The Antebellum PeriodThe Antebellum PeriodAn Age of ReformAn Age of Reform

1820-18601820-1860

DeismDeism

Rational thought and observation dictate Rational thought and observation dictate daily actionsdaily actions

God (“The Supreme Architect”) created God (“The Supreme Architect”) created the Universe, but not a part of day-to day the Universe, but not a part of day-to day lifelife

Resulted from the Age of EnlightenmentResulted from the Age of Enlightenment

The Second Great AwakeningThe Second Great Awakening Reaction to the rationalism of the Reaction to the rationalism of the

Enlightenment and the RevolutionEnlightenment and the Revolution Calvinism (Puritan beliefs) attacked the Calvinism (Puritan beliefs) attacked the

liberal ideas of society and other liberal ideas of society and other Protestant churchesProtestant churches

New Calvinism: allowed free will in New Calvinism: allowed free will in salvationsalvation

Charles Finney: “The Father of Modern Charles Finney: “The Father of Modern Revivalism”Revivalism” Allowed women to pray in mixed Allowed women to pray in mixed

meetingsmeetings Extemporaneous preachingExtemporaneous preaching Publicly censured sinners in sermonsPublicly censured sinners in sermons Coined the term “burned-over district”Coined the term “burned-over district”

The Second Great Awakening and The Second Great Awakening and ReformReform

Only in northern states did the movement play a Only in northern states did the movement play a part in reform.part in reform.

Massachusetts to OhioMassachusetts to Ohio

South and New FrontierSouth and New Frontier

South and New FrontierSouth and New Frontier Baptist and Methodist circuit preachersBaptist and Methodist circuit preachers Outdoor revival and camp meetingsOutdoor revival and camp meetings Largest Protestant denominations by 1850Largest Protestant denominations by 1850

MillenialismMillenialism

Belief that the world Belief that the world would end with the would end with the second coming of second coming of ChristChrist

William Miller William Miller predicted it would be predicted it would be October 21, 1844October 21, 1844

Continued as the Continued as the Seventh-Day Seventh-Day AdventistsAdventists

MormonsMormons Church of the Latter-Day Church of the Latter-Day

SaintsSaints Founded by Joseph Smith in Founded by Joseph Smith in

18301830 Book of Mormon: traced the Book of Mormon: traced the

connection between the connection between the Native Americans and the Native Americans and the lost tribes of Israellost tribes of Israel

NY-OH-MO-ILNY-OH-MO-IL Smith was murdered by a Smith was murdered by a

local moblocal mob Under leadership of Brigham Under leadership of Brigham

Young, the group migrated to Young, the group migrated to UtahUtah

Cooperative social Cooperative social organization aided survivalorganization aided survival

polygamouspolygamous

Communal ExperimentsCommunal Experiments

ShakersShakers 6000 members by the 6000 members by the

1840s1840s Held property in Held property in

commoncommon Men and women kept Men and women kept

separatelyseparately Forbade marriage and Forbade marriage and

sexual relationssexual relations Died out by the mid-Died out by the mid-

1900s1900s

The ShakersThe Shakers

New Harmony (Indiana)New Harmony (Indiana) SecularSecular Utopian socialismUtopian socialism An answer to the problems of industrializationAn answer to the problems of industrialization

Oneida Community (New Oneida Community (New York)York)

Started by John Humphrey Started by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848Noyes in 1848

Social and economic Social and economic equalityequality

Shared property and Shared property and marriage partnersmarriage partners

Planned reproduction and Planned reproduction and communal child-rearingcommunal child-rearing

Prospered economically by Prospered economically by producing silverwareproducing silverware

Brook FarmBrook Farm

MassachusettsMassachusetts Communal Communal

experiment started by experiment started by Protestant minister Protestant minister George RipleyGeorge Ripley

““a more natural union a more natural union between intellectual between intellectual and manual labor”and manual labor”

ArchitectureArchitecture

Reflected democracy Reflected democracy of ancient Athensof ancient Athens

Classical Greek stylesClassical Greek styles Columned facadesColumned facades

Arts and LiteratureArts and Literature

Genre Painting: Genre Painting: portraying everyday portraying everyday life of ordinary peoplelife of ordinary people

Hudson River School Hudson River School of art: scenes of of art: scenes of naturenature

LiteratureLiterature

NationalisticNationalistic Washington IrvingWashington Irving James Fenimore James Fenimore

Cooper: Cooper: The Last of The Last of the Mohicansthe Mohicans

Nathaniel Hawthorne: Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter

Herman Melville: Herman Melville: Moby DickMoby Dick

TranscendentalismTranscendentalism

Romantic movement in art and literature that Romantic movement in art and literature that stressed intuition and feelings and the study of stressed intuition and feelings and the study of naturenature

