thanos_arentzen 2012 - without having seen the queen. the 1846 european travel journal of heinrich...

7/31/2019 Thanos_Arentzen 2012 - Without Having Seen the Queen. The 1846 European travel journal of Heinrich Schlieman…

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bi Oirmcg Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg ks c off` ixcmpdi fa tbi Cmirkncg `ricm< arfm c pffr cg` gft widd-iùncti` sbfp csskstcgttf c wicdtby juskgissmcg cg` c nidijrcti` cg` widd-hgfwg snbfdcr/crnbcifdfokst. ^fmitkmis bks dkai tffh fg mytbkncd prfpfrtkfgs cg`fatig tbi mytb wcs nricti` jy ^nbdkimcgg bkmsida.

Kg tbi tbkr` qucrtir fa tbi :5tb nigtury tbiri wcs munb `ksnus-skfg cjfut ^nbdkimcgg‛s ndckms kg bks pirsfgcd dkai cs widd cs kg bkscrnbcifdfokncd c`vigturis. _i hgfw tbct bks nbkd`bff` `ricm faakg`kgo rfy wcs c mytb tbct bc` jiig nricti` jy ^nbdkimcgg bkm-sida. _i hgfw tbct bks wkai ^fakc wcs gft wktb ^nbdkimcgg wbig biafug` Urkcms tricsuri, cdtbfuob bi ndckms tbi fppfskti. Afr sfmindckms wi `f gft hgfw wbitbir kt ricddy bcppigi`< `k` bi ricddymiit tbi Uriskìgt fa tbi Ygkti` ^tctis, cs ^nbdkimcgg ndckms kg bks`kcry fa bks vkskt tf tbi Ygkti` ^tctis kg 32956 Jcsi` fg sivircd acdsindckms, sfmi nfgtimpfrcry snbfdcrs ncddi` ^nbdkimcgg gft fgdy cdkcr jut c pctbfdfokncd dkcr.

Mcgy jffhs cg` crtkndis bcvi jiig wrkttig cjfut ^nbdkimcgg‛sdkai cg` ixncvctkfgs. Bi bkmsida bcs diat c vcst diocny fa pujdknc-tkfgs, sivircd tbfuscg` dittirs cg` 32 `kcrkis. bi dittirs cg` `kcrkiscri wrkttig kg mcgy dcgoucois cg` cri tbiriafri gft viry cnnisskjditf risicrnbirs. Afr tbfsi wbf stu`y tbi dkai fa ^nbdkimcgg, kt ks usi-

aud tf hgfw sfmi dcgoucois, sunb cs Arignb, Oirmcg, Oriih cg`,mcyji, Ktcdkcg. Jut wbct cjfut tbi pcrts fa bks `kcrkis wrkttig kg Crcjkn, ^wi`ksb, Zusskcg, cg` ivig kg @utnb6 _bf bcs ric` tbimcdd6 _bct `f tbisi tixts scy6

Mcgy fa bks dittirs, gftijffhs cg` `kcrkis cri ct tbi Oiggc`kusDkjrcry kg Ctbigs cg` sfmi fa tbi `kcrkis cri gfw mcì `koktcddycvckdcjdi. Kt ks gfw munb icskir tf stu`y tbi `koktcd `kcrkis vkc tbikgtirgit jut tbi dcgoucoi usi` kg tbisi ̀ kcrkis ncg stkdd ji c prfjdim.bks pujdknctkfg fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s akrst lfurgcd wkdd, bfpiauddy, ji cnbcgoi. bi ckm fa tbks pujdknctkfg ks tf prfvkì c auddy trcgsdcti`

virskfg fa tbi lfurgcd cg` c audd trcgsnrkptkfg fa tbi frkokgcd tixt.bi ̀ kcry wcs wrkttig kg Igodksb, Arignb cg` Ktcdkcg cg` kg trcgsdct-kgo tbi Arignb cg` Ktcdkcg pcrts, gucgnis mcy ji dfst. f mchi fginfbirigt tixt, tbi frkokgcd Igodksb tixt bcs cdsf jiig i`kti`. Kg sfmipdcnis, tbi frkokgcd tixt bcs jiig cjrkòi`. Jy prfvk`kgo tbi frkokgcdtixt cs c trcgsnrkptkfg, tbi risicrnbir ncg gfw cdsf stu`y mfri icskdytbi prkmcry sfurni< tbi (`koktcddy cvckdcjdi) frkokgcd lfurgcd.

bks pujdknctkfg ricnbi` kts akgcd afrm catir c dfgo tkmi. Kg tbi3;;5‛s _fut Crigtzig jincmi kgtiristi` kg gft fgdy tbi wfrhs fa^nbdkimcgg jut cdsf kg tbi mcg bkmsida. _fut wcs ispinkcddy kgtir-



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isti` kg ^nbdkimcgg‛s dkai kg tbi Gitbirdcg`s cs widd kg tbi dfvi fa bksyfutb, Mkggc Mikgnhi. Kg 3;;9 tbi Bikgrknb ̂ nbdkimcgg Musiumct Cghirsbcoig (Oirmcgy) mcì kt pfsskjdi afr _fut tf stu`y tbinfrrispfgìgni fa ̂ nbdkimcgg tkdd 320? ct Ctbigs. Bi cdsf fjtckgi`c jdcnh cg` wbkti pbftfnfpy (fa c mknrfakdm) fa ^nbdkimcgg‛sIurfpicg trcvids kg 3201. Bi mcì trcgsnrkptkfgs fa tbi lfurgcdwktb tbi fgdy purpfsi fa ugìrstcg`kgo kts nfgtigts. Gftbkgo mfri,gftbkgo diss. Kg 3;;; bi wrfti cg crtkndi cjfut ^nbdkimcgg‛s trcvidsjut wcs c`vksi` tf nut tbi crtkndi kgtf sivircd pcrts fr tf pujdksbtbi `kcry wktb cggftctkfgs cg` nfmmigts. Bi cdsf wrfti cg crtk-ndi cjfut ^nbdkimcgg‛s crrkvcd kg tbi Gitbirdcg`s, wbknb wcs gftpujdksbi` ugtkdd :533. Ct tbks tkmi, _fut jincmi mfri cg` mfrikgtiristi` kg tbi bkstfry fa crnbcifdfoy fa tbi 3;tb nigtury kg tbiGitbirdcg`s cg` bks wfrh fg ^nbdkimcgg‛s trcvids tffh c jcnh sict.

Kg :552 _fut cg` K mit ct c octbirkgo fa c orfup fa igtbusk-csts (mfstdy crnbcifdfoksts) kgtiristi` kg tbi bkstfry fa crnbcifdfoy,wbiri bi tfd` mi cjfut bks prflint fg ^nbdkimcgg‛s Iurfpicg trcv-ids. K faairi` tf try tf oit bks crtkndi cg` tbi lfurgcd pujdksbi`, cg`tbks ks tbi akgcd risudt.

K stcrti` tf mchi c trcgsnrkptkfg fa tbi `kcry wktb tbi jdcnh cg`wbkti nfpy _fut bc`. _i dctir fjtckgi` c nfpy fa c typisnrkpt fatbi lfurgcd arfm tbi ̂ nbdkimcgg Musium ct Cghirsbcoig. bks wcsc orict bidp wbig trcgsnrkjkgo tbi frkokgcd tixt. bks typisnrkpt `k`gft nfgtckg cdd tbi mksspiddkgos cg` wfr`s usi` jy ^nbdkimcgg. Jut

kg :533 wi fjtckgi` c `koktcd audd-nfdfur nfpy fa tbi lfurgcd arfmtbi Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry kg Ctbigs. bi ̀ kaairigni wktb tbi jdcnh cg`wbkti nfpy ks cdmfst dktircddy dkhi tbi `kaairigni jitwiig `cy cg`gkobt. _i nbinhi` tbi tixt cockg cg` sfdvi` mcgy, jut gft cdd, quis-tkfgs wi bc` cjfut tbi frkokgcd tixt. bi `koktcd nfpy cdsf mcìndicr wbct c orict iaafrt _fut bc` mcì fg trcgsnrkjkgo tbi tixt.

bi lfurgcd prfvkìs sfmi giw kgskobts kgtf tbi pirsfgcd dkai fa^nbdkimcgg. Afr ixcmpdi, bi tidds ixpdknktdy cjfut bks sicsknhgiss,bks c`mkrctkfg afr Zusskcg wfmig, bks nfmafrts cg` `ksnfmafrts fatrcviddkgo, bks c`mkrctkfg afr tbi crt fa nfglurkgo, itn. K bcvi tbi km-

prisskfg tbct tbks lfurgcd ks skgniri, wktbfut jrcookgo. ^nbdkimcgg`fis gft ivig ndckm tbct bi mit Suiig Qkntfrkc. K bfpi tbct tbkspujdknctkfg wkdd afrm giw mctirkcd afr aurtbir stu`kis fa tbi dkai faBikgrknb ̂ nbdkimcgg.

K sbfud` dkhi tf tbcgh sivircd pirsfgs wbf mcì tbks pujdknc-tkfg pfsskjdi. Akrst fa cdd my tbcghs of fut tf _fut Crigtzig afrdittkgo mi wfrh fg tbks prflint. Fg bks jibcda K dkhi tf tbcgh @r.

_. Jñdhi arfm tbi Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg Musium Cghirsbcoig wbfmcì tbi stcrt fa tbks prflint pfsskjdi cdd tbfsi yicrs cof. foitbirwi dkhi tf tbcgh @r. G. Qfoikhfaa-Jrfocg (@friig Ncgc`cy ^pktzir



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Crnbkvkst ct tbi Cmirkncg ^nbffd fa Ndcsskncd ^tu`kis ct Ctbigs),afr prfvk`kgo tbi `koktcd nfpy fa tbi `kcry cg` cgswirkgos tbi mcgyquistkfgs K cshi`. Cdsf< @r. ^. Higgidd, kgìpigìgt snbfdcr, wbfprfvkì` sivircd ìtckds cg` suooistkfgs afr tbi tixt fa tbi lfurgcd.

Cg` mcgy tbcghs tf Nfrgë vcg _firìhfm cg` Hcrstig _igtkghfa ^kìstfgi Uriss, wbf afug` tbks prflint sf kgtiristkgo tbct tbiywcgti` tf pujdksb kt.

^pinkcd tbcghs tf tbfsi wbf wfrhi` sf bcr` fg tbi trcgsdctkfgcg` i`ktkgo fa tbi frkokgcd tixt fa tbi lfurgcd cg` cdd tbi @utnbtixts< Ubkd Jchir, Hiddy Aiggimc, cg` Cdkni ^cmsfg.

Dcst jut gft dicst K wcgt tf ixpriss my orctktuì tf tbi afd-dfwkgo pirsfgs bfw bidpi` mi wktb tbi tixt kg cgy vcrkfus wcys<

Cdiskc Cuskcggkhcvc, Cyfdt Jrfgoirs, Ivirt vcg Okghid, Cggi-McrkiOffssigs, kzkcgf Offssigs, Jcrry Uitirs, cg` km ì Zk`ìr

_big tbks pujdknctkfg fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s akrst lfurgcd wcs gicrkgonfmpditkfg, K fjtckgi` arfm tbi Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry c audd nfdfurnfpy fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s trcvids tf Ktcdy cg` tbi Gicr Icst kg 3292 (`k-cry< gumjir C>). bks ks c lfurgcd wktb :95 ìgsidy wrkttig pcois(cjfut >:5 wfr`s pir pcoi) cg` mfstdy wrkttig kg Crcjkn, Ktcdkcgcg` Oriih, wktb sfmi pcois kg Igodksb, Arignb cg` ivig ^wi`ksb.Kt wkdd ji cg ivig orictir tcsh tbcg tbi pujdknctkfg fa ^nbdkimcgg‛sIurfpicg trcvids. Kt wkdd nirtckgdy prfvkì munb mfri kgafrmctkfgcjfut ̂ nbdkimcgg bkmsida cg` bks trcvids. Cg` bfpiauddy, kt wkdd prf-vkì munb giw `ksnusskfg cjfut ^nbdkimcgg‛s dkai.

Nbrkstf bcgfs

Dikìg, tbi Gitbirdcg s̀ @inimjir :533



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Kg tbi wkgtir fa 3201, tbi yfugo juskgissmcg Bikgrknb ̂ nbdkimcggtrcviddi` crfug` _istirg Iurfpi. @urkgo tbks lfurgiy bi hipt ctrcvid lfurgcd kg wbknb wi gft fgdy nfmi tf hgfw tbi cutbfr, jutmfst fa cdd tbi Iurfpi fa bks `cys. Kg tbi micg tkmi tbi wfrd` bcsnbcgoi` cg` mcgy fa tbi tbkgos ^nbdkimcgg gfti` cri gf dfgoirsida-ivkìgt. f rimi`y tbks prfjdim cs munb cs pfsskjdi, wi wkddstcrt wktb cg kgtrfùntkfg kg wbknb wi wkdd oit tf hgfw jftb tbiwrktir cg` bks wfrd` c jkt jittir. bct wi stkdd hgfw tbi gcmi fa^nbdkimcgg tf`cy ks c risudt fa tbi acnt tbct bi, catir bi bc` mcìbks afrtugi cs c juskgissmcg, ì`kncti` tbi sinfg` pcrt fa bks dkvitf crnbcifdfoy. Cs c nfgsiquigni fa bks akg`s kg rfy cs widd csMynigci bi akrst jincmi wfrd` acmfus cg` gixt dioig`cry. rfy,ivig kg c tkmi wbig c hgfwdiòi fa tbi ndcsskns ks gf dfgoir c ri-qukrimigt fa c off` iùnctkfg, ks stkdd hgfwg tf mfst pifpdi wbfbcvi bicri` tbct c dfgo tkmi cof c dioig`cry wcr tffh pdcni tbiri.

C wcr jitwiig tbi Oriihs cg` rflcgs wbknb risudti` kg tbi fjdkt-irctkfg fa c rctbir smcdd tfwg fg tbi nfcst fa Cskc Mkgfr. bi stfrywcs wrkttig `fwg jy Bfmir kg n. ;55 JN cg` bcs skgni kgaduigniÌurfpicg bkstfry tkmi cg` cockg. _i sbfud` jicr kg mkg` biri tbcttbi pifpdi wbf pdcy c rfdi kg kt cri gft fr`kgcry pifpdi. biy cri bi-rfis, orcg`nbkd`rig cg` orict-orcg`nbkd`rig fa of`s. _bf wfud`g‛twcgt tf ji ridcti` tf tbim6 f kgnricsi tbi orictgiss fa Zfmi ivigmfri tbcg kt cdric`y wcs, Qkrokd (?5-3; JN) tki` tbi afug`ctkfg fatbi Zfmcg Impkri tf tbi rflcg birf Cigics. Mfst giw Iurfpicg

stctis `k` tbi scmi kg tbi Mk``di Cois. bi Igodksb afr kgstcgnitrcni` jcnh tbikr frkokg tf tbi rflcg birf Jrutus. Cg` gft fgdystctis, cdsf nktkis riairri` tf c rflcg afugìr. bi @utnb tfwg faOrfgkgoig afr kgstcgni ndckmi` tf bcvi jiig afugì` jy tbi scmirflcg birf, Jrutus. Cgyfgi wbf wcgti` tf ji orict cg` tf cnbkivisfmi kmmfrtcdkty, dkghi` bkmsida tf tbi bkstfry fa rfy. ^f acr tbi

3 Pks sigtigni ^nbdkimcgg wrfti ugìr bks gcmi wbig bi skogi` tbi vksktfr‛sjffh fa tbi Zklhsmusium vcg Fu`biìg (Musium fa Cgtkquktkis kg Dikìg, tbiGitbirdcg`s) fg >r` Cuoust 32?9. _bitbir ^nbdkimcgg ricddy `k` ixncvcti rfyìpig`s fg wbct ks ugìrstff` jy rfy. Pi `ksnusskfg fg tbi bkstfrknkty fa tbi

rflcg _cr stkdd rugs tf`cy. îi afr kgstcgni Zcccuj 3;;?.



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dcst fgi tf `f tbks sunnissauddy wcs Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg. Bi dkviàrfm 32:: tf 32;5, cg` iviry yicr crtkndis fg bkm stkdd cppicr kgsnbfdcrdy cs widd cs pfpudcr mcoczkgis. Bks gcmi ks hgfwg tf tbioigircd pujdkn. Bi ixncvcti` rfy cg` afug` tbi rflcg ofd`, jutivig mfri kmpfrtcgt bi bcs okvig tbi wfrd` cg cutfjkforcpby tbctcppicds tf tbi kmcokgctkfg. Cg cutfjkforcpby wktb c skmpdi misscoitbct ncg ji tchig cs ixcmpdi cockg cg` cockg< wfrh bcr` cg` yfuncg cnbkivi wbctivir yfu wcgt. Cg cutfjkforcpby tbct sbfws tbicjsfduti mchcjkdkty fa dkai, arfm pffr jioocr tf mudtkmkddkfgckri,arfm kddktircti tf orict snbfdcr.

biri cri gf kgìpigìgt sfurnis riocr`kgo ^nbdkimcgg‛s yfutbcg` wi wkdd tbus bcvi tf `f wktb wbct ^nbdkimcgg wrfti cjfut ktbkmsida. Ygafrtugctidy, ^nbdkimcgg bc` c bcjkt fa mytbfdfokzkgobks fwg dkai cg` wi hgfw fa nfgtrc`kntfry cnnfugts jy bks fwgbcg` fa c gumjir fa ivigts kg bks yfutb cg` c`fdisnigni. bks ksgft c ^nbdkimcgg jkforcpby cg` tbiri ks gf pfkgt biri kg ofkgo ix-tigskvidy kgtf cdd tbi prfjdims crfug` ^nbdkimcgg‛s jkforcpby, juttbi ricìr ks wcrgi` gft tf tchi ivirytbkgo ^nbdkimcgg wrfti cjfutbkmsida cs trui. Bi wcs jfrg fg 1tb Lcgucry 32:: kg Giujuhfw,Minhdigjuro, cs sfg fa c ndiroymcg. Kg 32:> actbir ^nbdkimcggcrrcgoi` c jittir-pcykgo pfst afr bkmsida kg tbi nfmmugkty fa

Cghirsbcoig. Arfm tbi jiokggkgo, yfugo Bikgrknb wcs ìstkgi` afrc bkobir iùnctkfg. Bi wcs pdcni` kg tbi bfusi fa cg ugndi kg fr-ìr tf mcstir tbiri tbi jcskns fa Dctkg cg` Oriih wktb tbi bidp fa

c prkvcti tutfr. Kg 32>> bi wcs igrfddi` ct tbi Oymgcskum fa Giu^tridktz. Ygafrtugctidy, ^nbdkimcgg‛s actbir wcs gft ncpcjdi fa dkv-

Bikgrknb ̂ nbdkimcgg Musium Cghirsbcoig



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kgo wktbkg tbi rudis wbknb bi pricnbi` tf bks adfnh. _bkdi bks wkaiwcs priogcgt wktb tbikr gkgtb nbkd`, tbiri wiri cdric`y rumfurs kg

Cghirsbcoig tbct tbi pcstfr wcs `fkgo kt wktb fgi fa tbi mck`s, cg`catir bks wkai `ki` sbfrtdy catir bcvkgo okvig jkrtb, bi `k` tbks sffvirtdy tbct tbi nfmmugkty nfud` gf dfgoir cnnipt kt. bi acktbaudrijiddi` cg` actbir ^nbdkimcgg dfst bks widd-pck` pfst:.

Cs c risudt fa tbks cg` tbi pcymigts tf bks mkstriss wbf bi trki`tf hiip sinrit, tbi acmkdy oft kgtf akgcgnkcd trfujdis cg` yfugoBikgrknb bc` tf cjcg`fg bks bfpis afr cg cncìmkn iùnctkfg<

Ct tbi coi fa idivig K wigt tf tbi Oymgcskum ct Giu ^tridktz,wiri K wcs pdcni` kg tbi tbkr` ndcss. Jut lust ct tbct tkmi c orict`kscstir jiaidd fur acmkdy cg`, jikgo carck` tbct my actbir wfud`gf dfgoir bcvi tbi micgs fa suppfrtkgo mi afr c gumjir fa yicrs,K diat tbi oymgcskum catir jikgo kg kt fgdy tbrii mfgtbs, cg` ig-

tiri` tbi —Zicdsnbudi” fa tbi scmi nkty … >

Bi nfmpditi` bks iùnctkfg kg tbrii yicrs cg` kg 32>1 bi ji-ncmi cpprigtkni` tf c orfnir kg Aôrstigjiro. Kg 3203 ^nbdkimcggtrcviddi` tf Bcmjuro tf akg` bkmsida c jittir lfj. _bct ixcntdybcppigi` kg tbi pirkf` wbig bi dkvi` kg tbks nkty ks ugndicr cs^nbdkimcgg‛s dctir cnnfugts fa tbks pirkf` `kaair arfm icnb ftbir cg`wi `f gft bcvi kgìpigìgt sfurnis. _bct ks nirtckg ks tbct bi `k`gft akg` bks `ricm lfj cg` ncmi kgtf nfgtcnt wktb L.A. _ig`t. _bcttbi nfggintkfgs wiri jitwiig _ig`t cg` ^nbdkimcgg cg` wby tbksmcg wfud` bidp bkm cs bi `k` rimckgs fjsnuri0. bct bi wcs bidp-aud wi ncg sii arfm tbi survkvkgo dittirs fa rinfmmig`ctkfg afrakrms kg tbi ̂ futb Cmirkncg tfwg fa Dc Ouycrc tbct bi prfvkì` afr^nbdkimcgg. Crmi` wktb tbisi dittirs, ^nbdkimcgg imjcrhi` fg bks

lfurgiy tf ^futb Cmirknc. Bfwivir, tbks vfycoi ignfugtiri` prfj-dims cg` catir bcvkgo struoodi` wktb prftrcnti` bic`wkg`s, tbi sbkprcg corfug` fg tbi nfcst fa tbi ksdcg` fa ixid fg 3:tb @inimjir3203. Arfm tbiri ^nbdkimcgg trcviddi` tf Cmstir`cm wbiri bincmi kgtf nfgtcnt, cockg wktb tbi bidp fa _ig`t, wktb tbi GfrtbOirmcg nfgsud, _. Bipgir, wbf cssksti` ^nbdkimcgg kg stcrtkgo bks

ncriir kg trcì ct tbi faakni fa tbi trc`kgo akrm fa A.N. Sukig.Kt ks ndicr tbct arfm tbi futsit ^nbdkimcgg sit bks mkg` fg cg kg-tirgctkfgcd ncriir cg` tbct bi wcs pripcri` tf `f tbi wfrh riqukriàfr tbct. Kg c sbfrt tkmi bi dicrgi` @utnb, Igodksb, Arignb, ^pcgksb,Ktcdkcg, cg` Ufrtuouisi. Kg 3200, catir bi bc` cnnipti` c pfsktkfg

: Nripfg & Jñdhi 3;;5, Nbcptir K cg` KK> ^nbdkimcgg 3223, 1.0 ^nbdkimcgg 3223, 2 —… Mr. L.A. _ig`t, c gctkvi fa ^tirgjiro kg Minhdigjuro,

wbf wbig c nbkd` bc` jiig jrfuobt up wktb my dcti mftbir …”. _ijir 3;0:, 9—… K rimimjiri` tbct my actbir bc` fgni tfd` mi fa c nirtckg Mr. _ig`t, wbf

bc` fgni jiig bks pupkd …”



2

wktb tbi akrm fa J.B. ^nbrñìr cg` Nf., bks ncriir ockgi` mfmig-tum. _bkdi A.N. Sukig wcs c @utnb igtirprksi, J.B. ^nbrñìr wcspcrt fa tbi trc`kgo impkri fa tbi ̂ nbrñìr acmkdy, wbknb bc` trc`kgoakrms kg cdmfst cdd dcroi nktkis kg Iurfpi. f sii wbct ^nbdkimcgg‛spfsktkfg wcs kg tbks akrm, wi wkdd bcvi c dffh ct bks scdcry. Cnnfr`kgotf bkm, bi icrgi` biri :555 arcgns, fr 3555 oukdìrs. Ygafrtugctidywi `f gft hgfw tbi scdcry strunturi fa tbi Cmstir`cm akrm, juttbct fa tbi Dfg`fg ^nbrñìr faakni bcs jiig prisirvi`. C tbfuscgòukdìrs kg tbfsi `cys wcs rfuobdy tbi iqukvcdigt fa £23. Kg 3295 c

lugkfr ndirh icrgi` £?>, c diòir ndirh £3:0 cg` c nfrrispfgìgnindirh £3;>9. Kg vkiw fa tbi pcymigt, kt ks dkhidy tbct ^nbdkimcggstcrti` faa wktb tbks akrm cs lugkfr jffhhiipir. Ka wi jicr kg mkg`tbct c ticnbir, ìpig`kgo fg bks pfst, icrgi` jitwiig :55 cg`::5 oukdìrs c yicr kg 3293, kt wkdd kmmi`kctidy jinfmi ndicr tbct^nbdkimcgg wcs `fkgo widd kg Cmstir`cm. Kg acnt bi `k` sf widd kg3209 tbct bi sigt afr bks yfugoir jrftbir Du`wko (32:>-3295) tfnfmi tf Cmstir`cm.

Bikgrknb kg tbi micgtkmi bc` dicrgi` Zusskcg cg` bc` nfgtcnt-i` tbi Zusskcg nustfmirs fa ̂ nbrñìr. _bitbir kt wcs jincusi fa tbicrrkvcd fa bks jrftbir fr tbi tcdhs bi bc` wktb tbisi nustfmirs, jutjy mk`-3209 ^nbdkimcgg stcrti` tf tbkgh fa sittkgo up afr bkmsida.Bi jrkiady nfgskìrs pfsskjkdktkis kg Ucrks cg` Minhdigjuro jut sffgìnkì` tbct bi wcgti` tf of tf Zusskc. Fg :?tb Fntfjir 3209 tbiakrm fa ^nbrñìr corii tf nffpircti wktb bkm<

Birrig By ^nbdkimcgg

Cmstir`cm

Jizuogcbmig` cg ugsiri môg`dknbi Ygtirbcdtugo, jistàtkoigwkr Kbgig bkirmkt ìr Fr`gugo bcdjig, `cÖ wkr oirgi oigikotskg` kbgig ugsiri Oisnbàati aôr ^t. Uitirsjuro ug` Mfshcuzu ôjirtrcoig, kgsfairg ^ki ^knb `csidjst jimôbig wfddig ug`Nfgskogitkfgig u Frìrs vfg rispihtcjdig Bàusirg zuzuwigìg,ug`, `cÖ wkr ùrnbcus gknbts `coioig ikgzuwigìg bcjig wigg^ki virikgt mkt Birrg îroiy Okvcof1 cua oi`cnbti wiksi aôr ugsir

Kgtirissi wkrhig.

9 Zfjirts 3;;:, ?2. Pi nfgvirskfg ks jcsi` fg ̀ ctc arfm Miyirs OrfÖi Hfgvirsctkfgs-Dixkhfg fa 3;5;< —Cs c viry nruì cpprfxkmctkfg, kt wfud` siim tbct c nfgvirskfgacntfr fa cjfut 05 kg tbi vcdui fa stirdkgo ks fg cvircoi tbi dicst mksdic`kgo wcy tfnfmpcri tbi mfgitcry vcduis fa tbi 32>5s wktb tbfsi fa tbi mk`-3;25s.” Zu`wknh3;29, 013. £3;> wfud` tbig bcvi jiig n. £??:5 kg tbi 3;25s.

1 ^nbdkimcgg nfgskìri` stcrtkgo c trc`kgo bfusi tfoitbir wktb îroiy Okvcof kg

Mfshfw jut tbks aidd tbrfuob.



;

Qfg cddig Cuatràoig u Nfgskogitkfgig, `ki ^ki ugs zuwigìg uwfjiy ugs zwik Urfzigt Nfmmkskfg jdikjt, viroôtig wkr Kbgigikg Urfzigt.

Mkt Cnbtugo

J.B. ^nbrñìr & Nf.?

^nbdkimcgg crrkvis kg ^t Uitirsjuro ct tbi ig` fa Lcgucry 3201cg` jiokgs cs kgìpigìgt coigt afr sivircd _ist Iurfpicg akrms.Bi mckgdy ìcds kg gcturcd `yis, sunb cs Mc`ìr, Jkmcs ^cpcg2,Nfnbkgicd;, cg` Kg`kof. Kg c``ktkfg bi cdsf ìcds kg Ncmpbfr,Nkocrs, Judjs, @kcmfg`s, cg` Nbiisi.

Cdtbfuob c dcroi pcrt fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s nfrrispfgìgni wktb tbiakrm fa J.B. ^nbrñìr & Nf. kg Cmstir`cm bcs survkvi`, wi `fgft hgfw ixcntdy bfw munb bi icrgi` tbct yicr tbrfuob tbim. _incg bfwivir mchi cg istkmcti. C tftcd fa :9 sittdimigts fa cnnfugtsbfw tbct tbiy ykidì` ^nbdkimcgg c nfmmksskfg fa ad. 3?>5.:9. Kgc``ktkfg kg tbi dittirs tbct bcvi jiig hipt cri migtkfgi` c gumjirfa ftbir frìrs tbi vcdui fa wbknb wi `f gft hgfw. C nfgsirvctkviistkmcti ticnbis us tbct ^nbdkimcgg wfud` bcvi icrgi` cjfut ad.:555 lust wktb tbi frìrs ncrrki` fut afr ^nbrñìr kg Cmstir`cm.Bi cdsf ìcdt wktb tbi ^nbrñìr akrms kg Di Bcvri cg` Jrimig cg`tbi ^nbrñìr Jrftbirs kg Bcmjuro. bi nfrrispfgìgni wktb tbisitbrii akrms tbct bcs survkvi` ks cdjikt smcddir cg` tbiriafri prfvkìsdiss kgafrmctkfg jut tbiy `f mchi kt pdcuskjdi tbct ^nbdkimcgg ri-

nikvi` c skmkdcr cmfugt arfm tbisi akrms nfmjkgi`. C nfgsirvctkviistkmcti fg tbi jcsks fa tbi scvi` dittirs ticnbis us tbct ^nbdkimcggicrgi` ct dicst ad. 0555 kg bks akrst yicr kg Zusskc 35.

Kg frìr tf oit cg kmprisskfg fa tbi prfjdims tbct crksi arfm^nbdkimcgg‛s cutfjkforcpbkncd stctimigts, wi wkdd dffh ct c aiw ri-mcrhs arfm tbi kgtrfùntkfg tf Kdkfs tbi nkty cg` nfugtry fa tbi rflcgs fa 3223. Cjfut bks ìpcrturi tf ^t Uitirsjuro bi wrktis biri<

Kg Lcgucry, 3201, my wfrtby prkgnkpcds sigt mi cs tbikr coigt tf^t. Uitirsjuro.33

? Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J :5:. Kdkfs 3223, 33.2 Pks ks cdsf hgfwg jy tbi gcmi fa ^t Mcrtig‛s wff` cg` ykid`s, dkhi Mc`ìr cg`

Nfnbkgicd, c nrkmsfg `yi.; Pisi cri `rki` kgsints fa tbi oigus Nfnnk`ci.35 Du`wko 3;>:, ?9< —…jirikts km irstig russksnbig Lcbri cddikg jik ^nbrfiìr ug`

gur jik ½% Xvir`kigt ir] snbfg ?955 Oudìg …”. Ygafrtugctidy Du`wko `fis gftstcti bfw bi crrkvi` ct tbks cmfugt, jut ^nbdkimcgg‛s nfmmksskfg kg 3201 wcs 3%cs wi ncg ndicrdy sii arfm tbi ^nbrñìr dittir.

33 ^nbdkimcgg 3223, 33.



35

Cs wi bcvi siig arfm tbi dittir fa tbi akrm fa J.B. ^nbrñìrriairri` tf cjfvi, tbks `fis gft tcddy. ^nbdkimcgg ìpcrti` wbfddyafr bks fwg cnnfugt cg` tbiy wiri pripcri` tf wfrh wktb bkm cs cgkgìpigìgt coigt.

C sinfg` prfjdim ks mfri nfmpdix. Kg tbks cutfjkforc-pby ^nbdkimcgg wrktis munb cjfut bks afrmir okrdarkig` MkggcMikgnhi. Bi ncdds bir bks dkttdi jrkì cg` tidds tbi ricìrs tbct cttbikr dcst miitkgo kg 32>1 tbiy bc` corii` tf mcrry. Cnnfr`kgo tf^nbdkimcgg, Mkggc wcs tbi orict kgspkrctkfg afr bks bcr` wfrh. fji cjdi tf mcrry bir bi bc` tf oit fg kg tbi wfrd`. Bfwivir, wbig^nbdkimcgg ct dcst `k` csh afr bir bcg`, sbi bc` cdric`y mcrrki`cg` bi wcs diat jibkg` wktb c jrfhig bicrt. Mkggc Mikgnhi mcrrkiÀrki`rknb Zknbirs kg 320?3:. ^nbdkimcgg‛s prfpfscd must tbiriafribcvi jiig mcì kg tbct scmi yicr. Gixt bi nfmis wktb tbi afddfw-kgo mfcg<

Pig cockg K jkttirdy cnnusi` mysida afr gft bcvkgo ìmcgì`bir kg mcrrkcoi jiafri prfnii`kgo tf ^t. Uitirsjuro8 jut cockg Krinfddinti` tbct K nfud` gft bcvi ̀ fgi sf wktbfut ixpfskgo mysida tfrk`knudi, jincusi wbkdi kg Cmstir`cm K wcs fgdy c ndirnh, cg` my pfsktkfg wcs c ìpigìgt fgi, sujlint tf tbi ncprkni fa my impdfy-irs8 jiskìs, K wcs gft suri fa sunnii`kgo ct ^t. Uitirsjuro, wbirikgstic` fa sunniss K mkobt bcvi mcì c nfmpditi ackduri.3>

Ivig ka wi nfgskìr ^nbdkimcgg‛s cmpdi Cmstir`cm kgnfmi cskgsuaaknkigt, cdd cjfvi nfg`ktkfgs wfud` bcvi jiig mit kg 3201. Binfud` bcvi ofgi tf Minhdigjuro cs pcrt fa bks Iurfpicg trcvidscg` cshi` afr Mkggc‛s bcg` tbig. Bi `k`g‛t `f tbks, ivig tbfuob bisckdi` pcst tbiri fg bks wcy tf Bcmjuro. Fg pp. :2 cg` :; fa tbitrcvid lfurgcd bi stctis<

fwcr`s twf f‛ndfnh kg tbi catirgffg tbi afo `kscppicri` cg` wiwiri igcjdi` tf sii tbi nfcst fa Minhdigjurob wbknb jincmi mfricg` mfri vkskjdi tf us. Pi vkiw fa tbi mftbir (bfmi) nfugtrycatir sf mcgy yicrs sipcrctkfg ks ncdnudcti` tf ixnkti kg iviry fgi aiidkgos fa tbi orictist lfy. K bfwivir must nfgaiss tf my sbcmi,

tbct K vkiwi` my nfugtry wktb tbi orictist kg`kstirigni. Cg` tbus wi cri diat wktb tbi quistkfg wbct wi bcvi tf tbkgh fa

^nbdkimcgg‛s stctimigts kg Kdkfs cjfut bks nbkd`bff` swiitbicrt.Kt ks gft fgdy tbi pujdksbi` cutfjkforcpby tbct prfvkìs siv-

ircd prfjdims upfg ncriaud ric`kgo. bi scmi sida-mytbfdfokzkgotbct wi akg` biri wi cdsf ignfugtir kg ftbir cutfjkforcpbkncd tixts.^nbdkimcgg‛s akrst dcroi iof-`fnumigt tbct wi hgfw fa ks c dittir

3: Jcbdnhi 3;;1, 32-3;.

3> ^nbdkimcgg 3223, 3:.



33

tbct bi wrfti fg :5tb Aijrucry 320: kg Cmstir`cm tf bks skstirs30.Kg tbks bi ripfrts fg ivirytbkgo tbct bcs bcppigi` tf bkm skgni bksìpcrturi arfm Aôrstigjiro. Cdsf tbi ruggkgo corfug` kg ixid ksgcrrcti` kg orict ìtckd. Ka wi nfmpcri wbct ^nbdkimcgg wrfti tfbks skstirs wktb wbct tbi ncptckg bc` rinfrì` jy c gftcry pujdknfg ixid, wi ncg sii tbct wi cri gft ìcdkgo biri wktb c bkstfrkncdjut wktb c ‒dktircry‛ `fnumigt. ^nbdkimcgg `fis gft okvi bks skstirscg fjlintkvi cnnfugt fa wbct bcppigi` jut c rfmcgtknkzi` virskfg.

Luòkgo jy tbi stydi fa bks dittir, cg` nfgtrcry tf wbct bi tfd` dctir,bi wcs igocoi` kg Aôrstigjiro gft fgdy kg wikobkgo rckskgs cg` akdd-kgo jfttdis, jut bi bc` cdsf ric` tbiri c nfgskìrcjdi pcrt fa tbi tbigpfpudcr dktircturi39. K‛m `widdkgo biri c dkttdi dfgoir fg tbks dittir cs^nbdkimcgg impdfys tbi scmi tinbgkqui kg tbi twf dcroir cutfjkfo-rcpbkis tbct bi wrfti. bi virskfg tbct wi akg` kg bks lfurgcd fa bksvfycoi tf Cmirknc kg 3295-329331 tbus `kaairs kg c dcroi gumjir faìtckds arfm tbi faaknkcd cutfjkforcpby wbknb bi pujdksbi` kg 3223kg Kdkfs tbi nkty cg` nfugtry fa tbi rflcgs . Kg jftb ncsis ^nbdkimcggwrfti bks dkai‛s stfry wktb c nirtckg ricìrsbkp kg mkg`. Kg tbi akrstncsi bi wcgti` tf nfmi cnrfss cs c sbriw` juskgissmcg cg` kg tbisinfg` cs c pcsskfgcti crnbcifdfokst. Jincusi fa bks tinbgkquis, tbisiiof-`fnumigts ncggft ji jidkivi` kmpdknktdy kg cdd ìtckd cg` wisbfud` tbiriafri ric` tbim cs dktircry wfrhs. biy prfvkì us wktb cpknturi fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s dkai cs siig tbrfuob bks iyis. Kt ks kmpfrtcgttf hgfw tbks, cs cdsf tbi lfurgcd fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s akrst Iurfpicg trcv-

ids fa 3201 wcs wrkttig wktb c ricìrsbkp kg mkg` cg` kt ks tbus gftnirtckg wbitbir sfmi ìtckds bcvi gft jiig mcogkaki` wbkdi ftbirscri gft migtkfgi`.

Pbi jiokggkgo fa tbi lfurgiy

Jincusi tbi bcrjfur wcs arfzig fvir, trcì wcs ct c stcg`stkdd kg ^tUitirsjuro kg wkgtir, cg` tbks ocvi ^nbdkimcgg tbi fppfrtugkty tf`f sfmitbkgo idsi. Uifpdi bcvi cdwcys trcviddi`, tf trcì, tf fjtckgcg iùnctkfg, tf akg` wfrh itn. rcviddkgo sfdidy afr pdicsuri cs wihgfw kt tf`cy ks bfwivir c ridctkvidy dcti pbigfmigfg kg bumcgìvidfpmigt. Arfm tbi 32tb ugtkd tbi icrdy :5tb nigtury trcviddkgowcs fgdy `fgi jy tbi viry rknb, cg` tbi Orcg` fur wcs siig cs pcrtfa tbikr iùnctkfg. Gfjid yfugostirs bc` tf bcvi siig Ktcdy cg` tbiZfmcg birktcoi jiafri tbiy nfud` dffh catir tbikr pfssisskfgs cs truioigtdimig. Crfug` tbi mk``di fa tbi 3;tb nigtury, wktb tbi c`-vigt fa tbi rckdwcys, pifpdi stcrti` tf trcvid mfri, jut ^nbdkimcgg

30 Miyir 3;9>, ;->>.39 Crigtzig :533.

31 _ijir 3;0:, >-3:.



3>

jig \winh virwigìt8 vircgdcssig ^ki `/B Mcdutkg Oijr. ugs zu Cghcua ìr zugànbst irwcrtitig Dcùgo zu cutfrkskirig. :5

_bitbir ^nbdkimcgg cntucddy mcgcoi` tf mchi tbks scdi ks ug-ndicr jut arfm tbi ìvidfpmigt fa tbi trcgscntkfg kt ks aidt tbct bi

sunniiì`. Fg :3st Mcrnb ^nbrñìr kgafrms ^nbdkimcgg cockg fgtbi prfùnt<

^t Mcrtigsbfdz skg` oistirg … cg `ki ^tc`t oihfmig, jik oistcg-ìg Sucdktcit wirìg wkr sfafrt zu orikaig. :3

Cg` fg :9tb Mcrnb ^nbdkimcgg rinikvis c misscoi scykgo tbct^nbrñìr bcs jfuobt tbi wff` riairri` tf<

… aôr `ki B Mcdutkg Oijrôìr oidcgo is ugs airgir zu hcuaig nc 00/M Hf ^t Mcrtigsbfdz å a ; 3 /

9 ugtir Qfrjibcdt `cÖ jik

Igtdàstugo `ki Sucdktcit gknbt cjaàddt … ::

Kt dffhs cs ka ^nbdkimcgg sunnissauddy dcgì` c scdiafr Cmstir`cm. bi nfgskogmigt tbct J.B. ^nbrñìr& Nf bc` jfuobt ugsiig wcs bfwivir gft dcroi igfuobtf ixinuti tbks frìr. f nfmpditi tbi frìr, tbiyjfuobt ugsiig c sinfg` jctnb tbct wcs stkdd ct sic. Fg32tb Cprkd ^nbdkimcgg ks cockg kgafrmi` fa tbi stctifa caackrs<

@ir Zist ìs aôr M. oihcuatig ^t Mcrtigs kst cgoihfm-

mig ug` wkr` kg ìg gànbstig coig zu sibig siyg. :>

Gfw tbct tbiy bcvi tbi dft tfoitbir cg` wbkdi tbiwff` ks jikgo sbkppi` tf Zusskc, tbiy sigt fg 39tb Mcyvkc ̂ nbdkimcgg cg kgvfkni tf tbi nustfmir, tbi McdutkgJrftbirs. Bfwivir, wbig tbi wff` crrkvi` kg Zusskc, ktturgi` fut tbct tbi Mcdutkgs `k` gft wcgt kt. bct, fanfursi, `fis gft of `fwg widd kg Cmstir`cm<

_ki `/b Mcdutkg Oijrôìr `ki Cggcbmi ìs ^t Mcrtigsbfdzis virwikoirg hñggig, kst ugs ugjiorikknb

kgìm sfdnbis sf cusaàddt wki is kroig` siyg hcgg. _kr ir-sunbig ̂ ki ̀ isbcdj ̀ rkgoig` hikgisacdds ikgi \urônhgcbmizu oistibig … :0

:5 Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J ::?.:3 Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J :>:.:: Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J :>>.:> Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J :0:.

:0 Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J :?:.

Nciscdpkgkc Inbkgctc - ^t Mcrtig‛s wff`



30

^fd` ks sfd`, cg` tbks ks akrst qucdkty, ksg‛t kt6

Bkgsknbtdknb `cs ^t Mcrtigs Bfdzis môÖig ugsiri ditztigKgstruntkfgig jistàtkoig ug` irwcrtig liìgacdds ̀ cÖ `/B McdutkgOijr ̀ iÖig Cggcbmi gknbt mibr virwikoirg gcnb ̀ im ̂ ki ìgsid-

jig fbgi bkgtirbcdt ug` zusitz ugsir Mikgugo oiscot bcjig. @csbfdz kst vfg ìrsidjig Sucdktcit wki `ki cg`ri gcnb `frt oiscg`tiUcrtbki, `ki li`fnb aiunbt wcr / `ki Dcùgo bctti Jisnbà`kougoug` `cùrnb vkiddiknbt ikg jiÖiris Cussibig jihfmmig. :9

^f tbks ks c jittir jctnb tbct dffhs wfrsi jincusi tbi ftbir fgiwcs wfrsi wbknb mcì kt dffh jittir. Cg` wktb tbct ^nbdkimcggbc` tf of tf tbi Mcdutkgs. Gf mcttir bfw nfgvkgnkgody bi tcdhi`,bi `k` gft mcgcoi tf pirsucì tbim tf juy. biy `k`g‛t ivig wcgtc `ksnfugt<

@c ^ki ugs snbrikjig, `cÖ Mcdutkg Oijr `ki irbcdtigi Ucrtkiugtir hikgir Ji`kgougo jibcdtig wfddig ug` jik ìgg oimikgirNbcrcntir cua gknbts wiktir cuszurknbtig siyg wôrì, sf muÖigwkr ^ki irsunbig sknb um ikgig jcd`koig cgìrwiktkoig Qirhcuazu jimôbig li`fnb sf, `cÖ ugs wigkostigs a; bkir vfg jdikjt kg-ìm `kisir Uriks jkddko, cddi cgìrg Cjdcùgoig bñbir skg` ug` airgiri Irgki`rkougo vfrdàuffio gknbt zu ìghig kst. :1

Kt cppicrs tbct ivig wktb tbisi nfg`ktkfgs, ^nbdkimcgg nfud`gft akg` c nustfmir afr tbks jctnb, ivig tbfuob bi bc` c sinfg`nustfmir wbf wcs dffhkgo afr ^t Mcrtig‛s wff`. biri ks ixtigskvi

nfrrispfgìgni cjfut tbks nustfmir jut tbiy ncggft akg` cgytbkgoafr bkm cs gf ^t Mcrtig‛s wff` ks faairi` afr scdi. Kt ks viry dkhidytbct ^nbdkimcgg faairi` tbi jctnb riausi` jy tbi Mcdutkgs tf tbksnustfmir jut tbct bi cdsf ̀ k` gft wcgt kt. Kt ks fa nfursi pfsskjdi tbctbi mcì ^nbdkimcgg cg ugcnniptcjdi faair afr tbks jctnb. Fg :9tb

Cuoust ^nbrñìr stcti tbct tbiy corii wktb ^nbdkimcgg<

_kr skg` ocgz mkt Kbgig ikgvirstcgìg `cÖ ^ki zu ikgim ìgHfstigpriks gknbt ìnhigìg Oijft gknbt cjoijig ug` zwik- aidg hikgig Cuoigjdknh, `cÖ sfdnbis kg ikgkoir \ikt zu irriknbig

siyg wkr`, `c vfg bkir cus hikgi Cjdcùgoig oimcnbt wirìghñggig. :?

:9 Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J :?>.:1 Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J :?;.

:? Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J :2;.



39

Juskgiss bcs gfw jiig suspigì` kg ^t Uitirsjuro ugtkd tbisprkgo. biri wkdd ji gf aurtbir ìdkvirkis cg` sf bi ncg scaidy of fgbks trcvids. Urkfr tf bks ìpcrturi, bi mchis fgi dcst cttimpt tf siddtbi jctnb fa ^t Mcrtig‛s wff` tf tbi Mcdutkgs jut kg vckg. :2

Kg tbi 3;tb nigtury, sfnkity wcs `kvkì` kgtf ndcssis, wktb cttbi tfp fa tbi pyrcmk` tbi rikogkgo rudir. Cs c sfg fa c ndiroymcg,^nbdkimcgg wfud` kg bks yfutb bcvi jidfgoi` tf tbi bkobir ndcssiskg Cghirsbcoig. brfuob bks actbir‛s jibcvkfur, bi bc` dfst tbctstctus cg` kt ks pfsskjdi tbct tbks ks tbi ncusi fa bks cmjktkfg tf oitbkobir up. _ktb tbi mfgiy tbct bi icrgi` cs juskgissmcg cg` tbibfgfurs nfgairri` fg bkm tbcghs tf bks crnbcifdfokncd cntkvktkis bisunniiì` wfgìrauddy widd. @urkgo bks vkskt tf tbi Gitbirdcg`s kg32?9, bi wcs ivig kgvkti` afr jrichacst jy Suiig ̂ fpbki. Fa nfursi,tbks wcs gft tbi ncsi yit kg 3201 cg` ^nbdkimcgg nfud` fgdy wctnbcs tbi scr rfì jy. Cs wi ncg ric` dctir fg kg tbks trcvid lfurgcd,^nbdkimcgg bc` cg igfrmfus c`mkrctkfg afr Gknbfdcs K (3?;1-3299) cg` bi wcs gft cdfgi. biri wcs gf ftbir tscr kg tbi 3;tbnigtury wbf sf strfgody diat bks mcrh fg Zusskc. Mcgy Zusskcgs c`-mkri` cg` wfrsbkppi` bkm, jut tbiri wiri cdsf tbfsi wbf scw bkmcs tbi orictist tyrcgt:;. Catir bks vkskt tf Igodcg` kg 3200, SuiigQkntfrkc nbcrcntirkzi` bkm cs afddfws kg c dittir tf tbi Jidokcg HkgoDifpfd`<

Bi ks stirg cg` siviri- wktb ffixi` prkgnkpdis fa ̀ uty wbknb gftbkgofg icrtb wkdd mchi bkm nbcgoi8 viry ndivir K `f gft tbkgh bkm,

cg` bks mkg` ks cg ugnkvkdkzi` fgi8 bks iùnctkfg bcs jiig giodinti`8 pfdktkns cg` mkdktcry nfgnirgs cri tbi fgdy tbkgos bi tchis orict kgtirist kg8 tbi crts cg` cdd sfatir fnnupctkfgs bi ks kgsigskjditf, jut bi ks skgniri, K cm nirtckg, skgniri ivig kg bks mfst ìspftkncnts, arfm c sigsi tbct tbct ks tbi fgdy wcy tf ofvirg. >5

^nbdkimcgg spichs fa tbi rckdwcy dkgi arfm Mfsnfw tf ^tUitirsjuro, fg wbknb wfrh bc` jioug kg 320:. bks wfrh wcs su-pirvksi` jy Mclfr Oifroi _. _kstdir (3255-320;) wbf bc` ockgiìxpirkigni kg tbi Y.^. wktb tbi nfgstruntkfg fa rckdwcys. Cnnfr`kgotf cg cgin`fti, Gknbfdcs K wfud` bcvi ìtirmkgi` tbi rfuti fa tbksdkgi jy `rcwkgo c dkgi wktb c rudir fg c mcp. bks ks kgìi` fgi fatbi strckobtist rckdwcy sintkfgs kg tbi wfrd`, jut tbks ks mckgdy ùi

:2 Lfghir 3;;1, :52< Pi nfmmf`kty spinudctkfgs siim tf bcvi jiig lust tbct, bkt-cg`-mkss cstckrs kg wbknb sfmi ktims sfd` viry widd, sfmi wiri ricdksi` ct c dfss frwrkttig fst quknhdy, cg` sfmi rimckgi` fg tbi jffhs ugtkd rfttig, dkhi tbi 35.555oukdìrs wfrtb fa tkmjir sigt tf Dfg`fg Xjy @itimiyir _isdkgob & \g.] kg 32:2cg` stkdd tbiri kg Lcgucry 3200, fr tbi 3:.555 oukdìrs fa tfjcnnf dykgo kg ^t.Uitirsjuro arfm 32>> cg` dcroidy ugsfd` afr ikobt yicrs.

:; Dkgnfdg 3;?2, ;.

>5 Sufti` kg Dkgnfdg 3;?2, ::>.



31

tf tbi tirrckg. Fgdy tbi Qcd`ck Bkdds afrm c ricd fjstcndi. bks dkgiwcs jukdt jy Zusskcg sdcvis cg` catir 3201 jy Ufdksb prksfgirs fa wcr.bfuscg`s pirksbi` ùi tf snurvy, nbfdirc cg` typbus. Kg tbi ig`tbi sintkfg wcs akgksbi` kg 3293.>3

Catir bks crrkvcd kg ^t Uitirsjuro, cdd Cmstir`cm mckd wcs afr-wcrì` tf ^nbdkimcgg vkc tbi akrm fa Cdixcgìr Mcbs & Nf. bksks rimcrhcjdi cs tbi skstir fa Cdixcgìr Mcbs, Zfskgc, wcs mcr-rki` tf Birmcgg Igoidjirt ^nbrñìr, c sinfg` nfuskg fa J.B.^nbrñìr kg Cmstir`cm. ^f tbi ^nbrñìrs wiri cdric`y prisigt kg ^tUitirsjuro jiafri ^nbdkimcgg crrkvi` tbiri, jut tbi mcrhit siimstf bcvi jiig sf dcroi tbct Cdixcgìr Mcbs `k` gft fjlint tf bks

Cmstir`cm ridctkfgs wfrhkgo wktb cg kgìpigìgt coigt. Catir >r` Lugi, ^nbdkimcgg nbcgoi` c``riss cg` arfm tbig fg bks mckd wigtvkc Bikgrknb Ufppi.

Oirmcgy cg` tbi Gitbirdcg`s

Cdtbfuob tbi sic wcs ncdm, ^nbdkimcgg kmmi`kctidy suaairi` arfmsicsknhgiss8 bi ̀ iakgktidy wcs gft c off` sckdfr. Cdric`y kg tbi icrdkirmigtkfgi` dittir tf bks skstirs bi migtkfgs bfw bi wcs pdcoui` jysicsknhgiss fg bks akrst sic vfycoi, wbknb jrfuobt bkm tf ixid cswi bcvi siig. Kg dctir ripfrts fg sic vfycois kt ks sbfwg tkmi cg`cockg tbct bi wristdi` wktb tbks prfjdim. Kt bfwivir givir stfppi`bkm arfm ugìrtchkgo sunb c vfycoi. _big wi afddfw ^nbdkimcggtbrfuob Bcmjuro wi bcvi tf jicr kg mkg` tbct tbi Bcmjuro wktb

kts mckgdy mi`kivcd cppicrcgni cs bi hgiw kt kg 3203 `k` gf dfgoirixkst. C jko akri kg 320: cdmfst tftcddy ìstrfyi` kt>:. bi mi`kivcdnbcrcntir fa Bcmjuro, wktb kts wffìg bfusis cg` gcrrfw striits,wcs cg c`ì` ncusi afr tbi akri tf ìstrfy sunb c dcroi pcrt fa tbinkty. Luòkgo jy wbct ^nbdkimcgg wrfti kg bks trcvid lfurgcd, tbitfwg bc` dcroidy jiig rijukdt kg 3201.

bks wcs kg acnt gft tbi akrst tkmi tbct bi scw tbks rinfgstrunt-i` Bcmjuro, bi bc` vkskti` kt kg Lcgucry 3201 fg bks wcy tf ^tUitirsjuro. _i ncg sii arfm tbi stydi fa bks rimcrhs fg tbi `kaair-igni jitwiig tbi Oirmcg cg` Zusskcg wcy fa dkvkgo tbct bi wrftitbks lfurgcd wktb c Zusskcg cu`kigni kg mkg`. ^nbdkimcgg kìgtkakisbkmsida biri ndicrdy wktb tbi Zusskcgs cg` tbus tbi kmcoi crksis tbctbi ks surprksi` jy tbi Oirmcg wcy fa dkvkgo. Dctir fg kg tbi lfurgcd,wi wkdd sii tbct bi rioudcrdy pfsis cs c Zusskcg cs bi, cs bi ixprissi`kt, wfud` ìcrdy dkhi tf ji c Zusskcg. Jitwiig tbi dkgis kt ks cdsfmfri fr diss ndicr tbct bi wfud` dfvi tf mcrry c Zusskcg wfmcg jut

>3 Dkgnfdg 3;?2, 3>1.>: îi afr kgstcgni (cgfgymfus) 320: Bcmjuro zff cds bit wcs ig ks kg Mik 320: .

Bccrdim.



3?

cdsf tbct tbiy, ugafrtugctidy afr ̂ nbdkimcgg, ̀ k` gft rcti afrikogirs

viry bkobdy. _i ncg tbiriafri csh fursidvis tf wbknb ixtigt tbi wksbtf pfsi cs c Zusskcg wcs prfmpti` jy bks bcghirkgo catir c Zusskcgwkai.

bi vkskt tf tbi tbictri tbct bi mchis catir bks tfur fa tbi nkty kssymptfmctkn fa cdd tbictri vkskts tbct bi ìsnrkjis. bictri wcs afr^nbdkimcgg wbct tidivkskfg ks afr us, c wcy tf spig` tbi ivigkgo. Biwcs tbus c mcg fa bks tkmi. _i akg` tbi scmi jibcvkfur cdsf kg tbitrcvid lfurgcds cg` `kcrkis fa ftbir pifpdi kg tbi 3;tb nigtury.>>

_big wi dffh ct ^nbdkimcgg‛s nfgvirsctkfg wktb _kdbidm Qfdoirkg tbi stcoinfcnb arfm Bcmjuro tf Jrimig, wi sii twf trckts fa

bks nfmkgo tfoitbir wbig bi ks tcdhkgo cjfut bks akrm kg Mfsnfw<jrcookgo cg` fptkmksm. Kg Mfsnfw, ^nbdkimcgg bc` spfhig tf tbijuskgissmcg _. Cdixniaa >0 cg` bi wcs nfgvkgni` tbct bi wfud` jitchig fg kg tbks mcg‛s akrm. _big ^nbdkimcgg‛s bfpi wfud` bcvijiig audakddi`, bi ct jist nfud` bcvi jinfmi c pcrtgir, jut bi tcdhs

>> îi afr kgstcgni Qcg Dyìg-@i Jruægi :553.>0 Kt siims tbct wktbkg tbi ^nbrñìr ffirm tbiri wcs gf nfgsigsus cjfut tbi trcgsnrkp-

tkfg fa tbks gcmi. Kg tbi dittirs arfm Cmstir`cm fgi ffig`s Cdixnist cg` Cdixilist,kg tbi dittirs arfm Di Bcvri cg` kg tbi dittirs arfm Bcmjuro Cdihsyist. Kg c``k-

tkfg `r. ^. Higgidd bcs afug` tbi afrms Cdixiiw, Cdixiiv cg` Cdixist.

Pbi Jkggigcdstir wktb tbi Lugoairgstkio cg` tbi Cdstirpcvkdkfg, n. 3225



32

biri cs ka kt ks bks fwg juskgiss cg` tbct wbig gftbkgo ks ìakgktiyit. Ct tbi ig` fa bks trcvid lfurgcd wi ncg sii bks `kscppfkgtmigt

wbig tbks pdcg ackdi`. _big dffhkgo ct ^nbdkimcgg‛s lfurgiy tf tbi Gitbirdcg`s, wi

ncg sii bfw tbi crrkvcd fa tbi rckdwcys nbcgoi` trcvid kg tbi 3;tbnigtury. Bi `k` gft tchi tbi usucd stcoinfcnb rfuti tf Cmstir`cmjut trcviddi` tf Crgbim tf tchi tbi trckg arfm tbiri.

bks wcs tbi dkgi tbct tbi Giìrdcg`snbi Zbklg ^pffrwioMcctsnbcppkl bc` fpigi` c yicr icrdkir, cg` tbct rcg arfm Crgbimvkc Ytrinbt tf Cmstir`cm. bks dkgi igì` kg Cmstir`cm ct tbi

_iispirpffrt. bi pknturi tbct ^nbdkimcgg shitnbis biri fa tbinfgstruntkfg fa tbks dkgi ks rimcrhcjdi. biri cri gf bkob `yhis cg`ìip cjyssis fg tbks dkgi wbknb mckgdy rugs fvir adct tirrckg cg` tbustbi nfgstruntkfg fa tbks rckdwcy wcs ridctkvidy ugnfmpdkncti`. Fgpcpir tbi rfuti ks dfgoir tbcg tbi stcoinfcnb rfuti arfm Bcmjurovkc \wfddi tf Cmstir`cm jut tbi trckg wigt sf munb acstir tbctivig tbi ixtrc `kstcgni tbct bi bc` tf nfvir tf oit tf Crgbim wcsicskdy mcì up afr.

^nbdkimcgg tidds us viry dkttdi cjfut Cmstir`cm. bks ks `kaak-nudt tf ugìrstcg` wbig wi rimimjir tbct bi wcs wrktkgo wktb cZusskcg cu`kigni kg mkg`. Afr bkm, wbf bc` dkvi` kg Cmstir`cm,tbiri wfud` bcvi jiig gf mfri wfgìrs tf sii kg tbks nkty jut tbct

@i Zbygspffrwio - Pbi Ytrinbt stctkfg, 3211



3;

`k` gft cppdy tf bks cu`kigni. Urisumcjdy ^nbdkimcgg wcs sf jusysiikgo cdd bks cnquckgtcgnis cockg tbct bi dfst skobt fa fgi fa tbi ckmsfa bks trcvid lfurgcd. Bi nfud`g‛t akg` tbi tkmi tf wrkti cg` wbigbi `k` pknh up tbi tbric` bi mfri fr diss shkppi` tbks pirkf`. Fgigcmi ks mksskgo cmfgo cdd tbi vkskts cg` miitkgos tbct ^nbdkimcggmigtkfgs kg bks lfurgcd. Bi `fis gft tcdh cjfut bks jrftbir Du`wkowbf bi bc` sigt afr tbi yicr jiafri, kg 3209.>9

_i ncg sii arfm tbi lfurgiy tbct ^nbdkimcgg mchis arfm Cmstir`cm tf Zfttir`cm tbct tbi rckdwcys wiri stkdd kg tbikr kgacg-ny. Arfm tbi kgafrmctkfg tbct ^nbdkimcgg‛s duoocoi wfud` ji ìdkv-iri` tf Hfig‛s stcoinfcnb wi ncg nfgnduì tbct tbks dkgi `k` gft nfg-tkgui cdd tbi wcy tf Zfttir`cm. bks dkgi bc` jiig stcrti` kg 32>;cs c nfggintkfg jitwiig Cmstir`cm cg` Bccrdim cg` bc` jiigixtigì` jkt jy jkt fvir tbi yicrs. Kg 3201 tbi dkgi igì` kg @idatcg` pcssigoirs arfm Zfttir`cm bc` tf nfgtkgui jy nfcnb. Fgdykg 320? wcs tbi nfggintkfg jitwiig Cmstir`cm cg` Zfttir`cmnfmpditi`.

Igodcg`

bi ìsnrkptkfg tbct ^nbdkimcgg okvis fa bks crrkvcd kg Dfg`fg ksarkig`dy nfmpcri` tf wbct Jdcgnbcr` Lirrfd` tfd` bks ricìrs kg32?:<

Pi sbkp tfunbis tbi ugstic`y dcg`kgo-stcoi< tbi ocgowcy ks

ndicri`8 cg` gfw tbi strcgoir mchis bks ffirst cnquckgtcgni wktbtbi Dfg`fgir. Ka tbi ^kdigt Bkobwcy tf Dfg`fg sbfws fgi fa tbinkty‛s jrkddkcgt cg` kmpfskgo skìs, tbi sbfris fa tbi Pcmis ixpfsikts pfvirty. Pi pffr aiddfws wbf wckt jy Dfg`fg Jrkòi tf rusbfg jfcr` cgy sticmir tbct bcs pcssigoirs wktb duoocoi tf dcg`,mchi mcgy c trcviddir‛s ffirst kmprisskfg. Kg tbikr pfvirty tbiri ksgftbkgo pknturisqui. Pi Dfg`fgir riùni` tf bugtkgo catir f`` lfjs jy tbi rkvir-sbfri ks c ncstcwcy, wbfm kt ks kmpfsskjdi tf ndcss… Bks ndftbis cri pknhi` cgywbiri8 c jdcnh tckd nfct fa tbi mfstcgnkigt `cti, c ct ncp fr c jrfhig skdh bct „ ivirytbkgo ffiatbbcg`! Gftbkgo sukti` afr bks wfrh fr kgtigì` afr bkm … Pi

nriw fa tbisi pusbkgo cg` gfksy gfgìsnrkpts, wbf wkg` tbrfuobtbi pcssigoirs, tf pfugni upfg tbi duoocoi, okvis mcgy c mcg csbu`ìr … Pi afrikogir ìskrkgo tf mchi cgftbir istintkvi jffhfa c —Qfycoi ì @ëscorëmigts å Dfg`ris,” nfud` gft sidint c jittirfpigkgo tbcg tbi sbi`s cg` pcsscois, bcda stcjdi cg` bcda ycr`8 tbisbcjjy pistirkgo dfktirirs, cg` ugnkvkd fnkcds. >1

>9 Du`wko ^nbdkimcgg imkorcti` tf tbi Y^ icrdy 320;, cg` `ki` tbiri sbfrtdy catirbks crrkvcd. Kdkfs 3223, 3:.

>1 @frë cg` Lirrfd` 32?:, 30-39.



:5

^nbdkimcgg jiocg bks lfurgiy tbrfuob Igodcg` kg Dfg`fg cg`cdsf igì` tbiri. _i wkdd dicvi bks akrst kmprisskfgs fa tbi nkty afrwbct tbiy cri. Kt ks gftknicjdi tbfuob tbct ^nbdkimcgg nfmpcristbi Dfg`fg tbct bi siis arfm tbi trckg wktb cg cjyss. bi scmi km-coi cdsf imirois arfm Oustcvi @frë‛s `rcwkgo —Fvir Dfg`fg „ JyZckd”, bfusis strugo tfoitbir wbknb risimjdi rfnh acnis, wktb ji-twiig tbim igndfsi` nfurtycr`s kg wbknb pifpdi siim tf ji kmprks-fgi`. Cjfvi, fg c jrkòi, c jkddfwkgo sticm dfnfmftkvi rcnis fut fatbi pknturi. bi kmcoi fa cg cjyss siims tf bcvi jiig sf strfgo tbctwbig Lcnh Dfg`fg pujdksbi` c jffh fg tbi Dfg`fg sdums kg 3;5>bi ncddi` kt bi Uifpdi fa tbi Cjyss .

Fg bks lfurgiy tbrfuob tbi kgùstrkcd bicrtdcg` fa Igodcg`,^nbdkimcgg ncmi acni tf acni wktb tbi prforiss fa tbi 3;tb nigtury.bct nigtury wcs afrmi` fg tbi fgi skì jy rfmcgtknksm wbknbbcrhi` jcnh tf kts rffts kg tbi pcst cg` fg tbi ftbir jy tinbgfd-foy tbct ixirti` cg ivir tkobtir orkp fg gcturi. Kg 320; I`wcr`Zfjkgsfg ̀ isnrkji` kt cs afddfws kg bks kgtrfùntkfg tf tbi Cmirkncgi`ktkfg fa Custkg Dcycr`‛s Gkgivib cg` kts rimckgs <

Kg tbks oigircd prforiss tbi gkgitiigtb nigtury stcg`s priimkgigt.Kg pbyskncd snkigni, tbi jrkddkcgt ̀ ksnfvirkis fa @cvy cg` ftbirs bcvinbcgoi` tbi wbfdi acni fa nbimkstry. Pi sticm-igokgi, tbfuob kgc micsuri icrdkir pirainti`, bcs ffirst kg fur `cy jiig cppdki` wktbkts mkobty igirokis tf gcvkoctkfg, tf dfnfmftkfg fg dcg`, cg` (gftdicst) tf tbi prkgtkgo-priss. Pi ffittkgo sugjicm bcs jiig orcspi`,

cg` mcì tf `f mcg‛s jk``kgo kg pdcni fa tbi pckgtir‛s pignkd. Cg`cdtbfuob Arcghdkg tcmi` tbi dkobtgkgo, yit gft ugtkd yistir`cy bcskts kgstcgtcgifus csb jiig mcì tbi vibkndi fa dcgoucoi8 tbus, kgtbi trcgsmksskfg fa tbfuobt, cggkbkdctkgo spcni cg` tkmi. >?

C trcgsafrmctkfg, tbct wi gfw ncdd tbi Kgùstrkcd Zivfdutkfg,bc` jioug kg tbi mk``di fa tbi 32tb nigtury cg` wcs jcsi` fgtbrii pkddcrs. Kg 3?59 bfmcs Giwnfmig (3110-3?:;) kgvigti` tbijicm sticm-igokgi. bks wcs kgìi` tbi akrst wfrhkgo sticm-igokgijut cs kg prcntkni kt wcs gft mfri tbcg c gft viry widd augntkfgkgopump, kt bc` gf ricd kgaduigni fg tbi infgfmy. Ivig catir Lcmis

_ctt (3?91-323;) tfoitbir wktb Mcttbiw Jfudtfg (3?:2-325;)stcrti` tf prfùni munb kmprfvi` sticm-igokgis crfug` 3??9 kgtbi surrfug`kgos fa Jkrmkgobcm, kt wfud` tchi c dfgo tkmi jiafritbisi wfud` ricddy jinfmi cg kgaduigtkcd infgfmkn acntfr. Kg 3239,0: sticm-igokgis wiri wfrhkgo kg Jkrmkgobcm, kg 32>5 tbiri wiri3:5 cg` kg 3205 tbikr gumjir bc` rksig tf :05. Cpcrt arfm tbiìvidfpmigt fa tbi sticm-igokgi, tbiri wcs tbi minbcgkzctkfg kgcorknudturi. bks tffh faa catir Litbrf udd (31?0-3?03) bc` kgvigt-

>? Dcycr` 320;, k.



:3

i` tbi sii`-`rkdd kg 3?53. bi tbkr` pkddcr tbct mcì tbi Kgùstrkcd

Zivfdutkfg pfsskjdi wcs tbi kmprfvimigt fa tbi kgarcstrunturi.Urfùnts bc` tf ji trcgspfrti` arfm tbi kgtirkfr tf tbi nfcst arfmwbiri tbiy wiri tf ji sbkppi` tf ftbir pdcnis kg tbi wfrd`. bi rks-kgo kgùstrkcd gitwfrh bc` tf ji nfgginti` tf tbi cdric`y ixkstkgomirncgtkdi gitwfrh. Akrst tbks wcs trki` wktb wctirwcys jut kt ricddytffh faa catir tbi sticm-igokgi wcs trcgsafrmi` kgtf c dfnfmftkvi.bi akrst rckdwcy dkgi wcs fpigi` kg 32:9 jitwiig ^tfnhtfg cg`@crdkgo. biricatir tbi ìvidfpmigt fa tbi rckd gitwfrh octbiri`spii`. brfuob tbi minbcgkzctkfg kg corknudturi mfri cg` mfriacrm dcjfurirs jincmi ugimpdfyi`, jut tbiri wiri lfjs cvckdcjdi

afr tbim kg tbi sticm-pfwiri` acntfrkis tbct nfud` trcgspfrt tbikrprfùnts tf tbi wfrd` mcrhits vkc tbi rckdwcys.>2

Afr tbi afrmir acrm dcjfurirs, tbi Kgùstrkcd Zivfdutkfg bc` cgugpdicscgt skì iaaint. _ktb tbikr ìpcrturi arfm tbi nfugtryskìtf tbi giw kgùstrkcd nigtris, tbiy dfst tbikr sfnkcd scaity git fa vkd-dcoi cg` acmkdy dkai wktbfut sfmitbkgo giw tchkgo kts pdcni. Jiskìs,tbi pcttirg fa dkai tf wbknb tbiy bc` jiig cnnustfmi` afr nigturkiswcs `ksrupti` jincusi tbi acntfrkis nfud` fpircti kgìpigìgt fa

>2 Nfdi 3;9:, nbcptirs KKK & KQ.

Fvir Dfg`fg - Jy Zckd, Oustcv @frë, n. 32?1



::

`cydkobt cg` sicsfgs. Kg c``ktkfg, tbisi giw kgùstrkcd nigtris oriwsf acst tbct tbi nfgstruntkfg fa bfusis cg` kgarcstrunturi nfud` gftfr bcr`dy hiip up. Cg` tbus tbi afug`ctkfg wcs dck` afr tbi biNfmmugkst Mcgkaistf wbknb Hcrd Mcrx (3232-322>) cg` Arki`rknbIgoids (32:5-32;9) prfùni` kg 3202<

Pi mfìrg dcjfurir … kgstic` fa rkskgo wktb tbi prforiss fa kg-ùstry, skghs ìipir cg` ìipir jidfw tbi nfg`ktkfgs fa ixkstignifa bks fwg ndcss. Bi jinfmis c pcupir, cg` pcupirksm ìvidfpsmfri rcpk`dy tbcg pfpudctkfg cg` wicdtb. Cg` biri kt jinfmisivkìgt, tbct tbi jfuroifkski ks ugffit cgy dfgoir tf ji tbi rudkgondcss kg sfnkity … >;

bi Kgùstrkcd Zivfdutkfg ìvidfpi` acstist kg Orict Jrktckg. _i ncg sii tbks cmfgost ftbirs wbig wi dffh ct tbi orfwtb kg tbigumjir fa mkdis fa rckdwcy trcnhs. Kg 320> tbiri wiri :555 mkdis fatrcnh, wbknb bc` kgnricsi` tf 1155 m jy 3295. bkgos mfvi` sdfwirkg tbi rist fa Iurfpi. Arcgni bc` :555 mkdis kg 3295, cg` Oirmcgy>155 mkdis, wbkdi Zusskc bc` fgdy >55 mkdis.05 ̂ nbdkimcgg‛s jidfvi`Zusskc afug` kt `kaaknudt tf dkgh up wktb tbi rist fa Iurfpi. Kg 3295Orict Jrktckg bc` 32 mkddkfg kgbcjktcgts, Arcgni bc` >9 mkddkfg cg`Zusskc n. 99 mkddkfg. Orict Jrktckg prfùni` kg tbct yicr : mkddkfgtfgs fa krfg, Arcgni 051,555 tfgs cg` Zusskc fgdy ::?,555 tfgs.

Cdsf kg ^nbdkimcgg‛s fwg akid` kt wcs mchi `f. Kg 3205 tbi skzifa Zusskcg trcì wcs fgdy 32% fa tbi Igodksb fgi cg` >5% fa tbiArignb. Fgdy 9% fa tbi tftcd Iurfpicg trcì ncmi arfm Zusskc.03

Kt ks cockgst tbks jcnhorfug` tbct wi bcvi tf sii ^nbdkimcgg‛svkskt tf Igodcg`. Bi wcs audd fa c`mkrctkfg afr cdd tbi prforiss tbctbc` jiig mcì kg tbi dcst :9 yicrs, jut kt siims tbct bi wcs jdkg` tftbi gioctkvi skì iaaints. Bi ìsnrkjis kg ìtckd bks vkskt tf c acntfrywbiri dfnfmftkvis wiri mcì. Cdd tinbgkncd cspints kgtiristi` bkmjut wi bicr gftbkgo cjfut tbi pifpdi tbct mcì tbim cg` tbi nfg-`ktkfgs ugìr wbknb tbiy dcjfuri`. _big ^nbdkimcgg wrktis cjfutc twkst0: acntfry kg Mcgnbistir, bi rimcrhs tbct tbiy impdfy wfmigkg oigircd. _fmig `k` kgìi` bcvi c nigtrcd rfdi kg tbi nfttfg kg-

ùstry, ivig mfri sf tbcg nfud` ji ixpinti` arfm ^nbdkimcgg‛s ri-mcrhs. :?,39; pifpdi wfrhi` kg tbi Mcgnbistir nfttfg kgùstry kg3;53, fa wbknb :5,:?1 wiri wfmig.0>

>; Mcrx cg` Igoids 3;1?, 20-29.05 Nfdi 3;9:, 95-93.03 Dkgnfdg 3;?2, 323.0: wkst ks twkgi` fr twksti` ycrg, nfgskstkgo fa twf tbric`s.

0> Miyirs Hfgvirsctkfgs Dixkhfg 3;5;.



:>

^nbdkimcgg usi` tbi giw cnbkivimigts wktbfut bisktctkfg cs wincg sii kg bfw bi trcviddi` arfm Mcgnbistir tf Dkvirpffd, wbiri bi

wcs twf `cys jiafri, lust tf bcvi c pdicscgt ivigkgo cg` tf hiip upwktb c juskgiss nfgtcnt.

^nbdkimcgg‛s rimcrh tbct tbi Igodksb dc`kis bc` c priairigni afrgfg-Igodksb oigtdimig ks prfjcjdy gf mfri tbcg wksbaud tbkghkgo.

Cs c ricntkfg tf tbi Igdkobtigmigt, tbi kmpfrtcgni fa tbi kg`kvk`-ucd ncmi up cs c risudt fa Zfmcgtknksm. Fg c dcroir sncdi tbks k`icwcs trcgsdcti` cs tbi fwg orfup cg` tbi fwg nfugtry. bkghkgotbus jincmi mfri gctkfgcdkstkn. Cs kg vcrkfus Iurfpicg nfugtrkis,pifpdi nigtri` tbikr tbfuobts fg tbikr fwg nfugtry cg` tbikr fwgnudturi, kgivktcjdy xigfpbfjkn aiidkgos ncmi up. bfmcs Cuousti

Cmi (3?55-3?02) ixprissi` tbi Igodksb spkrkt fa tbi tkmi tbus<

Pi gctkfgs gft sf jdist cs tbii

Must, kg tbikr turg, tf tyrcgts acdd8

_bkdi tbfu sbcdt furksb, orict cg` arii,

Pi `ric` cg` igvy fa tbim cdd.

Zudi Jrktcgkc, Jrktcggkc rudi tbi wcvis!

I`wcr` Off`cdd - Nffgfpfdks, igorcvkgo catir tbi pckgtkgo Mcgnbistir arfm Hirscd Mffr jy

_. _yd`i, n. 329:



:0

Kt ks rimcrhcjdi tbct ̂ nbdkimcgg dkhis kgtiddkoigt wfmig. Kg oig-ircd kg tbks pirkf` tbi kgtiddintucd ìvidfpmigt fa wfmig ks riocr`-i` cs supiradufus cg` ivig `cgoirfus. I`wcr` B. Ndcrh, c `fntfr,ivig nfgnduì` tbct tbi wfmj wfud` wktbir tbrfuob ixnisskvi usifa tbi jrckgs.00

Kt ks cg fpig quistkfg wbitbir tbi Igodksb dc`kis kgìi` `k`tbkgh acvfurcjdy fa Zusskc cg` tbi scr cs ^nbdkimcgg tidds us frtbct tbiy wiri miridy pfdkti. biri bc` jiig c strckgi` ridctkfgsbkpjitwiig Orict Jrktckg cg` Zusskc skgni 32:? jincusi jftb wcgti`tf ixirt mfri kgaduigni fg tbi Fttfmcg Impkri. Kg frìr tf km-prfvi tbi sktuctkfg, scr Gknbfdcs K sigt kg Mcy 32>; bks idìst sfg,orcg` ùhi Cdihscg`r Gkhfdcivknb (3232-3223, wbf sunniiì` bksactbir cs scr kg 3299), tf Igodcg`. Bi mcì c acvfurcjdi kmpris-skfg fg Suiig Qkntfrkc, jut tbiri wiri cttcnhs kg tbi pcpirs fgZusskcg pfdktkns ùrkgo bks stcy. scr Gknbfdcs K bkmsida vkskti` OrictJrktckg arfm3st tf 0tb Lugi 3200. bks vkskt wigt rctbir diss corii-cjdy. bi scr cggfugni` bks vkskt diss tbcg :0 bfurs jiafribcg`.Bi crrkvi` fg 3st Lugi kg _ffdwknb cg` kmmi`kctidy trcviddi` tfDfg`fg ugìr tbi gcmi fa Nfugt Frdfv. Bi `k` gft ripfrt bkmsidatf Junhkgobcm Ucdcni wbiri Suiig Qkntfrkc bc` c rffm pripcri`

00 Ibrigriknb cg` Igodksb 3;?>, 339.

Pbi ^tcdds - Nfvigt Ocrìg Fpirc. Oustcvi @frë, n. 32?1



:9

afr bkm, jut bi tffh up riskìgni kg tbi Zusskcg Imjcssy. Cg` cd-tbfuob kt wcs cdric`y pcst mk`gkobt, bi kmmi`kctidy wrfti c dittirtf Urkgni Cdjirt wktb tbi cggfugnimigt tbct bi ìskri` tf miit tbiSuiig cs sffg cs pfsskjdi. Kt ofis wktbfut scykgo tbct tbi wchkgoup fa tbi prkgni, ivig jy c vksktkgo sfvirikog, wcs nfgskìri` kmpf-dkti.09 Kg tbi ig` tbi ridctkfgsbkp jitwiig Orict Jrktckg cg` Zusskcjrfhi `fwg cg` kg 329> tbi Nrkmicg _cr jrfhi fut.

_biri gfwc`cys wi cri kgndkgi` tf migtkfg tbi tbictri cg` tbicrts kg fgi jrictb, tbks wcs ìakgktidy gft tbi ncsi kg ^nbdkimcgg‛s`cys. bictri wcs igtirtckgmigt cg` kg Igodcg` fatig gft fgdy vks-ucddy. Kg Dfg`fg, prfstktutis dffhi` afr nustfmirs kg tbi riniptkfgrffms, cg` kg tbi Suiig‛s tbictri kg Mcgnbistir, tbiy ivig wfrhi`kg tbi cu`ktfrkum, ka wi ncg jidkivi ^nbdkimcgg. _big wi dffh cttbi tbictris kg Dfg`fg, wi‛dd sii tbct kg oigircd tbiy cri gft dfncti`kg tbi jist crics fa tbi nkty cg` tbct siims tf bcvi jiig tbi ncsi kgMcgnbistir tff. bks ks fgi fa tbi aiw fnncskfgs kg ^nbdkimcgg‛strcvid lfurgcd wbiri wi oit c odkmpsi fa tbi pfvirty cg` mksiry,wbknb ct tbct tkmi wigt bcg` kg bcg` wktb tbi rcpk`dy ìvidfpkgokgùstry<

… pifpdi riocr` icnb ftbir fgdy cs usiaud fjlints8 icnb ixpdfkts tbiftbir, cg` tbi ig` fa kt cdd ks, tbct tbi strfgoir tric`s tbi wichirugìr afft, cg` tbct tbi pfwiraud aiw, tbi ncpktcdksts, sikzi iviry-tbkgo afr tbimsidvis, wbkdi tf tbi wich mcgy, tbi pffr, sncrnidy cjcri ixkstigni rimckgs.01

Dfg`fg

_biri, up tkdd gfw, wi ncg pdcni ^nbdkimcgg‛s trkp, wktb sfmi off`wkdd, kg tbi nfgtixt fa bks wfrh, tbks nbcgoi` catir bks riturg tfDfg`fg. Biri bi nbcgois kgtf c ricd tfurkst wbf wcdhs crfug` tbinkty kg cmczimigt. bi akrst tbkgo tbct strkhis bkm ks tbi smfo.

_biri gfwc`cys wi cri nfgnirgi` wktb tbi divid fa ckr pfddutkfg kgfur jko nktkis, tbks ks gftbkgo nfmpcri` tf tbi ckr pfddutkfg kg 3;tbnigtury Dfg`fg<

Kg tbi tbkr` wiih fa Gfvimjir, kg tbi yicr 32;9, c ìgsi yiddfw afo sittdi` ̀ fwg upfg Dfg`fg. Arfm tbi Mfg`cy tf tbi Purs`cyK `fujt wbitbir kt wcs ivir pfsskjdi arfm fur wkg`fws kg Jchir^triit tf sii tbi dffm fa tbi fppfskti bfusis. Pi ffirst `cy Bfdmisbc` spigt kg nrfss-kgìxkgo bks buoi jffh fa riairignis. Pi sinfg`

09 Dkgnfdg 3;?2, :39.01 Igoids 32;:, :0. Frkokgcddy pujdksbi` cs< Igoids, Arki`rknb 3209 @ki Dcoi ìr

crjiktigìg Hdcssi kg Igodcg` . Dikpzko. Fgdy kg 322? `k` cg Igodksb trcgsdctkfg

cppicr kg Giw [frh. Kt wcs gft pujdksbi` kg Igodcg` ugtkd 32;:.



:1

cg` tbkr` bc` jiig pctkigtdy fnnupki` upfg c sujlint wbknb bibc` rinigtdy mcì bks bfjjy--tbi muskn fa tbi Mk``di Cois. Jutwbig, afr tbi afurtb tkmi, catir pusbkgo jcnh fur nbckrs arfmjrichacst wi scw tbi oricsy, bicvy jrfwg swkrd stkdd `rkatkgo pcstus cg` nfgìgskgo kg fkdy `rfps upfg tbi wkg`fw- pcgis, my nfm-

rcì‛s kmpctkigt cg` cntkvi gcturi nfud` igùri tbks `rcj ixkstignigf dfgoir.0?

Audd fa c`mkrctkfg bi dffhs ct tbi Bfusis fa Ucrdkcmigt ugìrnfgstruntkfg. bi akrst stfgi fa tbi imjcghmigt bc` jiig dck` kg32>?. bi nfgstruntkfg mcì sdfw prforiss cg` fgdy kg 3205 wcstbi akrst stfgi dck` fa tbi cntucd jukd`kgos. bi wbfdi prflint wcssupirvksi` jy Nbcrdis Jcrry (3?;9-3215) jut bi `ki` jiafri kt wcsakgksbi`. Ydtkmctidy kt wcs nfmpditi` jy bks sfg I`wcr` Mk``ditfgJcrry (32>5-3225). Cdtbfuob tbi Bfusi fa Dfr`s wcs cdric`y kg usi

kg 320?, tbi jukd`kgo wcs gft faaknkcddy fpigi` jy tbi Suiig ugtkd329:. Catir bks ixncvctkfg fa Mynigci, ^nbdkimcgg‛s acmi wcs sforict, kg 32??, tbct tbi scmi I`wcr` Mk``ditfg Jcrry kgvkti` bkmtf okvi c dinturi afr bi Zfycd Kgstktuti fa Crnbktints. Fg :9tb Cprkd32??, ^nbdkimcgg gftkaki` Jcrry, kg bks usucd kmmfìst mcggir,tbct bi wcs ric`y tf okvi tbi dinturi<

My ìcr Jcrry

My pcpir ks ric`y. Kt bcs nfst mi > ̀ cys, jincusi kt tricts fa sujlintsgivir yit `ksnussi` jy cgy fgi. K riqukri cg bfur tf ric` kt. K cm

suri yfu wkdd ji bkobdy pdicsi` wktb kt. Cdd tbi pbftforcpbs cri kgtbi igorcvirs‛ bcg`. K ncg okvi yfu tbi pcpir fg Ark`cy ka yfu dkhitf sii kt

[furs trudy

By ^nbdkimcgg02

_big ^nbdkimcgg siis tbi _iddkgotfg Mfgumigt kg ByìUcrh, bi ks mfst kmprissi`. Audd fa `ksoust bi riairs tf cg crtkndiarfm 3209 kg Uugnb jy ^bkrdiy Jrffhs, wbf wcs ndicrdy diss igcm-furi` jy tbks mfgumigt tbcg ^nbdkimcgg. _i sbfud`, bfwivir,jicr kg mkg` tbct Jrffhs wrfti cjfut tbi pdcgs wbkdi ^nbdkimcggstff` acni tf acni wktb tbi ig` prfùnt. _i `f gft hgfw wbitbirtbks cdtiri` Jrffhs‛ vkiw<

_idd, jiafri tbi sbcm `ffrs ks tf ji c ffiouri fa vkntfry „ futskìmkg` „ tbfuob tbi @uhi kgstic` fa hiipkgo vkntfry cwcy arfmbkm wcs usucddy viry munb ct bfmi wktb bir. Pks, bfwivir, ksdiss nfgsiquigni cs tbi @uhi bkmsida ks tf ji futskì bks fwg mcu-

0? Nfgcg @fydi 3;3:, 3.

02 Nfddintkfg Zô`koir H. _igo.



:?

sfdium, kgìi` tf ji pirnbi` fg tfp fa kt. Afr tbks tbiri cri twf off` crtkstkn ricsfgs. _iri tbi @uhi kgskì wi nfud` gft sii bkm

cg` sinfg`dy bi ncggft ji put kgskì jincusi tbi mcusfdium ̀ ffrscri sbcm fgis. Pi istint wfud` siim tf ji tbct fa c dc`y wiipkgocockgst tbi arfgt `ffr fa c bfusi wbkdi tbi pcrty sbi ks jiwckdkgobcs oft fut fg tbi rffa 0;

Cdtbfuob tbi Jcttdi fa _ctirdff bc` tchig pdcni fg 32tb Lugi3239, Crtbur _iddisdiy, 3st @uhi fa _iddkgotfg (3?1;-329:) wcskg 3201 stkdd tbi orict birf fa Igodcg`, ndfsidy afddfwi` jy BfrctkfGidsfg (3?92-3259).

bi gixt `cy ^nbdkimcgg vkskti` tbi bcmis uggid wbknb rugs

arfm _cppkgo tf Zftbirbktbi. _cppkgo wcs fgi fa tbi wfrst cr-ics fa Dfg`fg. Cpcrt arfm tbi acnt tbct ^nbdkimcgg tidds us tbcttbi pffr dkvi` tbiri, bi `fis gft dkgoir fg kt. f oit cg kmprisskfgtbfuob fa wbct tbks jfrfuob dffhi` dkhi tbig, wi wkdd dffh ct tbiìsnrkptkfg okvig jy Lirrfd`<

Prfuob sbcjjy, sdcttirgdy pdcnis, jy dfw cg` pffr bfusis, cmk`sbkatdiss rkvirskì dfugoirs, wktb tbi sbkppkgo-dkttiri` Pcmis fgfur rkobt8 wi pusb fg tf tbi icstirg `fnh jitwiig _cppkgo cg`

0; Urkni 3;9?, 25-23.

Pbcmis Puggid, Dfg`fg, 32>9



:2

`fwg ^bc`widd. ^triits fa pfvirty-mcrhi` tigimigts, ocu`y puj-dkn-bfusis cg` jiir-sbfps, `ffr-stips pcnhi` wktb dfddkgo, bicvy-iyi`, bcda-gchi` nbkd`rig8 dfw-jrfwi` cg` jcri-crmi` wfmig oricskgo tbi wcdds wktb tbikr jcnhs, cg` ofsskpkgo tbi wbkdi sunb ofsskp cs snfrnbis tbi icr8 juddkis fa iviry hkg` wcdhkgo cs mcstirs

fa tbi pcvimigt „ cdd sprkghdi` wktb `rughiggiss „ nfmpfsi tbisnigi …95

Kt sbfud` ji jfrgi kg mkg` tbct tbi nfg`ktkfgs kg wbknb tbi pffrbc` tf dkvi kg Dfg`fg wiri acr arfm rfsy. Ukpi` wctir bc` jiig kg-stcddi` kg tbisi crics jut tf scvi nfsts tbisi wiri turgi` faa mfst fatbi `cy cg` tbi wbfdi fa ûg`cy.93

bi nfgstruntkfg fa tbi bcmis uggid bc` jioug kg 32:9 jutugafrtugctidy tbi oifdfokncd ugìrpkggkgos fa tbks prflint wiri gftwbct tbiy sbfud` bcvi jiig. bi ixncvctkfgs wiri tff ndfsi tf tbi

rkvirji` wktb tbi risudt tbct tbi rkvir jrfhi tbrfuob tbi tuggid rffawktb nctcstrfpbkn nfgsiquignis. bi prflint wcs sujsiquigtdy cjcg-`fgi` ugtkd 32>1. Kg tbi afddfwkgo yicrs tbi rkvir jrfhi tbrfuob cg-ftbir afur tkmis, jut tbi jcgh fg tbi ftbir skì wcs ct dcst ricnbi`kg 3203, cg` tbi tuggid wcs faaknkcddy fpigi` kg 320>. Kg tbi jiokg-gkgo kt wcs riocrì` cs c giw wfgìr fa tbi wfrd`, cs wi ncg ric`kg ^nbdkimcgg‛s lfurgcd, jut udtkmctidy kt wcs cg infgfmkn ackduri.bi tuggid wcs sfd` kg 3219 tf tbi Icst Dfg`fg Zckdwcy Nfmpcgywbknb nbcgoi` kt kgtf c rckdwcy tuggid.

Cs ^nbdkimcgg cssirti` kg bks cutfjkforcpby kg Kdkfs tbct bi bc`

jiig kgtiristi` kg rfy skgni bks icrdy yfutb, wi wkdd dffh kg ìtckdbiri ct bks vkskt tf tbi Jrktksb Musium.Mfgtcou Bfusi, tbi frkokgcd cnnfmmf`ctkfg fa tbi Jrktksb

Musium, wcs ìmfdksbi` kg 3209 tf mchi wcy afr tbi prisigtjukd`kgo. _big ^nbdkimcgg vkskti` kt kg 3201, kt wcs stkdd jikgo akt-ti` fut.9: Ypfg igtry, ^nbdkimcgg jfuobt c nfpy fa tbi ^ygfpsks fatbi nfgtigts fa tbi Jrktksb Musium, `ctkgo tf 32>2. bi tixt fa tbksoukì sbfws tbct afr c gumjir fa yicrs tbi musium bc` jiig kg tbiprfniss fa nbcgokgo ktsida arfm c nfddintkfg fa nurkfsktkis kgtf c snk-igtkakn nfddintkfg. Kg tbi aksb nfddintkfg, afr kgstcgni, wi ncg sii tbct

nurkfsktkis cri stkdd prisigt<

95 @frë cg` Lirrfd` 32?:, :;.93 Jiscgt 3;5;, >31->:1.9: —Ygafrtugctidy tbi Qksktfrs jffh bcs gft survkvi`, cdtbfuob K `fujt viry munb

tbct kt wfud` bcvi jiig kg pdcni ùrkgo 3201 cs kg acnt tbi Musium cdtbfuob stkddfpig, wfud` bcvi jiig kg c rctbir trcgskigt stcti ùi tf tbi ixtigskvi rimfìddkgofa tbi ocddirkis.” ^tipbig Nfrki, Crnbkvis Csskstcgt fa tbi Jrktksb Musium kg c

dittir fa >/>/3;;? tf _. Crigtzig.



:;

Pi Adykgo ^wfr` Aksb (Gfstkstkum) bcs `kstkgnt vigtrcd ffigs, cg`tbi `frscd viry bkob cg` dfgo, wbknb igcjdis kt tf swkm wktb sunbvidfnkty tbct kt ncg ̀ rkvi kts jich tbrfuob tbi stfut fch pdcghkgo fac sbkp. C ffigi spinkmig fa tbks ffisb ks kg c Ncsi fvir tbi Akri-pdcni,cg` jy tbi skì fa kt c pkini fa fch pdcgh pkirni` jy tbi jich fa c

dcroi ffisb fa tbks spinkis.9>

Kg tbi `kspdcy fa tbi mkgircds tbfuob tbi dctist snkigtkakn kìcswiri afddfwi`<

Pi systim c`fpti` afr tbi crrcgoimigt fa tbi mkgircds, wktb fn-ncskfgcd sdkobt ìvkctkfg, ks tbct fa tbi Jcrfg Jizidkus, afugìùpfg tbi idintrf-nbimkncd tbifry cg` tbi `fntrkgi fa ìffigkti prfpfrtkfgs, cs ìvidfpi` jy bkm kg c mimfkr ric` jiafri tbi Zfycd Cncìmy fa ^nkignis ct ^tfnhbfdm, kg 32:0.90

Uirbcps tbiy wiri mfìrgkzkgo tbi musium jut tbct `fis gftmicg tbct ^nbdkimcgg scw tbi scmi Jrktksb Musium cs wi sii tf-`cy. Kt stkdd ritckgi` tbi frkokgcd nbcrcntir fa c nfddintkfg fa nurk-fsktkis. bks micgt tbct, ixprissi` kg mfìrg tirms, rfuobdy tbrii

9> ^ygfpsks 01-0?.

90 ^ygfpsks ;>-;0.

Jrktksb Musium - \ffdfokncd Ocddiry 3209, igorcvi` jy Zc`ndyi catir c pckgtkgo jy D. Liwk



>5

`kaairigt nfddintkfg crics wiri `kspdcyi` kg tbi scmi musium „ cgitbgfdfoy, c gcturcd bkstfry, cg` cg cgtkqucrkcg nfddintkfg. _bigwi afddfw ^nbdkimcgg fg bks wcdh, wi ncg sii tbct tbisi wiri sicm-dissdy lfkgi` tfoitbir. Kg c``ktkfg tbiri wcs c viry ixtigskvi dkjrcry,jut tbct siims tf bcvi isncpi` tbi yfugo tfurkst arfm Zusskc.

Cs tbi fd` musium bc` jiig ìmfdksbi` cg` tbi giw fgi wcsstkdd jikgo aktti` fut, tbi ìsnrkptkfg kg tbi ^ygfpsks fgdy pcrtdymctnbi` wbct ̂ nbdkimcgg scw. bi akrst tbkgo tbct strunh bkm wcs cnfddintkfg fa —Nbkgisi fjlints”. _big wi ric` tbi ^ygfpsks wi ncgsii tbct ̂ nbdkimcgg ̀ k` gft ricddy hgfw wbct bi wcs dffhkgo ct, cg`cppcrigtdy ncddi` ivirytbkgo Nbkgisi tbct wcs ixftkn. Kg frìr tf siiwbct ^nbdkimcgg ricddy scw, wi wkdd bcvi c dffh kg sfmi ncsis<

Ncsi 3. Isqukmcux `rissis, arfm _kgtir Ksdcg` …

Ncsi 9. C qukvir afrmi` fa pcdm dicvis, nfgtckgkgo smcdd pfksfgi`crrfws …

Ncsi ;. ^bidvis 3 cg` :. Qissids kg vcrkfus afrms, arfm tfmjs fatbi cjfrkokgcd Uiruvkcgs … Pi rimckgkgo Ncsis nfgtckg crtkndis arfm tbi wist nfcst fa Gfrtb Cmirknc cg` tbi ^futb îcs, nbkiy prisigti` jy ^kr Lfsipb Jcghs, Ncptckg Lcmis Nffh, Z.G. cg` Crnbkjcd` Migzkis Isq. Mcgy fa tbim cri ffiouri` kg NcptckgNffhs Qfycois.99

Cdsf wbig vksktkgo tbi fwir, `k` ^nbdkimcgg usi tbi ìskogc-tkfg rctbir ariidy. _bct bi ncddi` Nbkgisi wcs kg acnt —crmfur arfmtbi Frkigt cg` fa prkmktkvi pifpdi”.

^nbdkimcgg bc` gf kgtirist kg tbi zffdfoy sintkfg sf wi wkdddicvi tbct afr wbct kt ks. Bks kgtirist wcs crfusi` tbfuob wbig bincmi tf tbi afsskds, cgkmcds tbct bc` dkvi` kg c tkmi prkfr tf nrictkfg.bks ixpdcgctkfg fa afsskds wcs gft ugusucd afr tbct tkmi. bi gftkfgfa c pric`cmkti wfrd` wigt jcnh tf tbi Urci-c`cmktci fa Ksccn DcUiyrâri (39;1-31?1) fa 3199.91 Cnnfr`kgo tf Dc Uiyrâri, Nckg nfud`fgdy bcvi afug` c wfmcg ka tbiri bc` jiig ftbir pifpdi fg icrtbjiafri C`cm cg` Ivi. Kg ^nbdkimcgg‛s tkmi tbks gftkfg wcs dkghi`

jy sfmi tf Oifrois Nuvkir‛s (3?1;-32>:) @ksnfurs sur dis rëvfdutkfgsì dc suracni ù Odfji it sur dis nbcgoimigts qu‛iddis fgt prfùkts `cgsdi râogi cgkmcd fa 32::. Biri Nuvkir bc` sbfwg tbct kg tbi bkstfryfa tbi icrtb `kaairigt pirkf`s ncg ji kg`kncti` tbct bc` c `kaairigtadfrc cg` acugc. bks micgt tbct wktb sfmi rioudcrkty orfups fapdcgts cg` cgkmcds bc` jinfmi ixtkgnt cg` bc` jiig ripdcni` jy

99 ^ygfpsks >-?.91 XKsccn ì Dc Uiyrâri] 3199 Urá-c`cmktá. ^kvi Ixirnktctkf supir virskjus ùfìnk-

mf, ìnkmftirtkf, & ìnkmfqucrtf, ncpktks qukgtk ipkstfdá @. Ucudk c` Zfmcgfs . Cmstir`cm. îi cdsf< Ufphkg, Zknbcr` B. 3;2? Ksccn Dc Uiyrâri. Bks Dkai, _frh

cg` Kguigni . Dikìg.



>3

ftbirs. bks fa nfursi wcs kg `krint nfgtrc`kntkfg tf tbi jkjdi wbknbstctis tbct ivirytbkgo tbct ixksts tf`cy ncmi kgtf jikgo kg fgi cnt fanrictkfg. Nuvkir `k` gft ixpriss bkmsida fg tbi tbifdfokncd kmpdknc-tkfgs fa bks fjsirvctkfgs. Uifpdi ricddy dfycd tf tbi jkjdi bc` rilinti`Dc Uiyrâri cg` gfw rilinti` Nuvkir cs widd, cs tbks wcs nfgtrcry tftbi ^nrkpturi. Bfwivir, fjsirvctkfgs, cg` ispinkcddy tbfsi tbct ncgji ripicti` jy iviryfgi, cri gft sf icskdy ircsi` arfm vkiw fgni tbiybcvi cppicri` cg` tbiriafri cg cgswir bc` tf ji afug`. Ydtkmctidytbisi cg` ftbir k`ics di` kg 329; tf @crwkg‛s (325;-322:) Frkokg fa^pinkis . bi acnt tbct ^nbdkimcgg tcdhs cjfut kt biri sbfws us tbct,cdsf kg tbks pirkf` fa bks dkai, bi bc` c jrfc` kgtirist kg tbkgos cg`ric` mfri tbcg fgdy akgcgnkcd cg` trc`i ripfrts. bks fjsirvctkfgks nfgakrmi` jy tbi kgafrmctkfg tbct ^nbdkimcgg okvis us fg bksvkskt tf tbi bcdd wktb cgtkquktkis arfm Ioypt. ^nbdkimcgg‛s hgfwd-

Jrktksb Musium tbi Ioyptkcg Ocddiry



>:

iòi ks supiraknkcd, jut catir wbct bi tidds us cjfut mummkaknctkfg,kt jinfmis ndicr tbct bi `k` gft cnqukri tbks hgfwdiòi arfm tbi^ygfpsks, wbknb `fis gft okvi mfri tbcg viry jrkia ìsnrkptkfgs<

Nfg nfgtckgkgo mummy fa Uk-rft-bcr gfujsb, kgnigsi jicrir fa

tbi timpdi fa tbi Hbfgs.9?

Cs ^nbdkimcgg tfd` tbi wfrd` kg bks faaknkcd cutfjkforcpby tbctbks kgtirist kg rfy `cti` arfm bks icrdy yfutb cg` givir diat bkm, ktks kgtiristkgo tf dffh up kg tbi ^ygfpsks wbct bi must bcvi siig jut`k` gft ìsnrkji kg bks lfurgcd<

Gf. 3> Bic` fa Ucrks cg` Bidig, kg cdtf-ridkivi.

Gf. 0? C bic` fa fgi fa tbi Bfmirkn birfis. Kt ks bkobdy cgkmcti`,cg` ks dffhkgo upwcr`s, cppcrigtdy kg orict coktctkfg.

Gf. 90 C jcs-ridkia, riprisigtkgo Urkcm kg tbi cnt fa suppdknctkgo Cnbkddis tf ìdkvir tf bkm tbi jf`y fa bks sfg Bintfr 92

Kg c``ktkfg, twf fjlints cg` c snudpturi orfup cri dcnhkgo wbknbwi gfw riocr` cs ixtrimidy kmpfrtcgt jut wbknb ^nbdkimcgg siimsgft tf bcvi gftkni`< tbi Jcjirkgk fr Ufrtdcg` Qcsi, tbi Zfsittc ̂ tfgi,cg` tbi Idokg Mcrjdis. Kt ks pfsskjdi tbct bi `k` gft sii tbisi fjlintscs tbiy wiri gft fg `kspdcy ùi tf tbi rinfgstruntkfg. Nfgnirgkgotbi Idokg Mcrjdis, tbks ks gft c sfdutkfg tf tbi rk``di. _big bi vks-kti` tbi Dfg`fg Ucgfrcmc c aiw `cys dctir, bi must bcvi siig tbim.

Gft fgdy wcs c nfpy fa tbi wbfdi sirkis fg `kspdcy tbiri, fgi nfud`cdsf juy fgi‛s fwg nfpy tbiri. ^nbdkimcgg prfjcjdy riairs tf tbisicg` ftbir ndcsskncd pdcstir nfpkis wbig bi wrktis tbct bi bc` siig cjicutkaud ocrìg wktb crt arfm tbi cgtkquktkis cg` c gumjir fa fd`timpdis. Urisumcjdy kg 3201 ^nbdkimcgg `k` gft hgfw cgytbkgo fatbi ixkstigni fr tbi kmpfrtcgni fa tbks snudpturi orfup cg` wbigbi scw tbim bi wcs gft kmprissi`. Bc` bi hgfwg tbi kmpfrtcgnifa tbi Idokg Mcrjdis fr tbi Zfsittc ^tfgi, bi wfud` nirtckgdy bcvimigtkfgi` tbim, ka fgdy tf ji cjdi tf tidd, fgni jcnh kg Zusskc, tbctbi bc` siig tbisi wfgìrs wktb bks fwg iyis.

C ìsnrkptkfg tbct ^nbdkimcgg okvis fa bks vkskt tf _kg`sfrsbfws tbct bks nudturcd ìvidfpmigt bc` gft yit ivfdvi` viry acr.

_big bi siis tbi pckgtkgos fa Qcg @ynh, tbiri ks fgi tbct ig-tbrcds bkm. Kt ks c pfrtrckt fa Jictrkni ì Nuscgni, Urkgnissi ìNcgtrinrfkx. ^nbdkimcgg‛s rcpturi bcs gftbkgo tf `f wktb tbi qucdk-tkis fa Qcg @ynh tbfuob. Bi ks gft kmprissi` jy tbi pckgtkgo jutaiids rffti` tf tbi spft jincusi tbi Urkgnissi ì Ncgtinrfkx risim-

9? ^ygfpsks :32.

92 ^ygfpsks 399.



>>

jdis Idksi Cdixniaa. Mfri rimcrhcjdi tbcg tbks risimjdcgni ks afr ustbi pbigfmigfg tbct bi migtkfgs biri tbi akrst gcmi fa tbi wkai

fa c Mfsnfw juskgissmcg wktb wbfm bi jidkivi` tf ji ofkgo kgtfpcrtgirsbkp. bks wcs viry ugusucd kg c tkmi wbig itkquitti wcsviry kmpfrtcgt. ^nbdkimcgg sujsiquigtdy c`mkts tbct bi ks gft cnfggfkssiur fa tbi crt fa pckgtkgo jut tbct bi iglfyi` tbi ixbkjk-tkfg. bct scmi ivigkgo ^nbdkimcgg vkskti` tbi wcxwfrh musiumcg` arfm bks ìsnrkptkfg kt jinfmis ndicr tbct wbct ks sbfwg biri ksmfri tf bks tcsti tbcg tbi Qcg @ynhs bi bc` siig kg _kg`sfr. Afr^nbdkimcgg crt ks nfpykgo gcturi, tbi mfri kt wcs dkhi tbi frkokgcdtbi jittir. bi mfst spintcnudcr ks tbi Nbcmjir fa Bfrrfrs wbiritbi Arignb Zivfdutkfg, tbct tffh pdcni mfri tbcg bcda c nigtury icr-

Jictrkni ì Nuscgni, Urkgnissi ì Ncgtrinrfkx, Cgtfgy vcg

@ynh, 31>9



>0

dkir, kg 3?2;, wcs sbfwg kg cdd kts ofry ̀ itckd. biri wiri cdsf stctuisfa _kddkcm Jurhi (3?;:-32:;) cg` _kddkcm Bcri (3?;5-3215) 9;.bisi twf mig bc` mcì c dkvkgo jy prfvk`kgo nfrpsis afr tbi cg-ctfmkncd dissfgs fa @r Zfjirt Hgfx (3?;3-321:) kg I`kgjurob.bi ìmcg` afr nfrpsis afr cgctfmkncd dissfgs wcs sf bkob ct tbcttkmi tbct c spinkcd fnnupctkfgcd orfup bc` afrmi` tf hiip up tbisuppdy, tbi sf-ncddi` risurrintkfg mig. biy prfvkì` tbimsidviswktb nfrpsis jy ixncvctkgo pifpdi wbf bc` lust jiig jurki`. Jurhicg` Bcri bc` afug` cg ivig icskir mitbf`< tbiy skmpdy strcgodi`c rcg`fm vkntkm wbigivir tbiy riqukri` c nfrpsi. Cg ig` wcs puttf tbikr trcì kg 32:2. Kg ixnbcgoi afr kmmugkty arfm prfsinu-tkfg, _kddkcm Bcri jincmi c nrfwg wktgiss cg` tbus scw tf kt tbctbks afrmir pcrtgir, _kddkcm Jurhi, wcs bcgoi` kg 32:;. Catir tbkspugksbmigt wcs miti` fut, Jurhi‛s jf`y wcs pujdkndy `kssinti` jy

Cdixcgìr Mfgrf. bi frkokgcd ìctb mcsh fa Jurhi ncg stkdd ji siigkg tbi cgctfmkncd musium fa tbi I`kgjurob Mi`kncd ^nbffd.

bi bkobdkobt fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s vkskt tf Dfg`fg wcs ug`fujti`dytbi Ucgfrcmc kg tbi Nfdfssium gicr Zioigt‛s Ucrh. bks pcgfrcmcwcs tbi risudt fa c prflint tbct oft fut fa bcg`. @urkgo tbi ris-tfrctkfg fa tbi `fmi fa ^t Ucud‛s Nctbi`rcd kg 32:>-:0, bfmcsBfrgir (3?29-3200) oft tbi kìc fa mchkgo c pcgfrcmc fa Dfg`fg.Bfrgir‛s kìcd dcy kg tbi cjsfduti piraintkfg fa ìtckd8 bi wcgtiìvig tbi smcddist ìtckd tf ji vkskjdi kg bks pknturi. Kg frìr tf `ftbks, bi stcrti` ct tbrii kg tbi mfrgkgo jiafri tbi smfhi arfm acn-

tfry nbkmgiys fjsnuri` tbi bfrkzfg. Afr afur yicrs bi wfrhi` fgbks pcgfrcmc jut ùi tf c dcnh fa mfgiy bc` tf fpig kt tf tbi puj-dkn kg 32:; jiafri kt wcs akgksbi`. Bfrgir‛s supir-ricdkstkn vkiw faDfg`fg wcs kmmi`kctidy c buoi sunniss. Gfgitbidiss, Bfrgir wcsgft cjdi tf ripcy bks ìjts cg` bi wigt jcghrupt. Kg 3200 tbiriwcs tcdh fa tchkgo `fwg tbi pcgfrcmc jut ct tbi dcst mfmigt kt wcsìnkì` tf nfgtkgui. bi shy cg` tbi dcg`sncpi kg tbi jcnhorfug`wiri nfmpditidy ripckgti` tf fjtckg c suggkir iaaint. bi dkobtkgonfud` ji c`lusti` tf nbcgoi tbi pknturi arfm Dfg`fg jy `cy tfDfg`fg jy gkobt. Cg` tf kgnricsi tbi cppicd fa tbi pcgfrcmc ivig

mfri c gumjir fa cttrcntkfgs wiri jukdt crfug` kt. bi igtrcgnitf tbi jukd`kgo risimjdi` tbi igtrcgni tf tbi Qctkncg. Arfm tbirifgi ncmi tf c ^wkss Nfttcoi arfm wbiri fgi nfud` sii tbrfuobfgi wkg`fw c ricd wctiracdd cg` arfm tbi ftbir tbi odcnkir fa tbiMfgt Jdcgn. Kg c``ktkfg tbiri wiri nfgsirvctfrkis kg tbi Crcjisquistydi wktb pdcgts cg` jkr`s arfm tbi Jrktksb nfdfgkis. C musiumwktb ndcsskn snudpturis, cmfgo wbknb, tbi cdric`y migtkfgi` pdcs-tir nfpkis fa tbi Idokg Mcrjdis, wcs c`ì` cs widd. Cg` tbiri wcs cprfmigcì crfug` tbi pcgfrcmc wktb mfìds fa cttrcntkfgs arfm

9; Piy wiri arfm Kridcg`.



