The Age of The Age of Absolutism in Absolutism in

EuropeEurope

1600-17151600-1715

The Thirty Years’ War Map

The Thirty Year’s WarThe Thirty Year’s War(1618-1648)(1618-1648)

Fought between Protestants (Hapsburgs) Fought between Protestants (Hapsburgs) and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empireand Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire

Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Changed the way countries dealt with one Changed the way countries dealt with one

another – national sovereignty was another – national sovereignty was respected for the first timerespected for the first time

England and France became the two England and France became the two dominant powers of the 17dominant powers of the 17thth Century and Century and led the revolutions in science, philosophy led the revolutions in science, philosophy and political theory and political theory

Europe during the Age of Europe during the Age of AbsolutismAbsolutism

Fought between Protestants (Hapsburgs) and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire

Absolutism in FranceAbsolutism in France Louis XIV epitomized Louis XIV epitomized

the absolutist belief the absolutist belief that the monarchy that the monarchy personified the statepersonified the state

Absolutism was Absolutism was created under created under Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Richelieu who secularized who secularized France and fostered France and fostered loyalty to the French loyalty to the French statestate

Absolutism in France Absolutism in France cont.cont.

Cardinal Richelieu centralized power Cardinal Richelieu centralized power by alienating the nobilityby alienating the nobility

The greatest threat to the monarchy The greatest threat to the monarchy was the nobilitywas the nobility

Monarchs created standing armies for Monarchs created standing armies for the first timethe first time

Louis XIV built the Palace of Louis XIV built the Palace of Versailles as a testament to his power Versailles as a testament to his power and used it to gain control of the and used it to gain control of the nobilitynobility

Palace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles

Versailles Grande Versailles Grande GallerieGallerie

Daily routines at Daily routines at Versailles were Versailles were exploited by Louis exploited by Louis XIV XIV

The nobility The nobility competed against competed against each other to each other to perform menial perform menial tasks for the kingtasks for the king

Palace GardensPalace Gardens

Versailles King’s Bedroom (right)

Palace view from the side (below right)

Gardens extending to the east of the palace (below left)

Louis XIV and the ArtsLouis XIV and the Arts

Moliere, France’s Moliere, France’s greatest playwright greatest playwright in the 17in the 17thth Century Century

Mocked and Mocked and alienated the alienated the aristrocracy in his aristrocracy in his playsplays

Received support Received support and funding from and funding from Louis XIVLouis XIV

Baroque ArtBaroque Art Stylistically complexStylistically complex Meant to evoke emotion Meant to evoke emotion

by appealing to the by appealing to the sensessenses

Bernini’s sculptures Bernini’s sculptures captured figures in the captured figures in the state of intense emotionstate of intense emotion

Rembrandt van Rijn Rembrandt van Rijn rejected traditional rejected traditional arrangements for arrangements for portraits by not giving portraits by not giving equal prominence to each equal prominence to each member of the groupmember of the group

Absolutism in Eastern Absolutism in Eastern EuropeEurope

Tsar Peter I (Peter Tsar Peter I (Peter the Great) of Russia the Great) of Russia 1689-17251689-1725

Modernized Russia Modernized Russia through through WesternizationWesternization

Taxed his subjects Taxed his subjects heavily to pay for his heavily to pay for his projectsprojects

Killed 1000 members Killed 1000 members of Streltsy when they of Streltsy when they tried to depose himtried to depose him

St. PetersburgSt. PetersburgThe Cathedral of the Spilled Blood

1717thth Century England Century England Constitutionalism not Absolutism ruledConstitutionalism not Absolutism ruled English monarchs held accountable to English monarchs held accountable to

ParliamentParliament James I (1603-1625) supported absolute ruleJames I (1603-1625) supported absolute rule Charles I (1625-1649) fought with Parliament Charles I (1625-1649) fought with Parliament

over money for his wars with Spainover money for his wars with Spain Charles II (1660-1685) learned the lessons of Charles II (1660-1685) learned the lessons of

his predecessors – don’t mess with Parliamenthis predecessors – don’t mess with Parliament James II (1685-1688) was an unpopular king James II (1685-1688) was an unpopular king

because of his open Catholicism and return to because of his open Catholicism and return to absolute ruleabsolute rule

The Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution (1688)(1688)

William of Orange, the Dutch William of Orange, the Dutch monarch was asked by the English monarch was asked by the English people to depose their king, James IIpeople to depose their king, James II

A bloodless coup ensued as James II A bloodless coup ensued as James II fled Englandfled England

Parliament now reigned supreme Parliament now reigned supreme The Bill of Rights (1689) outlined the The Bill of Rights (1689) outlined the

powers and rights of Parliamentpowers and rights of Parliament

English Bill of Rights English Bill of Rights 16891689

Ruler cannot:Ruler cannot: Suspend Suspend

Parliament’s lawsParliament’s laws Levy taxes without Levy taxes without

permissionpermission Interfere with Interfere with

freedom of speechfreedom of speech Penalize a citizen Penalize a citizen

who criticizes the who criticizes the KingKing

Revolutions in ThoughtRevolutions in Thought

The gulf between the church and The gulf between the church and science widened in the 17science widened in the 17thth Century Century

In 1633 Galileo was tried before the In 1633 Galileo was tried before the church for his theories of church for his theories of heliocentrism (the sun not the earth heliocentrism (the sun not the earth was the center of the universe)was the center of the universe)

Galileo defied the church and was Galileo defied the church and was tortured into silencetortured into silence

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

From mid 16From mid 16thth to the beginning of the to the beginning of the 1818thth Century, a revolution in science Century, a revolution in science would challenge how Europeans would challenge how Europeans perceived themselves and the universeperceived themselves and the universe

Isaac Newton formulated his Three Isaac Newton formulated his Three Laws of MotionLaws of Motion

William Harvey – his human blood William Harvey – his human blood circulation discoveries challenged the circulation discoveries challenged the accepted belief that the heart worked accepted belief that the heart worked by divine interventionby divine intervention

The Scientific Method The Scientific Method and The Birth of Modern and The Birth of Modern

PhilosophyPhilosophy For centuries it was believed that truths For centuries it was believed that truths were arrived at by studying the Biblewere arrived at by studying the Bible

The 17The 17thth Century saw a rise in Century saw a rise in systematic skepticism, experimentalism, systematic skepticism, experimentalism, and reasoning based on observed facts and reasoning based on observed facts and mathematical lawsand mathematical laws

Francis Bacon – direct observation was Francis Bacon – direct observation was essential to ascertain truthessential to ascertain truth

Rene Descartes – applied mathematical Rene Descartes – applied mathematical methods and reasoning to philosophy methods and reasoning to philosophy

Thomas Hobbes (1588 –Thomas Hobbes (1588 –1679)1679)

English philosopherEnglish philosopher Wrote Leviathan – life Wrote Leviathan – life

began in a state of began in a state of naturenature

Man is inherently Man is inherently selfish and aggressiveselfish and aggressive

Left on own, chaos Left on own, chaos and conflict would ruleand conflict would rule

Citizens need law and Citizens need law and to follow a sovereign to follow a sovereign to avoid chaosto avoid chaos

John Locke (1632 – 1704)John Locke (1632 – 1704)

English philosopherEnglish philosopher Believed that over Believed that over

time people would time people would join together to join together to benefit from benefit from cooperationcooperation

Through a Social Through a Social Contract, Contract, sovereignty would sovereignty would remain with the remain with the people people

Works CitedWorks Cited

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