The 5 Big Ideas

Structure and Function

Transfer of Information

Transfer of Energy

Systems

Evolution Ecosystems

Endocrinology

Viral EvolutionEvolution

Photosynthesis

Metabolism

Cell Cycle

Animal Behavior

Molecular Structure

Organ Structure

The 5 Big Ideas

Structure and Function

Transfer of Information

Transfer of Energy

Systems

Evolution Ecosystems

Endocrinology

Viral EvolutionEvolution

Photosynthesis

Metabolism

Cell Cycle

Animal Behavior

Molecular Structure

Organ Structure

Food is Fuel! Energy Transfer & Metabolism

Katie Mouzakis & Dr. Gary Diffee

Learning Outcomes1) You will be able to explain why a cell would need ATP 2) You will be able to explain how energy is stored for

future use (short term and long term situations)3) You will be able to put the different steps of metabolism

into chronological order 4) You will understand how energy is used during

endurance exercise5) You will evaluate and predict how different energy

supplements would affect a marathon runner if consumed during the race. You will create a written suggestion explaining whether or not a given race plan is likely to help the runner avoid hitting “the wall”.

What is energy?

• Energy exists in different forms but is neither created nor destroyed; it simply converts to another form.– Eg: kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, elastic,

electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear, and mass.

http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Energy

Why do we need energy?

Cells require energy to carry out normal functions.

Cells are like mini-factories.

Factories require energy to function.

For the cell, that energy is in the form of ATP

I’m asking you!

How do we get energy?

We eat …

Food Sugar CO2 + H2O + chemical energy (ATP)

Gas CO2 + H2O + mechanical energy + thermal energy (heat)

Fatty acidsAmino acids

Chemical potential energy

Chemical potential energy

Usable energy currency

Energy “currency” and storage

Stored form of currency

Storage facilityCurrency

ATPMuscle & Liver cellsAdipose (fat)

Glycogen

triglycerides (fats)

In the body...

Energy “currency” and storage

Stored form of currency

Storage facilityCurrency

ATP Muscle & Liver cells

Glycogentriglycerides (fats)

In the body...

ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)Chemical energy is stored in the phosphate bond

When that bond is broken, energy is released

How do we use ATP?• Hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with

unfavorable reactions

reaction 1 (consumes energy) + ATP hydrolysis (releases energy) Net energy release (reaction 1 can proceed)

How do we make ATP?Glycolysis (oxidation of glucose) - complete breakdown of glucose (requires O2) C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2840 kJ Energy/mol

= 38 ATP from one Glucose molecule

- breakdown to pyruvate (then to lactic acid) C6H12O6 2C3H4O3 + 146 kJ Energy/mol (only 5%

of Energy of glucose released)

= 2 ATP from one Glucose molecule

Carbs

FatsFatty Acid oxidationcomplete breakdown of one 16 Carbon Fatty Acid

= 129 ATP

Energy “currency” and storage

Stored form of currency

Storage facilityCurrency

ATP Muscle & Liver cells

Glycogen

triglycerides (fats)

In the body...

How do we store energy?Glycogen Glucose is linked as a

polymer for storage(liver and skeletal

muscles)

Fatty AcidsExcess glucose is converted to fatty acids for long term storage in fat cells

Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?

  Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level

  Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and musclesGlucose is absorbed by the brainYou consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers

The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATPGlucose is used for fatty acid synthesisGlucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?

  Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level

  Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and musclesGlucose is absorbed by the brain

1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers

The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATPGlucose is used for fatty acid synthesisGlucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?

 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level

  Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and musclesGlucose is absorbed by the brain

1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers

The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATPGlucose is used for fatty acid synthesisGlucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?

2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level

  Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is

digested and converted into glucose monomers

The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATPGlucose is used for fatty acid synthesisGlucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?

 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level

  Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is

digested and converted into glucose monomers

4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATPGlucose is used for fatty acid synthesisGlucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?

 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level

 5 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is

digested and converted into glucose monomers

4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATPGlucose is used for fatty acid synthesisGlucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?

 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level

 5 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is

digested and converted into glucose monomers

4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATPGlucose is used for fatty acid synthesis

6 Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?

 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level

 5 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is

digested and converted into glucose monomers

4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP7 Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis6 Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Guest Speaker- Dr. Gary Diffee

Exercise Metabolism

Where do we get the ATP?

From the breakdown of Carbohydrates and Fats DURING exercise

Pyruvate

Glucose

Lacate (done getting energy out)

Acetyl CoA (can proceed to complete breakdown)

OxygenNo Oxygen

Glycogen

2 ATP 38 ATP

129 ATP

Partial Oxidation of Glucose

Complete Oxidation of Glucose

Complete Oxidation of 1 Fatty Acid Molecule

Mitochondria

Krebs CycleElectron Transport Chain

ATP

Stored Triglycerides

Free Fatty Acids

ATP Scoreboard

Glycogen versus Blood Glucose as Energy sourceLong duration Exercise

- Limited Muscle Glycogen stores- When it runs out (or gets low), Blood Glucose is our only Carbohydrate Source- What do we do then for Fuel?

Per

cent

Fue

l util

izat

ion

100% -

Exercise IntensityRest Maximal Exercise

Fat Carbohydrate

Effects of Training

Per

cent

Fue

l util

izat

ion

100% -

Exercise IntensityRest Maximal Exercise

Fat Carbohydrate

Effects of Training

dc

ba%

Fue

l util

izat

ion100% -

Exercise IntensityRest Maximal Exercise

Fat Carbohydrate

Effects of Training

= No Effect = %

Fue

l util

izat

ion100% -

Exercise IntensityRest Maximal Exercise

Fat Carbohydrate

% F

uel u

tiliz

atio

n100% -

Exercise IntensityRest Maximal Exercise

Fat Carbohydrate

= Increased Fat usage =

Variable between individuals =

= Increased Carb usage =

Training adaptations that impact Fuel Utilization

- Improved Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function

= improved ability to get Oxygen to muscles

- Increased number and size of muscle mitochondria

= improved ability to do aerobic ATP production

Net result = improved ability to utilize FAT for ATP supply = Glycogen sparing = Increased Glycogen stores