>9

tbi Mi`ktirrcgicg cric, sunb cs tbi rukgs fa c bisius cg` c Qistctimpdi cg` c trkumpbcd crnb. bisi wiri gft mfìds fa cntucddy ix-kstkgo timpdis jut mfìds fa kìcdkzi` rukgs. bisi rukgs wiri jittirtbcg cgy rukg kg tbi Mi`ktirrcgicg cric. bi ixkt arfm tbi jukd`kgowcs vkc c nfpy fa tbi ncvirg ct Cìdsjiro (Oirmcgy). Kg c``ktkfg tftbks pirmcgigt ixbkjktkfg, tbiri wiri timpfrcry ivigts. Kg 3200 ktwcs pfsskjdi tf rfddir shcti kgskì cg` kg 3209 tbiri wcs shkkgo fgcrtkaknkcd sgfw. Ygafrtugctidy afr ^nbdkimcgg, kt cppicrs tbct tbiriwcs gf spinkcd cttrcntkfg kg 3201. Catir 3295, tbi pfpudcrkty fa tbiNfdfssium ̀ indkgi` rcpk`dy fgni tbi Nrystcd Ucdcni wcs jukdt, cg` ktwcs udtkmctidy ndfsi` kg 3215.15

Cg` tbig fa nfursi tbiri wiri tbi tbictris wbiri ^nbdkimcggcmusi` bkmsida kg tbi ivigkgos. Bi stcrti` wktb c vkskt tf tbi @ruryDcgi bictri. bi akrst tbictri ct tbks dfnctkfg wcs jukdt kg 311>jut tbi jukd`kgo tbct ^nbdkimcgg scw `cti` arfm 32>1->?. bi cu-`ktfrkum bc` c nricm-nfdfuri` nkrnudcr nikdkgo ìnfrcti` wktb mi-`cddkfgs, kg wbknb wiri symjfdkn ìpkntkfgs tbct wiri suppfrti`jy ofdìg rcys tbct ncmi arfm tbi nigtri cg` wiri nfgginti` wktbicnb ftbir jy ocrdcg`s. Ikobt shkis wiri pckgti` cdfgo tbi iòis fatbks nikdkgo, wbknb ocvi tbi kmprisskfg tbct tbi bcdd wcs fpig tf tbishy. Cockgst tbisi wiri orfupi` nbkd`rig wbf symjfdkzi` tbi vcrk-fus cspints fa tbi tbictri. bi okdt Nfrkgtb nfdumgs tbct adcghi` tbistcoi wiri ̀ infrcti` wktb wbkti ocrdcg`s cg` tbi jcdustrcì jitwiigtbisi twf nfgsksti` fa okdt frgcmigts fg c ri` vidfur jcnhorfug`.

bi akrst ocddiry wcs ìnfrcti` wktb kmcois fa ^bchispicri‛s pdcyssipcrcti` arfm icnb ftbir jy smcdd nfdumgs fg c wbkti jcnhorfug`.bi sinfg` ocddiry wcs `kvkì` kgtf pcgids tbct wiri cdtirgctkgodyìnfrcti` wktb okdt ocrdcg`s wktb jkr`s cg` wktb orftisqui mcshs.bi nikdkgo fa tbi uppir ocddiry wcs ̀ infrcti` wktb c arkizi fg wbknb`cgnkgo akouris bid` ocrdcg`s. bi kgtirkfr wcs tftcddy rigfvcti` kg320?.13 bi bcdd bc` ocsdkobt jut ^nbdkimcgg wcs wrfgo wbig bijidkivi` tbct tbks cdsf dkt tbi bfusis fa tbi pffr. Acr arfm kt, ispi-nkcddy kg @rury Dcgi wbknb wcs prfjcjdy tbi wfrst cric fa Dfg`fg.biri wcs gft ivig c siwir kg tbks pcrt fa tbi nkty cg` tbi bfusis

wiri sf ndfsidy jukdt tfoitbir tbct tbiri wcs gf rffm afr nfurtycr`s,cg` tbi nisspkts wiri tbus jukdt kg tbi niddcrs.1: bct tbks tbictri wcspdcoui` jy pknhpfnhits wcs gf `fujt ùi tf kts dfnctkfg. Lirrfd` ri-qukris fgdy c aiw wfr`s tf ìsnrkji tbks pcrt fa Dfg`fg<

Kg tbi striit mcrhit fa @rury Dcgi tbi mcrh fa mksiry siims tf jiupfg iviry mcg, wfmcg cg` nbkd`.1>

15 Fittirmcgg 3;25.13 ^bippcr` 3;?5, 19-11.1: Jiscgt 3;5;, :?3.

1> @frë cg` Lirrfd` 32?:, 392.



>1

Nfvigt Ocrìg wcs cdsf c tbictri wktb c dfgo trc`ktkfg. Kt wcsfrkokgcddy jukdt kg 3?>3->:. _big ^nbdkimcgg vkskti` kt, kt wcskg ìndkgi. _bct wcs fg faair wcs gft up tf wbct ftbir tbictrissbfwi` cg` tbi dfjjy wcs akddi` wktb dc`kis fa icsy vkrtui tf sunb cgixtigt tbct kt ocvi tbi tbictri c jc` gcmi, ivig tbfuob tbks wcs cgcnnipti` pbigfmigfg kg cdd dfjjkis fa cdd tbictris kg Dfg`fg. Catirtbi tbictri bc` bcr`dy jiig usi` arfm 320> tf 3209, tbiy bc` luststcrti` cockg kg 3201. bi kgtirkfr ìnfrctkfg tbct ^nbdkimcgg scw`cti` arfm 325;. bi jcskn nfdfur wcs muti` yiddfw wktb ridkias kgwbkti cg` ofd`. bi ocddiry wcs ìnfrcti` wktb ocrdcg`s wbknb ig-nkrndi` tbi Igodksb rfsi, tbi ̂ nfttksb tbkstdi, cg` tbi Krksb ndfvirdica.bi jcnh cg` skìs fa tbi stcoi wiri `rcpi` wktb bicvy ncrmkgi-ri`nurtckgs, cg` cdsf tbi ocddirkis wbknb wiri jukdt cs sipcrcti rffmswiri nfviri` wktb tbks mctirkcd. bisi ocddirkis wiri suppfrti` jyncggudcti`, okdì`, ncst-krfg nfdumgs. bi nikdkgo nfgsksti` fa cjdui shy wktb smcdd wbkti ndfu`s. Kg tbi nigtri wcs c ofd` nkrndi,surrfugì` jy ofdìg dyris, arfm wbknb c dcroi odcss nbcgìdkir wcssuspigì` tbct bc` ocs dcmps.10

_bknb oukìjffh ^nbdkimcgg usi` ùrkgo bks vkskt tf Dfg`fg ksgft nirtckg. Bi prfjcjdy usi` ^cmuid Dikob‛s Giw pknturi fa Dfg`fg8fr, C vkiw fa tbi pfdktkncd, ridkokfus, mi`kncd, dktircry, mugknkpcd, nfm-mirnkcd, cg` mfrcd stcti fa tbi Jrktksb mitrfpfdks < prisigtkgo c du-mkgfus oukì tf tbi strcgoir, fg cdd sujlints nfgginti` wktb oigircdkgafrmctkfg, juskgiss, fr cmusimigt. f wbknb cri sujlfkgi` c ìsnrkp-

tkfg fa tbi igvkrfgs, cg` c pdcg afr vkiwkgo Dfg`fg kg ikobt `cys fa32>5. Cs ^nbdkimcgg, sbfrtdy catir bi rimcrhs tbct bi bcs jfuobtc oukìjffh, nbcgois tf Arignb tbks nfud` ji cg kg`knctkfg tbct bipurnbcsi` c oukìjffh kg tbct dcgoucoi.

Arcgni

bi infgfmy kg Arcgni bc` ìvidfpi` `kaairigtdy arfm tbi fgikg Igodcg`. Kg tbi 32tb nigtury Arcgni bc` jiig mfri prfspir-fus tbcg Igodcg` jut tbi Gcpfdifgkn _crs bc` ìstrfyi` munb fatbct wicdtb. Arcgni rinfviri` jy nfgnigtrctkgo fg tbi prfùntkfg fabkob-qucdkty dcjfur-kgtigskvi prfùnts. _biri Igodcg` spinkcdkzi`kg tbi prfùntkfg fa nfttfg, Arcgni spinkcdkzi` kg skdh. Jiskìs, co-rknudturi wcs mfri `kaaknudt tf minbcgkzi kg dcroi pcrts fa tbi nfug-try ùi tf tbi oifdfoy fa tbi nfugtry, cg` tbus gf surpdus fa acrmdcjfurirs wcs nricti` tbct nfud` ji impdfyi` kg tbi acntfrkis. bksmicgt tbct kg Arcgni tbi mk``di ndcssis ìvidfpi` wbkdi kg Igodcg`tbiy `kscppicri` mfri cg` mfri19

10 ^bippcr` 3;?5, 25.

19 Nfdi 3;9:, 1;-?3.



>?

^nbdkimcgg crrkvi` kg ixid kg 3203 cs c risudt fa c sbkpwrinh

cg` afr c mfmigt kt dffhi` cs ka tbi scmi wfud` bcppig tf bkmupfg crrkvcd kg @kippi. Afrtugctidy kt prfvi` tf ji diss sirkfus cg`tbi kgnkìgt ìsnrkji` siims tf bcvi mcì diss fa cg kmprisskfg fgtbi Arignb tbcg fg ^nbdkimcgg. Kt wcs gft ivig migtkfgi` kg cgyfa tbi dfncd pcpirs.11

_big ^nbdkimcgg ìsnrkjis tbi kmpfrtcgni fa Di Bcvri cs akrstpfrt fa Arcgni, bi ks mkstchig cs ivig ct tbct tkmi tbct bfgfur wigttf Mcrsikddis. bi Jciìhir afr Ucrks fa 3222 ks cs igtbuskcstkn cjfuttbi `fnhs kg Di Bcvri cs ^nbdkimcgg. bi vksktfr tf Ucrks ks c`vksi`tf trcvid tf tbks tfwg tf sii tbi Jcsskg ì d‛Iurfpi. bi suracni cric

fa tbks bcrjfur nfviri` n. :.9 bintcris cg` wcs nfgstrunti` jitwiig3201 cg` 3291. ^f tbi wfrh bc` fgdy lust stcrti` wbig ̂ nbdkimcggwcs tbiri.

bi akrm fa Cgtfg ^nbrñìr kg Di Bcvri bc` jiig fgi fa tbiakrst nfmpcgkis tbct ̂ nbdkimcgg bc` nfgtcnti` fgni bi bc` ìnkì`tf sit up kg ^t Uitirsjuro, cg` tbiy wiri tbi akrst tf okvi c prfmksi<

11 ^cdkmc @isscvfyi-Cujry, d‛Csskstigti ì Nfgsirvctkfg ù Uctrkmfkgi fa @kippi kg

c dittir tf _. Crigtzig fa 32tb @inimjir 3;;?.

Di pfrt ù Bcvri



>2

Bcvri 39 Gfvimjri 3209

Mfgskiur B. ^nbdkimcgg Cmstir`cm

Zëpfg`cgt å vftri bfgfrëi ì 0 G, gfus cnniptkfg Mfgskiur, cvin pdckskr dc prfpfsktkfg qui vfus gfus acnkdis.1?

Bfw ndfsi tbi ridctkfgsbkp jitwiig ^nbdkimcgg cg` Cgtfg^nbrñìr wcs ixcntdy ks `kaaknudt tf csnirtckg cs fgdy c dkmkti` pcrtfa tbi ixnbcgoi fa dittirs bcs jiig prisirvi`. _big wi dffh cttbi skogcturi ct tbi jfttfm fa tbi ixkstkgo dittirs, wi ncg sii tbct^nbdkimcgg wcs mckgdy kg nfgtcnt wktb c pcrtgir fa tbks nfmpcgy,Mr Fzcggi.

bi tfwir ^nbdkimcgg riairs tf ks tbi fur ì Jiurri, pcrt fa tbinctbi`rcd fa Zfuig. bi frkokgcd tfwir wcs strunh jy dkobtgkgo kg

32:: cg` ìstrfyi`. Kg 32:9 c stcrt wcs mcì wktb ripdcnkgo tbksìmfdksbi` tfwir jy c ncst-krfg fgi. bks prflint wcs nfmpditi` kg32?1. Fpkgkfgs `kaairi` fg tbi risudt. bi Jciìhir fa Ucrks cg`kts Igvkrfgs fa 3222 spichs fa —cg uody pyrcmk` fa ncst krfg”. AfrNdcuì Mfgit (3205-3;:1) bfwivir, tbi acïcì fa tbks nctbi`rcd kg-ndu`kgo tbi giw tfwir wiri kg tbi 32;5s tbi kgspkrctkfg afr c wbfdisirkis fa pckgtkgos.

Ucrks

^nbdkimcgg jiokgs tbi cnnfugt fa bks stcy kg Ucrks wktb tbi rimcrhtbct cs usucd bi ixirnksi` infgfmy wbig jffhkgo c bftid rffm.

_big wi nfmpcri tbks stctimigt wktb tbi acnt tbct bi trcviddi` akrstndcss arfm Zfuig tf Ucrks, tbi quistkfg crksis bfw wi‛dd bcvi tf kg-tirprit tbks rimcrh. Uirbcps ^nbdkimcgg wctnbi` tbi piggkis kg bksnbfkni fa bftids jut wi ncg nirtckgdy gft riocr` tbks cs c oigircd trcktfa bks ùrkgo tbks lfurgiy. Cdsf wbig wi nfmpcri tbks rimcrh wktbtbi wcy kg wbknb bi sittdi` bks bftid jkdd biri cg` kg Jrussids cgòcvi tkps tf tbi stcaa, wi ncg wfgìr wbitbir ^nbdkimcgg wcs ricddyaruocd wbig kt nfgnirgi` bftids.

Arcgni bcs cdwcys jiig riputi` tf bcvi dcxir mfrcds tbcg tbi ristfa Iurfpi. Afr kgstcgni, ric`kgo Arignb gfvids wcs gft ricddy rinfm-migì` kg tbi 3;tb nigtury. biy wiri gft afrjk`ìg cs sunb jutc rispintcjdi pirsfg sbfud` riarckg arfm ric`kgo tbim. ^nbdkimcggbc` jcridy crrkvi` kg Arcgni wbig bi wrktis audd fa `kstcsti cjfutArignb mfrcds. Kg Zfuig bi rimcrhs tbct Arignb mig `f tbikr wfrhjc`dy cg` fgdy tbkgh fa bcvkgo aug. biy sid`fm mcrry cg` tbiysittdi afr cg kmmfrcd dkai. bisi cg` ridcti` rimcrhs fg mfrcdkty fr

1? Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J 0: .



>;

jittir tbi dcnh fa mfrcdkty cmfgo tbi Arignb rinur c aiw tkmis kg bkstrcvid lfurgcd. _i tbiriafri ncg ji nirtckg tbct tbiy wiri kmpfrtcgtafr bkm. Kg Jkrmkgobcm, ̂ nbdkimcgg mcy bcvi spfhig bkobdy fa tbikgtiddintucd shkdds fa Zusskcg wfmig, jut kg Di Bcvri bi sbfws tbcttbiri cri dkmkts afr bkm. C dc`y wbf jutts kgtf c nfgvirsctkfg wktb-fut jikgo cshi`, tbct wfg‛t `f. Kgnkìgtcddy, tbks cppicrs tf bcvijiig gf mfri tbcg cg kgktkcd sbfnh. _big bi ks dctir c``rissi` jydc`kis kg c trckg, bi gf dfgoir fjlinti`. Kt siims tbct jy tbig bi bcòrfwg cnnustfmi` tf tbi pbigfmigfg fa sfmiwbct mfri cssirtkviwfmig.

Bfwivir, bi ncggft oit usi` tf tbi jibcvkfur fa mig. kmi cg`cockg bi wrktis cjfut tbikr kmmfrcd gcturi, cg` ivig jidkivis tbcttbks bc` tcrgksbi` tbi wbfdi fa Arignb sfnkity. _i sbfud` jicr kgmkg` tbfuob tbct tbi 3;tb nigtury wcs rudi` jy `fujdi stcg`cr`s.bi kìcd acmkdy wcs usi` cs ixcmpdi afr sfnkity. bi actbir cs bic`fa tbi acmkdy, tbi mftbir cs jkg`kgo acntfr wbf hipt ivirytbkgo kgkts pdcni wktb dfvi cg` ncri, cg` tbi nbkd`rig cs tbi auturi. bi si-nurkty fa tbi acmkdy cs kìcd fa nkvkd sfnkity. Ygafrtugctidy, tbks kìcdwcs fjstkgcti, cg` mcgy pifpdi, dkhi ^nbdkimcgg‛s actbir, nfud` gftcjkì jy tbi rudis stimmkgo arfm kt. bi prfjdims tbct nfud` crksi

Zfddijfksi n. 320?



05

arfm tbks wiri oigircddy hgfwg jut tbiy wiri swipt ugìr tbi ncr-pit tf privigt tbim jinfmkgo ricddy kgtruskvi. biy wiri gft `ks-nussi`. bks prfùni` c sixucd mfrcdkty kg wbknb mig nfud` vksktprfstktutis wktbfut cgy prfjdims cs dfgo cs gfjf`y tcdhi` cjfut kt.Kg mcgy c mcrrkcoi tbks wcs kg acnt siig cs c suktcjdi wcy tf privigttbi gumjir fa nbkd`rig oittkgo tff dcroi. bisi `fujdi stcg`cr`swiri nricti` cmfgost ftbirs cs kt wcs cssumi` tbct gft fgdy nfud`mig gft nurj tbikr kmpudsis, kt wcs ivig ugbicdtby tf `f sf. Cg`tbks wcs cssumkgo tbct wfmig wfud` gft bcvi ìskris cg` aiidkgos.

Cnnfr`kgo tf ^nbdkimcgg, c off` mcrrkcoi ks tbi fgdy scdvctkfg,jut tbct siims tf ji rcri kg Arcgni. bi Zusskcgs, cmfgo wbfm^nbdkimcgg nfugts bkmsida kg tbks ncsi, cri munb jittir. _ktbfutpsynbfdfokzkgo ixtigskvidy biri, K jidkivi tbct wi ncg stcti tbct kgtbks cttktuì wi ncg rinfogkzi tbi sbc`fw fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s actbir.

Catir cdd, jy gft nfmpdykgo wktb tbi `fujdi stcg`cr`s wbknb acni`bkm tf hiip bks ixtrcmcrktcd caackr fut fa tbi dkmidkobt, kt fjdkoi`bkm tf okvi up bks dkvidkbff` cg` tbus afrni` tbi yfugo Bikgrknb tfdicvi tbi Oymgcskum. ^nbdkimcgg ixpirkigni` ct bks nfst tbi nfg-siquignis fa tff dknigtkfus c dkai cg` wcs ìtirmkgi` tf `f jittirbkmsida. bct tbi pknturi tbct ^nbdkimcgg biri okvis fa mcrrkcoi ksbcr`dy ricdkstkn wi wkdd dicvi afr wbct kt ks. Bks nfmpdckgt cjfut tbiyfugo mig wicrkgo tbimsidvis fut bcvkgo aug ks gft ugkqui. Afrkgstcgni, wi akg` tbi scmi tbimi kg Zfjirt ^futbiy‛s (3??0-320>)bi fd` mcg‛s nfmafrts <

[fu cri fd`, Actbir _kddkcm, tbi yfugo mcg nrki`,Pi aiw dfnhs tbct cri diat yfu cri orcy8[fu cri bcdi, Actbir _kddkcm, c bicrty fd` mcg,Gfw tidd mi tbi ricsfg, K prcy.

Kg tbi `cys fa my yfutb, Actbir _kddkcm ripdki`,K rimimjir‛` tbct yfutb wfud` y acst, Cg` cjusi` gft my bicdtb cg` my vkofur ct ffirst,Pct K givir mkobt gii` tbim ct dcst.

Fgi fa tbi akrst tbkgos ^nbdkimcgg `fis kg Ucrks, catir bi bc`

nfgtcnti` sfmi juskgiss ridctkfgs, ks tf vkskt bks arkig` ArcgïfksBôdmcgg. K bcvi gft jiig cjdi tf csnirtckg bfw ^nbdkimcgg ofttf hgfw Bôdmcgg jut tbi stkdd ixkstkgo nfrrispfgìgni sbfws tbcttbi twf rioudcrdy hipt kg tfunb jy dittir wbig ^nbdkimcgg wfrhi`ct J.B. ^nbrñìr kg Cmstir`cm kg 3209. Arfmi fgi fa Bôdmcgg‛sdittirs wi ncg sii tbct ^nbdkimcgg pdcyi` wktb tbi kìc fa akg`kgo c

lfj kg Ucrks jut tbct Bôdmcgg strfgody c`vksi` cockgst kt. Lfjs wiri`kaaknudt tf nfmi jy kg Ucrks<

@ëpig`cgt kd gi acut pcs nrfkri pfur nidc qu‛fg trfuvi knk dis jfg-

gis pdcnis `cgs dc rui, nfmmi nbiz vfus dis putckgs. Ucs ù `futi8



03

Mfgs, `ëtrfmpfgs gfus dc ìssus8 ìs Udcnis knk å Ucrks, surtfutìs jfggis, sfgt ixnisskvimigt rcris, kd acut `ëlå ìtri oigtkd ocrïfg pfur ig trfuvir ugi nfmmi ni, nfmmi gfus cutris. Li nfggcksjicunfup ̀ i mis cmks, quk sfgt scgs pdcni pig`cgt pdus ̀ i : mfks,it quk g‛ig piuvigt pcs trfuvir.12

Bôdmcgg wcs cdsf tbi akrst tf nfgorctudcti ^nbdkimcgg wbig bibc` ìnkì` tf sittdi kg ^t Uitirsjuro<

L‛ck ëtë jkig ëtfggë ig dkscgt vXftri] dittri, li d‛ck du & ridu it gi pfuvcks pcs nrfkri `‛cjfut ni qui li dkscks. Igffig pfurtcgt l‛ck ffigkc vfus nrfkri, it mckgtigcgt, dfrs qui l‛ck jkig rëënbk c tfut kd gimi risti pdus ì `futi. @u ristis n‛ist tfulfurs ug orcg` jfgbiur,quk vfus ist crrkvë, ugi orcgì nbcgni, qui vfus cvkiz iu li vfusig ackt mfg nfmpdkmigt. Li `fkt ìtri ug orcg` pdckskr pfur vfus,qucg` vfus pcgsiz, qui n‛ist siudimigt pcr vfus mìmi qui vfus

ëtës crrkvë c dc pfsktkfg, cu vXfu] vfus trfuviz c prësigt, pcr vfsëtuìs nfgtkguiddis, pcr dis biuris, qui vfus cviz pcssëis, ig vfusncsscgt dc tìti, it ig vfus prkvcgt mâgi ̀ u ripcs gënissckri. Jkigtðtvfus siriz pctrfg, vfus curiz ugi mcssi ̀ i nfmmks c vftri sirvkni,vfus curiz ugi cstckri mcogkffiqui, ̀ i afg`s tcgt qu‛kd vfus acu`rcit ugi lfdki aimmi. Qrckmigt ugi pfsktkfg c igvkir ! 1;

_by ^nbdkimcgg bc` cg Ktcdkcg, wbf spfhi Arignb jc`dy, csoukì kg Ucrks ks c mystiry. _iri tbiri gf Arignb pifpdi wbf nfud`bidp bkm fr `k` bi wcgt tf prcntksi bks Ktcdkcg cockg6 Cg` tf wbctixtigt tbks Ktcdkcg ricddy bidpi` bkm ks c quistkfg. Kg frìr tf juy

c ofd` nbckg afr Cdixniaa‛s sfg-kg-dcw, tbks oukì tchis ^nbdkimcggtf tbi sbfps kg tbi Zfycd Ucdcni. bisi wiri tbi mfst ixpigskvikg Ucrks cg` ^nbdkimcgg nfud` suridy bcvi jfuobt c nbicpir nbckgsfmiwbiri idsi. Kt ks fa nfursi pfsskjdi tbct ^nbdkimcgg vkskti` tbkssbfp fg purpfsi tf kmpriss Cdixniaa. Bi migtkfgs kg bks trcvid lfur-gcd tbct bi pck` 3:9 arcgns afr tbi nbckg. Cpcrt arfm c trcvid lfur-gcd, ^nbdkimcgg cdsf hipt c smcdd gftijffh ùrkgo tbks lfurgiy kgwbknb bi wrfti ̀ fwg c``rissis cg` rctis. Kg tbks gftijffh bi wrfti—3 nbckgi `‛fr 355”.?5

Gixt ^nbdkimcgg vkskti` tbi Dfuvri wktb bks oukì. Kg bks ì-snrkptkfg fa tbks vkskt wi ncg kmmi`kctidy sii bfw supiraknkcd bks kg-tirist kg crnbcifdfokncd fjlints ks ct tbks tkmi fa bks dkai. Cnnfr`kgo tf^nbdkimcgg, tbi nfddintkfg kg tbi Dfuvri ks gknir tbcg kg tbi JrktksbMusium jut tbi gfvidty bcs wfrg faa cg` bi gf dfgoir aiids fjdkoi`tf ìsnrkji wbct bi bcs siig. _i fgdy oit c sbfrt ìsnrkptkfg fa tbi

12 Arcgïfks Bôdmcgg tf ^nbdkimcgg Ucrks 3> Fntfjri 3209. Oiggc`kus Dkjrcryîrkis J >9.

1; Arcgïfks Bôdmcgg tf ^nbdkimcgg Ucrks :? Gfvimjri 3209. Oiggc`kus Dkjrcryîrkis J 0?.

?5 Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry gftijffh arfm Akdi @:.



0:

gcutkncd nfddintkfg tbiri, jut ivig tbks ncg bcr`dy ncptkvcti bkm.bi rimckgs fa tbi arkoctis Jfussfdi cg` Cstrfdcji sbfwg biri, tbirimgcgts fa tbi ackdi` vfycoi fa `ksnfviry fa @i Dcpërfussi arfm3?22, `kscppicr jibkg` c rctbir nryptkn ìsnrkptkfg, cg` tbi nfrri-spfg`kgo birfkn stfry fa tbi ruggkgo corfug` gicr Qcgkhfrf kg tbi^fdfmfg Ksdcg`s ks gft `ksnussi`.?3

Nfgrc` Jushig Buit (32:1-3221) kg bks jffh fg Ucrks cgÌgvkrfgs arfm 32?2 ks c dft mfri igtbuskcstkn cjfut tbi Ioyptkcgnfddintkfg kg tbi Dfuvri<

Pi pfrtrckt fa c okrd, pckgti` fg wff`, kg tbct ̀ kspdcy ncsi wfud`ji afur tbfuscg` yicrs fd`8 jut tbi okrd stkdd dffhs cs dfvidy, arisb,nfquittksb, cs bfurk-dkhi cs kg tbi `cys sbi dkvi` kg tbi isb. _ktbsunb `cmsids, „ iyis cs jko cs tbfsi fa Lugf kg Bfmir, `crh cs tbijdcnh-jdui fa cg Frkigtcd stcrry gkobt, trkmmi` wktb dcsbis csdfgo cs yfur dkttdi ffigoir „ tbi kmcokgctkfg fa tbi Crcjs wfud`bcvi pfpudcti` tbi bicvigs fa Mfbcmmi`, K tbkgh.?:

?3 -- 3202 Bit musium vffr ì snbiipvccrt, kg ìg Dfuvi, ti Ucrks. GkiuwGiìrdcg`snb Mcoczklg. >-1.

?: Jushig Buit 32?2, :29.

Pbi Orcg` Ocddiry fa tbi Dfuvri - Pbfmcs Cddfm 3205



0>

Cg` nfgnirgkgo tbi mfìrg crt fa tbfsi `cys, Jushig Buit wcsivig lujkdcgt<

Pi Dfuvri cg` tbi Duximjfuro prfvi tbct Arignb snudpturibcs mcì orict strkìs kg tbi dcst bcda nigtury, tbi sfgs bcvi sur-

pcssi` tbikr actbirs jiyfg` micsuri. Oriih crt bcs jiig rivkvi` kgArcgni. Mfri jicutkaud snudpturi wcs givir prfùni` tbcg tbisiArignb `f gfw.?>

_big vksktkgo tbi ukdirkis, ^nbdkimcgg nfmis acni tf acni wktbcg fjlint arfm tbi Ioyptkcg pcst, tbi Fjidksh. Cs bi rimcrhs tbcttbi bkirfodypbs cri ugric`cjdi wi hgfw tbct bi bc` gft bicr` fa tbiwfrh fa Arcgïfks Nbcmpfddkfg (3?;5-32>:). Bks Urënks ù ^ystâmibkërfodypbkqui ìs cgnkigs Ioyptkigs bc` jiig pujdksbi` kg 32:0 cg`skgni tbct tkmi tbi bkirfodypbs fg tbi fjidksh wiri ct dicst pcrtkcddyric`cjdi. Kt ks ugndicr wbiri ^nbdkimcgg oft tbi kìc ixprissi` kgbks rimcrh tbct tbi bkirfodypbkn tixt bc` sfmitbkgo tf `f wktb tbirftctkfg fa tbi mffg.

Cdsf ^nbdkimcgg‛s rimcrh tbct bi bc` siig tbi pdcni arfm wbiritbi hkgo bc` jiig sbft ct ks `kaaknudt tf ixpdckg. Catir tbi ìaict faGcpfdifg, tbi icrdkir fusti` Dfuks RQKKK (3?99-32:0) bc` nfmitf pfwir cockg. Bi wcs viry ricntkfgcry, bi ristfri` tbi pfwir fatbi Nctbfdkn nburnb, ristrknti` nkvkd dkjirtkis, cg` kgtrfùni` c virysiviri nigsfrsbkp. Catir bks ìctb kg 32:0, bks jrftbir, tbi Nfmti`‛Crtfks, sunniiì` bkm cs Nbcrdis R (3?9?-32>1). Bi cjfdksbi`tbi cdric`y munb nurtckdi` pcrdkcmigt cg` prfndckmi` bkmsida cj-sfduti mfgcrnb. bks di` tf c pujdkn uprkskgo cg` Nbcrdis R adi`tf Igodcg`. Dkjircd afrnis kg Arignb pfdktkns privigti` c ripujdkntf ji prfndckmi` cg` mcgcoi` tf bcvi Dfuks Ubkdkppi Lfsipb, ùn`‛Frdëcgs (3??>-3295) nrfwgi` cs hkgo Dfuks Ubkdkppi K. Bi ocvitbi nktkzigs tbikr dkjirtkis jcnh cg` ristfri` pcrdkcmigt, bi mcgkpu-dcti` tbi idintfrcd dcws kg sunb c wcy tbct ì acntf pfwir kg tbkspcrdkcmigt ncmi kg tbi bcg`s fa tbi jfuroifkski. Bfwivir, cs tbiripujdkncgs rimckgi` nfgvkgni` tbct tbiy bc` jiig rfjji` fa tbikrvkntfry jy tbi dkjircds, ugrist nfgtkgui` kg tbi nfugtry. bi giw

hkgo dfst munb fa bks nri`kt jy tbi fvirt wcy kg wbknb bi pdcni`tbi kgtirists fa bks acmkdy jiafri tbct fa tbi gctkfg. ̂ ivircd cttimptswiri mcì fg bks dkai. bi mfst widd-hgfwg fa tbisi ks tbi cttimptmcì jy Okusippi Mcrkf Akisnbk (3?;5-32>1) wktb c gumjir facddkis fg tbi Jfudivcr` ù impdi kg Ucrks kg 32>9. bks cttimptigì` kg c jdff` jctb kg wbknb :2 pifpdi dfst tbikr dkvis, jut tbihkgo wcs ugburt. Kg bks trcvid lfurgcd ^nbdkimcgg prfjcjdy riairs tftbks cttcnh. _bct bi scys fg tbi nkrnumstcgnis fa tbks cttcnh `fisbfwivir gft tcddy wktb tbks cttimpt cg` bi nfud` tbiriafri ji tcdh-

?> Jushig Buit 32?2, :2?.



00

kgo cjfut fgi fa tbi dissir hgfwg cttimpts. Cdd tbi cttimpts wiririspfgì` tf wktb pfdktkncd trkcds cg` kgnricskgo riprisskfg. bksudtkmctidy di` tf c pfpudcr uprkskgo, wbknb wcs lfkgi` jy pcrt fatbi crmy, kg 3202, twf yicrs catir ^nbdkimcgg‛s vkskt. bi hkgo wcsafrni` tf cj`kncti cg` adi` tf Igodcg` wktb bks acmkdy. bks tkmi tbiripujdkn wcs prfndckmi`.

bi mclfrkty fa tbi skobts tbct ^nbdkimcgg vkskti` kg Ucrks gii`gft ji `ksnussi` biri cs tbiy wiri tbi scmi cs tbi mfìrg tfur-kst wfud` vkskt kg Ucrks tf`cy. biri ks bfwivir fgi pdcni fa kgtir-ist tbct ks gf dfgoir fg tbct dkst, Dc Mfroui. Kg c psynbfcgcdytkncdstu`y fa ^nbdkimcgg, _kddkcm O. Gkiìrdcg` ncmi tf tbi nfgndu-skfg kg 3;1: tbct cs ^nbdkimcgg bc` tbi scmi gcmi cs cg icrdkirìnicsi` dkttdi jrftbir, bi wcs `rkvig jy c acsnkgctkfg wktb ìctb.?0

C vkskt tf tbi Ucrks mfrtucry siims tf nfgakrm tbks kìc jut kt ri-mckgs tf ji siig wbitbir tbks ks trui. _big wi ric` up tbi oukì-jffh tbct ^nbdkimcgg prfjcjdy usi` kg Ucrks, D‛Kg`kspigscjdi, fuGfuvicu Nfgùntiur ìs Ëtrcgoirs `cgs Ucrks arfm 3203, wi‛dd siitbct Dc Mfroui ks migtkfgi` cmfgo cdd tbi ftbir skobts cs tfurkstcttrcntkfg.?9

Cdsf ^nbdkimcgg‛s vkskt tf Qirsckddis `fis gft riqukri aurtbir ix-pdcgctkfg. Kt ks rimcrhcjdi tbfuob tbct ^nbdkimcgg `fis gft mig-tkfg Di pitkt Bcmicu ì dc rikgi . bks mfìd vkddcoi bc` jiig jukdtafr Mcrki Cgtfkgitti (3?99-3?;>). Kgspkri` jy Zfussicu‛s kìcs, tbiquiig cg` bir dc`kis-kg-wcktkgo wfud` wcdh crfug` biri `rissi` upcs sbipbirìssis cg` mkdhmck`s cg` tbiy pdcyi` ct jikgo picscgts.

?0 Gkiìrdcg` 3;10/19 cg` Gkiìrdcg` 3;1;.

?9 Uiquiogft 3203, >>2.

Dc Mfroui, n. 3200



09

Kg Ucrks ^nbdkimcgg cdsf vkskti` tbi tbictri iviry ivigkgo cg`fa nfursi bi wigt tf tbi fpirc. Bi ks viry kmprissi`, ivirytbkgoks sf jicutkaud. Bi gftis tbct bi scw _kddkcm idd jut `fis gft tiddus wbct bi tbfuobt fa kt. Zfsskgk (3?;:-3212) bc` nfmpfsi` tbkspkini kg 32:; cg` kt wcs stkdd ridctkvidy giw wbig ^nbdkimcgg scwkt. Kg c tbictri gft migtkfgi` jy gcmi, ^nbdkimcgg iglfyi` Cjuacrfu dc Acmkddi Crcji . bks pkini bc` jiig wrkttig kg 3?;9 jy Licg-Arcgïfks @unks (3?>>-3231). @unks bc` mcì bks gcmi wktb viryarii c`cptctkfgs fa ^bchispicri pdcys, jut tbks wcs bks fgdy frkokgcdpkini. C jrftbir cg` skstir acdd kg dfvi, wbknb fa nfursi ks gft `fgi.Afrtugctidy ct tbi ig` fa tbi pdcy kt jinfmis ndicr tbct tbi skstir wcsricddy cg c`fptkvi skstir cg` tbus cdd prfjdims bc` jiig risfdvi`.bi pdcy wcs mckgdy nfmmigì` jy nfgtimpfrcrkis afr kts dkai-dkhiìpkntkfg fa tbi ìsirt.

^nbdkimcgg scw fgi pirafrmcgni kg Ucrks tbct stff` fut arfmivirytbkgo idsi bi scw kg tbi vcrkfus tbictris ùrkgo tbks lfurgiy.bi pirafrmcgni fa Zfjirt-Bfu`kg kg tbi tbictri kg tbi UcdcksZfycd surpcssi` ivirytbkgo. Bfu`kg (3259-32?3) wcs gft lust cgy-jf`y. Bi wcs wktbfut `fujt tbi mfst dioig`cry mcoknkcg ivir.bi cdmfst cs dioig`cry Cmirkncg mcoknkcg Ibrknb _iksi (32?0-3;:1) riairri` tf bkm wktb bks stcoi gcmi Bcrry Bfu`kgk. Zfjirt-Bfu`kg wcs jfrg kg Jdfks cg` bc` jiig trckgi` tbiri jy bks actbir

Licg Iuoâgi Zfjirt-Bfu`kg (3259-32?3) cg` sfg, n. 3295



01

tf ji c ndfnhmchir. Bi cnbkivi` sfmi dfncd acmi wktb igtirtckgkgobks arkig`s cg` nustfmirs wktb ncr` trknhs. Kg bks cutfjkforcpby,Bfu`kg okvis tbi afddfwkgo ìsnrkptkfg fa bks nbcrcntir<

K givir nfud` ffix my tbfuobts fg cgy tcsh wktbfut trykgo tf kgtrf-

ùni sfmi kmprfvimigt, fr strkhi fut c gfvid kìc.?1

_big bi wcs :0 yicrs fd` bi mcrrki` tbi `cuobtir fa c prfmk-gigt ndfnhmchir arfm Ucrks. Catir bi bc` fpigi` c wfrhsbfp kg tbincpktcd, bi ncmi kgtf nfgtcnt wktb tbi mcoknkcgs wfrhkgo tbiri. Bi`ksnfviri` tbct sfmi fa tbim usi` minbcgkncd ìvknis cg` wcs ig-nfurcoi` tf jukd` cutfmctkn akouris. Kg 3200 bi nfgstrunti` c smcddcutfmctfg afr tbi _frd` Ixbkjktkfg, wbknb wcs jfuobt afr ?555arcgns jy U.. Jcrgum. bks sum igcjdi` Bfu`kg tf fpig bks fwgtbictri. Ygdkhi tbi ftbir mcoknkcgs, Bfu`kg wfrhi` wicrkgo trc`k-

tkfgcd ivigkgo ndftbis. Zkobt arfm bks akrst sbfw bi wcs c sunniss<XK stcrti` wktb] my acvfurkti ixpirkmigt, —tbi surprkskgo pfnhit-bcg`hirnbkia”, c mi`diy fa ndivir ìniptkfgs. Catir jfrrfwkgo cbcg`hirnbkia, K prfùni` arfm kt c mudtktuì fa fjlints fa iviryìsnrkptkfg, sunb cs suocr-pdums, aictbirs fa iviry skzi up tf c`rum-mclfr‛s, acgs, nfmkn lfurgcds, cg`, cs c ffigcdi, cg igfrmfusjcshit fa fwirs, wbknb K `kstrkjuti` tf tbi dc`kis.??

bks trknh wcs afddfwi` jy tbi sida-orfwkgo frcgoi trii. Bfu`kgusi` biri tinbgkquis tbct bi hgiw arfm bks ndfnhmchir‛s `cys. _ktb

tbi kdduskfg fa tbi krfg nbist tbct akrst nfud` ji dkati` up cg` dctirnfud` gft, Bfu`kg usi` c bk`ìg mcogit. Bi usi` idintrknkty kgyit ftbir trknhs. ^ffg kt imiroi` tbct tbi jkooist cttrcntkfg fa bkssbfw wiri gft bks minbcgkncd nfgstruntkfgs jut bks ìmfgstrctkfgfa tbi sinfg` skobt. Biri bi nfddcjfrcti` wktb bks sfg, wbf nfud`tidd wbkdi jdkg`-afdì` wbknb fjlints bks actbir nfddinti` arfm tbicu`kigni. Bfu`kg `k` gft kgvigt tbks cnt, wbknb wfrhs fg tbi jcsksfa virjcd nfìs, jut bi ixinuti` kt wktb sunb adckr tbct mcgy c spin-tctfr bc` tbi aiidkgo fa wctnbkgo c ricd mcoknkcg ct wfrh

JidokumFg bks wcy arfm Ucrks tf Jrussids, ^nbdkimcgg pcssi` tbi pdcniwbiri c sirkfus trckg cnnkìgt bc` tchig pdcni. Fg ^ctur`cy 33tb

Ludy 3201 c ripfrt fg tbks cnnkìgt cppicri` kg tbi Lfurgcd ù nfm-mirni `‛Cgvirs <

?1 Zfjirt-Bfu`kg 329;, >3.

?? Zfjirt-Bfu`kg 329;, :2?.



0?

Yg orcg` cnnkìgt, ugi `fudfuriusi nctcstrfpbi ëtckt crrkvë å ninfgvfk prâs `‛Crrcs8 mcks, bêtfgs-gfus ì di `kri, dis vfycoiursig ìstkgctkfg pfur dc Jidokqui ìvckigt cvfkr mkrcnudiusimigtënbcppë prisqui tfus, ù mfkgs fg gfus d‛crmi, å ni `ëscstri ?2

bi giws ks viry arisb cg` tbi pcpir bcs c sinfg` ripfrt kg tbiscmi kssui tbct `kaairs kg ìtckds arfm tbi akrst, jut fgi tbkgo ksnirtckg<

Gfus di rëpëtfgs, dis vfycoiurs ì Qcdignkiggis it niux ig ìs-tkgctkfg ì dc Jidokqui fgt ëtë prësirvës `‛ugi mcgkâri tfuti prfvkìgtkiddi.?;

Fg tbi scmi `cy, tbi Giìrdcg`snbi ^tccts-nfurcgt cdsf bcs c ri-pfrt fg tbks trckg `kscstir<

Fg tbi rinigtdy fpigi` rckdwcy dkgi arfm Ucrks tf tbi Jidokcgjfrìrs, c tirrkjdi cnnkìgt bcs fnnurri` . . . Cs c risudt fa tbi pri-vckdkgo nfgauskfg kt wcs gft pfsskjdi tf okvi igfuob bidp quknhdy tftbi pifpdi kgvfdvi`. Gf diss tbcg ffiaty pifpdi wiri iktbir mfrtcddywfugì` jy tbi acdd fr sustfncti` kg tbi mcrsbis.25

C wiih dctir, fg ^ctur`cy 32tb Ludy 3201, D‛Kddustrctkfg bcs cgixtigskvi ripfrt fg tbks trckg cnnkìgt<

Di 2 ì ni mfks, di nfgvfk ù nbimkg ù Gfr`, pcrtk ì Ucrks pfur Jruxiddis å sipt biuris ù mctkg, nfmpfsë ì :2 vfkturis it pfrtcgt cu `ëpcrt :35 vfycoiurs, cvckt, å trfks biuris it ìmki,`ëpcssë Crrcs it si trfuvckt ig acni ù vkddcoi ì Acmpfux, sur ugrimjdck ëdivë ì ? mâtris igvkrfg cu-ìssus `‛ugi cgnkiggi tfur-jkâri rimpdki `‛icu. fut å nfup ug `ërckddimigt iut dkiux `cgsni nfgvfk trcçgë pcr ìux dfnfmftkvis< : vfkturis ì 3ri ndcssi, :vfkturis ì :i ndcssi, : wcofgs ì jcocois it 1 vfkturis ì pfsti pfrtëis sur 1 trunhs, `ërckddârigt, mcks ristârigt sur dc vfki8 : vfk-turis ì 3ri ndcssi, > ì :i ndcssi, : ì >i ndcssi, 3 vfkturi ì pfstiit > `kdkoignis ì misscoirkis, aurigt prënkpktëis pdus fu mfkgs cudfkg, it prfafg`ëmigt, `cgs di mcrcks8 : vfkturis ì >i ndcssi, it 3wcofg ì jcocois aurigt rigvirsës sur di tcdus, it 3 `kdkoigni ìs

misscoirkis sur di nðtë.

Suid ëtckt di gfmjri ì vfycoiurs qui nfgtigckigt dis :0 vfkturisit dis trfks wcofgs `ërckddës6 Fg d‛kogfri ignfri. Mcks ig ëvcducgtcpprfxkmctkvimigt ni gfmjri8 ig nfgtimpdcgt dc nbuti ëgfrmiqui qukgzi vfkturis fgt ackti, fg `fkt rig`ri orêni cu nkid, qu‛kd g‛yckt iu qui 30 mfrts, it å piu prâs cutcgt ì jdissës.

?2 Lfurgcd ù nfmmirni `‛Cgvirs ^cmi`k 2 Lukddit 3201.?; Lfurgcd ù nfmmirni `‛Cgvirs ^cmi`k 2 Lukddit 3201.

25 Giìrdcg`snbi ^tccts-nfurcgt Gf. 31>. ^ctur`cy 33 Lugi 3201.



02

Mcdorë tfutis dis virskfgs nfgtrckris, kd pcrcçt culfur`‛buk nfgstcgtqui ni gfmjri, bëdcs! @ëlå trfp orcg`, qui `‛cutris virskfgs ëdi-vckigt ̀ i jicunfup cu ̀ idå, ist di gfmjri ixcnt ̀ is vkntkmis nfgstc-tëis, culfur`‛buk qui di mcrcks ̀ i Acmpfux c ëtë cssiz sfg`ë pfur

qu‛fg pukssi si cttir qu‛kd gi rëvâdi pcs `‛cutris nc`cvris.

23

_big wi sii tbct tbi Giìrdcg`snbi ^tccts-nfurcgt cdric`y mig-tkfgi` tbi gumjir fa akaty ìc`, kt sbfud` gft surprksi us tbct^nbdkimcgg bc` siig tbi gumjir fa skxty ìc` kg tbi pcpirs kg ^tUitirsjuro. Cs usucd tbi gumjir kgnricsi` wktb tbi `kstcgni.

Ct tbi Nfgoriss fa Qkiggc catir tbi ìaict fa Gcpfdifg K kg3239, tbi Gitbirdcg`s cg` Jidokum wiri ugkaki` kgtf fgi nfugtry.Nctbfdkn Jidokum bfwivir ̀ k` gft aiid nfmafrtcjdi wktb tbi prftis-tcgt Gitbirdcg`s. Kg 32>5 c rivfdt jrfhi fut wbknb hkgo _kddkcm Ktrki` tf put `fwg wktb tbi bidp fa bks ‒@utnb‛ crmy. Catir cg kgktkcdquknh sunniss tbi hkgo bc` tf wktb`rcw catir tbi Arignb bc` sigttrffps tf suppfrt tbi rijids. Cdtbfuob kg prcntkni Jidokum jincmikgìpigìgt kg 32>5, hkgo _kddkcm K fgdy rinfogkzi` tbks acnt kg32>;. biricatir ìvidfpmigts tffh tbikr tkmi cg` ivig kg 3201cg cttimpt wcs mcì tf gfrmcdkzi tbi ridctkfgsbkp jitwiig tbiGitbirdcg`s cg` Jidokum, fa wbknb ^nbdkimcgg wcs widd cwcri<

23 D‛Kddustrctkfg, Lfurgcd Ygkvirsid Gf. 3??. ^cmi`k 32 Lukddit 3201.

Pbi risnui fpirctkfg catir tbi `kscstir fa tbi Gfrtbirg Zckdwcy, Ludy 32, 3201



0;

Cmstir`cm >3 Ludy 3201 … @ir Bcgìds Qirtrco mkt Jidokig kstvfroistirg ugtirziknbgit, màbrig @itckds skg` kgìÖig `crôjirgknbt jihcggt8 hikgisacdds wkr` is cua Ncstii fbgi IkguÖ jdikjigug` `ôrati gcmigtdknb kg ìg gànbstig Cuntkfgig ikg zkimdknbstcrhis Sucgtum aôr `kisis Dcg` oihcuat wirìg.2:

_big ^nbdkimcgg wigt tf bcvi c dffh ct tbi Mfgumigt afr tbiAcddig, bi ug`fujti`dy hgiw wby tbks wcs irinti`. bi wcdh tbct bimchis kg Jrussids ks viry rinfogkzcjdi cg` tbus `fis gft riqukri aur-tbir nfmmigt. Kgtrkoukgo ks tbfuob tbi jffh tbct bi jfuobt tbiri,tbi cutbfr cg` tktdi fa wbknb bi dctir mcì kddiokjdi8 wbknb jffhkgtiristi` bkm sf munb, tbfuob bi jidkivi` kt diss cg` diss6

@urkgo bks vkskt tf Cgtwirp, ^nbdkimcgg rimcrhs tbct tbi tfwirtbct bi ndkmjs ks wktbfut ̀ fujt tbi tcddist kg Iurfpi. bks tfwir bcsc bikobt fa 3:> mitris, jut must bcvi siimi` bkobir tf ̂ nbdkimcgg.

Kg acnt bi bc` siig tbrii tcddir tfwirs kg Bcmjuro< tbi tfwir fa tbiUitrkhkrnbi wcs 3:? m, tbct fa tbi Mknbcidkshkrnbi 30> m, cg` fatbi Gkhfdckhkrnbi 309 m.2>

bct ^nbdkimcgg‛s hgfwdiòi fa tbi bkstfry fa crt wcs kgìi`viry dkmkti` wi ncg sii arfm tbi acnt tbct bi scys tbct bi scw c stct-ui fa Zimjrcg`t. bks ks kg ricdkty gft c stctui fa tbi Cmstir`cmpckgtir jut fa tbi mfst nidijrcti` Adimksb pckgtir Zujigs. Cdsftbi pckgtkgo jy Zimjrcg`t tbct bi scw biri wcs jy Zujigs. Kg bkstrcvid lfurgcd, ^nbdkimcgg ìsnrkjis bi @isnigt arfm tbi Nrfssarfm 313: cg` bi Idivctkfg fa tbi Nrfss arfm 315;-3133. Kt ks

gftknicjdi tbct bi `fis gft migtkfg biri tbi Zisurrintkfg fa Nbrkstarfm 313: cg` tbi Cssumptkfg fa Mcry arfm 31:1 wbknb cri cdsfixbkjkti` biri.

_big ^nbdkimcgg trcviddi` arfm Qirvkirs tf Ccnbig, bi shkrti`,cppcrigtdy wktbfut hgfwkgo kt, fgi fa tbi orictist pfdktkncd f``k-tkis fa bks tkmi, Giutrcd Mfrisgit. bks pdft fa >>? bintcris (n.2:9 cnris) wcs tbi dcroist zkgn mkgi fa Iurfpi. Ct tbi Nfgoriss faQkiggc, kt nfud` gft ji corii` wbitbir tbks pdft fa dcg` jidfgoi`tf tbi Gitbirdcg`s fr tf Urusskc, cg` bigni kt bc` jinfmi mfri frdiss kgìpigìgt. C zkgn mkgi cs mkgk stcti. Fgdy catir 3;3; wcs kt

lfkgti` wktb Jidokum.

2: Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J :2:.2> Fgdy tbi Uitrkhkrnbi survkvi` tbi înfg` _frd` _cr ugsnctbi`. Pi Mknbcidkshkrnbi

ks gfw c rukg cg` tbi Gkhfdckhkrnbi bcs jiig tftcddy rigfvcti`.



95

Oirmcgy

Jy jkrtb ̂ nbdkimcgg wcs Oirmcg. Bi bc` ofgi tf snbffd kg Oirmcgycg` Oirmcg must bcvi jiig bks akrst dcgoucoi. _bitbir tbks bc`tf `f wktb bks `kskgtirist kg Minhdigjuro cg` bks cttimpts tf pcss

bkmsida faa cs c Zusskcg fr wktb bks ìskri tf prcntksi bks afrikogdcgoucois ks gft ndicr, jut tbiri ks gf Oirmcg kg tbks trcvid lfur-gcd.20 Kg tbks dkobt kt ks rimcrhcjdi tbct, fgni jcnh fg Oirmcg sfkd,^nbdkimcgg bcstigs tf fgi fa tbi dcg`sncpis ìndcri` jy OirmcgZfmcgtknksm cs typkncd fa tbct nfugtry. Arfm Nfdfogi bi trcvids jyjfct fg tbi Zbkgi arfm Hfjdigz tf sii tbi wfrd`-acmfus ncstdi faIbrigjriktstikg. Ka yfu wcgt tf sii tbi ncstdi cs kt wcs siig kg DctiZfmcgtknksm, yfu sbfud` ric` tbi pfim bi Zbkgi jy tbi Cmirkncgbif`fri î`wknh Acy (325?-32;2)<

Fb nfmi, oigtdi pkdorkm,Arfm acr ̀ kstcgt strcg`,

Nfmi, oczi fg tbi prkì

Fa tbi fd` Oirmcg dcg`8

Fg tbct wfgìr fa gcturi,

Pct vkskfg `kvkgi

Fa tbi pcst cg` tbi prisigt,

20 Cdsf @utnb fa wbknb bi bc` c ìnigt nfmmcg` ks gft usi` kg tbks trcvid lfurgcd.

Hfjdigz wktb tbi afrtriss Ibrigjriktstikg - L.O. Ofi n. 3205



93

Cg` wbig, arfm tbi ri`

Odicmkgo tfw‛rs fa Mcyigni

Ignbcgti` tbfu‛rt jfrgi

Kg jiwkdìrkgo trcgni,

Jy ìctb-jrictbkgo rukg,Jy dkai-okvkgo wkgi „

Jy tbi `crh-arfwgkgo turrits,

Fd` Ibrigjriktstikg!

bi gixt :2 pcois fa tbi trcvid lfurgcd bcvi jiig nut fut. bistujs diat jibkg` kg tbi lfurgcd sbfw tbct frkokgcddy tbi pcois bc`jiig wrkttig fg jut kt ks kmpfsskjdi tf csnirtckg wbct.

Pbi `ctis fa tbi Iurfpicg lfurgiy

^nbdkimcgg‛s trcvid lfurgcd ks gft c `kcry jut c trcvidfoui. Fatig tbiivigts wiri ìsnrkji` `cys catir tbiy cntucddy tffh pdcni. _big biwcs wrktkgo bks lfurgcd bi mcì c aiw mkstchis kg tbi `ctis. Jidfwc dkst ks okvig fa wbct cri prfjcjdy tbi nfrrint `ctis.

Jfd` Ktcdkn < `ctis migtkfgi` kg tbi tixt^nbdkimcgg usis tbi Ludkcg ncdig`cr. Kg Fntfjir bi cdsf usis tbiOriofrkcg ncdig`cr. Kg afr kgstcgni 5;/:?< tbi akrst `cti ks kg tbi

Ludkcg ncdig`cr.X3]< tf ji afug` fg pcoi 3 fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s lfurgcd

Pbi riturg lfurgiy

Cdtbfuob ^nbdkimcgg‛s riturg lfurgiy wcs rimfvi` arfm tbi trcvid lfurgcd, wi ncg stkdd tidd sfmitbkgo cjfut kt. Kg tbi cutfjkforcpbkncdpcrt fa bks Cmirkncg trcvid lfurgcd arfm 3295-93 bi `ksnussi` bksakrst orict Iurfpicg lfurgiy kg c aiw dkgis<

Kg 3201 K wcs 0 tkmis fg juskgiss kg Mfsnfw, cg` fg tbi 3st Fntfjir fa tbi scmi yicr K wigt, wktb c vkiw tf ixtig` my mir-

ncgtkdi nfggixtkfgs, vkc Dôjinh, Bcmjurob, Jrimig, Cmstir`cm& Zfttir`cm tf Dfg`fg, vkskti` sujsiquigtdy Dkvirpffd, Bcvri,Ucrks, Jruxiddis, Nfdfogi, Nfjdigtz, @ôssid`fra, Nriaid`, cg`riturgi` jy wcy fa Cmstir`cm, Bcmjurob cg` Jirdkg tf ^t.Uitirsjuro, wbiri K crrkvi` fg tbi 30 tb @inimjir, 3201.29

29 _ijir 3;0:, 3:.



9:

îptimjir 3201

ûg`cy :? 3:.55 @ipcrturi arfm Mfsnfw X3]

Mfg`cy :2 Crrkvcd kg ̂ t Uitirsjuro X;]

_i`gis`cy >5 Fjtckgi` bks pcsspfrt X3>]

Fntfjir

burs`cy 53 39.55 @ipcrturi arfm ^t Uitirsjuro X:5]

32.55 Crrkvcd kg Nrfgstc`t X:3]

Ark`cy 5: 5.055 @ipcrturi arfm Nrfgstc`t X:>]

^ctur`cy 5>

ûg`cy 50 fwcr`s gffg< vkiw fa Oftbdcg` X:?]

Mfg`cy 59 2.55 Ksdcg` Zuoig X:2]

30.55 nfcst fa Minhdigjuro X:2]

::.55 Crrkvcd kg rcvimôgì X:;]

rcvids fg tf Dôjinh X>5]

uis`cy 51 2.55 @ipcrturi arfm Dôjinh X>3]

30.55 Crrkvcd kg Bcmjuro X>>] _i`gis`cy 5?/3; ^nbdkimcgg tidds us tbct tbi sivigtb wcs c

Mfg`cy X>?]

Ark`cy 5;/:3 31.55 @ipcrturi arfm Bcmjuro X0;]

^ctur`cy 35/:: ;.55 Crrkvcd kg Jrimig X90]

ûg`cy 33/:> 31.55 @ipcrturi arfm Jrimig X19]

uis`cy 3>/:9 33.55 Crrkvcd kg Crgbim X19]

3>.>5 Crrkvcd kg Cmstir`cm X1?]



9>

_i`gis`cy 30/:1 —bi gixt mfrgkgo K wigt tf tbi nfugtkgobfusi ct gkgi cg`, cdtbfuob kt wcs c sug-`cy, ...” X?5] —bi afddfwkgo `cy, mfg`cytbi 30/:1 Fntfjir, ...” X?3] bi sug`cy

fa X?5] ks c `cy tbct ks gft tf ji afug` fgtbi ncdig`cr.

burs`cy 39/:?

uis`cy :? ^nbdkimcgg trcvids arfm Cmstir`cm tfZfttir`cm X?>]

_i`gis`cy :2 Kg tbi mfrgkgo< ̀ ipcrturi arfm Zfttir`cmX?0]

burs`cy :; ;.55 Crrkvcd ct Jdcnhwcdd ̂ tctkfg X?;]

Ark`cy >5 3:.>5 @ipcrturi arfm Dfg`fg X29]

::.09 Crrkvcd ct Dkvirpffd X22]^ctur`cy >3 Ct X;>] ^nbdkimcgg tidds us tbct tbks ks c

^ctur`cy, arfm tbks mfmigt fg tbi `ctisfa tbi lfurgcd of bcg` kg bcg` wktb tbincdig`cr.

