the american pageant chapter 29 wilsonian progressivism at home and abroad

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The American Pageant Chapter 29 Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad

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The American Pageant Chapter 29 Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad. The “Bull Moose” Campaign of 1912. Democrats choose Dr . Woodrow Wilson militant progressive had been the president of Princeton University - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

The American PageantChapter 29

Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Page 2: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

The “Bull Moose” Campaign of 1912• Democrats choose Dr. Woodrow

Wilson militant progressive had been the president of

Princeton Universitygovernor of New Jersey (where

he didn’t permit himself to be controlled by the bosses) • attacked trusts• passed liberal measures.

Page 3: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

The Republican

Party &

President William H.

Taft

Page 4: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Keepthe

Whistle

Blowing

Taft was determined to defeat TR and preserve the conservative heart of the Republican Party.

Page 5: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Come, Mr. President. You Can’t Have

the Stage ALL of the Time!

Page 6: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Republican Party PlatformHigh import tariffs.

Put limitations on female and child labor.Workman’s Compensation Laws.Against initiative, referendum, and recall.Against “bad” trusts.Creation of a Federal Trade Commission.Stay on the gold standard.Conservation of natural resources because they are finite.

Page 7: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

The Progressive

Party &Former

President Theodore RooseveltPeople should riseabove their sectarianinterests to promote the general good.

Page 8: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Theodore Roosevelt atOsawatomie, KS: New Nationalism

Big business requires big government.

Page 9: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

TheAnti-Third-Term

Principle

Page 10: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

The “Bull

Moose”Party:The

LatestArrivalat the

Political Zoo

We stand at Armageddon,

and we battle for the Lord!

ONWARD, CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS!

Page 11: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Progressive Party PlatformWomen’s suffrage.

Graduated income tax.Inheritance tax for the rich.Lower tariffs.Limits on campaign spending.Currency reform.Minimum wage laws.Social insurance.Abolition of child labor.Workmen’s compensation.

New

Nationalism

Page 12: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

The Socialist Party

& Eugene V. Debs

The issue is Socialism versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I am for humanity.

Page 13: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

“The Working Class Candidates”

Eugene V. Debs Emil Seigel for President for Vice-President

Page 14: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Socialist Party PlatformGovernment ownership of railroads and utilities.Guaranteed income tax.No tariffs.8-hour work day.Better housing.Government inspection of factories.Women’s suffrage.

Page 15: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

The Democratic Party &Governor Woodrow

Wilson (NJ)

Could he rescue the Democratic Party from “Bryanism”??

Page 16: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

• The Democratic ticket would run under a platform called New Freedom reduction of the tariff on imported

goodsreform of the inept national

banking systemstrengthening of the Sherman Act

to combat trusts favored small enterprisedesired to break up all trusts—not

just the bad ones—and basicallyshunned social-welfare proposals.

The “Bull Moose” Campaign of 1912

Page 17: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

• Progressive convention, Jane Addams put Theodore Roosevelt’s name on the nominationgot the Progressive nominationentering the campaign, TR said that

he felt “as strong as a bull moose,” • = the unofficial Progressive

symbol• Republican William Taft & TR tore into

each otherformer friends now ripped every

aspect of each other’s platforms & personalities.

The “Bull Moose” Campaign of 1912

Page 18: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

New Nationalism• Theodore Roosevelt's

progressive platform in the election of 1912; building on his presidential "square deal" stated that the government

should control the bad trusts, leaving the good trusts alone & free to operate

• TR also campaigned for female suffrage a broad program of social

welfare, such as minimum-wage laws & “socialistic” social insurance.

Page 19: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

• Campaigning stopped when Roosevelt was shot in the chest in Milwaukeebut he delivered his speech

anywaywas rushed to the hospitalrecovered in two weeks.

The “Bull Moose” Campaign of 1912

Page 20: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President

• Republicans split Woodrow Wilson easily won with 435

Electoral votes TR had 88 Taft only had 8

• Democrats did not receive the majority of the popular vote (only 41%)!

• Socialist Eugene V. Debs earned 900,000+ popular votes

• combined popular totals of TR & Taft exceeded Wilson.

• TR’s participation had cost the Republicans the election

• William Taft would later become the only U.S. president to be appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, when he was nominated in 1921.

Page 21: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

An Actual 1912 Ballot

Page 22: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Election Results

By 1912, 100,000 fewer people had voted for Wilson than had voted for Bryan in 1908.The 1912 election marked the apogee of the Socialist movement in America.

Page 23: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Wilson: The Idealist in Politics

• Woodrow Wilson = a sympathizer w/ the Southfine oratora sincere and morally appealing

politiciana very intelligent man.cold personality-wise, austere,

intolerant of stupidityvery idealistic.

Page 24: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Wilson Tackles the Tariff• Wilson stepped into the presidency

ready to tackle the “triple wall of privilege”: the tariff, the banks, & the trusts.

• Tackling the tariff:Wilson successfully helped in the

passing of the Underwood Tariff of 1913• substantially reduced import fees

• Wilson worked to enact a graduated income tax (under the approval of the recent 16th Amendment).

Page 25: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

• Background:nation’s financial structure, as

created under the Civil War National Banking Act had proven to be glaringly ineffective, as shown by the Panic of 1907• Wilson had Congress authorize

an investigation to fix this

Wilson Battles the Bankers

Page 26: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

• June 1913: Wilson appeared before a special joint session of pleaded for a sweeping reform of the

banking systemResult=the 1913 Federal Reserve

Act• Created the new Federal Reserve

Board– oversaw a nationwide system of

12 regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank

» had the power to issue paper money (“Federal Reserve Notes”)

Wilson Battles the Bankers

Page 27: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

The President Tames the Trusts• 1914, Congress passed the

Federal Trade Commission Actempowered a president-

appointed position to investigate the activitiesof trusts• Could stop unfair trade

practices such as: –unlawful competition–false advertising–Mislabeling–Adulteration–bribery

Page 28: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

• 1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act lengthened the Sherman Anti-

Trust Act’s list of practices that were objectionable

exempted labor unions from being called trusts (as they had been called by the Supreme Court under the Sherman Act)

legalized strikes & peaceful picketing by labor union members.

The President Tames the Trusts

Page 29: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide• The 1916 Adamson Act

established an eight-hour workday with overtime pay

Page 30: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

New Directions in Foreign Policy• didn’t pursue an aggressive

foreign policy:stopped “dollar diplomacy,” persuaded Congress to repeal

the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912 (which let American shippers not pay tolls for using the canal)

even led to American bankers’ pulling out of a 6-nation, Taft-engineered loan to China.

Page 31: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

New Directions in Foreign Policy• Wilson signed the Jones Act in

1916, granted full territorial status to

the Philippines promised independence as soon

as a stable government could be established

Filipinos finally got their independence on July 4, 1946.

Page 32: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

New Directions in Foreign Policy• California banned Japanese

ownership of landWilson sent Secretary of State

William Jennings Bryan to plead with legislators, & tensions cooled.

• Disorder broke out in Haiti in 1915, Wilson sent American Marines

• in 1916, he sent Marines to quell violence in the Dominican Republic.

• In 1917, Wilson bought the Virgin Islands from Denmark.

Page 33: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico• Background:

Mexico had been exploited for decades by U.S. investors in• oil

railroads• Mines

Mexican people = tremendously poor and in 1913, they revolted• installed full-blooded Indian General

Victoriano Huerta to the presidency.• led to a massive immigration of

Mexicans to America– mostly to the Southwest.

Page 34: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico• rebels = very violent & threatened

Americans living in Mexico• Woodrow Wilson

would not intervene to protect American lives

would not recognize Huerta’s regime • other countries did

let American munitions flow to Huerta’s rivals, Venustiano Carranza and Francisco “Pancho” Villa.

Page 35: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico• small party of American sailors were

arrested in Tampico, Mexico, in 1914, Wilson threatened to use force

• Ordered navy to take over Vera Cruz

• Huerta/Carranza protest• Finally, the ABC powers

Argentina, Brazil, and Chile—mediated the situation

• Huerta fell from power • Carranza now in power

– resented Wilson’s acts.

