to the electronic sources.

If the article you are citing has been published in print, but you’ve only consulted the electronic version, put [Eletronic version] after the title.

10b-6 sample references to nonprint materials Motion pictureEx: Cotton, D. H. (Producer), & Correll, J. B. (Director). (1980).

The management of hypertension in pregnancies [Motion picture]. Houston: University of Texas.

Audio recording (cassette, record, tape, compact disc) p.212 10b-7 Sample references to special items 1. person or organization responsible for the work. 2. year the work was published. 3. title of the work. 4. identifying code. 5. place of origin. 6. publisher.

10c Writing the abstract A summary of the major ideas Use no more one page, about 120 - 200 words Always falls on page 2 Contain a running head & page number. Center the title “Abstract” one inch from the top.

The abstract should meet… The purpose, central issue, most important points, major

sources, and conclusions Coherence & objectivity

Vitamins 2Abstract

Until recently, the official view on healthful eating was that anyone who ate a normally balanced diet did not need vitamin supplements. However, recent research by a team at Trinity College in England and at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston concludes that certain Vitamin, especially the vitamins A, B,C,D, and E (also called antioxidants), can help prevent such serious diseases as heart failure, diabetes, depression, flu, and eye problems. The conclusion of this research is that although vitamins cannot substitute for good eating habits, plenty of exercise, and not smoking, the findings findings do strengthen the argument for adding vitamins as a nutritional supplement. (e.g. p. 215, & p. 256)

10d Finished form of the paper

10d-1 Two kinds of APA papers:

The theoretical paper- the one most students in the college will write.

The empirical paper- it consists of original research, and it will be used more in graduate studies or in professional writing.

Requirements of the Empirical Paper

The introduction should establish the subject to be examined, including a rationale and hypotheses that serve as the launching pad for the study.

The body of the paper should contain the following two headings: (1) Methods, (2) Results.

The conclusion of the paper should interpret the results and findings of the paper and relate them to the paper’s thesis.

10d-2 Appearance of the final copy (e.g. pp. 255 - 268) Margins & spacing One-inch margins all around Double-space everything in the paper

Font: Times New Roman in a 12 points size

Page numbers & headers Upper right-hand corner of paper Use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3).

Paragraphing & indents To indent 5 spaces or half-inch at the start of the new

paragraph

a. Outline

b. Title page (e.g. p. 217) Page header & number Running head Title of the paper Name & academic affiliation of the

writer c. Abstract In the second page

d. Text Beginning on page 3

e. Content notes & endnotes (e.g. p. 179)

f. Illustrations: Tables & figures (e.g. pp. 219-223)

g. Use of numbers Using Arabic numerals in the text But, using words Numbers less than ten not used in

measurements Common fractions Any number beginning a sentence 0 & 1 when used alone

h. Using the right tense (Past or present tense) Literature review: past tense Methodology: past tense Results: present tense Discussions & conclusion: present

tense

i. Bibliography (titled “References”) (e.g. pp. 267-268)

Page head & number 檢視 → 頁首／頁尾 → fl

ush right → key the title → 5 spaces → 插入頁碼

Running head Be positioned flush left

at the left margin Not exceed 50 characte

rs All-capital letters

Drug Babies 1

Running head: DRUG BABIES

Narcotic Drugs and Pregnant Women:

The Drug Babies Tragedy

Phyllis V. Cartwright

Glendale Community College

Thanks for your attention!!!