Gfvimjir

Mfg`cy 5: 3:.>5 @ipcrturi afr Mcgnbistir X;9]

30.>5 Crrkvcd ct Mcgnbistir X;9]

uis`cy 5> 3:.55 Jcnh tf Dkvirpffd X35>] _i`gis`cy 50 ;.55 Crrkvcd kg Mcgnbistir X333]

burs`cy 59 f Dfg`fg, stfp ct Jkrmkgobcm X33?]

:3.55 Crrkvcd kg Dfg`fg X332]

^ctur`cy 5? Nfgnirt kg Nfvigt Ocrìg X300]

ûg`cy 52 —bi gixt `cy, Gfvimjir 39, wcs csug`cy” X301]

Mfg`cy 5;

Puis`cy 35 Ct tbi Jrktksb Musium X39>]Pburs`cy 3: Qkskt tf _kg`sfr Ncstdi X31:]

^ctur`cy 30 31.55 @ipcrturi arfm Dfg`fg X323]

32.>5 Crrkvcd kg Jrkobtfg X323]

ûg`cy 39 2.55 Crrkvcd kg @kippi X32>]

Mfg`cy 31 1.55 @ipcrturi arfm @kippi X329]

39.55 Crrkvcd kg Di Bcvri X321]

uis`cy 3? :3.55 @ipcrturi arfm Di Bcvri X3;1]



90

bct ^nbdkimcgg trcviddi` vkc Hriaid` ks viry pdcuskjdi cs bi bc`cshi` J.B. ^nbrñìr kg Cmstir`cm afr c dittir fa kgtrfùntkfg tf cakrm kg tbks tfwg. bks dittir wcs sigt tf bkm vkc L. Bigry ^nbrñìrkg Dfg`fg<

Cmstir`cm `. 3; Gfvjr 01

Ikgdkioig` impacgoig ^ki ìg oiwôgsnbtig Jrkia aôr Nriaid` ug`sfdd is ugs ariuig wigg sfdnbir Irafdo aôr ^ki bct airgir auoig ìgvfroistirg impacgoigig Jrkia vfg ^t Uitirsjuro jik, mkt wid-nbig odiknbziktko ugs B Ufppi a32.555,- aôr Zinbgugo vfg U.^. Cdixnist 21 ôjir mcnbt.

21 Bi wcs tbi jrftbir fa _dc`kmkr Cdixnist.

_i`gis`cy 31 1.55 Crrkvcd kg Zfuig, trcvids fg tf IdjiuaX3;?]

3;.55 Crrkvcd kg Ucrks X:5:]

burs`cy 3;

^ctur`cy :3 Qkskt tf Qirsckddis X:00]ûg`cy ::

Mfg`cy :>

Puis`cy :0

_i`gis`cy :9

Pburs`cy :1

Ark`cy :? ;.55 @ipcrturi arfm Ucrks X:91]

:3.39 Crrkvcd kg Jrussids X:1>]

^ctur`cy :2 33.>5 @ipcrturi afr Cgtwirp8 crrkvcd ct3:.09 X:1;]

31.>5 @ipcrturi afr Jrussids X:?9]

ûg`cy :; ?.55 @ipcrturi arfm Jrussids X:??]

32.55 Crrkvcd kg Nfdfogi X:20]

::.55 @ipcrturi arfm Nfdfogi X:29]

Mfg`cy >5 2.>5 Crrkvcd kg Hfjdigz X:22]

Aijrucry 320?

Mfg`cy 39 Mfsnfw< vksktkgo tbi nkrnus X:;3]



99

Pbi pcsspfrt tbct wcs kssui` fg @inimjir 0, 3201 kg Cmstir`cm afr ^nbdkimcggs riturg trkp



91

Km Mcrht kst sfgst gknbts Giuis mfroig wirìg wcbrsnbikgdknb >5 Ufg`s t̂ Mcrtigsbfdz jioijit ôjir a; `ôrati snbwirdknb `caôrhfmmig, `c `ki Sucdktcit gknbt jisfgìrs.

Hrcppi 2? sibr cgoigibm, aôr snbñgi giuir ugjircujti wurì oi-stirg kg Zfttir`cm jks a:? jiwkddkot.

Kg`kof afrtwàbrig` aisti ijigsf JXcum]wfddi

_kr orôÖig ^ki cnbtugosvfdd & iroijigst

JB^nbrñìr&Nf22

Arfm tbiri bi `k` kgìi` trcvid fg tf Cmstir`cm wbiri bi cr-rkvi` icrdy @inimjir. Fg 0tb @inimjir, tbi nfgsud fa Minhdigjuro,I`. Sucnh, kssui` c pcsspfrt afr bkm wktb wbknb bi nfud` trcvid vkc^t Uitirsjuro tf Mfsnfw. Arfm tbiri bi wfud` bcvi trcviddi` tfBcmjuro vkc tbi scmi rfuti cs bi tffh fg bks wcy fut. bi rist fa

bks lfurgiy ks ugndicr jut wktb tbi bidp fa Ziknbcr`‛s Ucsscokir cuaìr Ziksi kg @iutsnbdcg` ug` ìr ^nbwikz, gcnb Cmstir`cm, Jrôssid,Hfpigbcoig, Dfgìg, Mckdcg`, Ucrks, ^t. Uitirsjuro, Uist, ^tfnhbfdm,Qigi`ko ug` _crsnbcu 32>; cg` 3291 wi ncg try tf rinfgstrunt bks

lfurgiy.2; Cs kt wcs tbi ìc` fa wkgtir, ^nbdkimcgg bc` tf trcv-id fvirdcg`. Bi bc` c gumjir fa pfsskjkdktkis arfm Bcmjuro tfJirdkg. Luòkgo jy wbct ^nbdkimcgg wrktis cjfut tbi stcoinfcnb-is kg Oirmcgy, bi wfud` bcvi priairri` tf tchi tbi trckg. Kg tbctncsi bi wfud` bcvi trcviddi` jy nfcnb tf Jiroi`fra cg` arfm tbirijy trckg tf Jirdkg. Cgftbir pfsskjkdkty ks tbct bi trcviddi` jy nfcnb

arfm Bcmjuro vkc Niddi tf Jrcugsnbwiko cg` arfm tbiri jy trckgarfm Mcoìjuro ;5 tf _kttigjiro, cg` tbig tchkgo tbi nfcnb cockgtf Jirdkg. bks ks rctbir c ìtfur jut tbks rfuti ks rinfmmigì` kgZiknbcr`‛s. ^nbdkimcgg cockg bc` c gumjir fa pfsskjkdktkis arfmJirdkg tf ^t Uitirsjuro. bi sbfrtist rfuti wcs jy stcoinfcnb vkcHôstrkg XHfstrzyg], Dcg`sjiro c.`. _crtbi XOfrzþw _kidhfpfdshk],Arkiìjiro X^trzidni Hrcligshki], @iutsnbi-Hrfgi X\kppgfw] „Jrcugsjiro XJrcgkiwf] „ Jrcgìgjuro (FstpriuÖig) XO`cgsh cg`surrfug`kgo] tf Hñgkosjiro XHcdkgkgorc`]. Cg cdtirgctkvi wcs tbitrckg tf ^tittkg cg` arfm tbiri jy nfcnb vkc Nñsdkg XHfsdkg] cg`@cgzko XO`cgsh] tf Hñgkosjiro. Arfm tbiri fgi bc` tf tchi tbistcoinfcnb tf cpkcu XOvcrìysh] „ cpdcnhig tf Mimid XHdckpë`c].bi jfrìr wcs tbig nrfssi` ct Dcuoszcroig XDcuhscrokc] cg` tbi

lfurgiy wcs nfgtkgui` tf curfooig Xcurcoâ] kg Dktbucgkc cgàrfm tbiri vkc Zkoc tf ^t Uitirsjuro.

2? Ygjircujti Hrcppi ks gfg-ndicgi` orfug` Mc`ìr rfft. Zffts tbct wiri piidi`jiafri tbiy wiri orfug` wiri ncddi` jircujt.

22 Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J >00.2; Ygafrtugctidy K bcvi gft jiig cjdi tf ffig` c nfpy fa 3201.

;5 Pi rckdwcy nfggintkfg Mcoìjuro-Jirdkg wcsg‛t fpigi` ugtkd 320?.



9?

Cjfut tbi lfurgiy Ziknbcr` okvis tbi afddfwkgo kgafrmctkfg<

_igg mcg `ki Hàdti gknbt aôrnbtit, ug` oioig `kisi hcgg mcgsknb wfbd virwcbrig, sf riksit mcg cm jistig km _kgtir cuaìm ^nbdkttig8 is oibt sknbir ug` snbgidd … `c cddi Adôssi sibr

stcrh zuoiarfrig ug` `ki _ioi ijig ug` jrikt skg`. @kisi jriktigug` ijigig _ioi, `ki ^knbirbikt cua ìg ^trcssig ug` `ki biddigGànbtig km _kgtir ug` ^fmmir, mcnbig `cbir `cs Ziksig jikGcnbt cunb aôr aurnbtscmi Uirsfgig mñodknb ug` rctbscm. Cgìg Oioigìg virdkirt mcg gknbt vkid, ski skg` mikst sibr dcgowik-dko ug` ikgañrmko, ug` `ki Gcnbtdcoir, fjodiknb gknbt ocgz ugji-quim ug` ugrikgdknb, skg` ̀ fnb gknbt sf irwôgsnbt, ̀ css mcg mktQirogôoig ̀ ir Zubi piot … @ki cgbcdtigì _kgtirhàdti, ̀ ki ai-sti ^nbdkttigjcbg, `cs spkioidodctti Iks ug` ìr jdigìgì ^nbgii,ìr stits sknb irgiuirgì Arfst, ìm mcg ùrnb `knbtis Uidzwirh,mkt Aiddig kg- ug` cuswig`ko jisnbdcoigi ^nbdkttig, ug` `crikg

oidioti Jitthkssig, sf wki ùrnb jks cg ìg Bcds bircuaoizfoigi_fdas- fìr Jàrigìnhig, `ki mkt unb ôjirzfoig skg`, rftz jki-tit, irdiknbtirg `cs Ziksig ugoimikg … Gur kst zu ji`cuirg, `cssmcg gfnb sf wigko jiquimi _krtbbàusir, sfwfbd cua ̀ im Dcgìcds cunb kg ìg ^tà`tig ffigìt.;3

bi lfurgiy wcs tfuob jut cgyfgi wbf nfmpditi` kt wfud` jicmpdy riwcrì` cnnfr`kgo tf Ziknbcr`<

^t. Uitirsjuro. Ucrks ug` Dfg`fg mcnbig gknbt ìg Ikg`runh,ìg `ki Cggàbirugo ug` Ikgacbrt kg `kisi birrdknbi Mitrfpfdi

ìs gfr`ksnbig Hcksirstccts ùrnb ìg Cgjdknh sf vkidir snbñgigUcdàsti ug` hfdfsscdig Oijàuì, sf prànbtko ikgoiacsstir Hcgàdiug` sf dcgoir, jriktir ug` oircìr ^trcssig irriot.;:

Arfm ^t Uitirsjuro ^nbdkimcgg trcviddi` fg tf Mfsnfw. _bigixcntdy bi crrkvi` tbiri ks ugndicr. Fg 3;tb @inimjir J.B. ̂ nbrñìr& Nf. kg Cmstir`cm sigt c dittir tf ^nbdkimcgg ncri fa _dc`kmkr

Cdixniaa<

Kg ìssig wkr ^ki `frt wfbdjibcdtig cgoihfmmig bfstig bc-jig Kbgig biuti afdoigì Mkttikdugoig zu mcnbig. _ioig ug-

sirir @kcmcgtig skg` wkr zu ugsirig Qirwugìrugo jks `kisir Cuoigjdknh gfnb fbgi Gcnbrknbt vfg b. _f Cdixnist, scoig ^kiugs umoibig` wki is `cmkt stibt. _kr wikÖig oigcu, `cÖ cgìrgBcusir ocgz odiknbi ̂ tikgi zu Uriksig virhcuat bcjig, widnbi ug-sir Dkmkt ôjirstikoig ug` `ôraig ìsbcdj wfbd ikgir jcd`koig

;3 Ziknbcr` 32>;, ?5:.

;: Ziknbcr` 32>;, ?3>-?30.



92

Cjrinbgugo igtoioig sibig. Kst `kisir Qfr sknb ikgkoirmcÖig dfb-gig`, sf dcÖig oirg orñÖiri îgùgoig afdoig, wcs wkr kgìÖigvfr Cjwknhidugo ìs irstig Oisnbàatis gknbt tbug hñggig.

…

@ig Qirhcua ìs kg ^t Uitirsjuro dkioigìg ^t Mcrtigsbfdzis su-nbig ^ki lc rinbt jcd` ug` mñodknbst out zu jiwirhstiddkoig, wkrjkgìg ^ki ùrnbcus gknbt cg ikgig Hdikgkohikt, jkttig kgìÖigugsir KgtriÖi cua `cs _àrmsti wcbrzugibmig …;>

Kt dffhs cs ka jko ìcds wiri tf ji mcì wktb Cdixniaa jut wbitbir

bi ks off` afr bks mfgiy6 Kt cppicrs tbct tbiy cri gft tff nfgakìgtcjfut kt kg Cmstir`cm.

bi trcvid lfurgcd stkdd bcs afur pcois ct tbi ig` wbknb cri `ct-i` 39tb Aijrucry 320?. bi pcrtgirsbkp wktb Cdixniaa, fa wbknb^nbdkimcgg wcs sf suri, bc` gft mctirkcdkzi`. ^nbdkimcgg aiids`fwgbicrti` jut dunhkdy tbiri ks stkdd tbi nkrnus.

;> Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrkis J >9?.

^t Uitirsjuro



9;

Pbi trcvid lfurgcd kg tbi ^nbdkimcgg dktircturi

Cdtbfuob tbks ks tbi akrst tkmi tbct ^nbdkimcgg‛s trcvid lfurgcd fa3201 wkdd ji pujdksbi`, tbks `fis gft micg tbct tbi nfgtigts bc`jiig nfmpditidy ughgfwg ugtkd gfw. ^nbdkimcgg‛s akrst twf jkforc-

pbirs, Imkd Du`wko (3223-3;02) cg` Irgst Miyir (3222-3;12) ̀ k`sii kt cg` kgnfrpfrcti` kt kg tbikr jkforcpbkis. Ygafrtugctidy, tbiy`k` gft `f sf viry mitknudfusdy.

Du`wko ìsnrkjis tbi afddfwkgo trckt fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s jibcvkfurùrkgo bks lfurgiy<

@c ir Oid` bct, trktt ir vfrgibm cua8 `c ir cjir kmmir rinbgit,sunbt ir sknb jkddko zu oistcdtig. —Cunb ̀ kismcd „ snbrikjt ir sknb kgZfuig cua „ jkg knb mikgir cdtig Oiwfbgbikt oiafdot, `cs ^pcrigmkt odàgzigìm Cuatritig zu virjkgìg, kgìm knb mknb km ir-stig Bftid, cjir km sinbstig ^tfnhwirh ikgmkititi …” ;0

Cpcrt arfm tbi acnt tbct kt nfgnirgs biri gft c bftid kg Zfuigjut fgi kg Ucrks, kt ks c mfft pfkgt wbitbir fgi ncg pkg `fwg^nbdkimcgg‛s igtkri jibcvkfur tf tbks fgi rimcrh. Sukti rioudcrdy^nbdkimcgg juys akrst ndcss tknhits afr tbi trckg fr stcoinfcnb cs bitbus bfpis tf miit jittir nfmpcgy. Biri bks ixpinti` pdicsuri pri-vckdi` fvir bks aruocdkty. _big K dffh ct ^nbdkimcgg‛s trcvid lfurgcdkg kts igtkrity, K `f gft oit tbi kmprisskfg tbct bi trcviddi` tbrkatkdy.

Cdsf Du`wko‛s rimcrh —Ucrks igttàusnbt kbg”;9 puzzdis mi. _bigDu`wko ìcds wktb ^nbdkimcgg‛s vkskt tf tbi Jrktksb Musium, bi

bcs jiig `czzdi` jy ^nbdkimcgg‛s dctir acmi. bi hgfwdiòi tbct^nbdkimcgg bc` jinfmi cg crnbcifdfokst `kstfrts bks kgtirpritctkfgfa tbks vkskt<

Cds ir vfm Jrktksb Musium sprknbt, kst sikg Kgtirissi sfafrt cua `ki Cusorcjugoig oirknbtit8 `frt —scb knb k̀i àoyptksnbig @kgoig, `kimknb mibr kgtirisskirtig cds cddis, wcs knb jksbir oisibig bcji.Is skg` vkidi àoyptksnbi ^àroi `crugtir, `ki mcg kg ìg cdtigUyrcmkìg ug` Hctchfmjig acg`”. ;1

Jy ksfdctkgo tbks sigtigni, kt cppicrs cs ka ^nbdkimcgg stctis biri

tbct tbi Ioyptkcg tbkgos kgtiristi` bkm mfri tbcg cgytbkgo idsi jutwbig wi ric` tbks sigtigni kg kts nfgtixt, wi sii tbct tbiy kgtir-isti` bkm mfri tbcg tbi ftbir tbkgos kg tbi musium, wbknb gft frbcr`dy kgtiristi` bkm. Cg` wbig wi gixt dkgh tbks sigtigni tf bksvkskt tf tbi Dfuvri, wi‛dd sii tbct bi ks gft pcrtknudcrdy kgtiristi` kgIoyptkcg cgtkqukty.

;0 Du`wko 3;>:, ??.;9 Du`wko 3;>:, ?2.

;1 Du`wko 3;>:, ?2.



15

Ct tbi ig` fa bks `ksnusskfg, Du`wko dffhs ct ^nbdkimcgg‛s nurk-fus rimcrh fg Minhdigjuro. Bi `fis gft hgfw bfw tf kgtirprittbks<

Fjwfbd ir \ikt ug` Oid` oiguo bct, virmikìt ir cunb, `ki

îkgkoig cuazusunbig. Ikg kgstkghtkvir oibikmir Orug` snbikgtkbg cjzubcdtig.;?

Kg tbi sujsiquigt pcrcorcpb, bi `ksnussis, wktbfut tchkgo tbicjfvi rimcrh kgtf cnnfugt, tbi ackdi` mcrrkcoi prfpfscd tf MkggcMikgnhi.

Irgst Miyir pujdksbi` bks ^nbdkimcgg jkforcpby kg 3;1;. Bibc` mcì cg ixtigskvi stu`y fa tbi frkokgcd sfurnis.;2 Cg` bi cdsfjrkiady pck` cttigtkfg tf tbi trcvid lfurgcd. Bi okvis c sbfrt cg`juskgiss-dkhi ripfrt, afddfwi` jy sfmi rimcrhs. Kg tbks bi migtkfgs

tbi rimcrh cjfut tbi bftid kg Ucrks, jut wktb Miyir tbi impbcsks ksmfri fg tbi tkps<

rkghoidìr ocj ir riknbdknb, wfbd kg Irkggirugo cg `ki gfnbgknbt dcgoi bkgtir kbm dkioigì \ikt ìr ikoigig Crmut.;;

Biri Miyir ofis jcnh tf ^nbdkimcgg‛s fwg stctimigt tbct bibc` hgfwg ixtrimi pfvirty kg bks akrst yicrs kg Cmstir`cm. bks ksgft tbi pdcni tf of kgtf tbks ixtigskvidy, jut risicrnb fa tbi frkokgcdsfurnis mchis ndicr tbct wi ncg ncst `fujt fg tbks pfvirty, cg` tbuswi sbfud` tchi Miyir‛s cgcdysks wktb c pkgnb fa scdt. Miyir ks kgcn-

nurcti biri cg` tbiri kg bks ìsnrkptkfg. Bi mchis ^nbdkimcgg okvicg frìr fa ;555 pfug`s fa nfaaii tf J.B. ^nbrñìr kg Cmstir`cmwbkdi tbiy wiri afr ^nbrñìr Oijrôìr & Nf kg Bcmjuro. Bi stctistbct L. By ^nbrñìr nfud` gft of up tf Dfg`fg arfm bks istcti ji-ncusi fa afo, jut bi wcs ct tbct tkmi kg Bcmjuro. Miyir tidds bksricìrs tbct ^nbdkimcgg wigt afr juskgiss ricsfgs tf Jrussids cg`

Cgtwirp, wbknb wcs gft tbi ncsi. Bfwivir, Miyir‛s mfst pinudkcrrimcrh ks mcì wbig bi tcdhs cjfut tbi ig` fa tbi lfurgcd tbct bcs`kscppicri`<

Is kst gknbt mibr cuszumcnbig, fj cua kbgig Xtbi dfst pcois]^nbdkimcggs wiktiris Dijig ug` ^nbcstig gcnb Zônhhibr gcnbUitirsjuro virziknbgit wcr fìr `ki zwikti Iurfpcriksi, `ki kbg

;? Du`wko 3;>:, ?;.;2 @urkgo tbi înfg` _frd` _cr, Miyir bc` tchig c dcroi pcrt fa tbi ^nbdkimcgg

mctirkcd wktb bkm arfm Ctbigs tf Jirdkg wktb tbi ckm fa ìpfsktkgo kt kg tbi yittf ji afugì` Aôbrir Musium. Ygafrtugctidy, c pcrt fa tbks mctirkcd bcs jiig dfstugìr gft yit ndcrkffii` nkrnumstcgnis.

;; Miyir 3;1;, 35>.



13

cm 0 Màrz 3295 cua ̀ im Dcg`wio ôjir Jirdkg gcnb Cmstir`cm…Xcg` aurtbir] 355

[fu fgdy bcvi tf tchi c quknh dffh ct tbi ig` fa tbi trcvid lfurgcdtf hgfw tbct tbi mksskgo pcois jidfgo tf tbi lfurgiy fa 3201 cg`

`f gft riair ct cdd tf c lfurgiy kg 3295.^kgni Du`wko‛s jkforcpby fa ^nbdkimcgg cppicri`, c virktcjdi

^nbdkimcgg kgùstry bcs jiig nricti`. bi

fa Oifro ^tyd. Hfrris arfm 3;?0 migtkfgs :399ktims, cg` tbi gumjir fa jffhs cg` crtkndis bcs prfjcjdy `fujdi`skgni tbig. Gftknicjdi kg tbks ixtigskvi ^nbdkimcgg kgùstry ks tbct,tbfuob tbiri ks c dft fa ^nbdkimcgg mctirkcd tbct bcs givir jiigìcdt wktb, rimcrhcjdy dkttdi ricd risicrnb bcs jiig `fgi cg` tbcttbi mclfrkty nfgsksts fa rinyndkgo fa wbct ks cdric`y hgfwg. Cg`wbig frkokgcd wfrh ks `fgi, kt usucddy ìcds wktb tbi crnbcifdfokst

^nbdkimcgg cg` gft wktb bks yfutb cg` bks yicrs cs trcìr. CdtbfuobK bcvi fa nfursi gft ric` ivirytbkgo tbct bcs jiig pujdksbi` fg^nbdkimcgg, K bcvi tbi strfgo aiidkgo tbct gfjf`y bcs dffhi` ct tbitrcvid lfurgcd fa 3201 skgni Du`wko cg` Miyir.353 Cs acr cs kt pdcys crfdi kg ftbir ̂ nbdkimcgg jkforcpbkis, tbi tixt nrictis tbi kmprisskfgcockg cg` cockg tbct kt ofis jcnh tf tbisi twf cutbfrs cg` gft tf fwgrisicrnb. Jincusi fa cdd tbks nfpykgo cg` cjrkòkgo, c gumjir fa pi-nudkcr virskfgs bcvi jiig nricti`. Bikgrknb Cdixcgìr ^tfdd (3;35-3;??) trcgsairs kg bks @ir rcum vfg rflc fa 3;91 ^nbdkimcgg‛stbrkaty bftid jibcvkfur arfm Ucrks tf Dfg`fg cg` mchis ̂ nbdkimcgg

scy tbct bi ̀ fis tbks tf mchi cg kmprisskfg fg bks nustfmirs wbf birinikvis kg tbi bftid dfjjy cs bi ̀ fis gft wcgt tbim tf hgfw tbct bibcs tbi nbicpist rffm. Zfjirt Ucygi (3;33-3;2>) ixpdckgi` kg bksbi Ofd` fa rfy fa 3;9; ^nbdkimcgg‛s cvirskfg tf Minhdigjuro jytbi acnt tbct bi bcs lust bicr` tbct Mkggc wkdd gft mcrry bkm.

Bfpiauddy tbks pujdknctkfg fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s trcvid lfurgcd wkddput cg ig` tf cdd tbisi krridivcgt virskfgs.

_fut Crigtzig

355 Miyir 3;1;, 35>

353 Afr Du`wko cg` Miyir sii cdsf Higgid :55?.



1>

Nbcptir :

^NBDKIMCGG‛̂ IYZFUICG P ZCQID LFYZGCD FA

3201-320?< C PZCG^DCPKFG

Cggftcti` jy _. Crigtzig, trcgsdctkfg frkokgcd Arignb cg` Ktcdkcgtixt jy C.Q.M. ^cmsfg, frkokgcd Igodksb tixt i`kti` jy U. Jchir.

Kgtrfùntkfg tf tbi trcgsdctkfg cg` tbi gftis

_i bcvi igìcvfuri` kg tbi trcgsdctkfg arfm Arignb cg` Ktcdkcg tf

Igodksb tf stcy cs ndfsi cs pfsskjdi tf tbi frkokgcd micgkgo cg` syg-tcx. Kt wcs gft cdwcys icsy tf ugìrstcg` wbct ^nbdkimcgg micgtixcntdy. _big tbiri wiri `fujts cg` ugnirtckgtkis, tbi ricìr ksriairri` tf c gfti. ^nbdkimcgg‛s Igodksb wcs rctbir wffddy cg` dfgo-wkgì`. Kg frìr tf cnbkivi mfri jcdcgni jitwiig tbi frkokgcd tixtcg` tbi trcgsdctkfgs, kt wcs ìnkì` tf bcvi tbi frkokgcd Igodksbtixt i`kti`. bi risudt ks cg cjrkòi` tixt. _bitbir tbks `fis lus-tkni tf tbi frkokgcd, yfu ncg jist ìnkì afr yfursida fg tbi jcsks fatbi trcgsnrkptkfg. bi mclfrkty fa tbi kgktkcds fa tbi pifpdi gcmi`jy ^nbdkimcgg wiri kìgtkaki` arfm nfmmirnkcd nfrrispfgìgnisigt tf ^nbdkimcgg kg 3201. bisi dittirs cri hipt ct tbi Oiggc`kusDkjrcry kg Ctbigs. Ygafrtugctidy, gft cd d kgktkcds nfud` ji kìgtkaki`.Fa tbi fgis tbct bcvi jiig, tbi rimckgìr fa tbi gcmi ks ktcdknkziì.o. Mr C. ks kìgtkaki` cs Mr C dixiiaa . Udcni-gcmis wiri fatig cj-jrivkcti` jy ^nbdkimcgg jut, kg tbi nfgtixt fa tbi tixt, kt ks usucddyndicr wbct wcs micgt. Udcni-gcmi cjjrivkctkfgs cri tbiriafri, cswktb tbi kìgtkaki` kgktkcds fa pirsfgcd gcmis, wrkttig fut kg ktcdknsi.o. ^t U ks ^t Uitirsjuro . Afr tbi purpfsis fa tbisi gftis wi bcvisbfrtigi` tbi rctbir digotby ‒Cmirkncg ^nbffd fa Ndcsskncd ^tu`kisct Ctbigs Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry, Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg cg` AcmkdyUcpirs‛ tf ‒Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs‛.



10

Pbi trcgsdctkfg

X3] :? îptimjir 3201

Kg tbi mfrgkgo ct twidvi f‛ndfnh K diat tbi acmkdy Cdixiiaa 353 wktbwbfm K bc` dkvi` afr sivig `cys. Cnnfr`kgo tf tbi nustfm fa tbinfugtry tbiy ocvi mi jric` afr tbi rfc`. bi sfg fa tbi bfusi cn-nfmpcgki` mi tf tbi pfst (nfcnb) faakni. Fur gfg-snbiùdi` nfcnbìpcrti` ct fgi f‛ndfnh, wbiri K tffh tbi arfgt sict icrdkir jffhiàfr mi jy Mr. C dixiiaa ct my riquist. f dicvi c acmkdy wktb wbknb Kbc` iglfyi` sf mcgy bfurs, c acmkdy tf wbfm K istiimi` cg` jfritbi mfst skgniri caaintkfg X:], wcs tf mi mfri bicvy tbig K kmco-kgi`. bi swkat prforiss mcì jy tbi Zusskcg bfrsis micgt tbct wisffg dfst skobt fa tbi jicutkaud nkty fa Mfsnfw.

bi wictbir wcs jittir tbcg akgi wktb tbi sug jicmkgo ofd`tbrfuob tbi wkg`fws fa tbi pfst ncrrkcoi pri`kntkgo c pdicscgt lfur-giy. My aiddfw pcssigoir wcs tbi ndirh fa Mr. Oytshfaa, prfprkitfrfa c mfst imkgigt acntfry kg Mfsnfw. K wcs pdicsi` tf dicrg mfri faMr. O ytshfaa ùrkgo fur kgtiristkgo X>] nfgvirsctkfg wbknb K munbiglfyi`.

bi twf ricr sicts kg tbi ncrrkcoi wiri tchig jy c Oirmcg cg`bks wkai cg` nbkd`. bi vkddcois fg tbi rfc` arfm Mfsnfw tf ^tUitirsjuro cppicri` nbiirdiss, nfgskstkgo fa wff` nfviri` wktb ncgicg` strcw. Jincusi tbi ̀ cmpgiss fa tbi orfug` tbi bfmis cri usucd-dy fgdy dkvi` kg, kg tbi uppir stfry, wbkdst tbi orfug` adffr sirvis cs

tbi stcjdi fr afr stfrcoi fa `fmistkn ktims. bi rfuob biwg jukd`-kgos cri kg strcgoi nfgtrcst tf tbi nbiiraud nbcrcntir fa tbikr kgbcjkt-cgts wbf, X0] wktb tbikr skmpdi mcggirs cg` bcjkts, wbf tig` gft tftbkgh fa timpircgni cs vkrtui! Jincusi fa tbi bicvy pcssigoir trca-akn jitwiig tbi twf mitrfpfdksis35: ^t Uitirsjuro cg` Mfsnfw , tbikgbcjktcgts cri mfstdy pcrt pfstbfrsi hiipirs cg` `rkvirs. Dffhkgoct tbi nfcnbmig fgi pirnikvis tbct ndftbis `f gft cdwcys mchi tbimcg jut, kg spkti fa tbikr ugtk`y ndftbkgo, tbi Zusskcg nfcnbmighgfw tbikr lfj cg` wfrh widd, stiirkgo tbi bfrsis mfri jy wfr`tbcg wbkp.

353 Micgkgo _dc`kmkr Cdixiist. ^nbdkimcgg jidkivi` tbct bi wfud` jinfmi c pcrtgirkg Cdixiist‛s ffirm (Miyir 3;9>, >9->1< Dittir 407).

35: Frkokgcddy Mfsnfw wcs tbi ncpktcd fa Zusskc. Kg 3?3: scr Uitir tbi Orict ì-tirmkgi` tbct ^t Uitirsjuro kgstic` fa Mfsnfw sbfud` tchi tbks rfdi. Mfsnfw,bfwivir, stcyi` c mclfr kguigni fg tbi ìvidfpmigt fa Zusskc cg` sf Zusskcoft, wbct wcs kg istint, twf ncpktcds. Pi nudturcd dkai kg tbi twf nktkis wcs qukti`kstirigt. Nfgtrcry tf wbct fgi wfud` ixpint kt wcs Mfsnfw cg` gft ^t Uitirsjuro

tbct fpigi` ktsida up tf _ist Iurfpicg kguignis (Dkgnfdg 3;?2, :99-:91).



19

bi pfst ncrrkcois cri nfgstrunti` cg` crrcgoi` X9] kg c viry skg-oudcr mcggir. bi kgtirkfr fa tbi ncrrkcoi ks `kvkì` kg twf fr tbriinfmpcrtmigts icnb fnnupki` jy fgdy twf pirsfgs. [fu cri tbiriafristunh wktb tbi trcviddkgo nfmpcgkfg afr pfsskjdy mcgy `cys.

bi Zusskcg ofvirgmigt ks ct tbks tkmi jusy wktb tbi nfgstrun-tkfg fa c rckdwcy (rckdrfc`) jitwiig tbi twf ncpktcds. K `f gft tbkghtbct kg cgy ftbir pcrt fa tbi wfrd` tbct tbiri ncg ji ignfugtiri`mfri fjstcndis tf jukd`kgo rckd rfc` tbcg kg tbks pcrt fa Zusskc pcr-tknudcrdy tbrfuob X1] Qcd`cy 35> mfugtckgs. Mcgy mfugtckgs tf jincrvi` tbrfuob, mcgy vcddiys ks tf ji akddi` cg` mcgy rkvirs cg`stricms tf ji jrkòi`. bi dkgi jitwiig Uitirsjuro cg` Mfsnfw ks nirtckgdy fgi tbi dfgoist kg tbi wfrd`. Kg cttcnhkgo tbks aict faigokgiirkgo tbi Zusskcgs cri sbfwkgo lust bfw munb mcg ncg jicnbkivi` wktb ìtirmkgctkfg cg` nfgakìgni kg fgisida cg` tbi

Cdmkobty!Kt ks cs yit tf ji siig wbitbir tbi rckdwcy wkdd jrkgo tbi bfpi`

afr prfspirkty tf X?] tbi nktkis fa Mfsnfw cg` ^t Uitirsjuro. K cm fafpkgkfg, tbct tbi orictist jigiakt jrfuobt jy jittir nfmmugknc-tkfg jitwiig tbi twf ncpktcds must jffst Zusskcg nfmmirni, kg csmunb cs off`s, wbknb gfw must rimckg cjfut ikobtiig `cys fg tbirfc` cs nfstdy arikobt, ncg kg auturi ji ncrrki` wktb tbi munb orictirspii` tf tbi pdcni fa tbikr ̀ istkgctkfg. Kt bcvkgo jinfmi pujdkn, tbcttbi impirfr wfud` kg sbfrt acvfur us wktb bks vkskt, iviry pfsskjdimicgs wiri risfrti` tf cg` micsuris bc` jiig tchig tf kmprfvi tbi

rfc`.Kg nfgsiquigni fa tbi X2] c`vcgni` sicsfg, tbi gkobts wiri virynfd`, tbi mfri sf, cs K wcs fnnupykgo c arfgt sict cg` tbi wkg`wcs jdfwkgo nfgtkgucddy kg fur acni. My ndfch, bfw tbknh sf ivirkt mcy ji caafrì` dkttdi prftintkfg. fwcr`s tbi ivigkgo fa tbi sin-fg` `cy wi mit tbi impirfr, wbf dkhi fgi fa bks oigircds rk`kgojiafri bkm, wfri c wbkti ncp. Urivigti` cs munb jy kt jikgo ùshcs jy tbi mfmigtum fa tbi impirfrs bfrsis, K bcr`dy sunniiì`kg oittkgo c odcgni fa bkm. Cpcrt arfm tbct wi mit X;] gftbkgoidsi ìsirvkgo nfmmigt cg` crrkvi` ct ^t Uitirsjuro . Ypfg my cr-

rkvcd kg ^t Uitirsjuro K tffh up dfòkgos kg Bftid cgok —å d‛çdi ìOukddcumi”.350 biri K stcyi` kg c smcdd, orujjy rffm kg stcrh nfg-trcst tf tbi akgi cnnfmmf`ctkfg K bc` kg Mfsnfw. Bcvkgo kgstcddi`mysida kg my dfòkgos, my akrst nfgnirg wcs tf nfgviy c pcnhcoi

35> ^nbdkimcgg wrktis _cd`cu.350 _i wiri ugcjdi tf trcni Bftid cgok (jist ouiss) cs widd cs —Ksdi ì Oukddcumi”

ct ^t Uitirsjuro. ^nbdkimcgg prfjcjdy micgt Qcskdyivshy Fstrfv wbiri tbi ksdcg`wcs mckgdy kgbcjkti` jy Oirmcgs. Bftids wiri usucddy gcmi` catir tbikr fwgir.

Crigtzig tbcghs Kofr Jfo`cgfv afr tbks kgafrmctkfg.



11

wktb 359/m Z.C.359 rinikvi` arfm Missrs Gifhdc`gfaa 351 kg Mfsnfw ,tf tbikr coigt B.35? kg ^t Uitirsjuro . Gft akg`kgo bkm kg, K ocvi crinikpt tf bks ndirh, cdtbfuob wktb sfmi bisktctkfg fg my pcrt. Ktbig wigt tf Mcdutkg352 , wbf rinikvi` X35] mi viry pfdktidy. K afug`bkm tchkgo tic, c nup fa wbknb bi faairi` mi, wbknb bfwivir K ì-ndkgi` ugìr tbi pritixt tbct K bc` fgdy lust bc` nfaaii. K ocvi bkmc dittir wbknb K bc` ncrrki` bkm arfm bks jrftbir kg Mfsnfw . K ct-timpti` tf oit Mcdutkg tf ndfsi tbi (ugafrtugcti) juskgiss ìcd fatbi ^t Mcrtig‛s wff` wktb mi, wbknb bi bc` riausi` kg tbi pcst. fmy orict riorit bfwivir K `k` gft sunnii`, cg` K ixprissi` strfgodytf bkm tbct fg my riturg tf Zusskc kg Lcgucry, K wfud` sig` tbinfgskogmigt tf Mfsnfw cg` dicvi kt up tf bks jrftbir X33] tf cn-nipt fr riausi tbi wff`. Catir tbct K wigt tf Ufppi 35; wbf ocvi misivircd dittirs arfm cjrfc`. K nfud` gft bcvi jiig mfri surprksi` cttbi nfgskìrcjdi rksi kg vcdui fa Kg`kof @yis kg Bfddcg`8 K riorit ktcdd tbi mfri, cs afddfwkgo tbi kgnricsi kg prkni, Mr. ^nbrñìr 335 wcsgft cjdi tf ncrry fut cdd tbi kgstruntkfgs wbknb K sigt afr tbi pujdknscdi fa Kg`kof.333 bi Zusskcg mcguacnturirs kgnricskgody rinfogksitbi orict c`vcgtcois fa uskgo Lcvcg Kg`kof33: X3:] cg` nfgsiquigtdykgtirgctkfgcd nfgsumptkfg ks kgnricskgo buoidy, tbi fgdy ricsfg tbctprknis bcvi rksig sf munb dctidy. K `k` gft ìdcy kg nfmmugknctkgofg tbi `cy fa my crrkvcd kg ^t Uitirsjuro tbi risudt fa tbi pujdkn scdistf my arkig`s kg Mfsnfw .

359 —m” = mkddi fr tbfuscg` cg` Z.C. stcg`s afr Zujdis `‛Croigt. _i tbcgh @r.Higgidd afr tbks kgafrmctkfg.

351 —Qfg ̀ ig Cuatrco `/B. J.M. Gifhdc`gfst kg Mfshcu cua 35 Hkstig Nfnbigkddi &35/0 Hkstig Kg`kof zu >99 c >05 bcjig jisti Gftc oigfmmig ug` wirìg aôr ji-sti Cusaôbrugo sfroig” (Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrki JJ3-310).

35? Cjjrivkctkfg ughgfwg.

352 —Ym ìg Cuatrco `/B. Mcdutkg Oijr gknbt ocgz ugjirônhsknbtkot zu dcssig, `csjkggig 30 coig irwcrtiti @fmkgof Jdcubfdz Xkst] cunb snbfg & arksnb sf `cÖXwkr is] km Gftbacdd aôr Ncmpinbi Hcuaig Xhñggig]...” (Oiggc`kus, Dkjrcry^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrki JJ3-2;).

35; Catir bks ìpcrturi arfm Cmstir`cm ̀ i ffirm fa J.B. ^nbrñìr sigt cd dittir tf bkmn/f Mcbs & Nf. kg ^t Uitirsjuro. Arfm Lugi > fg tbiy wiri c``rissi` tf BikgrknbUfppi kg ^t Uitirsjuro (Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrki JJ3).

335 J.B. ^nbrñìr kg Cmstir`cm.333 —Ygs Gàbiris vfrjibcdtig` ôjirwiksig Kbgig biuti gur ìg Cjdcua ìr Kg`kof

Cuntkfg, wfrcus ^ki irsibig `cÖ `ki Uriksi zkimdknb bfnb dkiaig. _ki wikt `ki `fr-tkoig Cuatràoi cusaôbrjcr skg` snbrikjig Kbgig mfroig” Cmstir`cm :1 îptimjir3201 (Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrki JJ3->>5).

33: Jftb Cmstir`cm cg` Zfttir`cm mckgdy trcì` kg kg`kof arfm Lcvc, wbkdst kg

Dfg`fg kt wcs mfstdy kg`kof arfm Jigocd.



1?

Ct tbi scmi tkmi K tffh pdicsuri kg my ùty fa tbcghkgo tbi C dixiiaa 33> acmkdy kg Mfsnfw afr tbi jigivfdigni wbknb tbiy sbfwi`tf mi tbrfuobfut my stcy tbiri.

X3>] Fg >5tb îptimjir K mcì bcsti kg wbctivir wcy pfsskjditf oit my pcsspfrt stcmpi`. K wigt jy ncrrkcoi tf tbi sticmjfct330 faakni tf oit c pcsscoi fg tbi sticmjfct tf Dôjinh. Ypfg jikgocshi` tf prfùni my pcsspfrt, tbiy ìndcri` kt wcs gft vcdk` ugdissriokstiri` cg` stcmpi` jy nustfms jut, tf cnnfmpdksb tbks kt wcsginisscry tf of tf tbi faakni fa tbi ofvirgfr oigircd tf nfmpditi tbiginisscry riqukrimigts. K mcgcoi` X30] tf crrcgoi cdd fa tbks tf mysctksacntkfg, catir wbknb K riturgi` tf tbi sticmjfct faakni wbiri Krisirvi` my pcsscoi.

K tffh dicvi fa sivircd fa my Zusskcg arkig`s, wbf wksbi` mi cbcppy vfycoi cg` c scai riturg tf tbikr jicutkaud nfugtry. bi nbkiafa tbi bfusi Mcbs 339 tf wbfm K bc` c``rissi` c pcrt fa my afrikognfrrispfgìgni tfd` mi, tbct K fwi` bkm afr sivircd pfstcois afrtyakvi Zujdis, wbknb K wcs cstfgksbi` cg` munb vixi` tf bicr, afr Kaidt qukti suri tbct K bc` pck` faa X39] my ìjt dfgo skgni. bfuobsuri tbct tbi mksircjdi mksir wcs nbictkgo mi, K yit akg` mysida ug-ìr tbi `kscoriicjdi ginisskty fa pcykgo bkm c sinfg` tkmi.

Arfdfaa & imighfaa 331 nfmmigti` tbct tbi acnkdktkis wi caafrì`tf Mcdutkgs coigt kg nbffskgo arfm fur purnbcsis Kg`kof tbfsi pcr-nids, wbknb bi tbfuobt nbicpist cg` jist, wfud` kg cdd prfjcjkdktybcrm fur Zusskcg trcì, afr tf prfnii` kg tbks mcggir wfud` `cm-

coi X31] tbi nfgakìgni tbiy pdcni` kg us. K `k` my jist tf nfgvkgnimy arkig`s, tbct my Cmstir`cm istcjdksbmigt wcs fpirctkgo wktbcdd pfsskjdi ncri cg` cttigtkfg kg tbi jibcda fa tbfsi wbf trusti`tbikr kgtirist tf us cg` sunniiì` ct dicst kg privckdkgo upfg tbim tfc`` acktb tf my cssurcgnis.33?

33> —Oioig ugsir iroijigst Ditztis vfm 3? `kisis wurì ugs Kbr _irtbis vfg :>/?Màrz wfrcus wkr oirg ìg Cuatrco `/B U.^. Cdixnist kg Mfshcu cua 35 Hkstig

orfÖ hXñrgkoi] skdjirorcui Lcvc Nfnbigkddi å >19 ... gftkirig” (Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrki JJ3-355).330 Biri ^nbdkimcgg twkni usi` tbi wfr` —pyrfsncpbis” wiri bi idsiwbiri usi` tbi

wfr` —jcticu å vcpiur”. ^kgni tbks wcs c rctbir fut`cti` tirm kt ks dkhidy tbct kt wcsusi` fgdy kg tbi ^t Uitirsjuro fni.

339 Micgt ks Cdixcgìr Mcbs & Nf.331 —Aôr `/B. Arfdfst & imighfst `frt hcuatig wkr 92/0 Hkstig Lcvc Kg`kof zu :29

...”(Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrki JJ3-3?1).33? Cmstir`cm :; îptimjir< — ... `cÖ b Udftgkhfst ugsirg scmtdknbig aôr `frt

oimcnbtig Ikghàuai kg Jisnbdco oigfmig bct ug` bñnbst wcbrsnbikgdknb `cvfghikgi Dfss zurônh oijig wkr`, wisbcdj aôr `ki cgìri ariugì gug kg Zfttir`cmhcuaig môÖig. Pikdig ^ki gug `/b Arfdfst & imighfst, Ufgkmfrist u sf mkt, wkrwirìg gcnb Cjdcua ìr Cuntkfg kg Zfttir`cm `ki oimcnbtig Ikghcuai cusoijig

... ” (Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrki JJ3->>3).



12

Fg tbi 3st Fntfjir K spigt pripcrkgo afr my ìpcrturi. Jicrkgokg mkg`, tbct kg Igodcg` cg` Arcgni ndftbkgo X3?] ncg ji fjtckgi`ct c munb nbicpir rcti tbcg kg Zusskc, cg` wksbkgo tf tchi c`vcg-tcoi kg acvfur fa my pursi, K ncrrki` aiw ndftbis, dicvkgo tbi ftbirsafr nfddintkfg dctir. Ivirytbkgo K tbfuobt ugginisscry afr my trcvids,K diat ct c arkig`s, riquistkgo bks wkai tf sidd my ji`, tic hittdi cg`mcgy dkttdi tbkgos fa smcdd vcdui. Bfw smcdd sf ivir tbi git prfnii`smcy ji kg tbimsidvis, tbiy X32] wkdd K tbkgh fgdy aitnb bcda tbikrfrkokgcd vcdui. Bcvkgo sittdi` tbi smcdd cmfugt ùi tf tbi dcg`dfr`fa tbi bftid kg wbknb K bc` dkvi` skgni my riturg arfm Mfsnfw, K oftmy trughs ncrrki` tf sticmirs faakni wbiri K afddfwi` fg afft.

Fg tbi sticmir K wcs tfd`, tbct kt `k` gft sckd jiafri tbrii f‛ndfnh,cg` bcvkgo tbiriafri tbrii bfurs ct my ̀ kspfscd, K impdfyi` tbi tkmiafr tbi purpfsi fa juykgo c trcviddkgo lfurgcd. Ct bcda pcst twf K wcscockg fg tbi sticmir, wbiri X3;] my aiddfw pcssigoirs wiri orcù-cddy cssimjdkgo tbimsidvis, tfoitbir wktb tbikr arkig`s cg` ridctkfgs,wbf cnnfmpcgki` tbim kg frìr tf wksb tbim (wcvi) acriwidd.

My fnnupctkfgs cg` kgndkgctkfgs jikgo qukti `kaairigt fa tbfsifa ftbir pifpdi, cg` siikgo tbi kmpfsskjkdkty fa nfgtrcntkgo arkig`-sbkps kg my cntucd pfsktkfg fa dkai, K tffh tbi orictist ncri tf cvfk`sfnkitkis cg` ftbir pujdkn bfusis ncdnudcti` tf faair tff ariquigt fp-pfrtugktkis fa oittkgo cnquckgti` wktb ftbir yfugo pifpdi.332

X:5] Nfgsiquigtdy tbiriupfg wbirics iviry fgi fa tbi ftbir pcs-sigoirs wcs cnnfmpcgki` jy c orict mcgy arkig`s, tf mi tbiri ncmi

fgdy Mr. Ufppi wktb bks wkai, ugìr wbfsi scdutctkfgs cg` wcvkgo,wktb bcg`s cg` bcg`hirnbkias fur sticmir wigt cwcy prinksidy cttbrii f‛ndfnh. bi wictbir wcs cs jicutkaud cs pfsskjdi cg` tbi sug,wktnb acvfuri` us wktb kts jrkddkcgt jicms, siimi` tf prfogfstknctius c bcppy cg` sunnissaud vfycoi. _ktb orict swkatgiss, wi wigt X:3]cdfgo tbi rkvir skì cg` crrkvi` ct Nrfgstc`t33; ct cjfut skx f‛ndfnh.bi sticmir stfppi` ct tbi prkgnkpcd jrkòi‛s skì kg frìr tf sitfaa tbfsi pcssigoirs wbf wksbis tf rimckg ct Hrfgsbtc`t, biri catirsbi prfniiì` tf tbi Dôjinh sticmir ncddi` —Gcsdi`gkh” wbiri wiftbir pcssigoirs wigt faa tf tchi fur rispintkvi pdcnis. Ucssigoirs kg

tbi akrst ncjkg wiri kg tbi gumjir fa ;, wktb afur Igodksb mig, twfIgodksb dc`kis, c Oirmcg, riskìgt fa Mfsnfw cg` K. Kg tbi sinfg`ncjkg, X::] wcs cg fd` Igodksb sicmcg cg` c @utnb ncptckg, wbf fadcti bc` dfst bks vissid cg` riturgi` gfw bfmiwcr` wktb bks acmkdynfgskstkgo kg bks wkai cg` twf dkttdi nbkd`rig.

332 Bi usi` munb tbi scmi dkgi kg c dittir tbct bi wrfti kg 320: kg Cmstir`cm tf bksskstirs. —Ariugì hcgg mcg sknb bkir gur kg Hcstiibàusirg irwirjig, ug` `c knbìrod. gfnb gknbt jisunbti, sf bcji knb gknbt ikgig ug` diji ocgz ksfdkirt” (Miyir3;9>, >:).

33; Nrfgstc`t ks c afrtkffii` bcrjfur tfwg fg tbi ksdi fa Hftdkg, cjfut tbkrty hkdfmitris

wist fa ^t Uitirsjuro.



1;

bi akrst ncjkg nfgsksti` fa twf rffms fgi fa wbknb sirvi` afr cpdcni fa oigircd risfrt ùrkgo tbi `cy, wbkdst tbi ftbir nfgstktuti` cnfmafrtcjdi sdiipkgo cpcrtmigt8 tbi ji`stic`s wiri crrcgoi` cdfgotbi wcdds cg` fgi cjfvi cgftbir. Gf sffgir bc` wi igtiri` tbincjkg cg` mcrhi` tbi ji`s csskogi` tf X:>] us, cs c widd pripcri``kgir fa akvi `ksbis wcs sirvi` cg` twf bfurs catirwcr`s c nfmafrt-cjdi suppir. Fg tbi :` Fntfjir kg tbi mfrgkgo ct afur f‛ndfnh K wcsrfusi` arfm my sdiip jy tbi gfksi ncusi` jy tbi wkg`kgo up fa tbicgnbfr-nbckg cg` sffg catirwcr`s tbi rusbkgo fa tbi wctir mfvi`jy tbi rfws fa tbi sticmir3:5 cggfugni` tf mi fur ìpcrturi arfmHrfgsbtc`t. K oft up ct skx f‛ndfnh8 kg oittkgo fg ình. Nrfgstc`tbc` cdmfst isncpi` cdric`y tbi ricnb fa skobt X:0] bi wictbir wcsviry akgi, gf ndfu` nfud` ji siig fg tbi ndicr shy cg` c arisb jriiziarfm tbi icst dkatkgo fur sckds prfogfstkncti` us c pdicscgt cg` sun-nissaud pcsscoi.

K `k` gft ct cdd aiid sknh cg` wcs cjdi tf jrichacst wktb my usucdcppitkti. ^bfrtdy catirwcr`s tbi bfrrkjdi symptfms fa sicsknhgissprisigti` tbimsidvis, cg` ùrkgo sfmi bfurs K wcs tfrmigti` jycg cwaud bic`cnbi cg` nfgtkgucd vfmktkgo. bi sicsknhgiss ks nir-tckgdy X:9] fgi fa tbi mfst `kscoriicjdi kmcokgcjdi. bi `ksicsicatir bcvkgo imptki` tbi stfmcnb kt ncusis tbi jkdi tf of cwcy kgdcroi oriig dumps. Jiskìs sfmi jfukddfg, wbknb K oft `fwg wktborict `kaaknudty, K wcs gft cjdi tf ict cgy tbkgo ùrkgo tbi wbfdi`cy, cg` hiipkgo my sida nfgtkgucddy upfg ình K pcssi` tbi tkmi

jy wcdhkgo cg` pfgìrkgo upfg tbi pcst c`vigturis. f my orictcstfgksbmigt, cmfgo cdd tbi ftbir pcssigoirs, tbiri wcs gfgi, wbfwcs kgadknti` jy tbi X:1] sicsknhgiss, jiskìs tbi twf dc`kis, wbfugcnnustfmi` cs tbiy wiri tf tbi mftkfgs fa tbi sticmir, wiri cd-tirgctkvidy skttkgo cg` dykgo upfg ình. bi wkg` wigt orcùcddyrfug` cg` jdiw tfwcr`s gffg qukti arfm tbi fppfskti skì8 wi wirinfgsiquigtdy nfmpiddi` tf `rco kg cdd fur sckds. Gftwktbstcg`kgobfwivir wi wigt wktb cg ixtrimi spii` cg` mcì arfm ?· tf 2½hgfts kg cg bfur. Luòkgo arfm tbi kgnricskgo mftkfgs fa tbi sticm-ir kg tbi nfursi fa tbi gkobt, K nfgnduì` X:?] tbct tbi wkg` wcs

acst cuomigtkgo. Fg tbi afddfwkgo `cy kg tbi mfrgkgo K ugìrwigtcgiw tbi pcgos3:3 tbi sicsknhgiss, wbknb ìprkvi` mi fa cdd cpctkti.Gftbkgo wfrtb gftknkgo bcppigi` fg tbi >` fa Fntfjir, fg tbi 0tb

K aidt mysida munb mfri afrtkaki` cg` cjdi tf ict cgy tbkgo faairi`ct tcjdi. fwcr`s gffg wi oft kg vkiw tbi ^wi`ksb ksdcg` Oftdcg`,wbknb cnnfr`kgo tf tbi futwcr` cppicrcgni arfm tbi wctirskì mustji c viry airtkdi dcg`. X:2] @urkgo tbi gkobt arfm tbi 0t b tf tbi

3:5 Micgkgo c pc``di sticmir. Icrdy pc``di sticmirs cdsf ritckgi` sckds fatig uskgojftb tfoitbir.

3:3 ^nbdkimcgg prfjcjdy micgt —ncdcmkty”.



?5

9tb tbi mftkfgs (rfnhkgo) fa tbi sticmir wiri strfgoir tbig kg cgygkobt jiafri8 kg spkti fa tbct bfwivir K sdipt viry widd cg` `k` gftoit up jiafri ikobt f‛ndfnh8 bi wictbir wcs sfmiwbct afooy wbknbnkrnumstcgni privigti` us arfm siikgo tbi ksdcg` Zuoig, wbknb wipcssi` kg tbi gikobjfurbff`. fwcr`s twf f f‛ndfnh kg tbi catir-gffg tbi afo `kscppicri` cg` wi wiri igcjdi` tf sii tbi nfcst faMinhdigjurob wbknb jincmi X:;] mfri cg` mfri vkskjdi tf us. bivkiw fa tbi mftbir (bfmi) nfugtry catir sf mcgy yicrs sipcrctkfg ksncdnudcti` tf ixnkti kg iviry fgi aiidkgos fa tbi orictist lfy. K bfw-ivir must nfgaiss tf my sbcmi, tbct K vkiwi` my nfugtry wktb tbiorictist kg`kaairigni.

Ct sivig f‛ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo wi scw tbi dkobts fa tbi dkobtbfusifa rcvimôgì wbknb rimckgi` kg vkiw afr tbrii bfurs. Akgcddy cttig f‛ndfnh wi crrkvi` kg rcvimôgì. bks smcdd tfwg wbknb K bcàfug` sf pritty kg tbi pcst3:: siimi` tf mi c smcdd vkddcoi, cg` ktsdkobtbfusi X>5] c nbkmgiy. Mcgy pifpdi wiri octbiri`, pcrtdy tfsctksay nurkfskty, cg` pcrtdy tf prfakt arfm ncrrykgo tbi jcoocoi fatbi pcssigoirs. bi ncptckg faairi` mi c pdcni kg c prkvcti ncrrkcoiwbknb bi bc` bkri` afr tbi lfurgiy tf Dôjinh. K cnnipti` bks faaircssumkgo tbct tbks wfud` ji c nbicpir wcy tf trcvid siikgo cs tbiriwiri afur fa us kg tbi ncrrkcoi. K wcs qukti mkstchig bfwivir cgùpfg crrkvcd kg Dôjinh K wcs fjdkoi` tf pcy tbi bcda X>3] fa wbcttbi ncptckg bc` pck` afr tbi ncrrkcoi cg` afr cgftbir wbknb trcgs-pfrti` tbi jcoocoi. K sittdi` kgtf tbi bftid ^tc`t Bcmjuro 3:> gicr

tf wbiri tbi stcoinfcnbis ìpcrt. bi afddfwkgo `cy, catir bcvkgopck` afr my cnnfmmf`ctkfg cg` jrichacst, K diat ct ikobt f‛ndfnhkg tbi mfrgkgo. Gfwc`cys Dôjinh ks c ìc` tfwg3:0, cg` tbi skobtfa tbi jicutkaud stiipdis kg Oftbkn stydi mchis fgi sigtkmigtcd afrtbi pcst mcogkaknigni fa tbi tfwg. bi wictbir wcs viry akgi, cg`tbi sug wbknb sbfgi X>:] cjfvi c ndicr bfrkzfg prfmksi` c jicutk-aud `cy. Fg dicvkgo Dôjinh K wcs cstfgksbi` ct tbi jicutkaud vkiwsfg cdd skìs8 tbi nfg`ktkfgs wiri cs coriicjdi cs c summir‛s `cy, cg`cdd gcturi siimi` tf okvi tbi kmprisskfg fa sprkgo. bi bfusis wiignfugtiri` cdfgo tbi wcy bc` c viry gict cppicrcgni, tf mi cdd tbi

3:: Kt bcs gft jiig pfsskjdi tf ffig` ivkìgni cs tf wbig ^nbdkimcgg bc` privkfusdyjiig kg rcvimugì. Kg 32>: bi dkvi` wktb c pctirgcd ugndi kg Hcdhbfrst cg` kt kspfsskjdi tbct kt wcs arfm biri tbct bi mcì c trkp tf rcvimugì.

3:> Pks bftid wcs bkobdy rinfmmigì` kg Murrcys oukì< — ... ^tc`t Bcmjuro8 viryoff`< - ji`, 3 mcrh 2 sbkddkgos8 jichacst 3: sbkdd.8 `kggir, wktb jfttdi fa wkgi cg`nfsti, : mcrhs 3: snb ... ” (Murrcy 3209, >>3). Bftid ^tc`t Bcmjuro wcs dfncti`kg Jrikti ^tcÖi (Jciìhir 32?5).

3:0 Dôjinh bc` dfst kts sfnkcd cg` ffigcgnkcd pfsktkfg kg tbi riokfg c dfgo tkmi cof.— ... ugtkd sbi XDôjinh ] `wkg`di` kgtf tbi ixkstkgo stcti fa kgskogkffincgni, arfmwbknb sbi ks gft dkhidy tf sffg imiroi, cg` wbknb ks ct fgni mcì ivkìgt tftbi strcgoir, jy tbi ìsirti` cg` orcss-orfwg striits, cg` tbi gfumirfus impty

bfusis” (Murrcy 3209, >>3).



?3

mfri strkhkgo nfmkgo arfm Zusskc wbiri kg oigircd tbi vkddcois criviry `krty cg` jc`dy jukdt. Kg mcgy pdcnis wbiri wi stfppi` X>>]tf nbcgoi tbi bfrsis K tffh riarisbmigts wbknb wiri cdwcys widdpripcri` cg` ric`y ct my sirvkni. biri wiri skx pifpdi kg tbi stcoi-nfcnb8 cg Igodksbmcg, c ^wiì, cg` afur Oirmcgs.3:9 My dcgoucoifa nbfkni jikgo Igodksb3:1, K priairri` tf ncrry fg c nfgvirsctkfg kgtbks dcgoucoi wktb tbi Igodksbmcg skttkgo fppfskti mi.

Ct dcst, crfug` twf f‛ndfnh kg tbi catirgffg wi igtiri` tbitfwg, nrfsskgo mcgy giwdy-jukdt crics X>0] fa wbknb K bc` gf rin-fddintkfg.3:? Catir bcvkgo crrkvi` ct tbi stcoinfcnb stctkfg, K sigtmy jidfgokgos fg tf tbi ^trikts bftid3:2, wbiri K bicì` fg afft. Kkgsksti` fg c arfgt-acnkgo rffm, jut tbiy fgdy bc` fgi fg tbi akatbadffr, wbknb K wcs afrni` tf cnnipt. bi iaafrt K mcì kg ndkmjkgo uptf my rffm wcs suaaknkigtdy nfmpigscti` jy tbi supirj vkiw wbknbprisigti` ktsida tf mi, jftb fvir tbi jcskg fa tbi Cdstir rkvir, wktbkts c dcroi gumjir X>9] fa rfwkgo jfcts akddi` wktb pifpdi, cs widd csfvir tbi pritty prfmigcìs fa tbi Lugoairstkio 3:;, wbknb surrfugì`tbi wctir fg cdd skìs, cg` akgcddy fvir tbi nfdfsscd tfwg bfusis tftbi diat cg` rkobt fa tbi Cdstir. Catir ̀ kggir K tffh c twf-bfrsi nfcnbfut kgtf tfwg cg` ixpdfri` kg iviry `krintkfg. Kt wcs c ûg`cy, cgìviry striit, jrfc` fr gcrrfw, idiocgt fr gft, wcs nrfwì` wktb pif-pdi, wbf tf cdd cppicrcgnis pursui` jut fgi ofcd - pdicsuri.

X>1] bi ockity wbknb rikogi` ivirywbiri nfgvkgni` mi tbct kgtbks tfwg tbi pifpdi wiri nfmpditidy `kaairigt tf tbfsi kg Zusskc.

Kg Mfsnfw fgi fgdy nbirksbis tbi bfurs spigt kg fgi‛s acmkdy nkr-ndi8 biri fg tbi ftbir bcg`, pifpdi bcvi cg cvirskfg tf tbfsi pcs-tkmis cg` nfud`g‛t aiid mfri ct icsi tbcg kg iglfykgo mfri gfksypdicsuris.

3:9 Piri wiri skx ftbir pifpdi kg tbi stcoinfcnb wktb ^nbdkimcgg< fgi Igodksbmig,fgi ^wiì cg` afur Oirmcgs.

3:1 K bcvi jiig ugcjdi tf ffig` ^nbdkimcgg‛s priairigni afr Igodksb kg tbks trcvid lfur-gcd. Miyir (3;1;, 35:) sck`< —Ôjir `ki Ziksi aôbrti ir ikg oigcuis coijunb,

cjwinbsidg` kg igodksnbir ug` arcgzñsksnbir ^prcnbi. Ikg jistkmmtis Urkgzkp aôr`ki _cbd ìr ^prcnbi kst gknbt zu irhiggig. _cbrsnbikgdknb kst is, wigkostigs zu Cgacgo, `cs Ji`ôragks gcnb Ôjugo.” K ncggft corii wktb Miyir wbig kt nfmistf ^nbdkimcgg‛s nbfkni fa Ktcdkcg afr kts usi ks `krintdy nfgginti` tf ^nbdkimcgg‛sKtcdkcg-spichkgo oukì kg Ucrks.

3:? ^nbdkimcgg bc` dkvi` kg 3203 afr c wbkdi kg Bcmjuro jiafri bi ncmi tf Cmstir`cm. Kg 320: c dcroi pcrt fa tbi mi`kivcd bcrt fa Bcmjuro wcs ìstrfyi`ùrkgo c dcroi nkty ffiri. 3?0; bfusis wigt up kg cmis (Murrcy 3209, >:?).Bcmjuro cs ^nbdkimcgg scw kt kg 3201, wcs munb cdtiri` tbcghs tf rijukd`kgo. Ktbfwivir, nfud` gft bcvi jiig tftcddy giw tf ^nbdkimcgg skgni bi bc` cdsf vkskti`Bcmjuro fg bks trkp tf Zusskc kg Lcgucry 3201.

3:2 —^trikt‛s Bðtid kg tbi Lugoairgstkio”( Jciìhir 32?5).3:; —Mckìg‛s _cdh”, c acsbkfgcjdi prfmigcì (Murrcy 3209). Lugoairgstkio trcgs-

dctis prfpirdy cs —Mckìg‛s Uctb”.



?:

Catir bcvkgo igtirtckgi` mysida tfurkgo kg tbi nfcnb afr sfmitkmi, K `rfvi tf tbi tbictri wbiri, wktb `kaaknudty, K fjtckgi` c sin-fg` ndcss sict. K bcvi gf ̀ fujt tbi cntkgo wcs off`, jut my tbfuobtswiri sf X>?] `kstrcnti`, cs munb jy Mfsnfw cs Dfg`fg, tbct K wcsbcr`dy kg c stcti tf afddfw cgy fa kt. K diat tbi tbictri jiafri tbi ndfsifa tbi pdcy, tbkghkgo munb diss fa Bcmjuro tbictri tbcg tbct faMfsnfw, ivig tbfuob tbi akrst bc` cnbkivi` tbi riputctkfg fa jikgotbi jist kg Iurfpi.3>5 Mfg`cy (?/3;tb Fntfjir) mfrgkgo K oft upicrdy cg` juski` mysida wrktkgo cjfut trkvkcd tbkgos skmpdy tf pcsstbi tkmi.

Crfug` tig f‛ndfnh kg tbi mfrgkgo K wigt tf tbi faakni fa ̂ nbrñìrJrftbirs & Nf.3>3 wbf wiri ìdkobti` tf dicrg tbct K bc` gfw X>2]tchig ncri fa tbikr juskgiss wktb tbi sfg fa Mr. _.D. Cdixiiaa kgMfsnfw. K sbfwi` tbim tbi frìr afr gkgi tbfuscg` pfug`s fa nfa-aii arfm A._. cg` U.Y.3>: kg Mfsnfw wktb wbknb tbiy wiri viry sct-ksaki` jut ̀ riw my cttigtkfg tf tbi acnt tbct tbi mcrhit kg Bcmjurowcs ìvfk` fa off` qucdkty prfùnt wbknb wcs tbi prkgnkpcd trcìfa tbi sck` istcjdksbmigt, cg` tbct bfwivir giw nfaaiis arfm tbidcst bcrvist wfud` crrkvi crfug` tbi ig` fa tbi yicr sf tbct fg myriturg lfurgiy tf Zusskc K nfud` prfvkskfg mysida wktb cs mcgy akrmfaairs cs K ìskri`.

bi ^nbrñìrs 3>> `riw my pcrtknudcr cttigtkfg X>;] tf tbi mct-tir fa nkocrs kg wbknb wi nfud` pirbcps `f juskgiss fg c dcroi sncdi.biy rimcrhi` tf mi tbct wi nfud` icrg up tf akaty pirnigt prfakt

kg Zusskc fg tbks crtkndi.K sbfwi` tbim my dittir fa kgtrfùntkfg wktb Missrs L. By.^nbrñìr & Nf. arfm Dfg`fg cg` Mr. J. B. ^nbrñìr prfmksi`tf rinfmmig` mi tf bks off` actbir, nurrigtdy biri. Catir wbknbK burrki` tf wrkti tf Mr. _. Cdixiiaa tf wcrg bkm fa my crrkvcd, cswidd cs tf bks sfg tf wbfm K ocvi c sbfrt cnnfugt fa my c`vigturis.

Ct fgi f‛ndfnh kg tbi catirgffg K wigt tf tbi Ixnbcgoi wbiri K wcsX05] nbcrmi` tf sii tbi cdcnrkty wktb wbknb tbi mirnbcgts `k` tbikrjuskgiss. K bc` trfujdi pigitrctkgo tbi nrfw`, wbknb wcs sf orict

3>5 ^nbdkimcgg prfjcjdy riairs tf Pcdkctbictir tbct wcs jukdt kg 320>.3>3 @ki ^nbrñìr Oijrôìr. Pi fdìst stkdd ixkstkgo dittir arfm tbks ffirm tf ^nbdkimcgg

`ctis arfm Mck 3>, 3201 (Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrki JJ3-2?).^nbdkimcgg fatig trcì` wktb tbks ffirm.

3>: Cjjrivkctkfg ughgfwg. —U.Y.” mkobt ji nfgginti` tf —Q. & U. Yscnbiv Jrfs” (suo-oistkfg jy @Z. Higgidd). Miyir 3;1; (350)< —@im Bcus ^nbrñìr kg Cmstir`cmjrcnbti ir odiknbscm cds Mfroigocji ikgig Cuatrco cua ;555 Uaug` Hcstii mkt.” Ktks ndicr tbct Mcyir biri pdcnis tbi wrfgo ^nbrñìr kg tbi wrfgo pdcni.

3>> Pisi wiri Jirgbcr` Bkgrknb cg` Lfbcg Zu`fdp ^nbrñìr. Pks Jirgcr` Bkgrknbwcs c nfuskg fa tbi Cmstir`cm JXirgbcr`] BXkgrknb] ^nbrñìr. Afr tbi acmkdy nfg-gintkfgs jitwiig tbi `kstirigt ^nbrñìr Akrms sii Zfjirts (3;;:). Afr tbi ridctkfgsjitwiig tbi `kstirigt ^nbrñìrs acmkdy mimjirs sii @iutsnbis Oisnbdinbtirjunb

(Jcg` :>, 3;3>).



?>

tbct c acddkgo cppdi wfud` bcvi bc` `kaaknudty ricnbkgo tbi orfug`.Kg tbi Ixnbcgoi K dffhi` afr my fd` arkig` tbi sbkp-jrfhir _ig`t,wbf sbfwi` mi sunb bfspktcdkty kg my ugbcppy stcti catir tbi tir-rkjdi sbkpwrinh kg @inimjir 3203. Bi dffhi` viry bicdtby, cg`dffhi` munb yfugoir tbcg wbig K bc` dcst siig bkm tbi privkfus

Lcgucry. Catir tbi Ixnbcgoi, K wigt tf `kgi kg my bftid8 fg igtir-kgo tbi `kgkgo rffm K ncmi acni tf acni wktb tbi afur IgodksbmigX03] wbf mcì tbi lfurgiy tf Dôjinh wktb mi cg` wbf wiri sicti`ct tcjdi tf sctksay tbikr cppitktis. bi `kgkgo rffm ct ^trikts ks fgifa tbi mfst jicutkaud tbiri ks8 kt ks ixtrimidy bkob, dfgo cg` wkì,cg` tbi wcdds, cs widd cs tbi nikdkgo cri ìnfrcti` kg cdd wcys pfssk-jdi. brii tcjdis nfviri` wktb sgfw wbkti tcjdi ndftbs wiri pdcni`kg tbi digotb fa tbi rffm, cg` iviry sict wcs fnnupki` jy pifpdi faoff` sfnkity. bi Igodksbmig kgvkti` mi tf tchi c sict jiskì tbim,wbknb K `k` gft bisktcti tf `f. biri wiri afur `ksbis X0:] wbknb Kafug` viry tcsty siikgo cs tbiy wiri pripcri` cnnfr`kgo tf Oirmcgtcsti. Gixt tf mi wcs sicti` c mcg wbf odfrkaki` bkmsida wktb jfcst-aud cnnfugts8 bi jiocg c nfgvirsctkfg jrcookgo cjfut tbi wfgìraudjuskgiss bi bc` nfgùnti` kg Zusskc kg tbi pcst. Bi cdsf ndckmi` tfspich Zusskcg cg` K spfhi sfmi wfr`s tf bkm, tf wbknb bi wcgti`tf rispfg`, jut wcs gft cjdi, cg` tf rimi`y bks irrfr bi ocvi miafur jfttdis fa nbcmpcogi wbknb bi ocvi tf mi cs ka kt wiri wctir.

Catir X0>] `kggir, mysida cg` tbi Igodksbmig diat afr tbi Idji pcvkd-kfg wbiri c viry off` nfgnirt wcs okvig. Bcvkgo pck` tbi afur sbkd-

dkgos igtry, wi wigt kg cg` iglfyi` fursidvis tf fur bicrts nfgtigt.bi pcvkdkfg wcs audd fa pifpdi cg` kt wcs `kaaknudt tf akg` c sict. _i `k` gft stcy dfgo cg` riturgi` tf fur bftid. ^tkdd suaairkgo arfmtbi iaaints fa tbi sicsknhgiss, K wcs gft cjdi tf sdiip tbct gkobt8 tbiafddfwkgo `cy K oft up icrdy cg` X00] wigt tf Mr. L.B. ^nbrñìr tfwbfm K ìdkviri` c dittir fa kgtrfùntkfg arfm Mr. _d. C dixiiaa . Biric` kt cg` ri-ric` kt viry cttigtkvidy cg` tbiricatir jcì mi (scdutc-tkfgs) icoir nkvkdktkis.

Bi tfd` mi tbct bi bc` gf fjlintkfg wbctsfivir tf trust bkscoigny tf us, jut tbct K cjsfdutidy bc` tf gftkay my cssfnkctis kg

Dfg`fg cg` Dkvirpffd. Bi spfhi sf cmkcjdy fa Mr. _d. C dixiiaa tbct K bc` gf `fujt tbct juskgiss wcs piraintdy kg frìr. K cssuri`bkm fa my zicdfusgiss cg` cntkvkty X09] wktb rispint tf bks kgtiristscg` wigt strckobt jcnh tf tbi faaknis fa ^nbrñìr Jrftbirs & Nf.3>0 wbiri K wrfti c dittir tf Mr. _. C dixiiaa cg` cgftbir tf bks jrftbirU. C dixiiaa cg` c tbkr` tf MM A._. & U.Y.. Aurgksbkgo U. C dixiiaa

3>0 ^nbdkimcgg micgt tbi ^nbrñìr Oijruìr & Nf. Bcmjuro.



?0

wktb c ̀ itckdi` fpkgkfg wktb riocr` tf ̂ f`kum Gktrcti K kgvkti` bkmtf pdcni cg frìr ct nurrigt rfnh jfttfm prknis. K nfmmugkncti`tf Mr. _. C dixiiaa tbi risudts fa my ìcdkgos wktb L. By. ^nbrñìr ,cg` K kgafrmi` A._. & U.Y. tbct ct prisigt tbi Bcmjuro mcrhitks ìvfk` fa X01] off` qucdkty nfaaii afr trcì fg tbi Zusskcg mcr-hits, jut tbct K wfud` prfnuri faairs cg` scmpdis fg my riturg tfZusskc tbi afddfwkgo @inimjir. K spigt tbi ivigkgo kg my rffm,jusykgo mysida wktb my lfurgcd wbknb K bc` giodinti` afr tbi dcstaiw `cys. Ct crfug` gkgi f‛ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo, cg fd` arkig` arfm

Cmstir`cm, nurrigtdy impdfyi` kg tbi faaknis fa c `kstkgouksbi` n/v 3>9 istcjdksbmigt, pck` mi c vkskt. K spfhi tf bkm afr cg bfur cg`tbig wigt strckobt tf ji`. X0?] bi afddfwkgo `cy K wigt fgni mfritf Mr. L. By. ^nbrñìr tf riquist c dittir fa rinfmmig`ctkfg bi bc`prfmksi` mi tbi ivigkgo jiafri afr bks istcjdksbmigt kg Dfg`fg.Bi rinikvi` mi cmkncjdy cg` ocvi mi tbi prfmksi` dittir, rimcrh-kgo tbct bi stkdd nfud` gft mchi c akgcd ìnkskfg cjfut bks coignyjincusi bi cjsfdutidy bc` tf kgafrm bks cssfnkctis, fgi fa wbfm,Mcbs 3>1 , bc` diat afr Zusskc wktb bks acmkdy. Kg frìr X02] tf try cg`nfgvkgni bkm tf fur c`vcgtcoi, K tfd` bkm tbct tbi C dixiiaas wcgti`tf ji kgìmgkaki` cockgst tbikr orict dfss fa cddfw kg 32>; jy `fkgomfri juskgiss wbknb wi wfud` viry munb dkhi tf nfmjkgi. K wigtfgni cockg tf tbi faakni fa ^nbrñìr Jrftbirs & Nf. cg` K tffh dicvifa tbi ^nbrñìrs wbf wiri …

Catir tbct K mcì bcsti tf pcnh my iaaints cg` bcvkgo sittdi`

tbi jkdd K oft c ncj tf tchi mi tf tbi pfrt wbiri tbi sticmjfcts afrBcmjuro ìpcrti`. bi sticmir fg wbknb X0;] K wcs ùi tf dicvibc` gft yit crrkvi`. K tbiriafri wigt tf —^tikgacgo”, c bkdd gixt tftbi pfrt, tbi idivctkfg fa wbknb faairi` fgi fa tbi jist vkiws fa tbitfwg, tbi pfrt cg` tbi cttrcntkvi surrfug`kgos fa Bcmjuro. _iivigtucddy diat cg` crrkvi` kg Bcmjuro ct afur f‛ndfnh kg tbi catir-gffg. Bcmjuro ks c smcdd cg` cttrcntkvi tfwg sktucti` fg tbi jcghsfa tbi rkvir Idji. K tffh sfmi riarisbmigts cg` oft tbi ncrrkcoi ctakvi f‛ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo. Kt wcs tbi ;/:3st Fntfjir. Givir kg mydkai bcvi K jiig sf ixcspircti` cs tbct ivigkgo. bi nfcnbmig X95],

ìspkti tbi tkps K bc` okvig tbim cg` my prcksi fa Zusskcg nfcnbis,siimi` tf ìdkjirctidy sdfw tbi pcni fa tbi bfrsis cs wi wigt cdfgo.

3>9 Cjjrivkctkfg ughgfwg.3>1 Pi acmkdy Mcbs frkokgcti` kg Bcmjuro. Kg tbi ikobtiig-nigtury sfmi mim-

jirs fa tbks acmkdy sittdi` kg ^t Uitirsjuro. Pi jrftbir fa Lfbcgg Bikgrknb(Lfbg Bigry) ^nbrñìr (3?2>-3219), Birmcgg Igoidjirt ^nbrñìr (3?2>-3219)mcrrki` Zfskgc Mcbs (6-3219). Bi istcjdksbi` tbi B.I. ^nbrñìr & Nf. kg ^tUitirsjuro. Pks ffirm dctir jincmi Cdixcgìr Mcbs & Nf ugìr tbi `krintkfg fafgi fa Zfskgc‛s jrftbirs. Cgftbir fa bir jrftbirs, Gknfdcus Mcbs, jincmi c pcrt-gir kg L.B. ^nbrñìr & Nf. Dkvirpffd. C tbkr` jrftbir, Pfmcs Mcbs, istcjdksbi`

Mcbs & Nf. kg Bcmjuro.



?9

Kt tffh us crfug` cg bfur cg` tbrii qucrtirs tf trcvid sivig wir-sts.3>? bks orict sdfwgiss wcs ivig mfri strkhkgody cppcrigt tf minfmkgo arfm cg igiroitkn nfugtry dkhi Zusskc wbiri c pfst ncrrkcoincg trcvid ct tbi ixtrcfr`kgcry spii` fa ? wirsts kg c bcda bfur.

X93] Cs nbcgni wfud` bcvi kt K mcì tbi cnquckgtcgni fa c ̀ rcpirarfm Bcmjuro kg tbi pfst ncrrkcoi wbf wcgti` tf of tf Jrimig fgjuskgiss. Kgsudtkgo tbi dczy Oirmcg nfcnbmig cg` bicpkgo prcksifg tbfsi kg Zusskc bi sffg fjsirvi` tbct K sfd` arfm tbks nfug-try cg` tfd` mi tbct Arignb skdhs nfud` gft pfsskjdy nfmpiti wktbZusskcg skdhs3>2 jincusi fa tbi ixtrcfr`kgcry dfw prknis fa tbi dct-tir. Bi bc` cdric`y afrmi` c Zusskcg pcrtgirsbkp kg Bcmjuro X9:]wbknb `k` juskgiss fg c pritty dcroi sncdi.3>; Ypfg bicrkgo bkm tcdhkg tbks wcy K cshi` wbct sfrt fa skdh wcs ispinkcddy kg ìmcg` kgBcmjuro8 bi tfd` mi —^kdh îroi”.305 K tbfuobt tf mysida tbct kt wcspirbcps nbcgni wbknb bc` cnquckgti` mi wktb tbks mcg, kg frìrtf prfvkì sirvkni tf M.M.O.O.^. sfg-kg-dcw fa Mr. _. C dixiiaa cg`fwgir fa tbi jkooist skdh acntfry kg Zusskc. K wkdd try tf oit mfrikgafrmctkfg fg skdhs arfm my istcjdksbmigt X9>] kg Bcmjuro tfjrkgo tf tbi cttigtkfg fa Mr. ^nbrñìr wbf wfud` ji orctiaud afrwbct K bc` bicr`. _bkdst riadintkgo fg tbisi mcttirs my trcviddkgonfmpcgkfg tfd` mi tbct bi wcs c `rcpir kg Bcmjuro cg` tbct kgbks fpkgkfg ndftb nfud` ji kmpfrti` ct prfakt kg Zusskc jincusi tbiistcjdksbmigts wbknb bc` stcrti` sivircd yicrs cof tf sig` ndftb tfZusskc wiri kgnricskgody rigiwkgo tbikr frìrs. Ct my riquist bi

ocvi mi bks c``riss X90], bks gcmi —_kdbidm Qfdoir” cg` Bcmjuroc``riss, Giuijuro gf. 39. K prfmksi` tf pcy bkm c vkskt fg my ri-turg tf Zusskc gixt @inimjir wbig K wfud` riquist scmpdis arfmbkm afr kgafrmctkfg fg wbknb K nfud` jcsi tbi ginisscry quftis. Biodc`dy cssigti`, ispinkcddy wbig K tfd` bkm fa tbi orict prfakts fa myistcjdksbmigt303 kg Mfsnfw. Qiry jfri` fa tbi lfurgiy, K crrkvi` kgJrimig fg 35/::g` Fntfjir ct gkgi f‛ndfnh X99] kg tbi mfrgkgo. Kstfppi` ct Bftid —Dkgìgbfa” wbiri K iglfyi` c off` jrichacst.

3>? Fgi wirst ks 3511 mitirs.3>2 _big ^nbdkimcgg biri migtkfgs skdh bi prfjcjdy riairs tf Ucvdfvc-Ufsc` sncrvis.Kg 323: îmig Dcjzkg bc` istcjdksbi` c acntfry kg Ucvdfvc-Ufsc` wbiri skdhsncra wiri kgùstrkcddy prfùni`, prkgti` wktb trc`ktkfgcd Zusskcg pcttirgs. Pisisncrvis wiri sffg tf jinfmi viry pfpudcr.

3>; Pi trcì kg nfttfg wcs fa mfri kmpfrtcgni tbcg tbi trcì kg skdh. —Zcw nfttfgkmpfrts (cg kg`knctkfg tbct Zusskcg tixtkdi kgùstry wcs prfùnkgo mfri fa ktsfwg tbric`) rfsi arfm cg cvircoi fa 9.055.555 pfug`s kg 32>3 tf cg cvircoi fa05.555.555 pfug`s kg 3202” (Dkgnfdg 3;?2, :?5-:?3).

305 Kt siims tbct ^nbdkimcgg biri usis tbi wfr` —sfkirkir”, igdcrokgo tbi micgkgo tftixtkdis kg oigircd, skgni —îroi” ks gft, fa nfursi, mcì fa skdh jut fa wffd.

303 _ktb —mXfg]/mcksfg ì Mfsnfu” ^nbdkimcgg riairs tf tbi ffirm fa _. Cdixnist.Kt siims, ct tbct tkmi, ^nbdkimcgg wcs nfgffiìgt fa jinfmkgo c pcrtgir jut, tbct

bfwivir, givir bcppigi`.



?1

Aiidkgo ristfri`, K wigt tf tbi faaknis fa Missrs O.B. & U.@.^nbrñìr ,

30: wbf rinikvi` mi kg nfr`kcd acsbkfg. K tfd` tbim fa tbiacvfurcjdi stcti fa caackrs fa my juskgiss ìcdkgos skgni tbi stcrtfa tbi yicr. biy viry munb cpprfvi` fa my wcy fa `fkgo tbkgoscg` wiri hiig tf ugìrtchi cg cntkvi pcrtgirsbkp tf fur mutucdc`vcgtcoi cg` sctksacntkfg. X91] Missrs ^nbrñìr , sbcri` my fpkg-kfg tbct wi nfud` `f sfmi viry off` juskgiss tfoitbir, ispinkcddykg nfaaii30>, ivig mfri sf jincusi tbi Bcmjuro mcrhit nfud` gftnfmpiti ct cdd wktb tbct fa Jrimig kg rispint fa tbi akgir vcrkitkissukti` tf tbi Musnfvkti tcsti. K dicrgi` tf my orict riorit, tbct tbinfaaii nfgskogmigt ixpfrti` jy Missrs L.A. & Nf. kg tbi sprkgo,bc` wi jfuobt kg Jrimig ct c pcrkty fa 9½ arcgns, wbkdi ^ & A &Nf. jcsi` tbikr kgvfkni ct ? X6/3] 300 , c dfss fa cjfut X9?] >:% ct furkgvfkni. Missrs O.B. & U.@. ^nbrñìr siimi` viry jfd` kg tbikricoirgiss tf igtrust us tbikr off`s fg nfgskogmigt skmpdy jcsi`fg tbi bfpi tbct wi wfud` sidd ct c prfakt. K adcttir mysida tbiri-afri tbct K ncg cnnfmpdksb tbks afr tbim tf fur mutucd sctksacntkfg.biy riquisti` mi tf aurgksb ̀ itckdi` kgafrmctkfg riocr`kgo ncgvcs(ndftb) wbknb tbiy bc` gf `fujt fgi X92] nfud` ji jfuobt strckobtarfm tbi sfurni kg Mfsnfw. K sbcdd tbiriafri mchi suri tf riquistsunb kgafrmctkfg arfm my arkig` _. C dixiiaa , cg` ct tbi scmi tkmitf csh bkm tf okvi mi c qufti afr purnbcsi. Zusskcg ncgvcs sbkppiàrfm Jrimig kg qucgtkty tf Cmirknc iglfys c viry off` riputc-tkfg. K bc` tbiriafri gf `fujt tbct tbks prfùnt cdsf wfud` cddfw

us tf `f off` juskgiss. Cs acr cs tfjcnnf ks nfgnirgi`, tbks prfùntks `kaaknudt tf ìcd kg Zusskc 309, cg` mfri rkshy tbcg cgytbkgo idsiX9;] ùi tf tbi ^t. Uitirsjuro pcrtgirsbkp fa ^nbkddkgo Okfggir &Zftbirmug`t. bisi dcttir cri skmpdy pcrtgirs kg Jrimig jut ̀ ui tftbikr pcrtknudcr pfsktkfgs wktbkg tbikr akrms cri cjdi tf suppriss cgygiw nfmpitktkfg, bfwivir stkaa. Kg my fpkgkfg tbiriafri, wi mustdkmkt fursidvis, ct tbks icrdy stcoi, kg ncrrykgo fut tbi frìr fa MM.Uirtfaa. O.B. & U.@. ^nbrñìr tfd` mi tbct tbiy wiri ixpintkgo twfncrofis fa Dfowff`301 kg Jrimig wbknb X15] mkobt `f afr U. C dixiiaasiikgo cs kt wcs fa ixniddigt qucdkty cg` ricsfgcjdi prkni. K `k` gft

30: Kg 32>5 Uitir @cgkid ^nbrñìr (3255-3229) cg` Ofttarki` Bikgrknb ^nbrñìr(3?;?-3293) bc` tchig fvir Lfbcgg ^nbrñìr & Nf. Jrimig. Pi ffirst fa tbistkdd ixkstkgo dittirs arfm tbks ffirm tf ^nbdkimcgg `ctis arfm Lcgucry ;, 3201(Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrkis JJ3-afdìr :, 92).

30> Kg tbi gkgitiig nigtury, Bcmjuro wcs tbi nfstii bcrjfur fa Oirmcgy. ̂ ii cpfdshk32;1.

300 Pi sinfg` pcrt fa tbi ffiouri ks gft ric`cjdi.309 —Cua ìr Acbrt mkt ìr Ufst ôjir Jrimig gcnb Bfddcg` kst ir X^nbdkimcgg]

vfg sidtigir Cuaoisnbdfssigbikt ug` Ygtirgibmugosdust aôr giui Oisnbàati kgcjchwcrig ... ” (Miyir 3;1;, 359).

301 Bcimctfxydfg ncmpinbkcgum ks usi` kg tbi `ykgo fa wffd. Kt prfùnis wktb vcrk-

fus mfr`cgt, sbcìs fa jdui, arfm c dkobt dcvigìr tf c ìgsi jdui-jdcnh.



??

bisktcti fvir tbks cnquksktkfg cg` tbiy prfmksi` tf prfvkì mi wktbcg istkmcti kg Dfg`fg. K wkdd usi kt tf mchi ncdnudctkfgs cg` tf siiwbitbir kt ks pfsskjdi tf nfmpiti wktb Dkvirpffd prknis.

@urkgo my stcy kg Jrimig tbi ackr wcs fg, c tkmi fa orict ais-tkvkty afr tbi kgbcjktcgts. bi tfwg fa Jrimig, cuspknkfusdy X13]dfncti` fg tbi jcghs fa tbi mfutb fa tbi rkvir _isir `fis jusk-giss wktb ivirywbiri kg tbi wfrd`, jfcstkgo mfri tbcg ::5 sbkps.30?

Cpcrt arfm tbct tbiri ks dkttdi idsi fa gfti. bi striits cri gcrrfw cg`wktbfut pcvimigts, nfmmfg kg ^t Uitirsjuro cg` Mfsnfw. wfnburnb tfwirs jukdt kg cg cgnkigt stydi, fgi fa wbknb ks dicgkgo cg`c dkttdi giodinti`, okvi tbi tfwg cg ckr fa cgtkqukty.

Icoir tf ji fg my wcy, K diat ct afur f‛ndfnh X1:] kg tbi catir-gffg. bi pfst ncrrkcoi (Uirsfgigwcoig) mchi tbikr wcy kg Oirmcgacsbkfg, wbctivir tbi tkp okvig tf tbi `rkvirs. Cdtbfuob K wcs tirrk-jdy jfri`, K wcs afrni` tf cjcg`fg mysida tf kt. Ig rfuti K kgktkcti`c nfgvirsctkfg wktb c yfugo mcg wbf sck` bi wcs c scdismcg arfmc Bcmjuro istcjdksbmigt. Bi wcs audd fa tcdis fa tbi wknhi`gissfa tbi Bcmjuro pfdkni cg` tbi rusis tbiy impdfyi`. Cmfgo ftbirtbkgos bi tfd` mi X1>] tbct c aiw yicrs cof c pfstcd sinritcry arfmJirdkg nfmmktti` c tirrkjdi ìnikt. Bi adi` wktb tbi igtkri ncsb jfx,nfgtckgkgo fvir fgi bug`ri` tbfuscg` Urusskcg nrfwgs. Bcvkgo ofttf Bcmjuro wktb twf mckd bfrsis bi jfcrì` cg Igodksb sticmjfctwbknb wcs ùi tf ìpcrt afr Dfg`fg tbct ivigkgo. C sinrit coigt fatbi Bcmjuro pfdkni, icoir tf ndcgìstkgidy sirvi tbi oigircd off`,

ncmi tbct ivigkgo cjfcr` tbi sticmir cg`, pcsskgo bkmsida faa cs cjcgh ndirh, cshi` tbi cssimjdi` pcssigoirs X10] ka cgyfgi fg jfcr`wcgti` tf ixnbcgoi afrikog nurrigny afr Igodksb. bi pfstcd sin-ritcry, gft bcvkgo cgy fa tbi dcttir, sck` tf tbi pfdkni coigt tbct biwfud` dkhi tf ixnbcgoi Urusskcg gftis afr Igodksb stirdkgo. bi ndirhcorii` tf tbks cg` cshi` bfw munb bi bc` tf ixnbcgoi. bi pfstcdsinritcry tffh c jug`di fa 9555 X19] nrfwgs wfrtb fa jcgh gftisfut fa tbi ncsb jfx. bi ndirh (sinrit coigt) `k` gft bcgo cjfut …

K diat Jrimig fg tbi 33/:> kgstcgt jy stcoinfcnb ìpcrtkgo ctafur f‛ndfnh kg tbi catirgffg. Jrimig cppicri` tf mi ìsirti` cg`

ti`kfus, tbi mfri sf jincusi fa fur viry sdfw pcni. C ìsnrkptkfgfa tbi bfw ugpdicscgt tbi lfurgiy up tf Crgbim cg` fa tbi smcddmcrhit tfwgs wi pcssi` fg tbi rfc`, wfud` ji dfgo cg` pfkgtdiss,K tbiriafri dkmkt mysida jy scykgo tbct K crrkvi` ct Crgbim fg tbi3>/:9 ct idivig f‛ndfnh kg tbi mfrgkgo X11] cg` prfniiì` kmmi`k-ctidy jy rckdwcy tf Cmstir`cm. Crgbim ks c nbcrmkgo pdcni wktb cmcgy jicutkauddy skti` nfugtrysicts fa tbi rknb fa tbi tfwg. C rgbim

30? Jrimig ks nfgginti` tf tbi sic jy tbi _isir. C rioudcr sbfrtcoi kg tk`cd wctirdivids wcs ivigtucddy sfdvi`, jitwiig 32:? cg` 32>5 jy tbi jukd`kgo fa c sic

bcrjfur, Jrimig tbus jinfmkgo tbi sinfg` bcrjfur fa Oirmcgy.



?2

wcs tbi akrst dcroi @utnb tfwg K bc` vkskti` skgni dicvkgo Bfddcg`kg Lcgucry cg` kt pdicsi` mi tf sii tbi gict bfusis, tbi ixtirkfr fawbknb cri ndicg cg` widd mckgtckgi`.

Bcvkgo riarisbi` ct C rgbim K sit faa afr Cmstir`cm. X1?] bi lfurgiy wcs, kt siimi`, ti`kfus cg` sdfw afr K wcs kmpctkigt tf jikg Cmstir`cm. Jy jukd`kgo tbi rckdwcy arfm C rgbim tf C mstir`cm tbi @utnb bc` tchig fg `kaaknudtkis, fjdkoi` cs tbiy wiri tf ncrvitbrfuob bkob bkdds cg` nrfss ̀ khis cg` fvir ̀ iip vcddiys.302 wf bfurscg` c bcda rk`kgo jrfuobt us tf tbi tfwg octi.30; K bkri` c bcnhgiyncrrkcoi cg` rfì tf c acsbkfgcjdi kgg ncddi` —Nkty Idjiraid`”.395 Kwcs pdicsi` tf sii cockg X12] tbi striits cg` ncgcds fa Cmstir`cm,icnb fa wbknb rincddi` tkmis fa sfrrfw cg` lfy. bi bfusis sfmibfwsiimi` smcddir tbcg K rimimjiri` tbim, wbknb K cttrkjuti tf tbiacnt tbct K wcs sf rinigtdy kg sunb imkgigt pdcnis cs ^t Uitirsjurocg` Mfsnfw.393 K wcs pcrtknudcrdy mfvi` fg pcsskgo fgi striit ncddi`Qkloig`cm, wbiri K afrmirdy dkvi` ct c jffhsiddirs39:, tf wbfsi bfs-tid K jfri orict caaintkfg afr sivircd ricsfgs.

Bcvkgo sittdi` kgtf my smcdd rffm ct tbi kgg Nkty Idjirakid`, Knbcgoi` my ndftbis cg` iglfyi` c micd. Catir ̀ kggir K ncddi` ct X1;]tbi fd` nfugtkgo bfusi fa ^nbrñìr & Nf., wbf bc` rinigtdy mfvi`primksis. K tfd` my afrmir prkgnkpcd fa tbi ncriir K wcs igtirkgo fgkg tbi nfmkgo yicr. bks giws bi wcs pdicsi` tf bicr cg` prfmksi`tf csskst kg iviry wcy kg pcrtknudcr wktb nudtkvctkgo fa cg cntkvi cg`prfaktcjdi ridctkfgsbkp wktb _. C dixiiaa. Bi kgtrfùni` mi tf bks

wkai, c yfugo dc`y fa cjfut 32 yicrs fa coi pritty bcg`sfmi cg` famk``dkgo bikobt.39> biy tfd` mi fa tbikr lfurgiy tf Nfgstcgtkgfpdidcst summir cg` `kaaknudtkis tbiy bc` tf nfgtig` wktb fg tbi rfc`.X?5] Catir bcda cg bfur wktb Mr. ^nbrñìr K wigt tf dffh afr myafrmir nfddicouis, wbfm K afug` ct `kggir kg cg kgg.390 biy wiri

302 ^nbdkimcgg trcviddi` wktb tbi Giìrdcg`snbi Zbklg ^pffrwio Mcctsnbcppkl. Pksrckdwcy, fpigi` kg 3209, dkghi` Cmstir`cm vkc Ytrinbt tf Crgbim. Aiw oif-orcpbkncd prfjdims wiri ixpirkigni` kg tbi jukd`kgo fa tbks pcrtknudcr dkgi.

30; Pks dkgi stcrti` cg` igì` ct tbi _iispirpffrt kg Cmstir`cm wbig tbi nkty octi

stkdd ixksti`.395 —Bftid ^tc`t Idjiraid`, Fuìzkl`s Cnbtirjurowcd 303” (Jciìhir 3;35). Kg tbii`ktkfg fa 32?2 tbi c``riss ks mksskgo, jut biri tbi bftid oft cg ixtrc rinfmmig-`ctkfg —trâs-arëquigtë pcr dis gëofnkcgts”.

393 Jitwiig 3?;9 cg` 3225 Cmstir`cm wcs c ìc` nkty. @urkgo tbisi 29 yicrs tbigumjir fa fnnupki` bfusis `rfppi` arfm :1055 tf :92?? (Mkrcg`c 3;:3, 33).

39: Kg 3209 ^nbdkimcgg dkvi` tfoitbir wktb bks jrftbir Du`wko cjfvi QirhffpbuksQkloig`cm Gf. >3. Cdfgo wktb jffhs, pfttiry cg` pfrnidckg wiri cdsf sfd` ct tbkssbfp. îi dittirbic` fa c dittir arfm Du`wko tf Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg (Oiggc`kusDkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrkis I 95).

39> Jirgbcr` Bkgrknb ^nbrñìr (325?-322;) wcs coi` >; yicrs ct tbi tkmi.390 ^nbdkimcgg X3;] mckgtckgi`< —K tffh tbi orictist ncri tf cvfk` sfnkitkis cg` ftbir

pujdkn bfusis ncdnudcti` tf fstir tff ariquigt fppfrtugktkis fa oittkgo cnquckgti`

wktb ftbir yfugo pifpdi”.



?;

surprksi` tf sii mi sf sffg tbkghkgo K wcs crrkvkgo tbi afddfwkgo`cy. _i wigt tf tbi tbictri sii tbi jcddit, wbknb bfwivir, K nfud`gft auddy iglfy prfjcjdy jincusi fa jikgo sf actkoui` arfm my trcv-ids. bi tbictri wcs nrfwì`.

bi gixt mfrgkgo K riturgi` tf tbi nfugtkgo bfusi ct gkgi cg`,cdtbfuob kt wcs c ûg`cy K X?3] wcs jusy ugtkd bcda pcst afur wktbwrktkgo sivircd dittirs tf my arkig`s kg Zusskc bcstigkgo tbim tfmchi pcymigt. Fgi fa tbi akrst ndirhs fa ^nbrñìrs nfugtkgo bfusikgvkti` mi tf ̀ kgi wktb tbim kg tbi Cmirkncg bftid399 wbknb wi `k`,catirwcr`s vksktkgo, kg sfnkity fa sivircd cnquckgtcgnis, tbi orict nfa-aii-bfusi cg` tbi scdffg —Arcsnctk”391, wbiri c jicutkaud nfgnirt wcsokvig. bi afddfwkgo `cy, Mfg`cy tbi 30/:1 Fntfjir K wrfti stkddmfri dittirs tf my Zusskcg arkig`s cg` wigt catirwcr`s tf nbcgoi.39? K pck` X?:] my nfmpdkmigts tf sivircd fa my fd` mirnbcgt arkig`sfa tbks nkty. Catir nbcgokgo, K ̀ kgi` wktb tbrii yfugo mig fg my cn-nfugt kg my bftid, cg` riturgi` tf tbi nfugtkgo bfusi fa ^nbrñìr cg` tbig fg tf tbi Oirmcg Nfaaiibfusi, wbiri K sct tkdd gkgi nbct-tkgo wktb my fd` nfddicouis. Cttig`kgo tbi nfugtkgo bfusi cockgfg tbi 39/:?, K wrfti c dittir tf Mr. _. C dixiiaa fa Mfsnfw cg`fjtckgi` arfm Mr. ^nbrñìr c dittir fa nri`kt afr c bug`ri` pfug`s^tirdkgo.392

X?>] Dfg`fg 2tb Gfvimjir

^c`dy, K bcvi gft jiig cjdi tf up`cti my lfurgcd afr pcst 3: `cys,tbi nfgtigt fa wbknb K wfud` bcvi dctir sbfwg tf Mfsnfvkcg arkig`scg` afr my fwg schi. Jikgo ugcjdi tf rinfddint kmmi`kctidy iviry-tbkgo tbct bcs pcssi` skgni my dcst igtry, K dkmkt mysida tf scykgotbct, K ìpcrti` Cmstir`cm fg tbi :?tb Fntfjir afr Zfttir`cm 39; X?0] wbiri K stfp fvirgkobt kgtig`kgo tf ̀ ipcrt tbi afddfwkgo mfrg-kgo fg tbi —Zckgjfw” sticmir, sckdkgo ct ikobt f‛ndfnh afr Dfg`fg.

399 f wbknb bftid ^nbdkimcgg ks riairrkgo ks gft ndicr. Bftid Cmirkncg fg tbiDik`sipdikg wcs gft jukd` ugtkd 3223, ìmfdksbi` kg 3;5:, tf ji ripdcni` jy tbinurrigt Bftid Cmirkncg.

391 Arcsnctki wcs jukdt kg 320: cs c nfstiibfusi. Kg 32?; kt jincmi c jrfhirs nduj usiàfr tfjcnnf trc`kgo.

39? ^nbdkimcgg micgs tbi Ixnbcgoi. Pks wcs tbi —Jiurs vcg \fnbir” wbknb wcsfpigi` kg 3209. Kt wcs ìmfdksbi` kg 3;5: cg` ripdcni` jy tbi —Jiurs vcgJirdcoi”.

392 —Cmstir`cm ` :? Fntj 3201. Kgìm wkr `cs Qirogôoig bcjig Kbgig jikoiscgìkgi Cnnri`ktkr Jrkia vfg £355 ^tird (bugìr` Uaug` ^tirdkgo) zu Kbrim Ougstigcua b. L. Bigry ^nbrñìr & N kg Dfg`fg zu jibàg`koig ... ” (Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrkis JJ3->>1).

39; Kt ks strcgoi tbct ^nbdkimcgg `fis gft migtkfg bks jrftbir Du`wko wbf wcs dkvkgo

kg Cmstir`cm ct tbi tkmi. _fud` bi gft bcvi vkskti` bkm6



25

Crrkvkgo kg Cmstir`cm fg tbi dcti trckg 315 ct bcda pcst afur f‛ndfnh, Kìdkviri` my duoocoi tf tbi bic` pfrtir wbf prfmksi` tbct kt wfud`ji afrwcrì` tf —Hfigs” stcoinfcnb faakni jy tbi jfct trckg crrkv-kgo kg Zfttir`cm ct cjfut mk`gkobt. bkghkgo tbct cdd wcs widd, Kncuobt my trckg. Ct tbi cppfkgti` bfur, tbi stcoinfcnb wcs afug`gft tf ji ncrrykgo my trugh. X?9] bi nfcnbmig cg` nfgùntfrnfud` gft caafr` mi cgy ixpdcgctkfg cs tf wby tbct sbfud` ji. Kwcs cgxkfus kgìi`, afr tbi sticmir wcs ùi tf sckd tbi afddfwkgomfrgkgo. K wcs ct c dfss cs tf wbct tf `f, bfwivir wbiri ginissktyks orictist, csskstcgni ks gicrist, kt ks sck` afr, ct sivig f‛ndfnh kg tbimfrgkgo my trugh crrkvi` jy tbi gkobt stcoinfcnb, wbknb bc` jiigmkstchigdy tchig tf tbi rckdwcy stctkfg. chkgo pfssisskfg fa tbitrugh K mcì X?1] tbi sticmir kg tkmi, bidpi` jy afooy wictbirìdcykgo tbi sckdkgo.

chkgo my pdcni kg tbi akrst ndcss ncjkg, afr wbknb K pck` c oukgiccg` sivig sbkddkgos, tbi sticmir wigt ct c sdfw pcni kt jikgo sfmibfurs jiafri dicvkgo tbi rkvir Miusi. biri wiri twidvi fr afurtiigakrst ndcss ncjkg pcssigoirs, cmfgo wbfm K afug` tbim tf ji facoriicjdi nfmpcgy. bi hktnbig caafrì` tbi jist fa Igodksb `ksbiswbknb K iglfyi`. bi jrichacst wcs sirvi` up ct ikobt f‛ndfnh cg`nfgsksti` fa tic cg` nfaaii X??] cg` c nbfkni fa rfcsti` jric` wktbjuttir cg` `ry rfcsti` jric`, usucd `ry jric`, muaakg wktb juttir,afwd, muttfg, rfcst jiia, arki` aksb, birrkgo cg` ioos wbknb dcttirwcs jrfuobt fg tbi tcjdi kg qukti c `kaairigt mcggir cs kg fur nfug-

try. Gf —^cmfvcr” ks tf ji siig fg tbi Igodksb jrichacst tcjdi, tbiwcktir jrkgos c `ry pft fa giw skdvir pdcti, puts kgtf kt c oigirfusqucgtkty fa tic (gftwktbstcg`kgo tbi bkob nfst fa tic) tbig ritkriscg` riturgs wktb tbi ticpft wktb bft wctir. ic cg` nfaaii cri X?2]sirvi` prfpirdy kg Igodcg`!

bi wictbir wcs akgi cg` c nfgtkgufus jriizi ncuskgo jut dkttdimfvimigt fa tbi jfct, sf tbct cdd my aicrs fa acddkgo sicsknh `kscp-picri`. Ct cjfut mk`gkobt wi nfud` cdric`y sii tbi akri fa c dkobt-bfusi fg tbi sbfri fa tbi rkvir bcmis. bfuob tbi mfvimigt fatbi vissid wcs viry sdkobt, K jiocg tf aiid sknh cg` ugìrwigt c pritty

strfgo akt fa tbi sicsknhgiss, priairrkgo tf stcy fg ình mfst fa tbigkobt vkiwkgo tbi mcgy akris kg tbi d kobtbfusis fg jftb skìs fa tbimcogkaknigt rkvir. X?;] Afo afrni` us tf bcdt ct afur f‛ndfnh cg` ktwcs gft jiafri ikobt tbct wi oft ugìrwcy cockg. C spdig`k` vkiwfaairi` ktsida , jftb fg tbi rkvir wktb mcgy sbkps fa cdd skzis cg`,

315 ^nbdkimcgg trcviddi` wktb tbi Bfddcg`snbi KLzirig ^pffrwio-Mcctsnbcppkl. Pksnfmpcgy wcs rispfgskjdi afr tbi ffirst rckdwcy kg tbi Gitbirdcg`s. Pi Cmstir`cm-Bccrdim wcs fpigi` kg 32>; cg` kg tbi afddfwkgo yicrs ixtigì`, ricnbkgoZfttir`cm kg 320?. Kg 3201 kt fgdy ricnbi` @idat, tbiriafri ^nbdkimcgg nfviri`

tbi dcst dio jy nfcnb.



23

gknidy nudtkvcti` sbfridkgi. _i pcssi` jy _ffdwknb, Oriigwknb cgÒrcviscg` cg` tki` up ct gkgi f‛ndfnh ct tbi Nustfm bfusi gicrJdcnhwcdd rckdwcy stctkfg. Duoocoi wcs jrfuobt kgtf tbi nustfmsbcdd cg` ixcmkgi` tbfrfuobdy. Akvi ftbir sticmirs bcvkgo crrkvi`jiafri X25] us, wi wiri fjdkoi` tf wckt ugtkd tbiy bc` jiig ixcm-kgi`. bks cggfykgody tffh mfri tbcg twf bfurs, jiafri my turgncmi tf fpig my trugh. Cs K wcs `fkgo sf, K vckgdy dffhi` afr mybctjfx nfgtckgkgo c giw bct. Kt wcs mksskgo sf K bc` tf cssumi tbctkt bc` jiig stfdig fg fur crrkvcd.

Ivigtucddy dicvkgo tbi nustfms bcdd, K ncuobt rckdwcy trckg lustjibkg` tbi nustfm bfusi tf Dfg`fg. bi ncrrkcois wiri `rkvig jyrfpis cg` X23] sticm igokgi, pdcni` ct tbi stctkfgbfusi.313 Fg crrkv-cd K tffh cg fmgkjus, upfg tbi tfp fa wbknb my duoocoi wcs pdcni`,^t Ucuds nfaaiibfusi31:, wbiri K tffh up dfòkgos, fnnupykgo c arfgt-rffm, wbknb pdicsi` mi viry widd, afr kt caafrì` c gkni vkiw fgtbi orcg` ^t Ucuds nctbi`rcd cg` Suiig Idkzcjitb‛s stctui kg arfgt.

Catir nbcgokgo, K ncddi` fg tbi faakni fa Missrs L. By. ^nbrñìr &Nf. kg Dicìgbcdd ^triit31> wbknb K afug` wktb `kaaknudty.

Gft akg`kgo Mr. Ufst310 kg, K riturgi` X2:c] cockg bcda cg bfurdctir. Kg ìdkvirkgo my dittirs fa kgtrfùntkfg, K mcì tbi cnquckgt-cgni fa Mr. Ufst, c pdicscgt cg` bicdtby dffhkgo mcg coi` cjfutakaty.319 Bi ixprissi` sctksacntkfg kg fur prfpfscds, cg` stcti` tbct bi`k` gft `fujt tbct wi nfud` ivigtucddy nfmi tf c mutucddy corii-cjdi cg` c`vcgtcoifus ugìrstcg`kgo. Kg spkti fa bks ìskri tf jrkgo

tbi mcttir tf c quknh ndfsi, bi nfud` gft `f sf wktbfut tbi cpprfvcdMr. L. By. ^nbrñìr , cntucddy dkvkgo kg Bcmjuro. Bi prfmksi` tfc``riss X2>c] bkm jy gixt pfst jut, K nfgaissi`, K wcs munb `kscp-pfkgti` afr K ugìrstff` tbct fur juskgiss wfud` ji nfgnduì` ct

313 Kg tbi gkgitiigtb nigtury `kstirigt tinbgkquis wiri usi` tf mchi trckgs rug wktbtbi csskstcgni fa c ncjdi. Biri fgi usi` c ncjdi tbct rcg crfug` wbiids fg jftbskìs. Pi wcofgs nfud` ji bktnbi` fg wbig tbiy wiri giiì`.

31: Biri ^nbdkimcgg prfjcjdy riairs tf —Pi Nctbi`rcd Bftid, 02 ^t. Ucud‛sNburnbycr`” wbknb cdsf sirvi` cs c nfstiibfusi (Jciìhir 32?9).

31> —Kg 32>9 kt XL. Bigry ^nbrñìr & Nf.] mfvi` tf 35: Dicìgbcdd ^triit, c jko

jukd`kgo sit jcnh arfm tbi rfc` wbknb bfusi` cjfut ffiatiig ffirms fa mirnbcgts,sbkppkgo coigts cg` kgsurcgni jrfhirs. Jcrfg ^kr Lfbg Bigry ^nbrñìr ìsnrkji`tbi jukd`kgo cs ‒c mcgskfg bfusi fvir c pknhdi acntfry‛. Pi ricsfgs afr tbi mfviscri ughgfwg jut tbiy mcy bcvi jiig prfmpti` jy tbi gii` afr c``ktkfgcd cnnfm-mf`ctkfg skgni jitwiig 32:;, wbig rinfr`s jiokg, cg` 320;, tbi stcst kgnricsiàrfm ffivi tf tig, suooistkgo tbct tbi ffirm wcs prfspirkgo” (Zfjirts 3;;:, >;).

310 — ... kg Cuoust 32:0 c giw pcrtgirsbkp wcs afrmi` wktb Birmcgg Fttf vfg Ufst,c >0-yicr-fd` mirnbcgt, tbi sfg fa c Jrimig dcwyir, wbf bc` sit up kg juskgissfg bks fwg cnnfugt kg tbi Nkty c aiw yicrs icrdkir. Pi tirms fa tbi pcrtgirsbkpcri ughgfwg, jut kt cppicrs ugdkhidy tbct vfg Ufst nfgtrkjuti` sujstcgtkcddy tf L.Bigry ^nbrñìr & Nf.‛s ncpktcd, skgni bi wcs riairri` tf jy Jcrkgos kg 32>9 cs‒c nfgffiìgtkcd Oirmcg ndirh wbf skogs jy prfnurctkfg afr tbi bfusi‛” (Zfjirts3;;:, >;).