Page 36: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico• Meanwhile:

“Pancho” Villa, (combination bandit/freedom fighter)• murdered 16 Americans in January

of 1916 in Mexico• Then killed 19 more a month later in

New Mexico.• Wilson sent General John J. Pershing

to capture Villa– He penetrated deep into Mexico, – clashed w/Carranza’s & Villa’s

different forces– didn’t take Villa

Page 37: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Thunder Across the Sea• In 1914

Serbian nationalist killed the Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne (Archduke Franz Ferdinand)• domino-effect began

– Austria declared war on Serbia– Serbia had been supported by Russia– Russia had declared war on Austria-

Hungary – Germany, which declared war on Russia

and France» invaded neutral Belgium» pulled Britain into the war & igniting

WWI• Americans were thankful that the Atlantic Ocean

separated the warring Europeans from the U.S.

Page 38: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

A Precarious Neutrality• Wilson

wife recently diedissued a neutrality proclamationwas wooed by both the Allies &

the German & Austro-Hungarian powers.

• Germans & Austro-Hungarians counted on their relatives in America for support

• U.S. = mostly anti-German from the outsetKaiser Wilhem II made for a

perfect autocrat to hate.

Page 39: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

A Precarious Neutrality• German & Austro-Hungarian agents

in America further tarnished theCentral Powers’ image they resorted to violence in

Americanfactories & ports

when one agent left his briefcase in aNew York elevator• the contents of which were

found to contain plans for sabotage

Page 40: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

America Earns Blood Money

• Background: Just as WWI began, America was in a

business recessionAmerican trade was fiercely protested by the

Central Powers• technically Central Powers were free to

trade with the U.S.,• but were prohibited from doing

so by the British navy – controlled the sea lanes. The

Allies & Wall Street’s financing of the war by J.P. Morgan et al, pulled the U.S. out of the recession

Page 41: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Conflict on the High Seas

• British imposed a naval blockade:So? prevented neutral nations, including the

U.S., from trading with Germany & its Allies And? created a trade imbalance bringing the

U.S. to closer economic ties with the Allies• Trade imbalance

Trade w/ GB and FR grew from $824 million in 1914 to $3.2 billion in 1916

By 1917, American banks had lent the Allies $2.5 billion

Germany trade and loans totaled only $29 million and $27 million respectively

• Therefore our trade interests were bringing us to the Allied side

Page 42: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

America Earns Blood Money

• UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE:Germany announced its use of

submarine warfare around theBritish Isles• warning the U.S. that it would try

not to attack neutral ships• Said that mistakes would

probably occur• Wilson thus warned that Germany

would be held to “strict accountability” for any attacks on American ships.

Page 43: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

America Earns Blood Money

• Sinking of the LusitaniaGerman subs, or U-boats, sank

many shipsSank the Lusitania a British

passenger liner that was carrying arms & munitions as well

attack killed 1,198 lives, including 128 Americans.

Germans had issued fliers prior to the Lusitania setting sail that warned Americans the ship might be torpedoed.

Page 44: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

America Earns Blood Money• Many Americans wanted to go to war

after the LusitaniaWilson kept the U.S. out of it by use of

a series of strong notes to the German warlords

William Jennings Bryan (Sec. of State), resigned rather than go to war.

• Germans sank the Arabic in August 1915 killing 2 Americans and numerous

other passengersGermany finally agreed not to sink

unarmed ships without warning.

Page 45: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

America Earns Blood Money• “Sussex pledge,”

Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships or merchant vessels without warning, so long as the U.S. could get the British to stop their blockade

• Wilson couldn’t do this, so his victory was a precarious one.

Page 46: The  American  Pageant Chapter  29 Wilsonian  Progressivism at Home and Abroad

Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916• Election of 1916

Republicans chose Charles Evans Hughes• made different pledges and said

different things depending on where he was, leading tohis being nicknamed “Charles Evasive Hughes.”

• Democratic = Wilson went under the slogan “He kept us out

of war,” warned that electing Hughes would be

leading America into World War I• Ironically, Wilson would lead America into

war in 1917.