Comparable movement in EuropeComparable movement in Europe Jo March and TranscendentalismJo March and Transcendentalism

Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson NationalisticNationalistic Wanted to create a new Wanted to create a new

American cultureAmerican culture Spiritual over materialSpiritual over material Stressed self-reliance and Stressed self-reliance and

independenceindependence Critic of slavery in the 1850sCritic of slavery in the 1850s Expressed philosophy of Expressed philosophy of

transcendentalism in transcendentalism in NatureNature Wrote the “The American Wrote the “The American

Scholar”Scholar” Oliver Wendell Holmes called Oliver Wendell Holmes called

it “America’s Intellectual it “America’s Intellectual Declaration of Independence.”Declaration of Independence.”

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau

Lived by himself for 2 Lived by himself for 2 years in the woodsyears in the woods

Nature revealed to him Nature revealed to him the essential truths about the essential truths about life and the universelife and the universe

Walden Walden (1854)(1854) ““On Civil Disobedience”: On Civil Disobedience”:

advocate of non-violent advocate of non-violent protestprotest

Inspired Gandhi and Inspired Gandhi and Martin Luther KingMartin Luther King

Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman Provides a transition Provides a transition

between transcendentalism between transcendentalism and realismand realism

Wrote temperance novel, Wrote temperance novel, Franklin EvansFranklin Evans

Leaves of GrassLeaves of Grass was an was an attempt to reach out to the attempt to reach out to the common man through an common man through an American “epic”American “epic”

Supporter of the Wilmot Supporter of the Wilmot Proviso, although he later Proviso, although he later believed the abolitionist believed the abolitionist movement was a threat to movement was a threat to

American democracyAmerican democracy..

TemperanceTemperance

1826: Protestant ministers founded the 1826: Protestant ministers founded the American Temperance UnionAmerican Temperance Union

1820: 5 gallons of hard liquor per person 1820: 5 gallons of hard liquor per person in 1820in 1820

Overshadowed by the abolitionist Overshadowed by the abolitionist movementmovement

Public AsylumsPublic Asylums

Increasing number of Increasing number of criminals, emotionally criminals, emotionally disturbed, and poordisturbed, and poor

Set up state Set up state supported prisons, supported prisons, mental hospitals mental hospitals (Dorothea Dix), and (Dorothea Dix), and poorhousespoorhouses

Public EducationPublic Education Free common schoolsFree common schools Horace Mann: worked for Horace Mann: worked for

compulsory attendance, longer compulsory attendance, longer school year, and better teacher school year, and better teacher educationeducation

1840s: tax supported schools 1840s: tax supported schools spread to other statesspread to other states

Moral education (hard work, Moral education (hard work, punctuality, and sobriety): punctuality, and sobriety): William Holmes McGuffeyWilliam Holmes McGuffey

Higher education: several (Mt. Higher education: several (Mt. Holyoke and Oberlin) schools Holyoke and Oberlin) schools began to admit womenbegan to admit women

Robert Owen and SocialismRobert Owen and Socialism

Social reformer and Social reformer and one of the founders of one of the founders of socialism and the socialism and the cooperative movementcooperative movement

People are products of People are products of their environmenttheir environment

Religion is based on Religion is based on imagination and imagination and makes people weakmakes people weak

The Women’s Rights MovementThe Women’s Rights Movement

Industrialization reduced the economic Industrialization reduced the economic benefit of children (families reduced from benefit of children (families reduced from 7.04 in 1800 to 5.42 in 1830).7.04 in 1800 to 5.42 in 1830).

Women had the time to devote to religious Women had the time to devote to religious and moral organizationsand moral organizations

OriginsOrigins Sarah and Angelina Sarah and Angelina

Grimke, Lucretia Mott, Grimke, Lucretia Mott, and Elizabeth Cady and Elizabeth Cady Stanton didn’t like that Stanton didn’t like that men opposed their men opposed their antislavery activitiesantislavery activities

Seneca Falls Convention Seneca Falls Convention (1848)(1848)

Declaration of SentimentsDeclaration of Sentiments Stanton and Susan B. Stanton and Susan B.

Anthony led movement for Anthony led movement for equal voting, legal and equal voting, legal and property rightsproperty rights

Cult of DomesticityCult of Domesticity

Men and women’s roles in society defined Men and women’s roles in society defined by the urban, middle-classby the urban, middle-class

Men: responsible for economics and Men: responsible for economics and politicspolitics

Women: home and childrenWomen: home and children Moral leadersMoral leaders Educators of childrenEducators of children