319 Ufst wcs jfrg kg 3?;5 tbiriafri kg 3201 bi wfud` bcvi jiig 91.



2:

tbks miitkgo. Bfwivir, siikgo tbct gftbkgo nfud` ji `fgi, K ì-pcrti`. Ziturgkgo dctir, K dit Mr. Ufst hgfw fa my kgtigtkfg tf trcvidkmmi`kctidy tf Dkvirpffd wktbfut wcktkgo afr c ripdy.

K dctir sfuobt Mr. Orkofrk Alf`frfvktsl Mctviliv afr wbfm K bc`ncrrki` c pcrnid wktb sbfis arfm ^t. Uitirsjuro. K cdsf prisigti` my-sida tf tbi sfg fa G.K. Fisctsliv 311 X2:] wbf cppicri` tf bcvi c`fpt-i` tbi ckr fa tbi tfwg, afr bi dffhi` c orict ìcd fdìr, pcdir cg`dicgir tbcg dcst yicr, wbig K bc` siig bkm kg Cmstir`cm.

Catir nbcgokgo K ncddi` ct tbi Jcdtkn Nfaaiibfusi wbiri K mitwktb jftb Q cdigtkg H fgstcgtkgfvktsl , c off` dffhkgo yfugo mcg,wbfm K bc` tchig c dkhkgo tf skgni akrst spichkgo wktb, cg` QcskdkKvcgfvktsl. K kgvkti` tbim tf ncdd upfg mi kg tbi ivigkgo.X2>]Q cdigtkg H fgstcgtkgfvktsl cnnfmpcgki` mi `krintdy, wbkdst Q cskdk Kvcgfvktsl prfmksi` tf ncdd ct my dfòkgos catir bcvkgo `kgi`. Kncggft ìgy tbct K wcs pdicsi` tf ji kg tbi nfmpcgy fa tbisi twfZusskcg gctkvis fa Mfsnfw, tbi nkty tbct K bcvi sunb afg` caaintkfgafr. Kg ̀ rkghkgo ariidy fa c wkgi ncddi` —Nbirry”31?, wi tcdhi` c dft faMfsnfw, cg` K nfgviyi` cdd fa tbi dctist ofsskp. biy diat mi ct gkgiX20] f‛ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo, Q cskdk Kvcgfvktsl tbkghkgo fvir tbi kìcfa cnnfmpcgykgo mi cs acr cs Ucrks.

bi afddfwkgo mfrgkgo >5tb fa Fntfjir, K ncddi` cockg ct L. By.^nbrñìr & Nf.‛s faakni tf csh Mr. Ufst tf prfvkì mi wktb c dittirfa kgtrfùntkfg tf bks Dkvirpffd bfusi312 wbknb bi wcs pdicsi` tf`f, cssurkgo mi ct tbi scmi tkmi fa bks ìskri tf bcstig tbi nfgndu-

skfg fa fur juskgiss. K riturgi` tf my rffm, pcnhi` my duoocoi,pck` my jkdd, cmfugtkgo tf c oukgic, ivig tbfuob K bc` gft bc`cgy X29] `kggir cg` ncuobt cg fmgkjus tf tbi orict _istirg rckd-wcy 31; stctkfg. Uriairrkgo off` sfnkity fg tbks lfurgiy, tbfuob gftdigotby, K tffh c akrst ndcss tknhit. bi _istirg rckdwcy stctkfg ks cg

311 — ... irbkidtig Zinbgugoig ... G.L. Ysctsnbist ôjir Uaistir a>:0,59 ... ” (Oiggc`kusDkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrkis JJ3-3223).

31? Fg X;;] ^nbdkimcgg usis tbi nfrrint frtbforcpby, ^birry.312 —Kg Ludy 32>;, Lfbcgg Bikgrknb XLfbg Bigry] istcjdksbi` c tbkr` ffirm, L.B.

^nbrñìr & Nf., kg Dkvirpffd, fa wbknb kgktkcddy bi wcs tbi sfdi prfprkitfr.Pi ncpktcd fa tbi giw ffirm wcs £95,555, c ackrdy typkncd sum afr mfìst-skzi`mirnbcgt jcghs fa tbi `cy ... Bfwivir, Lfbcgg Bikgrknb kgafrmi` tbi Jcgh faIgodcg`‛s Dkvirpffd jrcgnb tbct bi wcs pripcri` tf nfmmkt c aurtbir £395,555 tftbi ugìrtchkgo sbfud` kt ji riqukri`, kg`knctkgo sujstcgtkcd wicdtb. f mcgcoitbi ffirm bi igocoi` Gkhfdcus Mcbs, c yfugoir jrftbir fa Pfmcs Mcbs, bks pcrt-gir kg Bcmjuro cg` ridctkfg jy mcrrkcoi8 cg` Nbcrdis Uknhirkgo, c dfncd mcg arfmtbi acmkdy fa Uknhirkgo Jrftbirs, Dkvirpffd nfrg mirnbcgts. Uknhirkmo cg` Mcbswiri tchig kgtf pcrtgirsbkp jy Lfbcgg Bikgrknb kg Fntfjir 320:, cppcrigtdy tfsctksay tbi Dkvirpffd jrcgnb fa tbi Jcgh fa Igodcg`, wbknb wcs ugwkddkgo tf cddfwtbi ffirm tf fpig c `rcwkgo cnnfugt kg tbi cjsigni fa c riskìgt pcrtgir.” (Zfjirts3;;:, >).

31; Pi Orict _istirg Zckdwcy nfgginti` Dfg`fg wktb Jrkstfd. Kt wcs fpigi` kg 32>2

bfwivir, tbi igtkri rfuti wcs gft nfmpditi` ugtkd 3201.



2>

kmmigsi jukd`kgo qukti kg hiipkgo wktb kts kmpfrtcgni.3?5 bi trckgmfvi` faa ct bcda pcst mk``cy. bi wictbir wcs off` cg` K wcskmprissi` jy tbi jicutkaud snigiry fg jftb skìs fa tbi dkgi. bctdcsti` qukti c wbkdi X21] ugtkd wi diat igtkridy tbi buoi tfwg cricwbknb siims dkhidy tf swcddfw ivirytbkgo cg`, kg tbi nfursi fa tkmi,wbfdi Igodcg`! @ispkti tbi ackr wictbir, wbknb jfì widd afr tbi

lfurgiy, tbi ckr wcs sf audd fa smfhi cg` afo, tbi shy wcs ùdd cgòdffmy cg` kt wcs gft pfsskjdi sii acr. bi nfugtryskì prisigti` cacr mfri pdicscgt vkiw. Kg cdd `krintkfgs widd nudtkvcti` akid`s nfud`ji siig wktb igndfskgo gut, bfgiysunhdi cg` bcwtbfrg biòis 3?3,wbknb wktb tbikr X2?] oriig afdkcoi (dicvis) stkdd ncrrki` tbi jist cs-pint fa summir. bi vkddcois cg` smcdd tfwgs wiri iqucddy kgtirist-kgo, ivirywbiri K scw gict stfgi jukd`kgos, cg` afdh gictdy `rissi`kg tbikr ûg`cy jist.

bi rckdwcy lfurgiy arfm Dfg`fg tf Dkvirpffd ks cjfut ::5mkdis, wbknb cg ixpriss trckg nfvirs kg 9>/

0 bfurs cg` c sdfw trckg kg

35>/0. Zckd nfgstruntkfg bc` jiig cnnfmpdksbi` ̀ ispkti kmmigsi fj-

stcndis afr tbi tirrckg nfgsksts fa gftbkgo jut bkdds cg` vcddiys. Ofkgotf fr, nfmkgo arfm Dkvirpffd, yfu bcvi tf pcss tbrfuob mcgy tug-gids cg` nuttkgos X22]. bi dfgoist tuggid kg Igodcg` ks fg tbi rckd-wcy arfm Mcgnbistir tf ̂ biaakid`, ct cjfut > mkdis dfgo.3?: Cgftbirviry dfgo fgi ks gicr tf Dkvirpffd 3?>, jftb tuggids nut tbrfuob bkobrfnhs cg` mfst shkdauddy igokgiiri`. K ncg‛t ìgy, K wcs cdwcys sikzi`wktb pcgkn wbigivir wi igtiri` cgy fgi fa tbisi tuggids, jikgo sf

`crh, tbct kt ks kmpfsskjdi tf sii ivig tbi bcg` jiafri tbi iyis. _iwiri `rcwg jy c rfpi tbrfuob tbi akrst tuggid3?0, fg cnnfugt fa tbiugiviggiss fa tbi orfug`.

K crrkvi` ct Dkvirpffd fg tbi >5tb ct c qucrtir tf idivig kg tbiivigkgo cg` tffh dfòkgo kg tbi Oifroi Bftid @cdi ^triit 3?9 X2;]fjtckgkgo c arfgt rffm. bi gixt mfrgkgo, catir cg Igodksb jrich-acst, K jfuobt mysida c ripdcnimigt bct wktb sfmi `kaaknudty, fw-kgo tf tbi dcroir skzi fa my bic`. Bcts cri jittir qucdkty wktb us kgZusskc, tbi Jicvir bcts jikgo gft acsbkfgcjdi kg Igodcg`, tbiriafri

3?5 Uc``kgotfg stctkfg, cg` tbi rist fa tbks dkgi, wcs ìskogi` jy Kscmjcr` Hkgo`fmJrugid.

3?3 ^nbdkimcgg wcs prfjcjdy riairrkgo tf bcwtbfrg (Nrctcious fr Urugus spkgfsc)kgstic` fa —tbcw`frg”.

3?: Pi ûmmkt uggid jitwiig Dkttdijfrfuob cg` _fdsìg. Pks ks tbi fdìst rckd-wcy tuggid kg tbi wfrd`. Kt wcs jukdt jitwiig 32>2 cg` 3203 afr tbi Mcgnbistircg` Dii`s Zckdwcy. ^nbdkimcgg ixcooircti` tbi tuggid digotb wbknb ks cntucddy 3,1Mkdi (:,1 Hkdfmitri) dfgo cg` stkdd kg usi tf`cy.

3?> Pi _cppkgo fr Iòi Bkdd uggid, wcs nfgstrunti` jitwiig 32:1 cg` 32>5 afrtbi Mcgnbistir cg` Dii`s Zckdwcy.

3?0 Yp tkdd 32;1 trckgs wiri `rcwg wktb tbi bidp fa c ncjdi tbrfuob tbi _cppkgo frIòi Bkd d uggid.

3?9 Oifroi Bftid, Pfmcs Ncstdi, 39 @cdi st (^dctir 3201).



20

gf dfgoir wfrg. bi skdh bcts cri nruì cg` bicvy nfmpcri` tftbfsi fa nfmafrtcjdi Zusskcg mcguacnturi.

K afug` tbi faakni fa L. By. ^nbrñìr & Nf.‛s, Zumafr` pdcni Gf 33, wktbfut `kaaknudty cg` ìdkviri` my dittir fa rinfmmig`ctkfgX;5] arfm Mr. Ufst cs widd cs tbct arfm Mr. _. C dixiiaa , wbknb K bc`ritckgi` catir Mr. Ufst bc` ric` kt, wktb tbi kgtigtkfg fa prisigtkgokt kg Dkvirpffd. Mr. Mcbs (Gknfdcs) cg` Uknhirkgo fa tbi Dkvirpffdistcjdksbmigt, ixprissi` tbi scmi igtbuskcsm cs Mr. Ufst, gft jikgokg tbi dicst ̀ fujt cjfut fur nfmkgo tf c rinkprfncd coriimigt tf furc`vcgtcoi, jut tbiy nfud` `f gftbkgo aurtbir wktbfut tbi cpprfvcdfa L. By. ^nbrñìr kg Bcmjuro, cg` bks pcrtgir bfmcs Mcbs kg ^tUitirsjuro. Gknfdcs Mcbs prfmksi` tf wrkti c prkvcti dittir tf tbidcttir cg` tf L. By. ^nbrñìr X;3] cg` tbig sbfwi` mi rfug` orictGiwspcpir rffm fg tbi ixnbcgoi. bi giwspcpir rffm ks tbi dcro-ist cg` jist iqukppi` tbct K ivir siig.

Arfm icrdy mfrgkgo ugtkd dcti ct gkobt tbks orcg` scdffg kg tbiixnbcgoi ks cdwcys tbrfgoi` wktb mirnbcgts `fkgo juskgiss. C vksk-tfr, bcvkgo jiig skogi` kg jy cg ixkstkgo mimjir, ncg akg` cdd fatbi Igodksb giwspcpirs cg` ric` tbim ct bks icsi. Mr. Mcbs tfd`mi c dft cjfut tbi juskgiss trcgscnti` tbiri, cg` X;:] kgtrfùni`mi tf bks jrftbir-kg-dcw, c jrfhir kg @ryscdtiry off`s, wbf hkg`dysbfwi` mi tbi pfrt, c pcrt fa tbi gcvy cg` tbi `fnhs. Kg pfrt fgtbct `cy wcs dykgo c sticmir wktb twf nbkmgiys, tbi akrst fa tbcthkg` K bcvi siig, c giw nfgnipt ncdnudcti` tf ji fa kgtirist tf tbi

mirncgtkdi nfmmugkty ct dcroi. Mr. Mcbs kgtrfùni` mi catirwcr`stf bks actbir-kg-dcw, c nfttfg jrfhir, wbf prfmksi` tf pripcri mi cgkni sit fa nfttfg scmpdis, fa wbknb bi wfud` X;>] ritckg ùpdknctissf, tbct fg dctir sig`kgo fa frìrs arfm Zusskc, K bc` miridy tf riairtf tbfsi scmpdis.

^ctur`cy catirgffg cg` ivigkgo K spig` cdfgi kg my rffm, fn-nupykgo mysida wktb wrktkgo up ivigts cs K bc` `fgi tbi privkfusûg`cy wbknb, kg Igodcg`, ks c `cy fa rist. Cdd sbfps cri ndfsi`cg` gf pujdkn cmusimigt ks cddfwi`. Dfg`fg cg` Dkvirpffd ̂ triits,wbknb ̀ urkgo tbi wiih cri cdwcys tbrfgoi` nrfwì` wktb ncjs, ncrts,

fmgkjus cg` ftbir sfrts fa vibkndis cg` mcgy bug`ri` tbfuscg`s faafft pcssigoirs cri, fg ûg`cy qukit. Igodksb nburnbis cri cdd widdcttig`, pirbcps jincusi X;0] tbiy cri tbi fgdy pdcnis fa risfrt fgc ûg`cy. Ivig wktbkg tbi acmkdy nkrndi Igodksbmig `f gft rinikvivksktfrs fg tbi ^cjjctb.

Mfg`cy mfrgkgo K ncddi` cockg ct L. By. ̂ nbrñìr kgafrmkgo bkmtbct K bc` ìnkì` tf bic` afr Mcgnbistir kg frìr tf vkiw acntf-rkis tbiri cg`, nfud` bi fjdkoi mi wktb sfmi dkgis fa kgtrfùntkfg6

Coriikgo tf tbks Mr. Mcbs tbig kgvkti` mi tf `kgi wktb bkm tbiafddfwkgo `cy. Cdtbfuob K ncdnudcti` tbct tbks wfud` fjdkoi mi tf



29

mchi, afr c skgodi `kggir, c lfurgiy fa skxty akvi mkdis, spig`kgo X;9]c £3 afr trcviddkgo ixpigsis, K luòi` kt ixpi`kigt tf cnnipt tbi kgvk-tctkfg, bfpkgo tf mchi kt jcnh jy tbrii f‛ndfnh tbi scmi `cy.

Ucykgo my bftid jkdd, jut dicvkgo my duoocoi jibkg`, K sit fut fgtbi 3:½ f‛ndfnh trckg. bi nfugtry fg iktbir skì fa tbi dkgi siimiàcr diss cttrcntkvi tbcg tbct arfm Dfg`fg tf Dkvirpffd. Cs acr cs tbiiyi nfud` sii kggumircjdi acntfrkis nfud` ji siig ugìr pdumis fakgtigsi smfhi rkskgo nfgtkgufusdy arfm okocgtkn nbkmgiys, ìm-fgstrctkgo tbi cntkvkty. Crrkvkgo ct :.>5 X;1] kg Mcgnbistir K wigt`krintdy tf tbi faakni fa Missrs Cjrcbcm rffst & Nf.‛s kg frìrtf jiokg cs sffg cs pfsskjdi vkiwkgo tbi prkgnkpcd mcguacnturirskg tbi tfwg. bi bfusis kg Mcgnbistir , jukdt arfm jrknh stfgi cg`gft nfviri` wktb nbcdh fr nfdfur, bcvi c viry orujjy cppicrcgni3?1 cg` tbi striits cri, afr tbi mfst pcrt, jrfc` jut `krty. _birivir Kwigt tbiri wiri acntfrkis tbi okocgtkn nbkmgiys fa wbknb, dkhi km-migsi nburnb stiipdis, ugìrdkgi` tbi kmpfrtcgni fa bfmi trcì.Mr. rffst wcs gft ct bfmi cg` K wcs tbiriafri nfmpiddi` tf ncddcockg ct skx f‛ndfnh. Miitkgo Mr. rffst , c mcg X;?] fa cjfut >0yicrs fa coi, K icskdy rinfogkzi` cs Oirmcg. Bi prfmksi` tf prfvkìmi gixt mfrgkgo dkgis fa kgtrfùntkfg tf sfmi fa bks arkig`s, cg`gft wksbkgo tf bfd` bkm up aurtbir K quknhdy ìpcrti`.

_cdhkgo cjfut tfwg cg`, fg pcsskgo c mirnigcry sbfp, K scwnfmkgo fut c mcg wbf siimi` acmkdkcr tf mi kg spkti fa tbi odffmfa tbi ivigkgo. Fg cpprfcnb, K rinfogksi` bkm kmmi`kctidy cs gfgi

ftbir tbcg my fd` cnquckgtcgni Jrchistfgi wktb wbfm K bc` trcv-iddi` kg X;2] Lcgucry dcst arfm Cmstir`cm tf Jirdkg.3?? ‒Off` orc-nkfus‛, nrki` K ‒Arfm wbigni `f yfu nfmi Mr. J rchistfgi 6‛. Birinfogksi` mi kmmi`kctidy cdsf cg` wcs pdicsi` tf sii mi cockg.Bi kgvkti` mi tf dfòi kg tbi scmi bftid cs bkmsida wbiri bi dkvi`,wbknb K `k` gft bisktcti tf `f, gft bcvkgo yit sit mysida up. bibftid wcs acsbkfgcjdi cg` nfmafrtcjdi. K wigt kgtf tbi nfaaii rffmct oft suppir cg` wckti` afr Jrchistfgi , wbf lfkgi` mi sffg catir-wcr`s. _i tcdhi` fvir fur pcst X;;] c`vigturis cg`, `rkghkgo c jft-tdi fa ^birry, wi bfpi` tbct nkrnumstcgnis mkobt cockg cddfw us tf

rigiw tbi pdicsuri fa lfurgiykgo tfoitbir. Catir jrichacst gixt mfrgkgo, K ìdkviri` tf Missrs ^bcrp jrftb-irs tbi dkgis fa kgtrfùntkfg, wbknb rffst & ^fg‛s bc` okvig mi. Kgnfgsiquigni, fgi fa tbikr wfrhmig wcs cppfkgti` tf sbfw crfug`tbi acntfry wbknb fgdy mcì rckdwcy sticm igokgis X355]. Bi akrstisnfrti` mi jigictb tbi orfug` adffr, wbiri tbi igokgis wiri cs-

3?1 Jitwiig 32:5 cg` 3295 tbi prfùntkfg fa nfttfg oriw jy 955 pirnigt. C skmkdcrorfwtb wcs cdsf siig kg ftbir jrcgnbis fa kgùstry. Kg 3?9; Mcgnbistir bc` cpfpudctkfg fa :5.555 jut, jy 3293 tbks gumjir bc` rksig tf >5>.>2:.

3?? ^nbdkimcgg, kg Lcgucry 3201, trcviddi` fvirdcg` tf ^t Uitirsjuro.



21

simjdi` arfm vcrkfus pdctis, snriws cg` rfws3?2 mcì kg ftbir pcrtsfa tbi acntfry. Kg vkiwkgo tbi dcroi gumjir fa nfdfsscd igokgis stcg`-kgo tbiri cg` pripcri` afr ixpfrtkgo tf vcrkfus pcrts fa Oirmcgy, Knfud` gft bidp jut tbkgh fa cg` wfgìr ct tbi snkigtkakn c`vcgnis,tbi wfrd` ct dcroi bc` mcì kg tbi dcst :9 yicrs. Crt3?; bcs ncst faatbi prfjdims tbct usi` tf ixkst, ugìr wbknb trcì wcs afrmirdynfgùnti`. bi trcgsmksskfg fa dittirs cg` off`s ks acr spii`kir.X353] Gfw, arfm tbi mfst sfutbirdy pcrt fa Igodcg` yfu ncg trcvidtf tbi gfrtb fa ^nftdcg` kg c skgodi `cy cg` tidiorcpbs325 nfgviygiws ct tbi spii` fa dkobt.

Kg cgftbir ìpcrtmigt snriws, krfg stcaas, cg` ftbir sticm ig-okgis pcrts wiri jikgo acsbkfgi`, wctnbkgo tbi wcy tbct krfg ks nutcg` mfudì`, cs smfftbdy cs ka kt wiri juttir. My oukì tfd` mi tbctX35:] iviry fgi fa tbi wfrhmcg bcs bks pcrtknudcr tcsh. Fgi, afrkgstcgni, mchkgo gftbkgo jut smcdd rfws, cgftbir mchkgo cgftbirhkg` cg` sf fg. rckgkgo tbi yfugo tf jinfmi spinkcdkst trcìsmig,cdd jut oucrcgtiis futstcg`kgo qucdkty cg` cnnurcny.323 Cmfgo tbiorict mcgy ktims sbfwg mi, tbi wcy krfg rfws cri nricti` tffh mycttigtkfg. C sbcddfw bfdi ks ùo kg wbknb cri dck` pkinis X35>] fakrfg, kg tbi nfrrint frìr. Fpigkgos jitwiig tbi pkinis fa krfg criakddi` wktb mfdtig krfg, cdd pkinis tbus jikgo bid` tfoitbir kg tbiafrm fa c rfw. bi mcss ks tbig bcmmiri`, nut fut, smfftbi` cg`jictig ugtkd tbi riqukri` `kmigskfg cg` sbcpi ks cnbkivi`.

Ct twidvi f‛ndfnh K bicì` afr Dkvirpffd afr my `kggir cppfkgt-

migt wktb Mr. Mcbs. _i mit kg bks nfugtkgo bfusi wbiri bi bc`pripcri` c X350] dittir afr mi tf ji ìdkviri` tf my bftid, sbfud`K gft bcvi mcgcoi` tbks miitkgo. bi dittir ocvi `krintkfgs tf bksbfmi cg` tbi bfur afr `kggir. Mr. Mcbs dkvis kg tbi nfugtry cjfuttwf mkdis arfm Dkvirpffd cg` tbi bfur fa `kggir jikgo ct skx f‛ndfnh,K wcs tf of jy fmgkjus, dicvkgo my bftid ct 9.>5.

Kt wcs gft icsy

akg`kgo tbi Mcbs‛ bfusi, cg` `k` gft akg` kt jiafri jikgo sunniss-auddy nbicti` sivircd tkmis jy tbi nfcnbmcg. Kt wcs gft jiafri X359]1.09 wbig K mcì dcti my cppicrcgni. Mcbs prisigti` mi bks wkai,c arkig`dy gkni dffhkgo okrd fa cjfut :5 yicrs fa coi, wbf widnfmi`

3?2 ^nbdkimcgg acvfuri` tbi wfr` —rfw” kgstic` fa —wbiid”. Bi cdsf `k` tbks kg bks Cmirkncg trcvid lfurgcd arfm 3295-3293< —_i bc` rfws tf fur pfst-ncrrkcoi …”(_ijir 3;0:,3>).

3?; ^nbdkimcgg prfjcjdy micgt —^nkigni”.325 Pi ffirst tidiorcpb wcs jukdt kg 32>: jy ^nbkddkgo-Ncggstc`t. Kt bfwivir `k` gft

jinfmi auddy augntkfgcd ugtkd ^cmuid Mfrsi (3?21-32>?) ìvidfpi` bks cdpbcjitkg 32>1. îi< Hkrjy, _ktbkgotfg, @crdkgo & Hkdofgi (3;91, Nbcptir 33).

323 —… tbi kmprfvimigt fa tbi ìxtirkty fa tbi wfrhmcg ginisscrkdy kgnricsis tbiqucgtkty fa tbi wfrh bi ncg pirafrm8 cg` tbi `kvkskfg fa dcjfur, jy riùnkgo ivirymcg‛s juskgiss tf sfmi fgi skmpdi fpirctkfg, cg` jy mchkgo tbks fpirctkfg tbisfdi impdfymigt fa bks dkai, ginisscrkdy kgnricsis viry munb tbi ìxtirkty fa tbi

wfrhmcg” (^mktb 3??1, 1).



2?

mi cs ka K wiri cg fd` cnquckgtcgni. biri wiri, jiskìs ftbir yfugodc`kis, ridctkfgs cg` cnquckgtcgnis fa Mrss Mcbs , bir tbrii jrftb-irs cg` c Zusskcg oigtdimcg, sigt jy tbi Zusskcg ofvirgmigt tfIgodcg` afr tbi purpfsi fa frocgkskgo tbi nfgstruntkfg fa twf Qfdocrkvir sticmirs. K pcrtknudcrdy iglfyi` tbi dkobt bicrti` nfgvirsctkfgfa tbisi off` afdh, jut ispinkcddy wktb tbct fa tbi afur yfugo dc`kis,wktb wbfm K wcs nfgtkgucddy X351] nbcttkgo. biy tfd` mi tbct tbiackr six kg Igodcg` ks viry afg` fa afrikogirs, mckgdy jincusi fatbikr pirnikvi` jfd`giss cg` icsy nfgvirsctkfg. bi nbcrcntir fa cdcg`dfr` ks usucddy skmkdcrdy rcti` cs risimjdkgo tbct fa bks sirvcgttbiriafri, fg igtirkgo c bfusi fa cgy pirsfg tbiri mcy ji afrmi`cdric`y sfmi kìc fa bks nbcrcntir cnnfr`kgo tf tbi riniptkfg cg`ìmicgfur (jibcvkfur) fa tbi sirvcgts. bus kt siims tbct Igodksbdc`kis luòi tbi Zusskcg gctkfg coriicjdy wktb tbi fpkgkfg tbiyigtirtckg fa fur impirfr, wbf bcs jiig riskìgt kg Igodcg` sfmiyicrs X35?], cg` wktb wbfm cdd bcvi acddig kg dfvi. bi dc`kis kg tbiacmkdy fa Mr. Mcbs prkì tbimsidvis fg scykgo mcgy off` tbkgofa fur sfvirikog, wbfsi hkg`giss, jigivfdigni, dkjircdkty, oigirfs-kty, jicuty cg` kmpfskgo riocr` mfst skgniridy prifnnupki` tbimkg bks acvfur. biy tfd` mi tbct rispintcjdi Igodksb acmkdkis tchiprkì kg rinikvkgo c gfg Igodksb sfg-kg-dcw, wbf rispints mcggirscg` nustfms jittir tbcg tbikr fwg nfugtrymig. Fg tbks fnncskfgsK nfud` kg acnt gft riarckg arfm dcmigtkgo ct tbi kg`kaairigni sbfwgjy X352] Mfsnfvkcg dc`kis tfwcr`s strcgoirs. Kg acnt tbi Mfsnfvkcg

dc`kis ìspksi cdd afrikogirs. ^fmitkmis K nfud` gft bidp smkdkgoct tbi sfmiwbct rk`knudfus nfgvirsctkfg fa tbi Dkvirpffd dc`kis kgtbikr cttimpts kg uttirkgo wfr`s kg jrfhig Arignb wktb c sbfnh-kgo cnnigt, cshkgo mi ct tbi scmi tkmi, wbitbir fur Mfsnfvkcgdc`kis hgiw cgytbkgo idsi ftbir tbcg Zusskcg - c jcrjcrfus tfgoui!Kg tbks pfkgt K ìimi` kt my X35;] ùty tf ìaig` my acvfurktis,tbi tcdigti` Mfsnfvkcg dc`kis cg` tf stcti, tbct K sbfud` mfst wkd-auddy `cri c wcoir fa cgy cmfugt, tbct tbi Mfsnfvkcg dc`kis cri tbimfst shkdaud kg tbi wfrd`, spichkgo wktb tbi utmfst aduigny afurdcgoucois wbknb ks gfwbiri tf ji afug`, giktbir kg Iurfpi gfr Cskc

cg` Cmirknc. K afug` munb pdicsuri kg c``kgo, tbct fur Mfsnfvkcgdc`kis ixbkjkt cg iqucddy orctkaykgo ivkìgni fa tbikr cjkdkty kg tbfsicrts cg` snkignis, wbknb cri ncdnudcti` tf kmprfvi, sunb cs, cjkdkty



22

X335] fg tbi pkcgf cg` kg `cgnkgo itn.32: K ugìrtffh tbikr ìaigniwktb sunb cr`fur tbct tbi Dkvirpffd dc`kis sct stuggi` cg` csbcmi`,aiidkgo kg tbimsidvis tbikr ixtrimi kgairkfrkty afr iktbir gft bcvkgotchig tbi pckgs fa ìvidfpkgo tbikr tcdigts, fr gft bcvkgo cgy kg tbiakrst pdcni. Mr. Mcbs dkvis kg acnt viry bcppkdy tfoitbir wktb bks dkttdiIgodksb wkai cg` nbkd`, nfgstktutkgo tbi acmkdy auturi.

Afddfwkgo `kggir, wbknb akgksbi` ct cjfut idivig f‛ndfnh, K tffhdicvi wktb tbi off` wksbis fa tbi acmkdy afr c scai cg` prfspirfus

lfurgiy. bi gixt mfrgkgo K rfì cwcy ct cg icrdy bfur, X333] catirbcvkgo pck` afr my gkobt‛s dfòkgo cg` jrichacst 2/2 `, wbknb wcsixpigskvi! bi sirvcgts kg kggs kg Igodcg` cri gft pck` c scdcry.bikr aiis, fr pft mfgiy, cdwcys jikgo c`ì` tf tbi jkdd.

Crrkvkgo kg Mcgnbistir ct cjfut gkgi f‛ndfnh, K kmmi`kctidysbfwi` Mr. rffst‛s dittirs fa kgtrfùntkfg tf sfmi wkst (nft-tfg spkggkgo) mcguacnturkgo nfmpcgkis, vkiwkgo cdd ìpcrtmigtsfa tbks kmpfrtcgt dkgi fa mcguacnturkgo, wbknb K wcs hiig tf `f.Nfttfg ks akrst prissi` jy c mcnbkgi, nrictkgo tbi sbcpi fa wcts, cg`tbig cppdki` tf tbi spkggkgo mcnbkgi. Kt ks spug nfcrsidy ct akrstX33:] jut tbig akgir cg` akgir ugtkd cnbkivkgo tbi riqukri` tbknh-giss cg` qucdkty. Afr tbi mcguacnturi fa wkst wfmig cri gfrmcddyimpdfyi`32> afr, wktb tbikr tbkggir akgoirs tbiy cri jittir cjdi tfwfrh tbi spkggkgo prfniss. Bcvkgo ̀ fgi my jist tf auddy tchi kg cgùgìrstcg` tbi mcguacnturkgo prfniss K wigt fg tf spich wktb mcg-uacnturirs tchkgo tbi fppfrtugkty tf `ksnuss wktb tbim tbi wkst

trcì, bfpkgo tf ìvidfp juskgiss wktb tbim. Jy `fkgo kt tbks wcyK wcs cjdi tf cvfk` tbi bkob Mcgnbistir nfmmksskfg coigt nbcroiscg`, pirbcps, pirsucì tbim tf nfgskog c qucgtkty fa mirnbcg`kskgotbrfuob us. X33>] bi wkst trcì bcs jiig trc`ktkfgcddy ncrrki` jytbi Mcgnbistir nfgskogiis, mcguacnturirs tbiriafri, ugìrstcg`-cjdy rispfgì` sfmiwbct riduntcgtdy tf my suooistkfgs.320 Jy ìcd-kgo `krintdy, mcguacnturirs wfud` spfkd tbi trcì afr nfmmksskfgcoigts wbf, kg turg, mkobt tbig rigfugni tbikr nfggixkfg wktb tbimcguacnturirs cg` givir purnbcsi arfm tbim cockg. Jy pcykgo tbi

32: Cnnfr`kgo tf Du`wko 3;>:, 2:-2> ^nbdkimcgg bc` bks ffirst `kscppfkgtmigt wktb cZusskcg okrd kg 320?. Kg c dittir tf bks skstir ^nbdkimcgg wrfti< —Knb jiffigì mknbcua ìm Okpaid ìs Odônhis. _idnb sôÖi Igtsnbà`kougo gcnb sf vkidig Dikìg!... ^ki spkidt mikstirbcat Hdcvkir ug` sprknbt `rik iurfpàksnbi ^prcnbig ffiiÖig` ...^fpbki kst sibr spcrscm, ug` sf hñggig wkr riknb wirìg.” Pi scmi stfry, tbkstkmi ug`cti`, ks cdsf tfd` kg Miyir (3;1;, 305-303). K suspint tbct Du`wko ksmkstchig cjfut tbi yicr cg` tbct ^nbdkimcgg bc` bks ffirst Zusskcg dfvi cstckr kg3201.

32> Kg 3;53 tbiri wiri :?.39; pifpdi wfrhkgo kg tbi Mcgnbistir nfttfg kgùstry cg`,fa tbisi, :5.:?1 wiri wfmig ( Miyirs OrfÖis hfgvirsctkfgs-Dixkhfg 3;5;).

320 ^kgni tbi ikobtiigtb nigtury tbiri wiri cdric`y strfgo tkis jitwiig trcìrs cg`prfùnirs. Kg oigircd tbi trcìrs ffigcgni` tbi purnbcsi fa tbi mcnbkgiry tbus

igsurkgo cdmfst tftcd nfgtrfd fvir tbi prfùnirs (Nfdi 3;9:, :>-:0).



2;

mcguacnturirs `krintdy, tbiy (tbi mcguacnturirs) wfud` gft bisktctitf cnnipt fur frìrs jut gft ji cjdi tf sidd cgytbkgo idsi jut ct tbibkobist qufti` prkni, cg` jy sf ̀ fkgo dicvi tbimsidvis ixpfsi tf tbiwbkms fa cg ugprkgnkpdi` X330] mcguacnturir, kogfrcgt kg mcttirsfa afrikog trcì cg` cnnfugtkgo. ^bfud` K, afr ixcmpdi, orcgt c oig-irfus c`vcgnis fa >/

0 fr ?/

2, sfmi mcguacnturirs mkobt ji kgndkgi`

tf mchi cg faair afr nfgskogmigts fa wkst jut, gft hgfwkgo bfwtbi vcrkfus qucdktkis arfm tbi `kaairigt mcguacnturirs cri dkhidy tfji rinikvi` kg Mfsnfw cg` wktb gf hgfwdiòi fa tbi stcg`kgo faicnb mcguacnturir, wi luòi kt ixpi`kigt tf afrof tbi pdicsuri faìcdkgo wktb tbim ct tbks tkmi. Nfmpitktkfg kg tbi wkst dkgi ks bkobkg Mfsnfw cg` wktbfut tbfrfuob hgfwdiòi, kt wfud` ji X339] cd-mfst kmpfsskjdi afr us quknhdy cnbkivi rinfogktkfg afr c Mcgnbistirjcsi` akrm tbct bc` givir privkfusdy trcì` kg Zusskc. K tbiriafridiat tbisi mcttirs afr c dctir `cti.

Bcvkgo spigt tbi `cy kgspintkgo cg` tcdhkgo wktb tbi bic`s faacntfrkis, K cttigì` tbct ivigkgo tbi Suiigs bictri. bi Suiigsbictri must suridy ji tbi wfrst K ivir scw kg my dkai. Jftb cu`k-igni cg` stcoi acnkdktkis wiri jist ̀ isnrkji` cs rfuob, wktb tbi muskncg` cntfrs sbfnhkgo. Ka tbct wiri gft cdd, kg my pdcni kg tbi uppirjfx, K wcs mfst `ksoustkgody tfrmigti` jy X331] tbi ugafrtugctiskstirbff` fa wbfm tbiri wiri mfri tbcg afrty. biy jibcvi` mfstkgìnigtdy, squiizkgo mig cg` hgfnhkgo tbim cs ka dkttdi jcjkis. Kbcvi gf rinfddintkfg fa tbi gcmi fa tbi pdcy, jut rincdd tbct kt wcs

tbi stfry fa c sckdfr ùi tf ji bcgoi` afr strkhkgo bks ncptckg jut ji-kgo riprkivi` ct tbi dcst mfmigt, cg` ridicsi`. Givir jiafri bcvi Ksiig mfri `kssfduti timptctkfg cg` siùntkfg tbcg kg Mcgnbistir.

Cdmfst iviry dc`y tbct K scw iktbir wcdhkgo fr stcg`kgo kg striit`ffrwcys, jfri X33?] sbfnhkgo skogs fa wfrg fut cjusi, sida kgadknt-i` fr ftbirwksi.

bi afddfwkgo mfrgkgo 9tb fa Gfvimjir K sit faa afr Dfg`fg vkcJkrmkgobcm wbiri wi stfppi` afr sfmi bfurs. K tffh tbi fppfrtu-gkty afr jkt fa skobt-siikgo kg tbi nkty jut scw gftbkgo fa pcrtknudcrkgtirist cpcrt arfm, kg dcroi mcrhitpdcni kg tbi nigtri fa tfwg, c

stctui fa Dfr` Gidsfg. Bi wcs dicgkgo fg c mcg-fa-wcr (sbkp) cg`jiafri bkm dcy c nfkdi` sbkp‛s ncjdi.329 Jkrmkgobcm ks tbi bfmi famcgy mcguacnturirs fa jrcss wfrh.

My lfurgiy wcs fg tbi sdfw trckg cg` wcs tbiriafri sc`dy nfm-piddi` tf spig` X332] 30 bfurs fg c `kstcgni, wbknb jy tbi ix-priss trckg ncg ji mcì kg fgdy 1 bfurs. Ka tbct wcs gft arustrct-kgo igfuob, my aiddfw pcssigoirs wiri sfmiwbct `kscoriicjdi tf ji

329 Pi Gidsfg mfgumigt wcs irinti` kg 325;. @iskogi` jy ̂ kr Zknbcr` _istmcnfttcg` nfst £:955, rcksi` jy `fgctkfgs. Kt ks tbi fdìst pujdkn mfgumigt kg

Jkrmkgobcm.



;5

cmfgost. Fgi kg pcrtknudcr nbcddigoi` iviryfgi, tbirijy rigìrkgobkmsida rctbir rk`knudfus. Crrkvkgo ct gkgi f‛ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo, Ktffh cg futskì sict fg cg fmgkjus cg` rfì tf Oriofry‛s nfmmir-nkcd Bftid cg` Jfcr`kgo Bfusi, Afugtckg Nfurt Nbicpskì G:;321,wbknb bc` jiig rinfmmigì` tf mi jy c oigtdimcg ct Dkvirpffd.bi gixt mfrgkgo K sit fut tf skobt-sii jicutkaud tfwg Dfg`fg.Aicrkgo X33;] tbct Missis L. By. ^nbrñìr mkobt gft yit bcvi ri-nikvi` tbi ginisscry kgafrmctkfg arfm tbikr faakni kg Bcmjuro , kgrispint fa tbi crrcgoimigt tf ji mcì jitwiig us, K `k` gft wksb tfkgtruì upfg tbim jiafri tbi Mfg`cy.

bi striits fa Dfg`fg cri, afr tbi mfst pcrt, jrfc` cg` widdpcvi`, wktb jrfc` afftpctbs (pcvimigts) fa dfgo adct stfgis fgiktbir skì. bi bfusis, tbrii cg` afur stfrkis bkob, prisigtkgo cpritty, gict cppicrcgni cdtbfuob, mfst cri gft wbktiwcsbi` fr nfd-furi`. Nfgskìrkgo tbi vcst gumjirs fa Dfg`fg nktkzigs cg` acntf-rkis X3:5] kt ks gf wfgìr tbct tbi nkty ks cdwcys nfviri` kg smfhicg` afo (smfo), wbknb ct tbks sicsfg fa tbi yicr ks pcrtknudcrdy kg-tigsi ncuskgo mcgy cnnkìgts, kt jikgo sfmitkmis cdmfst kmpfsskjditf sii arfm fgi skì fa tbi striit tf tbi ftbir. Cg kgtiristkgo fjsir-vctkfg ks tbct, okvig tbi nrfwì` stcti fa tbi afftpctbs, aiw nfddk-skfgs fnnur jincusi iviryjf`y tig`s hiips tf tbi rkobt bcg` skì cstbiy wcdh.

bi striits tbimsidvis cri cdwcys nrfwì` wktb fmgkjus, ncjs,bcnhgiy nfcnbis, ncrts cg` vibkndis fa c tbfuscg` X3:3] `kaairigt

sfrts, wbknb mfvi afrwcr` kg cg ugkgtirrupti` adfw. f acnkdktctitbi mfvimigt fa tbi kgbcjktcgts fa Dfg`fg mfri tbcg ;55 fmgk-jus cri pdykgo kg tbi tfwg kg cdd pfsskjdi `krintkfgs cg` caafr` ctdkttdi ixpigsi tbi fppfrtugkty fa jikgo ncrrki` arfm fgi ig` tf tbiftbir.

Bcnhgiy nfcnbis cg` ncjrkfdits gfw dknigsi` kg Dfg`fg cri mfritbcg :255. Afddfwkgo tbi ouk`cgni fa Dfg`fg, wbknb K jfuobt tbiftbir `cy, K wigt strckobt fg tf —Nbcrkgo nrfss”, c vcst pdcnis, sur-rfugì` jy mfst mcogkaknigt jukd`kgos. Kg tbi mk``di fa tbi squcritbiri cri twf wctir afugtckgs sit kg smcdd pfg`s. Ct tbi ig` fa tbi

squcri rksis X3::] c stfgi nfdumg cjfut :55 aiit tcdd. bks mfgu-migt wcs irinti` kg bfgfur fa Dfr` Gidsfg wbfsi jrfgzi stctui kstf ji afug` fg tfp fa tbi nfdumg.32? Gixt tf tbi c`mkrcd ks c dcroisbkp‛s rfpi fg wbknb bi ks ristkgo bks bcg`. bi nfdumg prisigts cg

321 Cdfgoskì bks trcvid lfurgcd ^nbdkimcgg cdsf hipt c smcddir gftijffh Oiggc`kusDkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrkis @ : kg wbknb bi mcì tbi afddfwkgo gfti<‒Oriork‛s jfcr`kgo-bfusi afugtckg nfurt nbicp skì‛. Cdsf< —Oriofry _iddkgotfg,Oriofrys Bftid, :; Nbicpskì & 3 Afugtckg Nfurt” (bttp<//ìc`pujs.nf.uh/Dfg`fgUujs3293/Dfg`fg3293O9.sbtmd8 5?-3:-:533).

32? Gidsfg‛s Nfdumg wcs jukd` jitwiig 3205 cg` 320>. Pi afur dkfgs ct tbi afft

wiri pdcni` tbiri kg 321?.



;3

kmprisskvi vkiw cg` kgnricsis tbi jicuty fa —Nbcrkgo Nrfss” squcriwbiri kt ks dfncti`. Dicvkgo Nbcrkgo Nrfss squcri K turgi` tf tbidiat tf iglfy tbi supirj vkiw faairi` jy tbi bfusis fa pcrdkcmigtwbknb cri stkdd ugìr nfgstruntkfg.322 X3:>] Givir kg my dkai bcvi Ksiig c mfri kmpfskgo cg` nbcrmkgo jukd`kgo fg akrst kmprisskfg8tbi ixtirkfr fa tbi nfdfsscd i`kakni ks kg oftbkn stydi8 tbi rffa wbknbks gft yit nfmpditi` wkdd ji mcì cdmfst kgvkskjdi jy tbi gumirfusdkttdi turrits, fa wbknb tbi arfgtkspkinis cri imjiddksbi` fg cdd skìs.Kg kts prisigt stcti tbi igtkri jukd`kgo cppicrs tf ji mcì fa wff`8tbi wcdds cri imjiddksbi` wktb tbfuscg`s fa mcogkaknigtdy snudptiìgtcjdcturis prfvkì` wktb cpprfprkcti stctuis. bi jukd`kgo X3:0]ks surrfugì` jy c wffìg igndfsuri wktb ndfsi` `ffrs. K wcs gftcjdi tf ockg cnniss ìspkti faairkgo mfgiy. —_istmkgstir Cjjiy” ksndfsi tf tbi bfusis fa pcrdkcmigt, cg cgnkigt nburnb wbfsi rivir-igt ixtirkfr strkhis tbi vksktfr‛s oczi. K igtiri` tbi nburnb cg` cshi`tbi sixtfg wbitbir K nfud` dffh kgskì. Bi cssigti` scykgo tbct biwfud` sbfw cdd tbi mfst kgtiristkgo tbkgos catir tbi nfmmugkfgsirvkni wbknb wcs cjfut tf jiokg. X3:9] Afddfwkgo tbi rinfmmig`c-tkfgs fa my —oukì tf Dfg`fg”, K wcdhi` mcgy striits cg` ivigtu-cddy ncmi upfg —Qcuxbcdd” jrkòi, wbiri pck` c piggy tf nrfss. bksks fgi fa tbi mfst jicutkaud jrkòis kg Dfg`fg8 kt ks mcì fa stfgicg` nfgsksts fa c wkì cg` nfgvigkigt dcgi afr ncrrkcois, cs widd cs cdcgi afr tbi nfgvigkigni fa piìstrkcgs. Kg afddfwkgo tbi `krintkfgsfa my oukìjffh cg` tchkgo mcgy gfgìsnrkpt rfc`s K akgcddy ncmi

tf c pcrh ncddi` Byì Ucrh. Cg cttrcntkvi stfgi crnb X3:1] afrms tbiigtry jibkg` wbknb ks cgftbir, ivig bkobir crnb tfppi` wktb c giwjrfgzi iquistrkcg stctui fa tbi @uhi fa _iddkgotfg. Jiafri tbi stct-ui wcs ivig akgksbi` tbiri cppicri` mcgy supiraknkcd nfmmigtcrkisrk`knudkgo tbi igtirprksi8 giwspcpirs, cg` pcrtknudcrdy —Uugnb” wcsaudd fa scrncsm. Bcvkgo vkiwi` tbi stctui wktb my fwg iyis, K bcvitf c`mkt tbct K bcvi givir siig c akgir jrfgzi, cg` K ncg tbiriafririauti cdd tbi mfnhiry.

X3:?] Bcvkgo cdric`y bicr` cjfut Dfg`fg pcrhs K kmcokgiàkg`kgo mysida kg jicutkaud afrist surrfug`kgos, trcvirsi` jy prfm-

igcìs8 jut Dfg`fg pcrhs cri gft dkhi tbct. Zctbir tbiy bcvi c rurcdnbcrcntir. Fgi bcs tf kmcokgi vcst akid`s kgtirspirsi` wktb cttrcntkvipctbwcys cdkogi` wktb triis, afrmkgo cddiys. Arfm tkmi tf tkmi fgisiis pritty dchis wktb swcgs cg` ftbir cquctkn jkr`s. Ct tbi pcrhigtrcgni X3:2] ks cg igfrmfus stctui, mcì arfm :5 ncggfgs, icnbwikobkgo :0 pfug`s, irinti` kg bfgfur fa tbi @uhi fa _iddkgotfg

322 Pi Bfusi fa Ucrdkcmigt wcs jukd` jitwiig 32>? cg` 3212. Fgi stcrti` kg 32>?wktb tbi rkvir wcdd, jut kt tffh ugtkd 3205 jiafri tbi ffirst stfgi fa tbi jukd`kgo wcsdck`. Ivig tbfuob tbi Bfusi fa Dfr`s wcs cdric`y jikgo usi` arfm 320?, kt wcs

gft fpigi` fnkcddy ugtkd 329:.



;:

cg` bks aiddfw sfd`kirs. Gicr tbi pcrh ks tbi pcdcni fa tbi @uhi fa _iddkgotfg cg` cdsf tbct fa Jcrfg Zftbsnbkd` cs widd cs tbfsi fa ctbfuscg` ftbir `kstkgouksbi` pirsfgs. Gft acr arfm biri ks cgftbirstfgi nfdumg, ixtrimidy bkob cg` irinti` kg bfgfur fa tbi @uhi fa

_iddkgotfg, kg tbi afrm fa c nfdfsscd jrfgzi stctui mfugti` fg tfpfa tbi nfdumg. X3:;] K cpprfcnbi` cg` siikgo tbct kt wcs pfsskjdi tfockg igtry, K pck` 1 piggkis, cg` wigt up.

C stckrncsi (spkrcd) kg tbi mk``di fa tbi nfdumg di` mi upwcr`s.biri ks gftbkgo mfri jicutkaud tbcg tbi vkiw arfm tbi tfp fa tbinfdumg. Zioritauddy tbi tbknh afo privigti` mi arfm siikgo acr. ûnbwcs tbi bikobt tbct tbi fjlints `fwg jidfw cppicri` smcdd cg` kg-skogkakncgt. Catir ̀ kgkgo K riturgi` tf my bftid cg` dctir wigt tf tbitbictri kg —@rury Dcgi” wbiri X3>5] tbi —Mck` fa Crtfks” wcs pdcy-kgo.32; bks tbictri ks tbi mfst mcogkaknigt fa Dfg`fg. bi pujdknacnkdktkis cs widd cs tbi kgtirkfr cri viry widd `fgi. bi spcnkfusorfug` adffr ks surmfugti` jy afur ocddirkis, ìnfrcti` c tbfuscg`wcys. Kg tbi mk``di fa tbi tbictri ks c dcroi nbcgìdkir kddumkgcti`wktb mfri tbcg c bug`ri` ocs adcmis. Ocs ks viry nbicp kg tbks nfug-try, cg` cs c risudt fgi usis ocs acr mfri tbcg ncg`dis X3>3]. bidfòkgos fa tbi pffr wfrhir, cs widd cs tbfsi fa tbi rknb, cri prfvkì`wktb cg` kddumkgcti` jy ocs dcmps.3;5 Catir tbi pirafrmcgni fa tbi—Mck` fa Crtfks” wbknb K dkhi` viry munb, tbiri wcs c pritty jcdditkg wbknb twf wfmig kg pcrtknudcr ìmfgstrcti` tbikr ixtrimi cokd-kty jy `cgnkgo fg tbi tkps fa tbikr tfis cg` spkggkgo ct tbi spii` fa

dkobtgkgo. K diat jiafri tbi pirafrmcgni wcs fvir kg frìr tf isncpitbi ugpdicscgt nrusb wbknb prfvkìs tbkivis wktb c off` fppfrtugk-ty tf cssirt tbikr cjkdktkis. X3>:] bi afddfwkgo mfrgkgo, catir jrich-acst, K wigt fg afft tf tbi —bcmis uggid”, c mkrcnudfus tuggidwbknb dic`s ugìrgictb tbi Zkvir —bcmis”. Bcvkgo wcdhi` c dfgo`kstcgni kg tbi sf-ncddi` pffr crics, K akgcddy crrkvi` ct tbi ig`. fockg igtry tf tbi ugìrorfug` tuggid fgi bc` tf pcss c sfrt fa fa-akni dkhi tbct fa c rckdwcy. K wcs cddfwi` tf pcss catir pcykgo c piggy.wf wkì spkrcd (nkrnudcr) stckrncsis ct tbi igtrcgni fa tbi faakni di``fwgwcr`s afrmkgo jitwiig tbim X3>>] c vcst impty nydkgìr. @ui

tf tbi rikogkgo `crhgiss tbisi nydkgìrs cri kddumkgcti` jy ocs `cy

32; Pks Mknbcid Jcdai fpirc wcs wrkttig kg 32>1. Cdari` Jugg, mcgcoir fa tbi ZfycdPictri @rury Dcgi, wrfti tbi dkjrittf. Pi stfrydkgi ks tbct cg ivkd mcrquks cj-ùnts cg kggfnigt okrd arfm tbi prfvkgni. Bir dfvi afr sfmifgi bir fwg coi` kstbi ricsfg sbi ks jcggi` tf Arignb Ouycgc. Cs sbi dkis ndfsi tf ìctb tbi mcrquksriturgs, cs c riafrmi` nbcrcntir, tbirijy nrictkgo c bcppy ig`kgo. îi Jcdai &Jugg (3201).

3;5 Ocs wcs ffirst usi` afr dkobtkgo kg Dfg`fg kg 325?. _big wi sii bfw tbi wctirsuppdy kg Dfg`fg wcs, kt siims bkobdy ugdkhidy tbct ocs wcs cvckdcjdi afr tbi pffr.—Pi wfrst aicturi cjfut cdd tbisi sdums fa 3295 wcs tbi sncrnkty fa wctir. Pct kstf scy, wctir wcs dck` fg, jut gft turgi` fg ixnipt afr c viry sbfrt tkmi iviry `cy,

cg` fg ûg`cy gft ct cdd” (Jiscgt 3;5;, >31).



;>

cg` gkobt. Bcvkgo ìsnigì` cjfut ?1 stips fgi ks strunh jy tbimcogkaknigt vkiw fa twf mcogkaknigt ugìrorfug` tuggids, dkt jygumirfus ocs dkobts wbknb dkgi tbi afur skìs. bi stfgi wcdds wbknbsipcrcti tbi twf tuggids cri kgtirspirsi` wktb fpigkgos wbknb crikgbcjkti` jy smcdd sbfps cg` stcdds fa cdd hkg`s. Mfst fa tbisi sbfpssidd prkgts cg` smcdd pckgtkgos fa tbi ugìrorfug` X3>0] tuggids.Arfm fgi fa tbi sbfphiipirs, K jfuobt c smcdd odcss kg tbi sbcpi fa ctidisnfpi. Dffhkgo tbrfuob fgi fa tbi odcss ig`s fgi ncg sii `kaair-igt vkiws fa tbi —bcmis uggid”8 ugìr nfgstruntkfg, tbi tuggidigtrcgni cg` tbks scmi vkiw audd fa piìstrkcgs, kddumkgcti` jy ocs.

bi —bcmis uggid” sf tf spich ks ariquigti` mckgdy jyafrikogirs, cg` K cm kgndkgi` tf jidkivi tbct tbi riviguis wfud` jinfgskìrcjdy bkobir ka icnb piìstrkcg bc` tf pcy c pfug` stirdkgorctbir tbcg tbi nurrigt fgi piggy. bi kgbcjktcgts fa Dfg`fg bcr`-dy mchi usi X3>9] fa tbks tuggid iktbir ùi tf tbi `kstcgni arfm tbinigtri fa tfwg fr jincusi fa tbi `kaaknudtkis kg igtirkgo cg` ixktkgotbi tuggid, fr dcstdy ùi tf tbi jc` ckr wbknb privckds.

Fg ixktkgo tbi —bcmis uggid ” K wigt jy jfct tf tbi —Dfg`fgfwir” (fwir fa Dfg`fg), cg cgnkigt afrtkaknctkfg, pcrtkcddy ì-strfyi` jy c akri afur yicrs cof. Catir pcykgo c sbkddkgo, K wigt kgskì.bi wcdds, mfri tbcg akatiig aiit tbknh, cs widd cs tbi cgtkqukty fatbi jukd`kgo strkhi tbi vksktfr. K wcs sbfwg c rffm audd fa cgnkigtX3>1] bfrsi crmfur. bi adffr wcs fnnupki` jy c dkgi fa :9 akourisfg bfrsijcnh `rissi` kg `kaairigt typis fa crmfur arfm pcst nigtu-

rkis. Cjfvi tbi bfrsimig bugo c sirkis fa adcos, sfmi wktb c ̀ cti cg`tbi gcmi fa sfmi hkgo fr hgkobt, riairrkgo tf tbi akouri jidfw. biwcdds cg` nikdkgo wiri ìnfrcti` wktb c dcroi vcrkity fa wicpfgs, kg-oigkfusdy crrcgoi` kg vcrkfus mcggirs cg` afrms.3;3 f tbi rkobt ks csmcdd rffm wktb ncjkgits fg twf skìs, fgi fa wbknb nfgtckgs X3>?]cdd hkg`s fa akricrms, arfm tbi tkmi fa tbikr kgvigtkfg8 tbi ftbirncjkgit nfgtckgs nurkfus Nbkgisi jcttdi ugkafrms. Catirwcr`s K wcs

3;3 —Bfrsi Crmfury ... Pks cpcrtmigt ks c`frgi` wktb sukts fa crmfur fa cdmfst iviryìsnrkptkfg, jut mfst strkhkgo cri tbi iokis fa Igodksb hkgos fg bfrsijcnh, crmi`ncp-å-pii”. Kg ^nbdkimcgg‛s ìsnrkptkfg tbks rffm ausis wktb tbi —^mcdd Crmfury,nfgtckgkgo crms afr cjfut :55.555 mig cdd hipt jrkobt cg` ndicg, cg` `kspfsi` kgvcrkfus tcstiaud afrms, riprisigtkgo tbi sug, tbi rfycd crms, Miùsc‛s bic`, &n”

(Dikob 3203, :32).



