Source: Ms. Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYSource: Ms. Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Early Emancipation in the Early Emancipation in the NorthNorth

Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

Characteristics of Characteristics of the Antebellum the Antebellum

SouthSouth1.1. Primarily agrarian.Primarily agrarian.2.2. Economic power shifted from the Economic power shifted from the

“upper South” to the “lower South.”“upper South” to the “lower South.”3.3. ““Cotton Is King!”Cotton Is King!”

* 1860 * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr. 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). (57% of total US exports).

4.4. Very slow development of Very slow development of industrialization.industrialization.

5.5. Rudimentary financial system.Rudimentary financial system.6.6. Inadequate transportation system.Inadequate transportation system.

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”

[plantation owners][plantation owners]

The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]

6,000,0006,000,000

Black FreemenBlack Freemen

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

250,000250,000

Total US Population Total US Population 23,000,000 23,000,000[9,250,000 in the South = 40%][9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

Southern PopulationSouthern Population

Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.

Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in

Richmond, VA

Southern Southern AgricultureAgriculture

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

18201820

18601860

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”

William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842

Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling House, in a Sugar-Boiling House,

18231823

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-18561856

Slave MasterBrands

Slave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave muzzle

Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet

Slave tag, SC

Slave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave leg irons

Slave shoes

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

TaraTara – Plantation Reality – Plantation Reality or Myth?or Myth?

Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?

A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation

Scarlet and MammieScarlet and Mammie(Hollywood Again!)(Hollywood Again!)

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”

A Slave FamilyA Slave Family

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00

Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy

Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00

Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of jail, $540.00

Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00

US Laws Regarding US Laws Regarding SlaverySlavery

1. U. S. Constitution: * 3/5s compromise [I.2] * fugitive slave clause [IV.2]

2. 1793 Fugitive Slave Act.

3. 1850 stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

Southern Slavery--> An Southern Slavery--> An Aberration?Aberration?

1780s: 1st antislavery society created in Phila.

By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state.

1807: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy.

1820s: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free.

1833: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire.

1844: slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies.

1861: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.

Slavery Was Less Slavery Was Less Efficient Efficient

in the U. S. than in the U. S. than ElsewhereElsewhere High cost of keeping slaves

fromescaping.

GOAL raise the “exit cost.”u Slave patrols.u Southern Black Codes.u Cut off a toe or a foot.

Slave ResistanceSlave Resistance1. “SAMBO” pattern of behavior used

as a charade in front of whites [the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.].

Slave ResistanceSlave Resistance2. Refusal to work hard.3. Isolated acts of sabotage.4. Escape via the Underground

Railroad.

Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages

The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

Slave Rebellions Throughout Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americasthe Americas

Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South

1822Gabriel Prosser

1800

Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:

Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831

The Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of Slavery1. Black Christianity [Baptists or

Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.

2. “Pidgin” or Gullah languages.3. Nuclear family with extended kin

links,where possible.

4. Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda