3. Macromolecules: usually proteins or lipoproteins, many are polysaccharides, some nucleic acids, teichoic acids
4. May be particulate or soluble (like albumin)
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immune response against substances called antigen
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are almost always foreign substances but can also be self
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adaptive immunity has a chance to make a mistake. but not innate immunity it perfect.
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insoluble
Only part of the antigen stimulates the immune responseThose parts of the antigen that the antibodies react with are called antigenic determinants or epitopes
Figure 17.1
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u don't need to see the full antigen to get an immum response. u could have a partial antigen
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u produce different antibodies based on different epitopes that are on top of E. coli but provide the same protection against the same antigen
Antigens must be of relatively high molecular weight e.g. 10,000 daltonsHaptens: molecules too small to stimulate an immune response by themselves. They must be associated with a larger molecule. e.g. penicillin
Figure 17.2
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antigens are macromolecules
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the minimum size of an antigen. cannot be smaller than that number or it will not be called the antigen. if lesser than they are called Haptens
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can combine with carrier molecule to cause allergic reactions
Adaptive Immunity
Humoral vs. Cell Mediated Responses
Mechanism of Humoral Response
1. Character istics of B lymphocytes
2. Primary Humoral ResponseWhat happens if lymphocytes do not encounter thei r specific antigen?
What happens if lymphocytes recognize self-antigen?
3. Antibody Production in Primary humoral response
4. Plasma cells vs. Memory Cells
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are nonfybocytocis. when they r formed they are not ready to carry out there function. takes place bonemero to mature. the produce is to recocnise the antigen and will produce antibodies agains that antigen
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apoptosis( when it kills itself by not recognizing an antigen
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its the first time producing humoral response
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antibodies proteins. these antibodies will go against the flu viruses
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produce IgM antibodies
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it takes 5 days or some for humoral response to take place
Figure 17.5
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each are ment for different pathogens
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if it does not come in contact with there antigen than they will be deleted by Program cell death. some of them can detect self antigen
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1. BCR + atigen 2. prolifer(making more an more B limposiy) 3. differentiation (as they multiply they give rise to new cells call as memory cells and plasma cells
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the only think that will remain in ur body are the memory cells. not plasma. memory cells can stay in our body for 10 to 15 year. others 50 to 70 years
What happens when the body is exposed to the same Ag the second time?
Secondary Humoral Response
Antibody Production in secondary humoral response
Booster immunization and Secondary Immune response
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the second exposer to the same virus that came back
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the antibodies are produced in high concentraion and the quality is better than the primary response and IgG is formed
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it takes 2 to 3 days to response
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u are going to produce a more powerful response when u get a booster immunization shot. producing secondary response, expanding the life of memory cells. not all vaccines have booster immunization
Figure 17.16
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IgM is produced way before IgG
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primary
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secondary
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in secondary humoral response the quality and quantity is much more and better , also the time is shorter
there is some over lap between the two branches and are depended on each other
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the diescontion from before is about this branch
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95% of our lifetime we produce t dependent response.
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polysacchoride antigen
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made of proteins
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the first step is the same (recognition of antigen by b lubosiedes) the second step is the same also) the third step is different: the depends of cytokines which T dependent needs
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antibody production also depended on
Protective Outcome of Antibody-Antigen Binding
1. Neutralization2. Immobilization and prevention of
Adherence3. Agglutination and Precipitation4. Opsonization5. Complement Activation
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are only the antibodies that attach to the epitos of the pathogens and prevent the pathogens to function
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adaptive immunity
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anti bodies do not have the ability to kill the pathogens themselves. or lyse the pathogens.
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functions of antibodies
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bacteria cant move around or attach leading to there dead or being caught
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if antigen is insoluble.
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if antigen is soluble. this soluble antigens participate out of solution and are removed by phagocytoces
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Figure 17.7
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antibodies are bringing these bacterias together and all the bacteria can be killed inside at once by phagocytocis. (IgM is the best antibodies for agglutination process)
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bacteria can be coated by antibodies leading the antigens to be more visible for phagocytois.
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this compliment protein will be activated leading to lysis (IgM is a better antibody). the function of antibodies is to activate complement protein and not to cause lysis. the activation of complement leads to lysis.