;0

sbfwg —Suiig Idkzcjitb‛s crmfury”3;: wktb cg igfrmfus qucgtktyfa wicpfgs wbknb wiri kg usi jiafri tbi kgvigtkfg fa ougpfwìr.

Cmfgo ftbir tbkgos K scw tbi crmfur fa c hgkobt fa tbi nrfss wbknbK wcs tfd` wcs tbi fdìst crmfur kg tbi wbfdi tfwir.

K wcs tbig di` tf tbi stcti liwid bfusi wbknb bcs cg istkmct-i` vcdui fa tbrii mkddkfg pfug`s stirdkgo. bisi liwids cri dfncti`kg tbi mk``di fa tbi rffm crrcgoi` cmpbktbictrkncddy fg c tcjdiX3>2c]. bi rfycd nrfwg ks pdcni` fg tfp, tbi ncp fa wbknb ks vidvitcg` nfviri` wktb c dcroi gumjir fa `kcmfg`s. Kg c``ktkfg tbiri critwf ofdìg sniptris, c ofdìg vissid kg tbi afrm fa cg icodi wktb fut-stritnbi` wkgos, c ofdìg afugtckg cg` mcgy ftbir prinkfus fjlintstbi ìsnrkptkfg fa wbknb ncg ji afug` kg my Dfg`fg oukìjffh.3;>

Catir bcvkgo siig ivirytbkgo kg tbi tfwir K wigt tf ^t Ucud‛s nctbi-`rcd, c mcogkaknigt jukd`kgo kg tbi mk``di fa tfwg. bi orcgìur,snfpi cg` crnbktinturcd mcogkaknigni fa tbks nburnb X3>;c] mchikt cg fjlint fa c`mkrctkfg sinfg` fgdy tf ^t Uitir‛s nctbi`rcd kgZfmi.3;0 bi kmprisskfg mcì fg tbi vksktfr jy tbi kmpfskgo ixti-rkfr fa tbi nctbi`rcd ks nfgskìrcjdy kgnricsi` jy tbi igtrcgni8 tbiigfrmfus bikobt fa tbi vcudts cs widd cs tbi dfgo sirkis fa nfdumgsfg jftb skìs stupiakis tbi fjsirvir. bi `fmi rists fg ikobt km-migsi nfdumgs, icnb fgi mfri tbcg afrty aiit kg nkrnumairigni.K tfd` tbi sixtfg tbct K wksbi` tf sii ivirytbkgo. K bc` tf pcy 0 ½sbkddkgos. Akrst K wcs sbfwg tbi dkjrcry cg` catirwcr`s c rffm wktb

3;: Kg Dikob (3203) tbks rffm ks ncddi` tbi ^pcgksb Crmfury. —Suiig Idkzcjitb‛s Crmfury, afrmirdy tbi ^pcgksb Crmfury, gfw fnnupkis tbi rffm trc`ktkfgcddysck` tf bcvi afrmi` tbi prksfg fa ^kr _cdtir Zcdikob, wbirikg bims suppfsi` tfbcvi wrkttig bks Bkstfry fa tbi _frd`< cg c`lfkgkgo ùgoifg ks cdsf sbfwg cs bkssdiipkgo-rffm. Biri cri sbfwg, cmfgo ftbir nurkfsktkis, tbi bidmit, jidt, cg`snymitcr fa kppff ^ckj8 c riprisigtctkfg fa Suiig Idkzcjitb8 tbi bic`kgo-jdfnhcg` cxi tbct siviri` tbi bic`s fa Cggi Jfdiyg cg` tbi Icrd fa Issix. Fa tbi Jfwyirfwir, tbi jcsimigt ffr cdfgi rimckgs< biri, cnnfr`kgo tf trc`ktkfg, tbi @uhi faNdcrigni, jrftbir fa I`wcr` QK., wcs `rfwgi` kg c jutt fa mcdmsiy wkgi” (Mfoo3200, 3>:).

3;> —Pi Liwid Fni ks c `crh cg` strfgo stfgi rffm, kg wbknb cri hipt tbi nrfwg liwids, fr riocd kc. Pi kmpirkcd nrfwg, wbknb ks igrknbi` wktb prinkfus stfgis fa

iviry ìsnrkptkfg, wcs giwdy mfìddi` afr tbi nfrfgctkfg fa bks Mclisty kg 32:3.Biri, dkhiwksi, cri prisirvi` tbi ftbir imjdims fa rfycdty usi` ct tbi nfrfgc-tkfg fa fur sfvirikogs, sunb cs tbi ofdìg frj, tbi ofdìg sniptri cg` kts nrfss,tbi sniptri wktb tbi `fvi. ^t I`wcr`‛s stcst, stcti scdt-niddcr, nurtcgc, fr swfr`fa mirny, ofdìg spurs, crmkddc fr jrcnidits, cmpuddc fr ofdìg icodi, cg` tbiofdìg spffg. Pi vksktfr ks dkhiwksi sbfwg tbi skdvir afgt usi` ct tbi jcptksm fatbi Zfycd acmkdy, tbi stcti nrfwg wfrg jy bks Mclisty kg pcrdkcmigt, cg` c dcroinfddintkfg fa cgnkigt pdcti”. Dikob (3203, :32).—Kg tbi Liwid Fni cri prisirvi`tbi kmpirkcd riocdkc, cg` cdd tbi nrfwg-liwids wfrg jy prkgnis cg` prkgnissis ct tbinfrfgctkfg, tfoitbir wktb tbi wbfdi fa tbi pcrcpbirgcdkc usi` fg tbfsi fnncskfgs.Kgìpigìgt fa c vcrkity fa crtkndis, mcgy fa wbknb cri kgistkmcjdi, tbi vcdui fatbi prinkfus stfgis kg tbks fni nfgskìrcjdy ixnii`s twf mkddkfg stirdkgo” (Mfoo3200, 3>>).

3;0 Kg 3201 ^nbdkimcgg bc` yit tf ffirst vkskt Zfmi.



;9

X3>2] c mfìd fa tbi nctbi`rcd kg wff`, mcì jiafri kt wcs jukdt.big K wcs di` tf c oifmitrkncd stckrncsi, wbknb bcgos, jy wbknb Kmicg tbct tbiri wcs gf vkskjdi micgs fa suppfrt. K wcs tbig di` tftbi —_bkspirkgo ocddiry”, c jicutkaud ocddiry prcntkncddy kg tbi tfpfa tbi `fmi. bks ocddiry ks ncddi` tbi —_bkspirkgo ocddiry” jincusikt ks nfgstrunti` kg sunb c wcy tbct iviry wfr` yfu wbkspir, ivigwbig turgi` tf tbi wcdd, rivirjirctis crfug` tbi ̀ fmi dkhi tbi vfknifa tbugìr. Dfwirkgo yfur oczi `fwg kgskì tbi nctbi`rcd faairs tbimfst mcogkaknigt vkiw. X3>;] Lust jidfw tbi `fmi tbi adffr nfgskstsfa jdcnh cg` wbkti cdcjcstir kg cg cttrcntkvi nkrndi. Cjfvi tbi wbks-pirkgo ocddiry, tbi `fmi rksis cockg jy mfri tbcg fgi bug`ri` aiit8kts kgtirkfr ks mcogkaknigtdy imjiddksbi`. Catir bcvkgo dfwiri` myoczi, K wcs di` tf tbi ndfnh, cjfvi wbknb bcgos tbi igfrmfus jidd faDfg`fg cs kt ks ncddi`.

My oukì ̀ krinti` my cttigtkfg tf kt kg pcrtknudcr scykgo tbct tbijidd wikobi` 33.555 f.3;9 K nfud` gft ristrckg mysida arfm dcuob-kgo kg bks acni cg` nfmmigtkgo tbct X305] ct bfmi kg Mfsnfw wcsc jidd wbknb wikobi` up tf 025.555 f. K pck` cgftbir twf pignicg` wcs sbfwg tbi uppir pcrt fa tbi tfwir surrfugì` jy c bkobcg` spcnkfus ocddiry.

bi nkty fa Dfg`fg ks afrivir wrcppi` sf tf spich, kg c tbknhafo, cg` ispinkcddy ct tbks tkmi fa yicr. K nfud` gft tbiriafri sii viryacr. bi gikobjfurkgo striits wiri audd fa piìstrkcgs cg` nfcnbis faiviry hkg` wbknb prisigti` cg cttrcntkvi skobt. ûnb wcs tbi bikobt

tbct tbi pifpdi jidfw dffhi` dkhi dkttdi jkr`s X303]. @ui tf tbi igfr-mfus bikobt fa tbi `fmi fgi sbfud` ji cjdi tf sii viry acr wiritbi nfg`ktkfgs nfmpditidy ndicr, wbknb ks bfwivir givir tbi ncsi.^fmitkmis kg tbi summir tbi shkis ndicr fg fgi skì, jut givir fgcdd skìs. bi sixtfg cnnfmpcgykgo mi kgvkti` mi tf ndkmj bkobirstkdd. @ispkti tbi acnt tbct tbks wcs rctbir `cgoirfus, tbi stips jikgoviry gcrrfw cg` stiip cs c wcdd, K risfdvi` tf sctksay my nurkfskty cg`K ndkmji` up wktb tbi ck` fa rfpis cttcnbi` tf tbi skìs. [it mfri`cgoirfus stkdd K ndkmji` kgskì tbi nfppir jcdd. biri wiri gf stckrs

3;9 Biri ndicrdy sfmitbkgo wigt wrfgo. ^nbdkimcgg tidds us tbct tbi Dfg`fg jiddwikobi` 33.555 tfgs. Bfwivir, kg ricdkty kts wikobt ks :55 tfgs. Kg Dikob‛s bfwivirkt ks sck` tbct tbks jidd bcs nfst 33.555 pfg`s sf wi mkobt cssumi tbct ^nbdkimcggnfgausi` tbi ffiouris. Pks mcy cdsf ji tbi ncsi wktb bks ìsnrkptkfg fa tbi Mfsnfwjidd, tbi Nzcr Hfdfhfd, Pi Impirfr Jidd. Pks, tbi dcroist jidd kg tbi wfrd`, wcsncst kg 3?>0->9 jut, wbkdi stkdd kg kts ncstkgo pkt, kt wcs `cmcoi` ùrkgo c ffiri kg3?>?. Kt bcs givir sfugì` cg` ks gfw tf ji siig ct tbi afft fa ^t Kvcg‛s tfwirkg tbi Hrimdkg. Pks jidd wikobts :35 tfgs. Kg Igodcg` fgi usis tbi Kmpirkcdfr Igodksb pfug` wbknb ks 5.09 hkdf. Ka wi cssumi ^nbdkimcgg rincdnudcti` tbiwikobt fa tbks jidd tf Kmpirkcd bi oft 025.555 pfug` wbknb ks :31 tfgs cg`, kg tbkskgstcgni ^nbdkimcgg irri` wbig bi wrfti ‒f.‛ jibkg` tbi cmfugt tbct bi gfti`

`fwg kg bks trcvid lfurgcd.



;1

X30:] cg` K wcs fjdkoi` tf csnig` jy bfd`kgo fgtf nfppir jcrs. bijcdd ks sf jko tbct K nfud` stcg` up wktb bcr`dy cgy trfujdi.

K tbig ìsnigì`8 gftbkgo ks mfri tkrkgo tbcg ofkgo up cg``fwg sf mcgy stips cg` stckrncsis. K wcs cdsf sbfwg tbi ugìr-orfug` vcudts wbknb `k` gft pcrtknudcrdy kmpriss mi. Kg tbi mk``difa c vcudt wcs pdcni` c stfgi nfaakg tf odfrkay tbi mimfry fa OigircdGidsfg3;1 wbfsi mfrtcd rimckgs wiri jurki` gicr tbi mfgumigt. Kgtbi gknbi fa tbks vcudt wiri sivircd mitcd stctuis X30>] `cmcoi` jytbi akri kg 3111.3;? Bcvkgo siig tbi vcudts K wigt jcnh up tf sii tbinctbi`rcd ktsida. _ktb my Dfg`fg oukìjffh kg my bcg`, kg wbknbtbi nctbi`rcd mfgumigts cri `rcwg cg` ìsnrkji` kg orict ìtckd,K jiocg tf mchi c tfur. Cdd tbi wcdds cri dkgi` wktb cdcjcstir snudp-turis irinti` kg bfgfur fa tbfsi wbf `ki` kg tbi sirvkni fa Igodcg`,fr tf tbi mimfry fa sfmi ftbir jy vkrtui fa bks tcdigts cg` sirvknistf bks nfugtry. Kg fjsirvkgo tbi orict vcrkity fa mfgumigts K nfud`bcr`dy privigt mysida X300] arfm rilfknkgo kg tbi off`wkdd fa tbiIgodksb ofvirgmigt tfwcr`s kts sujlints. Crt fjlints cri fa gf usitf tbi stcti, jut cri mcì skmpdy wktb tbi ofcd fa afstirkgo tbi crtscg` tf okvi tf pffr pifpdi tbi micgs tf icrg tbikr dkvkgo kg c ìnigtwcy.

Fg ^ctur`cy ivigkgo (?tb Gfvimjir) K wigt tf c nfgnirt kg—Nfvigt Ocrìg” wktb c yfugo mcg wbf wcs stcykgo kg tbi scmibftid cs mi. bi bcdd wbiri tbi nfgnirt wcs bid` wcs viry `kaair-igtdy nfmpfsi` tf ivirytbkgo fa tbi sfrt K bc` siig up tf gfw. bi

musknkcgs X309] wiri kg tbi mk``di. bi pcrt jibkg` tbi musknkcgswcs usi` afr sirvkgo riarisbmigts, cg` tbi ftbir spcnis wiri akddi`wktb tbi cu`kigni. Kt ks sck` tbi ncpcnkty fa tbi rffm ks mfri tbcg:955 pifpdi. biri cri afur idiocgtdy ìnfrcti` ocddirkis. bisi ocd-dirkis cg` tbi vcst orfug` adffr wiri akddi` wktb pifpdi. bi pifpdifr pirsfgs gft cnnfmpcgki` jy dc`kis priair tbi orfug` adffr3;2,akrstdy jincusi kt ks viry nbicp, fgdy nfstkgo c sbkddkgo, cg` sinfg`dyfgi ncg wcdh crfug`, fr ct dicst mfvi arfm pdcni X301] tf pdcnics fgi pdicsis. Ivig tbfuob K cm gft c muskn nfggfkssiur, K ig-

lfyi` tbi nfgnirt. Jy nbcgni K mit fg tbi orfug` adffr c yfugo

mcg, c Oirmcg, wbf usi` tf wfrh cs c supirgumircry impdfyii kg Cmstir`cm. bi afddfwkgo `cy, 39tb Gfv, wcs ûg`cy. biri ks gftb-kgo ùddir tbcg cg Igodksb ûg`cy. bi Igodksb iktbir spig` tbi `cykg nburnb, fr ct bfmi prcykgo tf tbi off` Dfr` cg` ric`kgo Bfdy^nrkpturis. Gf fgi rinikvis vksktfrs fg ûg`cy. bi striits wbknb

3;1 Gidsfg wcs cg C`mkrcd.3;? Pi orict ffiri fa Dfg`fg.3;2 Nfvigt Ocrìg bc` c riputctkfg afr ixtrc igtirtckgmigt afr oigtdimig! Jitwiig

3?9? cg` 3?;9 tbiri wcs ivig c dkst pujdksbi` tf kgafrm kgtiristi` ndkigts fg wbctwcs fg fstir< Bcrrks‛s Dkst fa Nfvigt Ocrìg Dc`kis fr Mcg fa Udicsuri‛s Hcdig`cr

(3?9?8 riprkgt i`ktkfg 3;2: I`kgjurob).



;?

ùrkgo tbi wiih cri snigis fa ridigtdiss cntkvkty cri nfmpditidy X30?]cjcg`fgi`. biri ks gf fgi cjfut, ftbir tbct tbfsi ofkgo tf nburnb,fr afrikogirs wbf, gft hgfwkgo wbct tf ̀ f, wcgìr arfm fgi skì fatfwg tf tbi ftbir. bi aiw fmgkjus (pujdkn nfcnbis) kg tbi striitstf airry pifpdi tf nburnb, bcvi viry aiw pifpdi kg tbim. Cdd tbisbfps cri ndfsi`, tbiri cri gf stcdds kg tbi striits, cg` ivirytbkgojicrs tbi kmprkgt fa ìctb. K wcs c`vksi` tf of cg` sii —Bcmptfgpcdcni” fg ûg`cy, gicr Oriigwknb, twigty mkdis arfm Dfg`fg. ftbks ig` K jfcrì` tbi sticmjfct arfm Dfg`fg Jrkòi cg` wigttf Gkgi Idms pkir, jiafri nfgtkgukgo X302] my lfurgiy arfm tbirijy rckd. bi sticmjfct tffh mi ugìr cdd tbi skx jrkòis jukdt fvirtbi Zkvir bcmis. K wcs nbcrmi` tf sii tbisi ixniddigt jrkòis, kgwbfsi nfgstruntkfg, crt cg` crnbktinturi siimi` tf bcvi ìpdfyi`cdd tbikr shkdds. _bct pcrtknudcrdy cttrcnti` my cttigtkfg wcs tbi ncstkrfg jrkòi afrmkgo twf igfrmfus crnbis.3;; Nrfsskgo tbks jrkòisiimi` trudy `cgoirfus cs kt cppicrs fa sunb c arcokdi nfgstruntkfg,jut gft ct cdd, kt ks strfgo igfuob cg` tbi bicvkist nfcnbis ncg nrfsskt wktbfut tbi sdkobtist rksh. Fb bfw jicutkaud kt ks tf sii tbi nktyarfm X30;] tbi Zkvir bcmis. Gftbkgo ks mfri jicutkaud tbct tbibfusis fa pcrdkcmigt wbknb K wcs gft cjdi tf igtir tbi ftbir `cy.Ucsskgo jy kg tbi sticmjfct tbiy cri siig kg cdd tbikr mcogkaknigni.Kt wfud` ji kmpfsskjdi afr mi tf okvi c prinksi ìsnrkptkfg fa tbikmprisskfg wbknb tbi futskì fa tbks jukd`kgo mchis fg mi arfm ktspfsktkfg fg tbi jcgh fa tbi rkvir. Ypfg crrkvcd ct tbi ìskri` stfp

K wcs `kscppfkgti` tf dicrg tbct tbi trckg wcs gft dicvkgo cg` tbcttbi gixt fgi wfud` fgdy dicvi ct bcda pcst : kg tbi catirgffg. ^f Kwigt jcnh tf _istmkgstir Cjjiy, tf vkskt kgskì. Bfdy Nfmmugkfgwcs cjfut tf jiokg wbknb wcs gft igfuob tkmi afr mi tf sctksay myìskris. K ìtirmkgi` tf stcy X395] tf bicr tbi sirmfg wbknb `k`g‛tdcst dfgo. _istmkgstir Cjjiy risimjdis ^t Ucud‛s nctbi`rcd, cdtbfuobtbi dcttir ks munb jkooir cg` mfri mcogkaknigtdy imjiddksbi`.

^tkdd jkttirdy `kscppfkgti` ct my tbwcrti` pdcgs, K wigt jcnhtf my bftid cg` spigt tbks akgi ûg`cy jusykgo mysida wktb vcrk-fus wrktkgos. Mfg`cy ;tb Gfv. kg tbi mfrgkgo K wigt tf sii Missrs

^nbrñìr & Nf. wbf bc` cdric`y rinikvi` c gumjir fa dittirs c`-`rissi` tf mi arfm cdd fvir pdcni. K wcs cgxkfus tf sii wbitbir tbiriwcs fgi arfm Mr. _. C dixiiaa kg Mfsnfw, jut riorittcjdy tbiri wcsgft. K bc` rinikvi` dittirs arfm cdmfst cdd my Mfsnfw nfggintkfgs,wbkdi _. C dixiiaa wbf, okvig bks prfmksis cg` fur nfmmfg juskgissX393] sbfud` bcvi wrkttig tf mi akrst jiafri cgy ftbir, diat mi ig-tkridy wktbfut giws. Mr. Ufst kgvkti` mi tf bks prkvcti rffm wbiri

3;; Pks wcs tbi Bugoirafr` ûspigskfg Jrkòi, ìskogi` jy Kscmjcr` Hkgo`fmJrugid, kg 3209. Kt wcs tbi ffirst suspigskfg jrkòi nrfsskgo tbi Pcmis kg Dfg`fg.

Kg 321> c rckdwcy jrkòi ripdcni` kt.



;2

bi nfmmugkncti` tf mi tbct bks istcjdksbmigt bc` gf fjlintkfgtf trust bks coigny kg Mfsnfw tf us ugìr tbi nfg`ktkfg tbct wiwfud` gft ugìr cgy nkrnumstcgnis igtir kgtf juskgiss wktb tbikrfd` arkig`s N. . & Nf. kg ^t Uitirsjuro cg` tbct wi wfud` ji fa gfkgnfgvigkigni tf tbim. Mfrifvir bi kgsksti` tbct wi riausi cdd jusk-giss kgvfdvimigt wbknb bks istcjdksbmigt ugìrtffh wktb M. U. G.cg` J. M. G. cg` J. M. G. & Nf. fa Mfsnfw, gftkaykgo mi tbcttbisi istcjdksbmigts wfud` nfgtkgui tbikr frìrs wktb bkm wktbfutcgy kgvfdvimigt arfm mi. Kg c``ktkfg bi tfd` mi tbct bks istcj-dksbmigt ncrrki` fut X39:] kg off` acktb cdd tbi frìrs igtrusti` tftbim, tbct tbiy givir nbcroi` mfri tbcg tbiy pck` tbimsidvis, tbcttbiy wfud` pirmkt wbfmsfivir tf kgspint tbikr jffhs, cg` tbct csc risudt tbiy nfud` gft faair us mfri tbcg c prfakt fa c bcda pirnigtafr fur iaafrts. K corii` tf tbks wktbfut bisktctkfg, tchkgo kgtf nfg-skìrctkfg tbct Mr. C dixiiaa wcgti` tf prfvkì bks sfg wktb c vcdu-cjdi ixnksi:55 wktbfut wcgtkgo tf prfakt orictdy arfm kt. K bcstigi`tf kgafrm Mr. C dixiiaa fa tbi ìcd tbct K bc` lust mcì wktb tbiDfg`fg istcjdksbmigt. K cdsf wrfti tf Missrs J. B. ^nbrñìr & Nf.kg X39>] C mstir`cm, arfm wbfm K riquisti` c dittir fa kgtrfùn-tkfg cg` rinfmmig`ctkfg afr Missrs ì Orikaa & Nf. kg Hriaid`.:53 Missrs L. B. ^nbrñìr & Nf. fa Dkvirpffd wrfti mi c arkig`dy dittirokvkgo mi sivircd mfìd:5: ncdnudctkfgs cg` kgafrmkgo mi tbct tbiybc` c``rissi` c pcrnid wktb nfttfg scmpdis tf tbi ncri fa Missrs L.B. ^nbrñìr & Nf. afr wbknb tbiy bc` okvig mi tbi spinkaknctkfgs. K

tbcghi` tbim afr tbikr hkg`giss cg` cshi` tbim tf cockg sig` mf`-id ncdnudctkfgs afr @knbrfmcti, Dfowff` itn. Fg uis`cy mfrgkgoK wigt tf tbi —Jrktksb Musium”, fa wbknb K bc` bicr` munb prcksi.

Catir riokstirkgo kg Zusskcg snrkpt kg c dcroi diòir, tbiy dit X390] mikg afr arii.:5> bi akrst rffm K wigt kgtf wcs audd fa Nbkgisi fjlints, cdcroi gumjir fa tbisi pifpdi‛s wicpfgs, mfìds fa tbikr jfcts, tbikr

:55 rcgsdctkfg fa —ixfrnkzi”.:53 —birrg By ^nbdkimcgg cus Mfshcu `zt kg Dfg`fg” (Dittir sig` tf L. Bigry

^nbrñìr Dfg`fg) Cmstir`cm ` 35 Gfvjr 01. Kgdkioig` impacgoig ^ki ìg

oiwôgsnbtig Jrkia aôr Oriaid` ug` sfdd is ugs ariuig wigg sfdnbir Irafdo aôr ^kibct ... _kir oræuÖig ^ki cnbtugosvfdd & iroijigst JB^nbrñìr& Nf. (Oiggc`kusDkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrkis JJ3->00). Orikst cg` Nf prfùnirs cg` ìcdirskg skdh.

:5: rcgsdctkfg fa —skmudë”.:5> —Kt sbfud` ji gfti` tbct ct tbi ig` fa 3209 Mfgtcoy Bfusi Xtbi frkokgcd Musium

skti] wcs ìmfdksbi` tf mchi wcy afr tbi nurrigt jukd`kgo, cg` tbi Qksktfrs jffhwcs wktb`rcwg arfm usi, K wfud` suspint ùi tf tbi rcpk` kgnricsi kg vksktfrgumjirs mchkgo sunb c systim fa rinfr`kgo c`mksskfg kmpfsskjdi tf fpircti.Ygafrtugctidy tbi Qksktfrs jffh bcs gft survkvi`, cdtbfuob K `fujt viry munbtbct kt wfud` bcvi jiig kg pdcni ùrkgo 3201 cs kg acnt tbi Musium cdtbfuob stkddfpig, wfud` bcvi jiig kg c rctbir trcgskigt stcti ùi tf tbi ixtigskvi rimfìddkgofa tbi ocddirkis”. ^tipbig Nfrk, Crnbkvis Csskstcgt fa tbi Jrktksb Musium kg c dittir

fa >->-3;;? tf Crigtzig.



;;

ndftbis, tbikr utigskds cg` bfusibfd` tffds. K tbig wcdhi` tbrfuobrffms akddi` wktb jkr`s….fa iviry hkg` kg ixkstigni. bks pritty cg`mcrviddfus nfddintkfg fa jkr`s wbknb iviryfgi idsi wcs dffhkgo ctwktb sunb c`mkrctkfg, K bfwivir nfgtimpdcti` wktb orict kg`kaair-igni cg` rctbir tf sctksay my ìskri tf ji cjdi tf scy kg Mfsnfw tbctK bc` jiig tf cg Igodksb musium, cg` bc` pcssi` my tkmi prfakt-cjdy, rctbir tbcg afr ftbir ricsfgs.:50 X399] K tbig wigt tf c rffmakddi` wktb tbfuscg`s fa `kaairigt sfrts fa aksb, arfm tbi smcddist tftbi dcroist.

big tbi rffm wktb tbi quc`rupi`s wbiri tbi cgkmcds rcgoiàrfm mkni tf idipbcgts, cdd pfsktkfgi` cg` `kspdcyi` wktb tbi orict-ist ncri. bi uppir wcdds fa tbi rffms wiri ̀ infrcti` wktb jicutkaudpckgtkgos. Gixt, tbi rffms fa mkgircd nurkfsktkis8 biri c orict

gumjir fa pitrkaki` fjlints wiri ̀ kspdcyi` cmfgo wbknb wiri mcgyokocgtkn jfgis turgi` tf stfgi fvir tbi cois cg` wbknb bc` jiigjurki` kg tbi icrtb. bi ixtrcfr`kgcry skzi fa sfmi fa tbisi jfgisX391] sbfwi` tbct tbiy jidfgoi` tf c rcni fa cgkmcds wbknb gfdfgoir ixksts cg` wbknb prfjcjdy dkvi` jiafri tbi irc tf wbknb wicttrkjuti tbi nrictkfg fa tbi wfrd`. Gixt K scw sfmi Ioyptkcg nurk-fsktkis wbknb `riw my cttigtkfg mfri tbcg cgytbkgo idsi K bc` siigup tf gfw. C dcroi gumjir fa Ioyptkcg nfaakgs afug` kg tbi cgnkigtpyrcmk`s cg` nctcnfmjs fa Ioypt wiri fg `kspdcy. bisi nfaakgsnfgtckgi` tbi icrtbdy rimckgs fa cgnkigt Ioyptkcg hkgos. bcghs tf

tbi jcdm cg` birjs wktb wbknb tbi jf`kis wiri piraumi` cg` akddi`jiafri jurkcd tbiy bcvi jiig kgtiristkgody X39?] prisirvi` up tf tf-`cy8 tfuobigi` fvir tkmi cg` jy tbi ixnisskvi Ioyptkcg bict, tbiybcvi jinfmi cs bcr` cs stfgi. bisi mummkis, cs tbiy cri ncddi`,cri nfviri` kg c sfrt fa sbrfu` cg` dffh cs ka tbiy bcvi jiig jurgi`.bi futskì fa tbi nfaakgs cri nfviri` kg bkirfodypbs ìsnrkjkgo tbic`vigturis cg` mkorctkfgs fa tbi sfud catir ìctb. bi wcdds fa tbksrffm cri nfviri` kg Ioyptkcg snigis rinfviri` kg tbi cgnkigt pyrc-mk`s. bisi snigis, nut kg stfgi, sbfw jcttdis cs tbiy wiri ncrrki`fut kg cgnkigt tkmis. @kspdcyi` fg sbidvis fg cdd skìs fa tbks rffmafr pujdkn vkiwkgo X392] cri c dcroi gumjir fa liwids usi` jy tbicgnkigt Ioyptkcgs cg` afug` kg tbi pyrcmk`s tbiy jukdt. Catir bcv-kgo spigt c qucrtir fa cg bfur dffhkgo ct cdd tbks, K wigt kgtf tbi

:50 Kg ^tfdd (3;91, 30:) tbiri ks c `krint nfggintkfg jitwiig ^nbdkimcgg‛s yfutb cg`bks dctir wfrh kg rfy. Kg tbks gfvid ^nbdkimcgg tidds fa cg cnquckgtcgni wbf bimit kg Dfg`fg, wby tbiy ncggft miit cockg tbi gixt `cy< —Mfrocg wcr` is sidintobii. Knb bcji mkr ìg ocgzig co arikoibcdtig, wikd knb kgs Jrktksnbi Musiummñnbti. \u ìg cdtig ^tikgig ug` Mumkig6 ^coig ^ki jdfÖ, `cÖ ^ki `kisis \iuocunb kgtirisskirt! Jriggig` sfocr. @ki cdtig ^tikgi, wki ^ki scoig, irkggirg mknbsibr cg mikgi Luoig` ug` cg `cs, wcs knb `cmcds wfddti ug` tràumti. Qkiddiknbt

kst mikg ocgzis Dijig gur ikg Ymwio zu kbgig.”



355

rffm fa cgnkigt Oriih cg` Zfmcg vcsis. Cdd tbi vcsis bc` c gumjir,cg` tbcghs tf tbi oukì wbknb K bc` jfuobt, K hgiw tbi `ctis fa cddtbisi `kaairigt fjlints. Jy rivkiwkgo cg` ixcmkgkgo tbim cs tbiyprforissi` tbrfuob tkmi K bc` gf `kaaknudty kg rinfogkskgo tbi orictc`vcgnis tbct `kaairigt gctkfgs bc` mcì dkttdi jy dkttdi jy wcy fakmprfvimigt. X39;] K tbig wigt `fwgstckrs tf sii tbi snudpturi ix-bkjkts wbknb stcrti` wktb tbi frkokgs fa crt tf tbi prisigt `cy. biakrst rffm wcs audd fa Ioyptkcg snudpturi8 tbiri wiri c gumjir fastfgi nfaakgs nfviri` kg kgsnrkptkfgs cg` bkirfodypbs, tf sfmi fawbknb dicrgi` mig bc` cppigì` c Oriih fr Bijriw trcgsdctkfgwbknb `k` gft rigìr tbi cgnkigt kgsnrkptkfg cgy tbi diss ugkgtiddk-okjdi tf mi. îvircd spbkgxis, bcda mcg, bcda cgkmcd, kg tbi scmistydi cs tbfsi fg tbi jcghs fa tbi rkvir Givc :59 kg ^t Uitirsjuro X315]wiri cdsf tf ji afug` kg tbks rffm, ct tbi ig` fa wbknb wcs c stfgibic` fa igfrmfus prfpfrtkfgs. biri wiri cdsf c dcroi gumjir faZfmcg justs cg` stctuis, mcgy ̀ cmcoi` jy tbi kgndimigny fa tkmi,wbknb bc` tchig kts tfdd. K spigt uis`cy gkobt kg tbi nfmpcgy faQ.K.U. :51 , tbi coigt fa M.U.G.M.A.:5? wbf K bc` mit kg Bfddcg`. K aiidsfrry afr tbks mcg wbf kg my fpkgkfg dic`s c viry ti`kfus dkai. Cdkfg kg tbi tbknh fa tbi nkty, givirtbidiss bi rimckgs cdfgi, cg igimyfa cdd pdicsuri cg` iglfymigt fa cgy hkg`. X313] Bi dic`s c micg(infgfmkncddy spichkgo) dkai cg` K `f gft tbkgh bi spig`s munb. Fg

_i`gis`cy K wcs fnnupki` wktb vcrkfus ncdnudctkfgs cg` pcpirwfrhfa cdd hkg`s, cg` kg tbi ivigkgo K wigt tf tbi tbictri. Fg tbi wcy K

mit c Mfsnfvkti, tbi sfg fa G. K. Fisctliv . K kgvkti` bkm tf cnnfm-pcgy mi tf tbi sbfw, wbknb bi `k` wktbfut bisktctkfg, catir K tfd`bkm tbct K wfud` pcy. _i wigt tf tbi —bictri Zfycd” kg Bcymcrhitwbiri K nfud` gft scy wbct pdcy wcs jikgo pirafrmi`. Bcvkgo cshi`mi cjfut Mfsnfw cg` my acvfurkti nkty ig rfuti K wcs sf `kstrcnti`X31:] tbct K ̀ k` gft pcy cgy cttigtkfg tf tbi pirafrmcgni. bi tbic-tri wcs widd ̀ infrcti` cg` kddumkgcti` wktb ocsdkobt8 givirtbidiss kgnfmpcrksfg K munb priairri` tbi smcdd tbictri kg Mfsnfw. biriwiri mcgy yfugo dc`kis, jut gft fgi K dkhi`8 tbikr acnis `k` gftstrkhi mi acvfurcjdy.:52 Fg burs`cy mfrgkgo K jrichacsti` icrdy

:59 ^nbdkimcgg biri usi` Gijc cs c trcgsnrkptkfg arfm tbi Zusskcg kgstic` fa tbijittir-hgfwg Givc.

:51 Jcsi` fg tbi ̀ ctcjcsi fa tbi afrikog cutbfrs kg tbi kgnfmkgo nfrrispfgìgni wktb^nbdkimcgg (^nbdkimcggVKgnfmkgoVAfrikog.pà (csnsc.iù.or), Q.K.U. mkobt riairtf —Uirdfv, Qcskdy Cdihsiyivknb”. ûooistkfg jy @r. Higgidd.

:5? —M.U.G.M.A. mkobt stcg` afr —Mcdyutkg Jrfs”, cdsf ncddi` —Mcdlutkg Jrfs”, —JrctklcM.U.G. Mcdlut kg (kg Zusskcg), cg` —M.U.G. Mcdutkg”. ûooistkfg jy @r. Higgidd.

:52 —Kg tbi ffirst bcda fa tbi X3;i] nigtury, mcgy rispintcjdi actbirs wiri fjdkoi` tfìgy tbimsidvis cg` tbikr acmkdy tbi pdicsuris fa tbi tbictri. Pi scdffgs fa tbic-tris ct tbks tkmi wiri audd fa prfstktutis fpigdy pdykgo tbikr trcì, ariquigtdy wktbtbi nfdduskfg fa tbi mcgcoimigts, wbf acr arfm `ksnfurcokgo tbim wiri fatig

cddioi` tf sidd tbim nut-prkni sicsfg-tknhits” (@yfs & _fdst 3;;;, 1;9).



353

bcvkgo ìnkì` tf of tf _kg`sfr Ncstdi. Ct bcda pcst ? K tffh cgfutskì sict fg cg fmgkjus cg` X31>] diat afr tbi —sfutb-wistirgrckdwcy”:5; fg wbknb K tffh c sict tf —^dfuob”:35, tbi stctkfg ndfsi tf

_kg`sfr Ncstdi. bi nfugtryskì fg iktbir skì fa tbi trckg pdicsi`mi c dft, K scw gftbkgo jut widd nudtkvcti` akid`s kgtirspirsi` wktbjicutkaud afrists. Fg crrkvkgo kg ^fuob stctkfg K bcstigi` tf wcdhtbi jicutkaud cpprfcnb tf tbi rfycd pcdcni wbknb wcs fgdy twfIgodksb mkdis dfgo. _kg`sfr ks c smcdd, cttrcntkvi tfwg, jukdt fg tbiskì fa c mfugtckg, fg tbi nrist fa wbknb cri tbi pcdcni jukd`kgoscg` cpcrtmigts. [fu ncggft sii aurtbir tbcg tbi pcdcni ugdiss yfubcvi cg c`mksskfg tknhit X310] wbknb fgi ncg juy kg sivircd pdcniskg Dfg`fg. Bcvkgo sunb c tknhit K prfniiì` tf tbi igtrcgni cg`wcs c`mktti` ct idivig f‛ndfnh. Catir bcvkgo skogi` tbi vksktfr‛sjffh :33 kg Zusskcg, cs wcs my bcjkt, K wcs sbfwg tbi stcti rffmswbknb wiri ìsnrkji` kg mkguti ìtckd kg my Dfg`fg oukìjffh.:3: biri wcs gftbkgo pcrtknudcrdy spinkcd kg tbi akrst rffm8 tbi wcddswiri ixniddigtdy pckgti` wktb kgtiristkgo ipksfìs fa cgnkigt bkstfry.Igtirkgo tbi sinfg` rffm, tbi wcdds fa wbknb wiri ìnfrcti` fg cddskìs wktb mcogkaknigt pfrtrckts X319] fa `kstkgouksbi` pifpdi arfmpcst nigturkis cg` wfrhs jy tbi nrictkvi bcg` fa tbi kmmfrtcd :3>Qcg@yhi, my cttigtkfg wcs su`ìgdy `rcwg tf (Idksi C dixiiaa ) Mrs

C dixiiaa stcg`kgo ct tbi ig` fa tbi rffm. ûnb wcs my orict surprksitbct K wcs rffti` tf tbi spft cg` strunh ùmj afr sivircd mkgutis,

:5; Pi Dfg`fg cg` ^futb _istirg Zckdwcy ixksti` arfm 32>2 ugtkd 3;::. Kt nfg-ginti` Dfg`fg vkc ^cdksjury cg` Ixitir wktb Udymfutb.

:35 ^dfuob rckdwcy stctkfg wcs, kg 3201, tbi Zfycd stctkfg, wktb Itfg Nfddioi gixt`ffr, cg` jikgo tbi gicrist stctkfg tf _kg`sfr. Ivigtucddy, kg 320; _kg`sfr oftkts fwg stctkfg.

:33 —Ygafrtugctidy, K ncg ffig` gf riairigni kg fur rinfr`s tf Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg‛svkskt tf _kg`sfr Ncstdi kg 3201. Arfm yfur ìsnrkptkfg, kt sfug`s cs tbrfuob bimust bcvi jiig cshi` tf skog tbi Ncstdi Qksktfrs‛ Jffh, jut, sc`dy, tbi gkgitiigtbnigtury Qksktfrs‛ Jffhs bcvi gft survkvi`.” Ucmidc Ndcrh, @iputy Ziokstrc fa tbiZfycd Crnbkvis kg c dittir fa :5-33-3;;1 tf Crigtzig.

:3: —Pi igtrcgni tf tbi rfycd cpcrtmigts ks afrmi` jy cg idiocgt stckrncsi, ìskogi`jy _ctt, cg` cdd tbi rffms bcvi pckgti` nikdkgos. Cmfgost tbfsi sbfwg tf tbi

pujdkn, cri tbi Hkgo cg` Suiig‛s Oucr`-nbcmjirs, nfgtckgkgo c ffigi crmfury8 tbiSuiig‛s Urisigni-nbcmjir, bugo wktb tcpistry riprisigtkgo tbi ìncpktctkfg fa ^t.Ucud8 tbi Jcdd-rffm, dkhiwksi c`frgi` wktb tcpistry ìpkntkgo tbi mfgtb fa tbiyicr8 tbi Suiig‛s Ji`-nbcmjir, kg wbknb ks c stcti ji` sck` tf bcvi nfst 3>,555d.8tbi Jicuty-rffm, sf ncddi` arfm tbi pfrtrckts fa Nbcrdis KK.‛s Jicutkis, wktb wbknbkt ks ìnfrcti`8 tbi Hkgo‛s @kgkgo-rffm, nfgtckgkgo sfmi ixqukskti ncrvkgo jyOkjjfg8 tbi Hkgo‛s Cu`kigzi-nbcmjir, c`frgi` wktb pckgtkgos jy Qirrkf, cg`ncrvkgos jy Okjjfg8 cg` ^t Oifroi‛s-Bcdd, cpprfprkcti` tf tbi frìr fa tbi ocrtir.Pi dcttir, wbknb ks fgi fa tbi ffigist rffms kg Iurfpi, nfgtckgs c riprisigtctkfg fatbi trkumpb fa tbi Jdcnh Urkgni” (Dikob 3203, 090).

:3> Kg tbi frkokgcd tixt ^nbdkimcgg wrfti —d‛kmmfrtid Z vcg @iyh”. Nfud` kt ji tbcttbks nrfssi` fut Z (Z) wcs ^nbdkimcgg mkstchigdy stcrtkgo tf wrkti ‒Zimjrcg`t‛6 Ct X:?>] bi wcs fa tbi fpkgkfg tbct tbi stctui fa Zujigs kg Cgtwirp riprisigti`

Zimjrcg`t.



35:

gft hgfwkgo wbct tf tbkgh, wbct tf `f, cg` gft `crkgo tf mfvi.Ivigtucddy my oukì jrfuobt mi fut fa my `cy`ricm, cg` K cp-prfcnbi` yfu Mc`cm, tf nfgvkgni mysida cockg kg cmczimigt, tbctkt wcs c pfrtrckt fa tbi Urkgniss fa Ncgti-Nrfkx :30, wbf jfri c orictrisimjdcgni tf Mrs C dixiiaa . Uirbcps fg igtirkgo tbi X311] rffmmy tbfuobts bc` jiig audd fa Mfsnfw kg oigircd, cg` fa Mrs

C dixiiaa ‒s acmkdy kg pcrtknudcr, jut wbctivir kt wcs K wcs nfgausi` afrtbi rist fa tbi `cy. Cdtbfuob K cm gft ct cdd cg crt nfggfkssiur, K wcsìdkobti` jy siikgo cg` ixcmkgkgo tbi ixniddigt ixbkjkts fa tbi akg-ist pckgtir wbf bcs ivir dkvi`.:39 Catir bcvkgo jiig tbrfuob mcgyftbir rffms, ìnfrcti` wktb cttrcntkvi pckgtkgos fa cdd hkg`s, K ncmiivigtucddy tf tbi crmfury sf-ncddi` jincusi fa tbi nikdkgo wbknb ksdkgi` wktb cdd hkg`s fa hgkobtdy crmfur arfm kts jiokggkgos up tftbi prisigt `cy. X31?] Kg c nfrgkni fa tbks rffm ks c just fa tbi km-mfrtcd Gidsfg, pdcni` fg c pkini fa tbi mkzzig mcst arfm tbi scmisbkp fg wbknb tbi oigircd pirksbi`. Catir bcvkgo siig cdd tbiri wcstf sii, K diat cg` ndkmji` tbi orict tfwir. K wcs strunh jy tbi `kvkgivkiw spric` fut cdd crfug` jiafri my nurkfus iyis. Fg fgi skì rfycdpcrhdcg`s stritnbi` kgtf tbi `kstcgni8 ct tbi ig` fa tbi mckg cp-prfcnb tf tbi pcrh ks cg iquistrkcg stctui fa Oifroi KKK wbknb bcs cnfdfsscd cppicrcgni. bcghs tf tbi bikobt fa tbi tfwir K afug` my-sida X312] mfri tbcg skx bug`ri` aiit cjfvi sic divid cg` K nfud`bcvi siig Dfg`fg bc` tbi afo gft privigti` kt. Ivirywbiri widdnudtkvcti` akid`s wiri kgtirspirsi` wktb ̀ ktnbis cg` biòirfws wbknb

ritckgi` tbikr oriig nfdfur ìspkti tbi dctigiss fa tbi sicsfg. Biricg` tbiri wiri pritty vkddcois cg` pkgi afrists. K nfud` gft wktb`rcwmy iyis. Ct dcst K wigt `fwg, cg` wktbfut bcvkgo siig tbi quiig frbir busjcg` Urkgni Cdjirt, K riturgi` tf Dfg`fg. bct mfrgkgo Kbc` jfuobt c riturg tknhit wbknb wcs nbicpir. bct ivigkgo K ri-nikvi` c vkskt arfm Q cdigtkg H fgstcgtkgfvktsl wktb wbfm K wigtX31;] tf tbi wcxwfrhs.:31 K pck` tbrii pigni afr tbi jftb fa us cg`wi wigt kg. My ixpintctkfgs wiri munb ixniiì` jy tbi jicutkaudixbkjkts cg` jy tbi ncri wktb wbknb tbi crtkst bc` kmktcti` gcturi‛sbcg` wktb ixtrcfr`kgcry ìxtirkty. biri wiri bug`ri`s fa wcx ako-

uris fa iviry hkg` cg` stctus cg` cdd `rissi` cnnfr`kgo tf tbi rfdistbiy pdcyi` kg dkai8 hkgos nfgsudtkgo wktb tbikr cttig`cgts, quiigs kgc acmkdy sittkgo, cg` hgkobts fg bfrsijcnh. Cdd tbisi crt fjlints wirigumjiri` cg` jy nfgsudtkgo tbi jffh K bc` jfuobt ct tbi ig-

:30 Ziairigni tf vcg @iynh‛s pfrtrckt fa Jictrkni ì Nuscgni, Urkgniss fa Ncgtinrfkxcg` @unbiss fa Dfrrckgi (3130-1>).

:39 —Kg ìr Jkdìrscmmdugo cua ^nbdfÖ _kg`sfr aissidg kbg vfr cddim `ki Oimàdì vcg@ynhs. Ir oistibt, `cÖ kbm aôr Muskh ug` Jkdìgì Hugst `cs inbti Qirstàg`gksgfnb aibdi, ìggfnb afrmudkirt ir sikg Yrtikd” (Miyir3;1;, 359-351).

:31 Mc`cm usscu`‛s _cxwfrhs skgni 32>3 kg tbi —Jchir ^triit Jczccr”.



35>

trcgni:3? X3?5] K wcs cjdi tf cnnurctidy sii wbct tbi stctuis ripri-sigti`. bi stctui fa tbi Zusskcg impirfr ̀ k` gft strkhi mi cs nfm-pditidy cnnurcti. K bcvi siig tbi impirfr kg pirsfg cg` bi siimi` tfji tcddir cg` mfri bcg`sfmi. Catir bcvkgo siig tbi ixbkjkts kg tbiakrst rffm K pck` cg c``ktkfgcd piggy wbknb tffh us up tf tbi nbcm-jir fa bfrrfrs, sf gcmi` jincusi fa tbi jdff`y snigis wbknb cri fg`kspdcy tbiri. bi arkobtigkgo kmprisskfg wbknb tbisi pcddk` nc`cv-irs ivfhi, adcyi` cg` jdff`y cs ka stcjji` fr jictig tf ìctb, ksbikobtigi` X3?3] jy tbi simk-`crhgiss fa tbi rffm. Cdd tbi nfrpsisfa tbi orict rivfdutkfgcrkis, fr ct dicst tbikr stkdd jdii`kgo bic`s wiritbiri, sunb cs Zfjispkirri, @cgtfg itn., wbf `kstkgouksbi` tbim-sidvis kg jyofgi `cys jy tbi icoirgiss wktb wbknb tbiy murìri`tbikr nfmpctrkfts. biri wiri cdsf twf dfwir-ndcss ^nftsmig wbfìvcstcti` tbikr nfugtry wktb c sirkis fa murìrs tf aurgksb cgctfmystuìgts wktb nfrpsis tf icrg mfgiy c aiw yicrs cof. bi acsnkgctkfgfa tbisi twf kg`kvkùcds, pfsktkfgi` acni tf acni ks viry widd `fgicg` mchis c off` spintcndi.

X3?:] Kg tbi gixt rffm Gcpfdifg dkis kg ugkafrm fg bks ìctbji`. Mcgy fjlints prisirvi` dkhi rcrktkis cg` nurkfsktkis wbknb wiriìcr tf tbi impirfr ùrkgo bks dkaitkmi cri cdsf biri8 cmfgo ftbirtbkgos cg crmnbckr cg` wcdhkgo ncgi wbknb bi usi` fg ^t Bidigc8bks tfjcnnf pfunb cg` mcgy ftbir fjlints. Bks ncrrkcoi, wbknb K sctkg fut fa nurkfskty, ks cdsf tbiri.

Ucrks :3st Gfvimjir

f my orict riorit K wcs afrni` tf `rcw c bcdt tf my X3?>] c`vig-turis catir c aiw `cys. Fg Ark`cy K wigt tf tbi orict pcgfrcmc,cjfut wbknb K bc` bicr` c orict ìcd. bi fmgkjus tffh mi cs acrcs —Fxafr` ^triit” arfm wbiri K wigt fg afft tf tbi pcgfrcmc.

Catir bcvkgo pck` afur cg` c bcda piggkis:32 K wcs c`mktti`. K wcdhi``fwg c dfgo nfrrk`fr, audd fa mcrjdi stctuis cg` akgcddy crrkvi` cttbi wctiracdd (nctcrcnts) fa Mfgt Jdcgn. Kg arfgt (acnkgo) fa mi wcstbi kmmigsi mfugtckg rckskgo (dkatkgo) kts pich tf tbi ndfu` dcyir(ndfu`s). C stricm tbrfws ktsida arfm tbi tfp tf tbi jfttfm fa tbks

mfugtckg wktb tirrkaykgo afrni X3?0] `csbkgo ktsida fg c tbfuscg`rfnhs kgtf c pffd (jcskg) audd fa ^wkss ticrs. bi mfugtckg, cs widdcs tbi wctiracdd wiri riprisigti` kg mffgdkobt (dkobt fa tbi mffg),cg` wiri sunb c off` kmktctkfg tbct tbiy mcì c ìip kmprisskfgfg mi. Catirwcr`s K wigt kgtf tbi ncvi, wbknb nfgsksti` fa c dfgo,nrffhi` twkstkgo), gcrrfw (tkobt) tuggid crtkaknkcddy mcì arfm sfdk`rfnh. f tbi diat cg` rkobt fgi nfud` gfw cg` cockg sii dfgo sbfw-irs fa odcss.

:3? Mc`cmi usscu` & ^fgs‛ Ixbkjktkfg Nctcdfoui .

:32 rcgsdctkfg fa —arcgnbk”.



350

Bcvkgo siig tbks ncvi wbknb acsnkgcti` mi tf tbi scmi ìoriics X3?9] tbi wctiracdd fa Mfgt Jdcgn, K wigt kgtf tbi rfug` rffm.bks rffm ks viry jicutkauddy ìnfrcti`. Jidfw, kg c dcroi nkrndi sfmijicutkaud mcrjdi stctuis cri pdcni`. Kg tbi mk``di fa tbi rffm critbi stckrs tf tbi pcgfrcmc. Uifpdi fa nfmafrt wbf `f gft wcgt tfof tf tbi iaafrt fa ndkmjkgo fg afft ncg stcg` fg c pdctafrm wbknbrksis wktb orict shkdd cg` spii`. Crrkvkgo ct tbi tfp, tbi vksktfr‛s iyiks strunh (bkt) jy tbi mcogkaknigni cg` sncdi fa tbi pcgfrcmc cddcrfug`.

bi spintctfr siis X3?1] tbi kmmigsi nkty fa Dfg`fg spric`fut jiafri bkm ugtkd kt `kscppicrs arfm skobt kg tbi dkobt fa c `ricrymffg cg` c tbfuscg` stcrs wktb wbknb tbi bfrkzfg spcrhdis. Arfmtkmi tf tkmi tbknh stfrm ndfu`s pcss fvir cg` nfvir tbi mffg.Adcsbis (dkobtgkgo) kssuis arfm tbisi ndfu`s cg` ct tbi scmi tkmitbugìr rivirjirctis dfu`dy. bi jicutkaud Zkvir bcmis ks sbfwgwktb kts ìdkobtaud micgìrs cg` kts rkppdis riadintkgo tbi dkobt fatbi mffg. Biri cg` tbiri tbi rkvir ks sncttiri` wktb jfcts rivicdkgotbimsidvis jy tbi dkobt fa tbikr ncjkg dcmps, wbknb siim tf mfviX3??] cs ka tbi vissids cri rcksi` cg` dfwiri` jy tbi wcvis. Kt cppicrscs ka kt ks tig f‛ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo, sfmi sbfps cri cdric`y ndfsi`,wbkdi dkobts ncg ji siig kg ftbirs wbknb cri wfgìrauddy riadinti`kg tbi jduksb cg` ri``ksb jfttdis pdcni` kg arfgt fa tbi sbfp, cpftb-incry cg` pbcrmcny wkg`fws. bi striits cri audd fa pifpdi cg` ncr-rkcois fa cdd hkg`s wbknb kgnricsis tbi kmprisskvi cppicrcgni fa tbi

wbfdi. Kg tbi `kstcgni fgi ncg sii cdd tbi dcroi jrkòis cnrfss tbibcmis, dkt jy dcgtirgs wktb wbknb tbiy cri dkgi`. Fg X3?2] akg`kgofgisida stcg`kgo kg tbi dcroi ocddiry fa tbi nctbi`rcd fgi siims tf ji055 aiit cjfvi tbi orfug`, jut kg ricdkty kt ks fgdy 95 aiit. bi nktyfa Dfg`fg ks cdwcys mfri fr diss nfviri` kg afo wbknb sfmitkmispcrtkcddy, jut givir nfmpditidy `ksskpctis. Cs sunb, ivig ka fgi wiritf spig` c bcda yicr kg Dfg`fg fgi wfud` givir sii kts ricd pcgf-rcmc cs widd cs kt ks riprisigti` crtkaknkcddy jy crt. Fgi ncg cdsf siitbi pcgfrcmc jy `cytkmi kg tbi rcys fa tbi sbkgkgo sug, wbig fgigcturcddy siis X3?;] mfri ndicrdy cg` aurtbir tbcg kg tbi ivigkgo. K

stcyi` afr mfri tbcg cg bfur kg instcsy cg` cmczimigt kg arfgt fatbks c`mkrcjdi snigi, gft hgfwkgo bfw tf rispfg` tf tbi quistkfgsftbir spintctfrs cshi` mi. Kg c``ktkfg tf tbi pcgfrcmc tbiri wcsstkdd c jicutkaud ocrìg tf sii wbiri tbi rimckgs fa sivircd timpdisarfm cgtkqukty bc` jiig crtauddy risurrinti`. bi afddfwkgo mfrg-kgo, Gfvimjir 30tb, K wigt tf Missrs L. By. ^nbrñìr & Nf. wbfocvi mi c dittir fa rinfmmig`ctkfg cg` nri`kt arfm Ucrks. Ct mykgskstigni tbiy bc` pripcri` c gumjir fa Jigocd Kg`kof scmpdisicnb fgi fa wbknb bc` jiig put X325] sipcrctidy kg c smcdd tkg jfx.îikgo cs tbiy wikobi` rctbir c dft, K `k`g‛t wcgt tf tchi tbim wktb



359

mi, cg` tbiriafri cshi` ka tbi Kg`kofs nfud` ji pcnhi` wktb tbiNfttfg scmpdis arfm Dkvirpffd cg` ji sigt tfoitbir ncri fa ^. Mcbs & Nf. afr my nfgvigkigni.

L. By. ^nbrñìr & Nf. prfmksi` tf sig` us wiihdy gftkaknctkfgarfm mk`-@inimjir. K tffh my dicvi fa tbim cg` wigt tf NcaëJcdtkqui tf tcdh tf Udftgkhfaa wbf wcs hiig/igtbuskcstkn tf cnnfm-pcgy mi fg my lfurgiy tf Ucrks cg` Zusskc.:3; Bi sck` tbct bi bc`X323] wrkttig tf bks istcjdksbmigt tf riquist pirmksskfg tf riturg,cg` icoirdy cwckti` tbikr ripdy. Ziturgkgo wktb bkm tf my bftid, Kburrki`dy pcnhi` my jidfgokgos, pck` my jkdd, cg` wi wigt faa ctc acst trft kg c trcp tf tbi rckdwcy. _i crrkvi` wktb tkmi tf spcri.Udftgkhfaa ::5siimi` viry coktcti`. bi trckg ̀ ipcrti` ct afur f‛ndfnhfg tbi `ft cg` crrkvi` kg Jrkobtfg ct bcda pcst 18 K bc` tf riokstirfgni mfri ct tbi sticmjfct ìpcrturi stctkfg. Kt ks c sbcmi tbct K`k`g‛t oit tf Jrkobtfg icrdkir cs kt ks c tfwg X32:] wbknb tbcghs tf ktsjikgo sktucti` bkob up fg tbi Ctdcgtkn sbfri, ks fgi fa tbi prittkisttfwgs kg Igodcg`. K jfcrì` tbi sticmjfct wbknb diat ct bcda pcst 2.Ivig tbfuob tbi wictbir wcs ncdm, tbi wcvis wiri qukti bkob wbknbmicgt K wcs cockg sujlinti` tf sicsknhgiss, tbi nursi fa trcviddirs.

Ct afur f‛ndfnh kg tbi mfrgkgo wi cdric`y afug` fursidvis gicrkgotbi Arignb nfcst wbknb wi nfud` gft bfwivir cpprfcnb jincusi fatbi tbknh mkst fjsnurkgo tbi vkiw. Cs tbi `cy c`vcgni` X32>] tbiafo dkati`, cg` crfug` ikobt f‛ ndfnh wi igtiri` tbi pfrt fa @kippi,c rctbir dcroi cg` cttrcntkvi Arignb tfwg fg tbi nfcst. Ypfg igtir-

kgo tbi nbcggid, wbknb afrmi` tbi pfrt, wi ugafrtugctidy mit cdcroi aksbkgo jfct wbfsi mcst wi gfkskdy jrfhi8 tbks cnnkìgt, wbknbnfud` bcvi jiig acr wfrsi::3, bc` gf actcd nfgsiquignis. Bcvkgo cr-rkvi` fg sbfri, wi afug` fursidvis surrfugì` jy c dcroi nrfw` fabftid pfrtirs wbf jy nfmmugknctkgo tf tbi pcssigoirs tbi c``rissisfa tbikr rispintkvi bftids, igìcvfuri` tf kgùni tbim tf usi X320]tbikr sirvknis.

My jidfgokgos wiri tchig tf Nustfms cg` kgspinti`, wbkdst mypcsspfrt wcs sigt tf tbi pfdkni cg` wfud` ji riturgi` kg ùi tkmi.

Catir bcvkgo iglfyi` c riarisbkgo jctb, K sittdi` kgtf my bftid kg

:3; Ct X20] ^nbdkimcgg wrfti tbct Qcskdk Kvcgfvktsl tbfuobt cjfut cnnfmpcgykgo bkmtf Ucrks.

::5 Udftgkhfst . —^fddtig Mcdutkg Oijr. `ki _ugsnb cus sprinbig mkt ugs airgir zucrjiktig, sf irhdàrig wkr ugs oirg `czu jirikt li`fnb gur ìgg wigg Udftgkhfst bkir hfmmt ug` `ki _cri sfafrt gcnb Cghugat mustirt `cmkt wkr spàtir hikgiNbkncgig zu irwcrtig bcjig” (Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrkisJJ3-:;>).

::3 — ... gfus cvfgs di riorit ì vfus kgafrmir qui gfus g‛cvfgs pcs trfuvë `cgsgfs lfurgcux dfncux `‛crtkndis ridctcgt nit kgnkìgt.” ^cdkmc @iscvfyc-cujryD‛Csskstcgti ì Nfgsirvctkfg ù Uctrkmfkgi, @kippi kg c dittir fa @inimjir 32,

3;;? tf Crigtzig.



351

Dfg`fg:::, wbiri K wcs tricti` viry widd afr my mfgiy. K juski`mysida afr c aiw bfurs wrktkgo my lfurgcd wbknb K bc` giodinti` afrsfmi tkmi. Kg tbi catirgffg K mcì c wcdhkgo tfur fa tbi tfwg,wbknb ks fa gf pcrtknudcr kgtirist tf tbi vksktfr. biri cri sfmi rctb-ir gkni pujdkn jctbs fg tbi sic arfgt X329] cg` jikgo spinkakncddyì`kncti` tf tbks purpfsi, kg tbi summir tbiy cri cdwcys audd fa pif-pdi.::> Jikgo kgafrmi` tbct tbi nfcnb wfud` gft dicvi jiafri skxf‛ndfnh kg tbi mfrgkgo, K tffh my sict kg tbi nfupë kg frìr tf jit-tir iglfy tbi vkiw fa tbi nfugtryskì. bi sict nfst mi 3? arcgnswbknb ks viry ixpigskvi. K diat fg Gfvimjir 31tb. bi tirrckg wcsviry ugivig8 sfmitkmis nrfsskgo bkob bkdds, sfmitkmis ìip vcddiys.K wcs ìdkobti` jy tbi jicutkaud vkiws iviry stip fa tbi wcy cg`wbknb siimi` tf oit jittir X321] tbi aurtbir wi wigt. @ui tf gc-turi‛s fjstcndis tbi prcntkni fa corknudturi bcs jiig bkgìri` tf corict ixtigt, cg` kg Arcgni bcs gft mcì cs munb prforiss cs kgIgodcg`. K afug` mysida kg jc` nfmpcgy tbi nfmpcrtmigt8 K wcswktb c Arignbmcg wbf sdipt nfgtkgucddy. Jikgo sfmiwbct jfri`, Ktffh c sict futskì (cg kmpirkcd sict). Kt wcs rctbir nfd`, jut givir-tbidiss K priairri` tbks sict tf tbi fgi kgskì tbi nfupë. Fg crrkvkgokg Di Bcvri crfug` tbrii f‛ndfnh kg tbi catirgffg K stfppi` ct tbiX32?] Bftid Gfrmcg`y.::0 bi tfwg ks widd jukdt, cg` tbi pritty akvifr skx stfriy bfusis cri dkhi Ucrks kg mkgkcturi. bcghs tf kts dfnc-tkfg fg tbi nfcst ct tbi mfutb fa tbi Zkvir îkgi, tbi pfrt fa DiBcvri ks fgi fa tbi jist kg Arcgni::98 dcroi cg` dcìg sbkps nfmkgo

arfm tbi sic ncg igtir wktbfut tbi sdkobtist prfjdim. Kg tbi mk``difa tbi tfwg tbiriafri fgi siis c sic fa sbkps‛ mcsts cg` c nicsidissjustdi kg tbi striits. bi Arignb ofvirgmigt bcs tchig cdd pfsskjdimicsuris tf ignfurcoi tbi trcì fa X322] Di Bcvri, wbknb fgdy tbkr-ty yicrs cof wcs c smcdd cg` kgskogkakncgt tfwg, gft kg tbi dicst jktnfmmirnkcd. Ct buoi ixpigsi, c``ktkfgcd bcrjfurs wiri ùo cg`jukdt tf cnnfmmf`cti sbkps.::1 Cs tbi Arignb ofvirgmigt ì`knctisktsida tf sunb trcì kgnigtkvis, tbi pfpudctkfg fa Di Bcvri ks orfwkgorcpk`dy, cg` tf`cy cdric`y ricnbis >5.555 sfuds. C dcroi, adct squcrinfviri` wktb cspbcdt afrms tbi Ixnbcgoi. biri cri gf akxi` tkmis

::: —Orcg` Bðtid ì Dfg`ris, Suck Bigry KQ, fppfskti tbi sticmjfct-wcra ” (Jciìhir3225).

::> —Cdfgo tbi G. skì fa tbi tfwg, jitwiig tbi sic cg` tbi Zui Couc`f … Xks] cbcg`sfmi mcrkgi pcrh fr prfmigcì … Kg arfgt fa kt cri pdcni` cjfut :55 smcddtigts, usi` cs `risskgo-rffms, arfm wbknb tbi jctbirs ìsnig` kgtf tbi wctir,cnnfmpcgki` jy c oukì-jckogiur, ka ginisscry. Kg ffigi wictbir tbi snigi ks virycmuskgo, cg` gfvid wktbcd tf tbi Igodksb vksktfr” (Jciìhir 3225, >00).

::0 —Bðtid @i Gfrmcg`ki, Zui ì Ucrks 351” (Jciìhir 3225).::9 Ivig tbig Di Bcvri wcs tbi sinfg` bcrjfur fa Arcgni catir Mcrsikddi.::1 —Pi ixtigskvi Bcrjfur cg` @fnhs ìsirvi c vkskt. Pi dcroist `fnh ct prisigt ks

tbi Jcsskg ì d‛Iurfpi, 95 cnris kg cric, nfgstrunti` kg 3201-3291 …” (Jciìhir

3225).



35?

afr miitkgos8 fgi ofis tf tbi Ixnbcgoi wbig fgi wcgts tf sidd, ji-kgo suri fa cdwcys miitkgo X32;] pifpdi. _big kt rckgs fgi miitsugìr tbi ncaë nfdfggcìs fppfskti tbi Ixnbcgoi.::? _bct K dkhi cdft cjfut Di Bcvri ks tbct tbiy `fg‛t hiip tbikr `kstcgni8 pifpdistcg` c aiw pcnis cwcy arfm icnb ftbir wbknb orictdy acnkdktctisjuskgiss. Catir bcvkgo nbcgoi` my ndftbis K wigt tf sii C. ^nbrñìr & Nf. risk`kgo gixt tf tbi Ixnbcgoi squcri. Cdtbfuob tbiy `f virymunb juskgiss, tbiy fgdy bcvi c dkttdi faakni cg` c smcdd gumjir fandirhs, jut jy ìvftkgo tbimsidvis tf tbikr juskgiss wktb cdd pfsskjdiigiroy tbiy ncg miit tbikr gii`s. Zinikvkgo mi kg arkig`dy acsbkfgX3;5] C. ̂ nbrñìr kgvkti` mi tf ̀ kgi wktb bkm kg tbi Bftid Iurfpi::2,wbknb K `k` wktbfut bisktctkfg. Ct tcjdi, K scw c yfugo mcg wbfusi` tf wfrh kg tbi Cmstir`cm faakni cg` wbf wcs surprksi` tfmiit mi dkhi tbks kg Di Bcvri. K `f gft dkhi ct cdd tbi dkaistydi kgArcgni< tbiri ks tff munb arii`fm biri. Uifpdi fgdy sid`fm mcrry,cg` cri mfri tbcg nfgtigti` tf dic` c viry kmmfrcd dkai. bi vudocr`kggirtkmi nfgvirsctkfg kg bftids rftctis fvir sunb nfmmfg cg`kgìnigt tbkgos tbct c Zusskcg wfud` ji csbcmi` X3;3] tf pcrtknk-pcti cg` tf dkstig. Catir akgksbkgo tbikr wfrh, wbknb tbiy `f gftpirafrm wktb munb ì`knctkfg, tbi Arignb tbkgh fa gftbkgo jutmirrkmigt, kg cmuskgo tbimsidvis, cg` kt ks prinksidy kg tbisi nfcrsipdicsuris wbknb tbiy ì`kncti tbimsidvis tf tbct fgi ncg `ksnirgtbikr nbcrcntirs. _bct cstfgksbi` mi orictdy wcs tbi jfd`giss (aicr-dissgiss) fa Arignb wfmig, wbf, wktbfut jikgo c``rissi`, igtir

kgtf nfgvirsctkfg wktb strcgoirs fg miitkgo tbim afr tbi akrst tkmi. Cdtbfuob C. ^nbrñìr cg` K scw icnb ftbir afr tbi akrst tkmi, wiX3;:] cdric`y hgiw icnb ftbir tbrfuob fur nfrrispfgìgni::;, cg`wi tcdhi` cjfut mcgy tbkgos, wbkdi coriikgo tbct wi wfud` bcvimcgy fppfrtugktkis tf nfgùnt dunrctkvi juskgiss. Kg tbi ivigkgo wiwigt tf tbi tbictri, wbknb wcs smcdd cg` jc`8 c nfcrsi vcuìvkddiwcs jikgo pirafrmi`. Dkhi kg mcgy smcdd tfwgs, iviryfgi hgfwsicnb ftbir kg Di Bcvri. K wcs rinfogksi` kmmi`kctidy cs c afrikogirjy my acni, cg` cdd mfgfnudcrs wiri turgi` fg mi. _i diat jiafritbi pdcy wcs fvir cg` wigt jcnh tf tbi ric`kgo rffm X3;>] wbiri

cmfgost ftbir tbkgos, cdd tfwg oczittis skgni 3?2; up tf tbi prisigt

::? Gft jiafri 3225 Di Bcvri oft c jukd`kgo afr kts Ixnbcgoi.::2 —Bðtid ì d‛Iurfpi, Zui ì Ucrks 3:3 ... Pi Zui ì Ucrks, kgtirsintkgo tbi tfwg

arfm G. tf ^. , ks tbi nigtri fa trcn. Kt jiokgs ct tbi Udcni ì d‛Bðtid-ì-Qkddi,nrfssis tbi Udcni Ocmjittc, wktb tbi Pictri, cg` ig`s gicr tbi bcrjfur” (Jciìhir3225, >9:).

::; Kg Gfvimjir 3209 ^nbdkimcgg cshi` Cgtfg ^nbrñìr & Nf. kg Di Bcvri ka binfud` jinfmi tbikr coigt kg Zusskc. Fg Gfvimjir 39, 3209 bi rinikvi` c ri-pdy< —Zipir`cgt å vftri bfgfrëi ì 0 G, gfus cnniptkfg Mfgskiur, cvin pdckskr dcprfpfsktkfg qui vfus gfus acktis” (Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry îrki J 3-0:.) G. Fzcggiskogi` cdd 31 survkvkgo dittirs wbknb wiri sigt kg 3201 arfm Cgtfg ^nbrñìr &

Nf. kg Di Bcvri tf ^nbdkimcgg.



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`cy wiri nfgsirvi`. bisi giwspcpirs wiri jicutkauddy jfug`. Ktffh c vfdumi arfm tbi tkmi fa Gcpfdifg, wbig bi ncmi jcnh arfmtbi ksdcg` fa Idjc. Ypfg bks crrkvcd kg Arcgni bi wcs pujdkncddy kg-sudti` cs c trcktfr cg` c pirlurir, jut dctir, wbig kt wcs siig tbct cddtbi Arignb crmkis rcddki` tf bkm cg` bi wcs swkatdy c`vcgnkgo fg tbiUcs ì Ncdcks wbkdst tbi prfvkskfgcd hkgo adi`, bi wcs cockg prf-ndckmi` Impirfr Gcpfdifg. bi afddfwkgo `cy, Gfvimjir 3? tb, Kwrfti c dittir tf X3;0] N.J.C.. Mr. C. ^nbrñìr tfd` mi tbct bi kg-tigì` tf istcjdksb c jcghkgo bfusi kg Ucrks, jut tbct bi nfud` gftscy wktb cgy nirtckgty wbig tbct wfud` bcppig. Cdtbfuob wi bcvioff` jcghs kg Ucrks, J.D.A. & A.F., wbfsi cntkvktkis cri viry sctksacn-tfry, K nfgskìr kt akttkgo tf bcvi cgftbir kg tbi nirtckg bfpi tbct furjuskgiss kg Arcgni wfud` sffg ixpirkigni nfgskìrcjdi orfwtb. Cttbi kgvktctkfg fa C. ^nbrñìr & Nf. K tbiriafri wrfti c dittir tf B.Ocggirfg & Nf. kg Di Bcvri cg` Ucrks, kgafrmkgo tbim fa my ̀ icd-kgos wktb C dixiiaa X3;9] cg` cshkgo tbim wbitbir kt wfud` sukt tbimtf igtir kgtf c juskgiss ridctkfgsbkp wktb us. Bcvkgo akgksbi` tbidittir K jrfuobt kt kg pirsfg tf tbi mcgcoir, B. Ocggirfg, wbf `k-rints juskgiss kg tbi Di Bcvri istcjdksbmigt. Bi wcs viry wkddkgo tfnfgùnt juskgiss wktb us, cg` K bcvi gf `fujt tbct ivirytbkgo kswfrhkgo fut viry widd. bi Ucrks istcjdksbmigt wkdd wrkti tf us `k-rintdy kg Mfsnfw crfug` tbi ig` fa @inimjir wbig K bfpi tf jijcnh. Ct my riquist C. ^nbrñìr & Nf. prfmksi` tf sig` Zujjir,Kg`kof cg` Nfaaii scmpdis tf mi kg fur istcjdksbmigt kg Bcmjuro.

Mr. Fzcggi X3;1], C. ^nbrñìr ‛s cssfnkcti, wcs ct Idjiua tf juyndftb. _cgtkgo tf mchi bks cnquckgtcgni K ìnkì` tf dicvi ct gkgif‛ndfnh tbct ivigkgo afr Zfuig cg` tf nfgtkgui tbi lfurgiy tfIdjiua tbi afddfwkgo mfrgkgo. C. ̂ nbrñìr & Nf. ocvi mi c dittir farinfmmig`ctkfg afr J.D.A. & A.F. cg` cgftbir afr Mr. Dirfy &sfg, pcrtknudcrdy rinfmmig`kgo mi tf tbi dcttir kg tbi bfpi tbct Kncg uroi tbim tf okvi mi sfmi nfgskogmigts fa ndftb tbrfuob C.^nbrñìr & Nf. K tbiriafri diat ct gkgi f‛ndfnh wktb c dcroi jug`diX3;?] fa wffd scmpdis arfm C. ^nbrñìr & Nf. afr Fzcggi. K crrkvi`ct Zfuig ct skx f‛ndfnh kg tbi mfrgkgo. Catir bcvkgo `rugh c nfaaii

ct Bftid Gfrmcg`y :>5

fppfskti tbi stcoinfcnb faakni, K oft my duo-

:>5 Kg bks gftijffh arfm ̂ irki @: ^nbdkimcgg wrfti< —Bðtid ì Qkddi `‛Cdjkfg, rui ^tPfmcs ì Dfuvri”. Jciìhir 3225 dksts gf Bðtid ì Gfrmcg`k kg Zfucg, bfw-ivir kt dksts c Bðtid `‛Cdjkfg Suck ì dc Jfursi 31 - tbi jist bftid kg Zfucg. —@cir Oid` bct, trktt ir vfrgibm cua8 `c ir cjir kmmir rinbgit, sunbt ir sknbs jkddkozu oistcdtig. ‒Cunb `kismcd - snbrikjt ir sknb kg Zfuig cua - jkg knb mikgir cdtigOiwfbgbikt oiafdot, `cs ^pcrig mkt odàgzigìm Cuatritig zu virjkgìg, kgìmknb mknb km irstig Bftid, cjir km snbstig ^tfnhwirh ikgmkititi. @kis Bftid kst`cs orñÖti, `cs knb li scb, mibr cds 955 \kmmir zum Uriks vfg 95 jks zu : Arcgns.Knb jiwfbgti ikgis aôr : Arcgns‛”. (Du`wko 3;>:, ??). Biri Du`wko ndicrdy oft bksacnts mkxi` up. ^nbdkimcgg wrfti tbks 4:5>7 kg Ucrks. Mffribic` (3;;0, :;), cg`ftbirs, nbcgoi` tbks fgi tkmi rimcrh kgtf c oigircd nbcrcntirkstkn fa tbi trkp< —tbijist bftids jut tbi nbicpist rffms.”



35;

ocoi sigt tf tbi trckg stctkfg cg` K wigt tbiri jy nfcnb mysida.Ygafrtugctidy K bc` afrofttig my fvirnfct ct tbi bftid, cg` tbiri-afri bc` tf ritrcni my stips tf aitnb kt, wbknb wcs gft icsy cs K `k`gft hgfw tbi wcy sf K bkri` c pfrtir tf sbfw mi tbi wcy cg` tf ncr-ry my nfct tf tbi rckdwcy, wbiri K crrkvi` X3;2] acr tff dcti afr tbiakrst ìpcrturi. Micgwbkdi kt bc` turgi` tf `cy cg` K wcs cjdi tf ac-mkdkcrksi mysida ct diksuri wktb tbi jicutkaud prfspint fa tbi tfwg faZfuig fg tbi rkvir. bi striits cri gcrrfw cg` `krty8 tbi bfusis cridfaty cg` widd nfgstrunti`. Mfst stfgi mctirkcd kg Arcgni nfgsksts fascg`stfgi :>3wbknb ks usi` ivirywbiri tf orict c`vcgtcoi afr tbinfgstruntkfg fa bfusis kgstic` fa jrknhs wbknb cri usi` kg ftbirnfugtrkis. bi wcdds cri nfviri` kg c dcyir fa dkmi fr fkd pckgt X3;;]wbknb okvis tbi bfusis c viry gict cppicrcgni. Fgi fa tbi tfwirs faZfuig wcs ìstrfyi` jy dkobtgkgo sivircd yicrs cof, cg` ct prisigttbiy cri jusy ripdcnkgo kt wktb cgftbir fa ncst krfg.:>: Gft wcgtkgotf wckt ugtkd tbi sinfg` trckg ìpcrti` K ncuobt tbi sticmjfct dicv-kgo ̀ krintdy afr Idjiua. K bcvi sunb c orict ̀ kstcsti (cvirskfg) afr sic-sknhgiss, tbct K cdwcys aiid sf kdd ct icsi fg wctir. bi wictbir wcsviry akgi, cg` tbi sug‛s rcys, wbknb sbfgi nfgstcgtdy, okdì` tbi tfpsfa tbi bkob X:55] bkdds fg jftb jcghs fa tbi rkvir. Biri cg` tbirifgi nfud` sii pritty vkddcois cg` mcogkaknigt wffì` nfpsis ̀ fttkgotbi sdfpis fa tbi mfugtckgfus dcg`sncpi. _i akgcddy crrkvi` ctIdjiua wbiri K stfppi` ct tbi Bftid Iurfpi.:>> Catir bcvkgo dugnbi`K wigt tf sii Fzcggi wbf K afug` wktbfut munb `kaaknudty. Bcvkgo

okvig bkm tbi jug`di fa wffd scmpdis bi kgvkti` mi tf lfkg bkm tfvkskt tbi ndftb mkdds, fa wbknb bi sbfwi` mi mcgy. Idjiua ks c mcg-uacnturkgo tfwg, acmfus afr tbi off` X:53] ndftb tbiy mchi tbiri.

Cnrfss tbi îkgi wbknb ofis tbrfuob tbi tfwg tbiri ks c dcroi cg`mcogkaknigt krfg suspigskfg jrkòi. Fzcggi, c mcg fa 95 yicrs fd`,ks gft ct cdd Arignb kg nbcrcntir8 bi tbkghs fa gftbkgo jut juskgiss tfwbknb bi `krints cdd bks cmjktkfgs. Catir bcvkgo tcdhi` ct digotbcjfut fur auturi juskgiss pdcgs K diat jy fmgkjus tf —Ufgt-ì-d‛Crnbi” wbiri K ncuobt tbi trckg afr Ucrks. Kg Arcgni rckdwcy ncr-

:>3 ^nbdkimcgg usi` —pkirris ì orcks”. Bi prfjcjdy micgt —pkirris ì orâs”.:>: —^bi ks ??m. bkob. Ygtkd 32:: kt wcs c stfgi tfwir wktb c jicutkaud pkggcndi, jut

sbi ks ìstrfyi` jy dkobtgkgo cg` ripdcni`, jitwiig 32:0 cg` 32?1, jy cg uodypyrcmk` fa ncst krfg wktb c bikobt fa 302 mitir, 393 wktb tbi nrfss” (Jciìhir3225).

:>> K bcvi jiig ugcjdi tf ffig` cgy trcni fa cg Bðtid `‛Iurfpi kg Idjiua. Kt ks pfsskjditbct ^nbdkimcgg `k` gft rimimjir tbi gcmi nfrrintdy wbig bi wrfti tbks pcrt fabks trcvid lfurgcd cg` tbct bi bc` cntucddy jiig kg tbi Bðtid ì d‛Ygkvirs, rui ì dc

Jcrrkâri 99.



335

rkcois cri acr jittir mcì cg` cppfkgti` tbcg kg Igodcg`. Kg Arcgni,:g` ndcss X:5:] ks nfmafrtcjdy prfvkì` wktb nusbkfgs. >r` ndcss ks gfttf ji rinfmmigì` okvig tbct gftbkgo ks ‒upbfdstiri`‛. K nbfsi c 3st ndcss sict tf igsuri off` nfmpcgy. bi tirrckg afrm Zfuig tf Ucrksks viry mfugtckgfus.

bi rckdwcy dkgi cdmfst nfgtkgucddy afddfws tbi jcghs fa tbi ̂ ikgitf cvfk` gcturi‛s fjstcndis8 tbiri cri givirtbidiss c orict gumjir fadfgo ugìrorfug` tuggids. Arignb trckgs trcvid viry sdfwdy, cg` Ktbkgh wi bcr`dy nfviri` mfri tbcg 39 Igodksb mkdis pir bfur. Ctsivig f‛ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo K crrkvi` X:5>] kg tbi kmmigsi Arignbncpktcd. Fgni cockg K afddfwi` my fd` bcjkt fa nfmjkgkgo infgfmywktb duxurkfus cppicrcgni cg` tffh dfòkgos kg c akrst rcti bftid,Urkgnis Bftid:>0, Zknbidkiu ^triit, skxtb adffr. bks bftid, sktucti` kgtbi mk``di fa tbi nkty, ks tbi jkooist tbct K bcvi ivir siig8 kt nfgtckgscg` faairs mfri tbcg akvi bug`ri` rffms afr vksktfr cnnfmmf`ctkfgrcgokgo kg prkni arfm 95 arcgns tf : arcgns. K tffh fgi ct : arcgnswbfsi aurgksbkgos diat gftbkgo tf ji ìskri`. Arfm tbi rckdwcy tf tbibftid K nfud` sncrnidy hiip arfm dfwirkgo my oczi arfm tbi X:50]ixtrcfr`kgcrkdy tcdd cg` mcogkaknigtdy imjiddksbi` bfusis. Cs sffgcs K crrkvi` ct tbi bftid K wigt fut afr c wcdh fg tbi Jfudivcr`, cwkì striit arcomigti` jy pifpdi cg` ncrrkcois. Fg jftb skìs tbiricri jrfc` cg` bcg`sfmi cspbcdti` pcvimigts. bi tcdd bfusis okvic acr mfri kmpfskgo kmprisskfg tbcg Dfg`fg ixtirkfrs, cg` cri nfv-iri` kg c dcyir fa dkmi kg fkd pckgt. @krintkgo cg cttigtkvi iyi tf tbi

nrfw` wbknb prissis cg` nfgoists tbi pcvimigts nfgtkgufusdy fgincg sii ct akrst odcgni X:59] tbct c nfmpditidy `kaairigt nbcrcntirpri`fmkgctis tbcg kg cgy ftbir nfugtry.

Cdric`y arfm tbi nrc`di, sf tf spich, tbi Ucrkskcg pfssissis coirm fa kmmfrcdkty, fa tbi ìjcunbiry tf wbknb bi igiroitkncddycjcg`fgs bkmsida fgni tbi jf`y bcs ricnbi` mcturkty. Afddfwkgofgi‛s kgstkgnt, fr rctbir tbi ixcmpdi fa ftbirs, arfm tbi coi fa tbkr-tiig fr afurtiig fgi tbkghs fa gftbkgo idsi tbcg sctksaykgo tbi mfstjistkcd cg` riprfcnbcjdi cppitktis cs fatig cs pfsskjdi. Kg ixbcust-kgo tbimsidvis kg tbi jdffm fa tbikr yfutb, cg` jy dic`kgo cg k`di

dkai, tbi yfugo spig` X:51] tbikr tkmi pursukgo tbikr cjfmkgcjdiprfpigskty afr pdicsuri cg` ̀ ijcunbiry. Cg` sf kt ks ugìr sunb nfg-`ktkfgs tbiy fnnupy tbimsidvis8 akt afr gftbkgo, gft hgfwkgo cg`givir tf hgfw bfw tf `f cgytbkgo. bks wcy fa dkvkgo ixbcusts tbisfurni fa dkai, yfugo adfwirs wktbir, orfw fd` cg` `ki c primcturicg` fr`kgcry ìctb, widd kg c`vcgni fa tbi bicvigdy yicrs kg wbknbc mcg jiokgs tf iglfy tbi bcppkgiss fa acmkdy dkai.

:>0 — ... B. ì Urkgnis, Zui ì Zknbidkiu, widd spfhig fa< c ncpktcd tcjdi `‛bðti, viry

widd sirvi`, ct 1 ar.8 cdsf ixpigskvi” (Murrcy 320>, ::).



333

Ct :5, Ucrkskcgs dffh cs ka tbiy cri >5 yicrs fd`, ct :9, 05, ct >9,15, ct 05, wbknb tbiy viry rcridy ricnb, tbiy cri fd` mig X:5?] dcg-ouksbkgo ugìr tbi tirrkjdi wikobt fa c wknhi` cg` ìjcunbi` dkaikg tbikr yfutb. Ucrkskcgs tbkgh dit‛s iglfy fursidvis wbkdi wi dkvi,cg` tbus ockity `fmkgctis fvir ivirytbkgo. Biri kt ks sck` tbct cìjcunbi` dkai ks tbi gcturcd prfùnt fa tbi ndkmcti, jut tbct ks crk`knudfus fjsirvctkfg cg` cg kmprfpir ixnusi. Kt ks gftbkgo jut cnfgtcokfus `ksicsi fa mcogitkn qucdktkis wbknb ìvfurs kts vkntkmscg` nfgìmgs tbim tf c sdfw cg` tfrmigti` ìctb.

f oit jcnh tf my lfurgcd, K wcs rctbir bugory cg` sf wigt tfc ristcurcgt cg` riquisti` sfmitbkgo tcsty. Kg Dfg`fg ncaës cg`ristcurcgts cri cppfkgti` X:52] nfmpditidy `kaairigtdy tf kg Ucrks.Kg Dfg`fg tbiy cri typkncddy dfgo cg` gcrrfw rffms dkgi` fg jftbskìs wktb tcjdis, icnb fa wbknb ks igndfsi` jy snriigs. C Dfg`fgncaë tbirijy nfgsksts fa c dcroi gumjir fa dkttdi nfmpcrtmigts. KgUcrks fg tbi nfgtrcry tbi tcjdis cri crrcgoi` digotbwcys cg` cnrfss,wbctivir ks mfst akttkgo. Aiidkgo riarisbi` K cshi` afr tbi jkdd, wbknbcmfugti` tf :5 arcgns, wbknb siimi` viry stiip siikgo cs K bc` gftbc` cgy wkgi.

K tbig wigt jcnh tf tbi bftid, cg` tbi afddfwkgo mfrgkgo pck`vkskts tf burgiyssig & Nf., :: ^t Cgtfkg ^triit, J.D. Ucud cgÀfud`, 35 Juoâri Zfc`, cg` dcstdy Dirfy & ^fg, 33 Mudbfusi Zfc`.Arignb faaknis X:5;] typkncddy nfgskst fa tbrii rffms8 tbi nfugtkgobfusi, tbi ndirhs‛ faakni cg` dcstdy tbi faakni wbknb tbi mcgcoir ri-

sirvis afr bkmsida. Mr. Afud`, cdtbfuob jikgo surprksi` tbct K bc`jrfuobt gf dittir fa kgtrfùntkfg arfm Mr. C dixiiaa rinikvi` micmkncjdy cg` K bc` c dfgo cg` coriicjdi `ksnusskfg wktb bkm. Kkgafrmi` bkm fa my ridctkfgsbkp wktb Mr. C dixiiaa fa wbknb bi cp-prfvi` kg tbi bfpi tbct K wfud` bcstig tf ixtig` tbi jcghkgo jusk-giss fa tbi sck` istcjdksbmigt kg my auturi pfsktkfg. Afud` ks c mcgfa crfug` 09, cg` luòkgo jy bks cppicrcgni, ncdm cg` igiroitkn,gft ct cdd Ucrkskcg kg nbcrcntir X:35]. Bi bcs jdcnh bckr cg` stcm-mirs c dkttdi wbknb `fis gft ct cdd kmpiì bks nfmmugknctkfg. Bisiims c viry ixpirkigni` cg` ricsfgcjdi mcg. Bi ̀ k` gft ignfurcoi

mi tf cnqukri skdh nfgskogmigts fg tbi spft:>9

scykgo tbct ugtkd wiugìrstff` kt tbfrfuobdy tbi tcsh wfud` ji cs `kaaknudt cg` `cgoir-fus cs kt wcs ìdkncti. Akrstdy, cdd tbi skdh mkdds cri kg Dyfg, wbkdi ktks fgdy tbi trcìrs wbf cri kg Ucrks, wbf pcrtdy rug wcribfusis fgjibcda fa tbi Dyfg mkdds, cg` cdsf pcrtdy X:33] nfmmksskfg ^kdhs fgtbikr fwg cnnfugt. Cdtbfuob tbi dfncd trcìrs akg` c nfgstcgt cgàdfwkgo futdit afr tbikr prfùnts, tbiy mkobt ji wkddkgo tf suppdytbim tf ftbir nfugtrkis prfvkì` tbiy nfud` sii tbi c`vcgtcois. Katbiy nfud` mchi c prfakt fg tbi kgvfknis fa tbi sbkpmigts wi mcì,

:>9 rcgsdctkfg fa —s/p” (sur pdcni6).



33:

tbiy wfud` `f kt wktb pdicsuri. Ka fg tbi ftbir bcg` tbiy mcì cdfss, tbiy wfud` try tf ripicd wktb trkadkgo pritixts cg` ugafugì`trknhiry. Fg ìnk`kgo ugìr sunb nkrnumstcgnis tf nfmpditidy cj-stckg arfm Ucrkskcg ^kdhs Mr. Afud` rimcrhi` tf mi tbct wi nfud`X:3:] trcì kg Ktcdkcg ̂ kdhs wktb munb orictir sinurkty, nfgskogmigtsfa wbknb wfud` ji icsy tf fjtckg tbrfuob bks coigny. f tbks ig` wiwiri tf sig` bkm c bug`ri` ugc``rissi` nkrnudcrs kg Ktcdkcg8 kg tbisinkrnudcrs wi wfud` faair fur sirvknis cs kgtirmi`kcrkis cg` ixpdckgfur ìskri` kgtigtkfgs. Mfrifvir, wi sbfud` gcmi tbi kg`kvkùcdskgvfdvi` kg tbi trcgscntkfgs itn. bcghkgo Mr. Afud` afr bks off`c`vkni K wigt tf kgafrm ^.C.. Dctir, K pck` c vkskt tf Mr. Dirfy, cyfugo mcg fa crfug` :0 X:3>] wbfsi icrdy mcrrkcoi bc` scvi` bkmarfm tbi rukg kgtf wbknb ftbirs bc` sugh. Bcvkgo ric` my dittirsfa rinfmmig`ctkfg bi sck` tbct bi nfud` gft `f cgy jittir tbcgigtir kgtf juskgiss wktb us. Fg my riquist bi prfmksi` mi c sidin-tkfg fa ndftb scmpdis cs widd cs sfmi quftis, wbkdst ct tbi scmi tkmirimcrhkgo tbct kt wfud` ji `kaaknudt tf ìdkvir tbi mirnbcg`ksi. Khgfw arfm ixpirkigni tbct dcnhkgo acvfurcjdi prfspints fgi icskdynfgsigts, wktb fpig crms, cs sffg cs fgi siis tbct cg fppfrtugktyprisigts ktsida, cg` tbiriafri `k` gft upsit mysida ct Dirfy ‛s rimcrh.

Fg tbi ivigkgo fa tbi 3;tb K vkskti` my fd` X:30] arkig` Budmcg:>1,wktb wbfm K wigt tf c ncaë tf trict bkm cs jist K nfud`. Ka fgi hgfwsUcrks, fgi ncg dkvi viry infgfmkncddy. biri cri c orict gumjir faristcurcgts wbiri fgi ncg iglfy c bicrty micd afr : arcgns8 gcmidy

c sfup wktb nrfutfgs, wktb vioitcjdis, fr virmkniddk fr sfmitbkgoidsi, c nbfkni fa tbrii `ksbis, c ìssirt cg` bcda c jfttdi fa wkgi.Ndirhs cri oigircddy viry widd pck` kg Ucrks. Afr ixcmpdi, my arkig`rinikvis 3155 arcgns cg` dfòkgo wktbfut jfcr`. bi afddfwkgo ̀ cy Kbkri` c pfrtir afr 355 sfus pir X:39] `cy tf tchi mi rfug` tbi nkty.My Ktcdkcg oukì spfhi sunb jc` Arignb tbct K c``rissi` bkm kg bksmftbir tfgoui. Akrstdy wi wigt tf tbi pfst faakni afr my Musnfvktiarkig`s, dctir wi wigt tf juy c ofdìg nbckg afr Mr. C dixiiaa ‛s sfg-kg-dcw. Kg frìr tf juy sunb c tbkgo fgi ncg‛t `f jittir tbcg tf oftf tbi ocrìgs fa tbi rfycd pcdcni, c buoi jukd`kgo, wbknb igndfsis c

vcst squcri nfurtycr`, aurgksbi` fg cdd skìs wktb spdig`k` cg` mco-gkaknigt ocddirkis afrmkgo tbi pirkmitir.:>? Kg acnt, gftbkgo wcs mfrijicutkaud tbcg tbks nfddintkfg X:31] fa idiocgt jfutkquis cg` sbfps

:>1 Arcgz Bôdmcgg wfrhi` afr tbi ffirm fa @imcrsfg & Nbcr`kg Zui ^t Mcrtkg 39.:>? —wktb tbi ixniptkfg fa tbi bfusis kg tbi crkstfnrctkn Acujfuro ^t Oirmckg, tbiri cri

aiw jukd`kgos kg Ucrks wbknb bcvi gf sbfps fg tbi orfug`-ffr. Pi mfst cttrcn-tkvi cri tbfsi kg tbi jfudivcr`s, ispinkcddy tfwcr`s tbi _. ig`, kg tbi Ucdcks-Zfycd,tbi Zui ì dc Uckx, Cvigui ì d‛Fpirc, Ucsscoi Lfustrfy, Ucsscoi ìs Ucgfrcmcs,Zui Qkvkiggi, cg` Zui ì Zkvfdk. C aiw fa tbi jist cg` mfst rispintcjdi fa tbikggumircjdi cg` timptkgo ‒mcocskgs‛ fa Ucrks cri biri igumircti`. Pi prknis cri

oigircddy sfmiwbct bkob” (Jciìhir 3225, 2>).



33>

wbknb tchig cdd tfoitbir wiri ivig mfri jicutkaud, dkhi tbi rknbistjczccr kg tbi wfrd`8 cdd sfrts fa duxurkfus, sigsufus cg` pdicsur-cjdi fjlints wiri afug` tfoitbir kg prfauskfg. Cjfvi tbisi ocddirkiswiri tbi uppir adffrs fa tbi pcdcni jukd`kgos, wbfsi vcst akrst adffrcpcrtmigts wiri mfstdy rigti` tf ristcurcgts, ncaës cg` tcvirgs cg`ftbir istcjdksbmigts, cdd nctirkgo wktb tbi orictist duxury. K wigtkgtf mfri tbcg c bug`ri` liwiddirs tf csh tbi prkni, tbi qucdkty cg`tbi wikobt fa vcrkfus ofd` nbckgs wbknb K X:3?] kgtigì` tf juy afrMr. Jihdimksnbfaa, wbknb nfst c orict ìcd fa iaafrt, cg` ivigtucddyìnkì` tf nbffsi fgi ct fgi bug`ri` cg` twigty-twf arcgns.:>2 Kcttcnbi` kt tf my wctnb cg` tbig wigt wktb my oukì tf tbi Dfuvri,tbi cgnkigt pcdcni fa tbi hkgos fa Arcgni. Kt wfud` ji kmpfsskjdi afrmi tf okvi tbi ricìr c sunnkgnt ìsnrkptkfg fa cdd tbi mcstirpkinisigndfsi` kg tbks vcst cg` mcogkaknigt mfgumigt fa crt. Akrst fa cddwi trcvirsi` buoi rffms audd fa pckgtkgos jftb cgnkigt cg` mf`-irg:>;, cg` tbig rffms wbknb kg `cys ofgi jy bc` jiig kgbcjkti`jy hkgos.

X:32] bisi rffms, gft bcvkgo jiig ncri` afr fr mckgtckgi`fvir tbi nigturkis, bc` c viry `krty cppicrcgni. bikr ìnfrctkfgocvi mi cg kmprisskfg bfw fgi bc` jinfmi mfri prcntksi` kg crttbrfuob tkmi. Bcvkgo siig tbi pckgtkgos wi wigt tf tbi rffmsì`kncti` tf sbkppkgo iqukpmigt.:05 Biri wiri mfìds fa cdd hkg`sfa sbkps, mfstdy wcrsbkps, sticm jfcts, cg` ftbirs. Cdsf fg `kspdcywiri sivircd mfìd pfrts, iktbir cjrfc` fr kg Arcgni. bi jukd`kgos

riprisigti` X:3;] jy dkttdi wffìg bfusis, cs widd cs tbi tfpforcpbywiri viry off` kmktctkfgs.

:>2 Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry ^nbdkimcgg Ucpirs îrki @ :< —3 nbckgi ‛̀fr 355”.:>; Mfìrg Crt kg ^nbdkimcgg‛s `cys wcs wbct gfw ks ncddi` gif ndcssknksm, cnc`-

imksm cg` icrdy frkigtcdksm Afr kgstcgni Licg-Ëtkiggi Dkftcr` (3?5:-3?2;), Lcnquis Dfuks @cvk` (3?02-32:9), Licg @fmkgkqui Kgoris (3?25-321?) fa Iuoâgi@idinrfkx (3?;2-321>).

:05 —Pi Musëi ì dc Mcrkgi ks c viry vcdujdi nfddintkfg fa vcrkfus fjlints nfgginti`

wktb sbkp-jukd`kgo cg` gcvkoctkfg, sunb cs mfìds fa vissids cg` mcnbkgis, pdcgsfa bcrjfur kg ridkia, `rcwkgos, cg` ridkns fa bkstfrkncd kgtrist. Mfst fa tbi mf`-ids fa sbkps cri fgi-afrtkitb fa tbi cntucd skzi. K. Zffm. Mfìd riprisigtkgo tbitchkgo `fwg cg` imjcrhctkfg fa tbi fjidksh fa Duxfr8 irintkfg fa tbi fjidkshkg tbi Udcni ì dc Nfgnfrì. QK Zffm. Dcroi fjidksh nfmpfsi` fa ridkns fa tbiarkoctis ‒Jfussfdi‛ cg` ‒Cstrfdcji‛, wbknb bc` jiig sigt fg c vfycoi fa `ksnfviryugìr Ncptckg ì Dcpërfussi kg 3?22, cg` afugìri` ct sic. rcnis fa tbi kdd-actiìxpi`ktkfg bcvkgo jiig `ksnfviri` jy tbi Igodksb Ncptckg @kddfg kg tbi ksdcg` faknfpkc kg 32:2, wktb tbi ck` fa cg kgbcjk tcgt wbf bc` fgni jiig c Urusskcg sckdfr,c Arignb vissid wcs ìspctnbi` afr tbi purpfsi fa jrkgokgo bfmi tbi ridkns. Dittirwrkttig jy Dcpërfusi. Just fa nidijrcti` Arignb gcvkoctfrs cg` gcvcd birfis8cmfgo tbim, fgi fa Dcpërfusi. Mfìd fa c mfgumigt irinti` tf tbi mimfry faDcpërfusi ct Ufrt Lcnhsfg, wktb Igodksb cg` Arignb kgsnrkptkfgs” (Jciìhir 3225,

;5).



330

Cdsf fg `kspdcy kg tbisi rffms cs c orict cttrcntkfg wiri tbirimckgs fa c Arignb sbkp jurki` afr c nigtury ct tbi jfttfm fa tbisic, cg` ritrkivi` cockg c sbfrt wbkdi cof. _i tbig kgspinti` tbiIoyptkcg cgtkquktkis, tbi cgnkigt tfmjs nfviri` kg kgsnrkptkfgs kgmicgkgoaud bkirfodypbs, cg` cg kggumircjdi qucgtkty fa smcdd fj-

lints. Kg my fpkgkfg tbks musium jy acr ixnii`s tbi Dfg`fg mu-sium, cs munb kg jicuty cs kg tbi rknbgiss fa tbi nfddintkfg.:03

X::5] _i tbig trcvirsi` cockg tbi vcst bcdds audd fa cgnkigt cg`mfìrg stctuis wbknb strkhi cg` `czzdi tbi vksktfr wktb tbikr ix-trcfr`kgcry jicuty cg` tbi idiocgni fa tbi nfddintkfg. Bcvkgo siigcdd tbiri wcs tf sii wi wigt tf kgvistkocti tbi ukdirkis Ucdcni wbfsiixtirkfr ks gft pcrtknudcrdy kmprisskvi tf tbi vksktfr8 tbiri cri fgdytwf adffrs. Igtirkgo tbrfuob tbi dcroi fpig `ffrwcy fgi akg`s fgi-sida kg tbi ukdirkis ocrìgs. K bc` siig c tbfuscg` tkmis cdric`yarfm cjrfc` tbi mcogkaknigt kddumkgcti` pknturi fa tbi ukdirkisocrìgs, jut wbct K scw jiafri mi X::3] kg ricd dkai acr surpcssi`tbi mfst bfpiaud kìcs K bc` afrmi`. C aiw mitris arfm tbi pcdcnic nkrnudcr pfg` wktb jicutkaud swcgs ncmi kgtf skobt8 c dkttdi aurtbirfaa rfsi cg Ioyptkcg fjidksh fvir fgi bug`ri` aiit tcdd. bks mfgu-migt, wbknb afrty nigturkis cof bc` sirvi` tf ìnfrcti tbi tfmj facg cgnkigt Ioyptkcg hkgo wcs jrfuobt arfm Ioypt fg ndftbs:0: ct-tcnbi` tf vissids. @ui tf tbi igfrmfus wikobt fa tbi fjidksh, wbknbnfgsksts fa fgi pkini fa stfgi, tbi trcgspfrt cg` irintkfg nfsts wiritirrkjdi. Kt wcs irinti` fg c dcroi cg` bkob piìstcd X:::] wktb Dctkg

kgsnrkptkfgs kg`knctkgo tbi `cti fa irintkfg. f okvi c jittir kmpris-skfg fa tbks mfgumigt fgi sbfud` kmcokgi c squcri nfdumg wbknb`kmkgksbis kg nkrnumairigni cs fgi cpprfcnbis tbi tfp. bi fjidkshks nfviri` kg bkirfodypbs fg cdd skìs nut kgtf tbi stfgi nfgskstkgo fasgchis, smcdd jkr`s, afxis, nfrpsis itn. Bkirfodypbkn wrktkgo ks nfm-pditidy ugkgtiddkokjdi tbisi ̀ cys, cg` gf fgi hgfws wbct tbiy micg.

:03 —Pi Ioyptkcg Musium (Musëi Ioyptkig), tbi mfst kmpfrtcgt nfddintkfg fa tbihkg` kg Iurfpi, cstfr`s, sf acr cs ks pfsskjdi wktbfut tbi cpprfprkcti crnbktinturcdsurrfug`kgos, cg cdmfst nfmpditi surviy fa tbi ridkokfg, tbi nustfms, cg` tbi crtdkai fa tbi mfst cgnkigt fa nkvkdksi` gctkfgs” (Jciìhir 3225, ;3).

:0: rcgsdctkfg fa —rkìcux”.



339

bi kgsnrkptkfg fg tbi fjidksh `fujtdiss riprisigts tbi pcsscoi faX::>] tbi mffg.:0>

Dicvkgo tbi ìsnrkptkfgs fa tbi ocrìgs cskì afr bcda cg bfur, Kwkdd sit `fwg tbi ìtckds fa tbi mkrcnudfus snigis wbknb K wktgissi`tbks ivigkgo<

K bc` bicr` c dft cjfut tbi acmfus nfglurfr —Zfjirt Bfu`kg”cg` nfud` gft jrkgo mysida tf mkss bks pirafrmcgni ct tbi UcdcksZfycd, Ocdirki ì Qcdfks. K crrkvi` ct bcda pcst ?8 tbi stips wiri cd-ric`y nrfwì` wktb pifpdi wbf afrmi` c quiui. Bcvkgo wckti` afrsfmi tkmi wi wiri mcì tf igtir c smcdd cg` widd cppfkgti` cg`ìnfrcti` tbictri wbknb wcs sffg audd fa spintctfrs. X::0] Ct ikobtf‛ndfnh tbi nurtckg wcs rcksi`8 Z. Bfu`kg, c mcg pfssissi` fa cg ix-trcfr`kgcry tcdigt afr nfgvirsctkfg akrstdy cshi` fgi fa tbi spintctfrsafr bks bct, wbknb bi sbfwi` tf tbi pujdkn tf nfgvkgni tbim tbcttbiri wcs gftbkgo kgskì. urgkgo tbi bct bi prfùni` c `fzig acgswktb kgnri`kjdi ìxtirkty, wbknb bi `kstrkjuti` cs okats cmfgo tbicu`kigni. Fgni cockg sbfwkgo tbi bct bi prfùni` c bcg`hirnbkiawbknb bi afdì` kgtf c gkobt ncp cg` pdcni` fg tbi bct8 dkatkgo tbihirnbkia, X::9] tbrii dcroi aictbirs tbig aidd tf tbi orfug`. Bi ri-picti` tbi pirafrmcgni cg` c buoi gumjir fa smcdd ri` aictbirs aiddtf tbi orfug` arfm tbi hirnbkia, wbknb siimi` tf kgnricsi tbi mfribi sbffh kt. Bi tbig put tbi bcg`hirnbkia cockg fvir tbi fpigkgo fatbi bct wbknb bi bid` kg bks bcg` cg` tffh fut, fgi catir tbi ftbir,twf dcroi, sfdk` wffìg jcdds, tbi skzi fa c mcg‛s bic`. K cm ct c dfss

bfw tf ixpdckg tbisi nfglurkgo trknhs jincusi tbiri wiri gf nurtckgstf csskst bkm8 ivirytbkgo wcs ̀ fgi kg audd vkiw fa tbi pujdkn, kg c wcytbct X::1] nfgafugì` iviryfgi.

:0> —Fjidksh fa Duxfr. Zcmsis KK, Hkgo fa Ioypt, jittir hgfwg jy bks Oriih tktdi faîsfstrks tbi Orict, wbf rikogi` kg tbi 30 tb nigtury jiafri Nbrkst, irinti` c buoi‒pydfg‛ octi cg` c nfdfgcì jiafri c timpdi wbknb bks orict cgnistfr CmigbftipKKK bc` jukdt kg tbi I. sujurj fa Pijis, tbi skti gfw fnnupki` jy tbi pffr vkddcoi

fa Duxfr. Kg arfgt fa tbks octi stff` twf jicutkaud fjidkshs, cg` kt ks fgi fa tbisitbct gfw imjiddksbis tbi Udcni ì dc Nfgnfrì. Icnb fa tbi afur skìs fa tbi fj-idksh ks kgsnrkji` wktb tbrii virtkncd rfws fa bkirfodypbkns, tbi mk``di rfw kg icnbncsi riairrkgo tf Zcmsis KK, wbkdi tbi ftbirs wiri c`ì` jy Zcmsis KK, c mfgcrnbfa tbi sunnii`kgo `ygcsty. Pi kgsnrkptkfgs fa Zcmsis KK cri kg tbi icrdy Ioyptkcgmfgumigtcd stydi, cg` rinfr` wktb sida-sctksffii` ripitktkfg bfw Zcmsis KK, tbi‒Dfr` fa tbi Icrtb‛, tbi ‒ûg‛, tbi ‒cggkbkdctfr fa tbi igimy‛, irinti` tbi pydfgscg` tbi fjidksh kg bfgfur fa Cmmfg Zc kg riturg afr tbi vkntfrkfus mkobt wktbwbknb tbi of` bc` ig`fwi` bkm. C vissid wcs `kspctnbi` tf Ioypt kg 32>3 afr tbipurpfsi fa jrkgokgo bfmi tbi pcsbc‛s XMfbcmmi` Cdk] okat. Pi tcsh, bfwivir,prfvi` sf `knudt tbct tbi vissid `k` gft riturg wktb kts nfstdy arikobt tkdd Cuoust,32>>, cg` tbi irintkfg fa tbi fjidksh kg kts prisigt pfsktkfg wcs gft cnnfmpdksbi`tkdd 32>1, ugìr tbi `krintkfg fa Dijcs. Pi ixpigsi fa tbi wbfdi ugìrtchkgo

cmfugti` tf twf mkddkfg arcgns” (Jciìhir 3225, 2>).



331

Bi tbig rummcoi` cockg kg tbi bct cg` wktb`riw c dcroi jcshitwktb pritty jfuquits fa adfwirs wbknb bi bcstigi` tf mchi prisigtsfa tf tbi pujdkn. Bi tbig put c dcroi odcss jfwd audd fa jdcnh kgh fgtbi tcjdi. Bi jfrrfwi` c rkgo cg` tbriw kt kgtf tbi jfwd, cg` tffhc spffg cg` akddi` kt wktb tbi `crh kgh wbknb bi pfuri` kgtf c nuptf ìmfgstrcti tbct kt ricddy wcs kgh, tbig bi nfviri` tbi jfwd wktbc sncra cg` tcppi` wktb tbi wcg`, cg` ugnfviri` tbi jfwd, wbknbnfgtckgi` gftbkgo jut ndicr wctir kg wbknb X::?] c ofdàksb swcmwktb tbi jfrrfwi` rkgo kg kts mfutb. Bi fgni cockg tffh tbi bctcg` put kt fg tbi tcjdi, nfvirkgo kt wktb tbi bcg`hirnbkia sbcpi`dkhi c gkobt ncp, cg` tbig pdcni` tbi dcttir sipcrctidy fg tbi tcjdi.Dkatkgo tbi bcg`hirnbkia bi rivicdi` c dcroi jfwd fa wctir ugìr-gictb akddi` wktb pritty yiddfw aksb. Bi tbig put bks dkttdi scai jfxfg tfp fa c jignb cmfgo tbi spintctfrs wbf wiri nfgvkgni` fa tbiixtrimi dkobtgiss fa tbi scai jfx. Bi tbig nfmmcgì` tbi jfx ji-nfmi bicvy, wbknb kt `k`, jincusi kt nfud` ji d kati` fgdy wktb orict`kaaknudty X::2] cg` siimi` tf ji mcì fa dic`. Bi kgnricsi` cg`ìnricsi` tbi wikobt fa tbi jfx cnnfr`kgo tf bks ̀ iskris. Catir wbknbbi jfrrfwi` 9 nfkgs fa 9 arcgns wbknb bi mcrhi` cnnfr`kgo tf wbfbc` okvig tbim sf tbiy bi nfud` rinfogksi tbim dctir. Bi pdcni` codcss nfviri` wktb c odcss jidd lcr fg c tcjdi ct fgi ig` fa tbi smcddtbictri. ^bfwkgo tbi mfgiy tf tbi pujdkn bi wrcppi` kt kg c bcg`-hirnbkia cg` pdcni` kt ct tbi ftbir ig` fa tbi stcoi. Bi ndcppi` bksbcg`s cg` ct icnb ndcp tbi tkghdi fa X::;] c 9 arcgn nfkg risfugì`,

acddkgo cs ka jy sfrniry kgtf tbi nfviri` odcss. Bi tbig tffh c `fviwbknb bi trcgsafrmi` kgtf twf jy tcppkgo kt. Bi tbig tffh twf`fvis cg` wrcppi` tbim kg c pfnhit bcg`hirnbkia. Bfd`kgo tbijug`di wktb tbi `fvis kg bks bcg` bi tcppi` tbi tfp cg` sck` tbcttbiy wfud` ji afug` kg tbi `rcw fa c dkttdi nbist wbknb bi bc` putfg c tcjdi fg tbi fppfskti skì fa tbi stcoi. Bi tbig put cg frcgoitrii:00 fg tbi tcjdi fg wbknb tbiri wiri gf arukts fr adfwirs, cg`put c dkttdi sfrnirir‛s dcmp ugìr X:>5] tbi trii, wbknb kmmi`kctidysprfuti` ju`s, tbig adfwirs, cg` akgcddy arukts. Bfu`kg pdunhi` twf,wbknb bi ocvi cwcy, cg` diat tbi tbkr` fg tbi trii. Bi tbig jfrrfwi`

c pfnhit bcg`hirnbkia cg` c hiy wbknb bi cttcnbi` tf icnb ftbir,mcì c jug`di fa cg` tbriw kg tbi `krintkfg fa tbi cu`kigni, ct tbiscmi tkmi scykgo tbct tbi bcg`hirnbkia wfud` ji afug` kg tbi aruktfg tbi trii8 wcvkgo wktb bks wcg`, tbi arukt fpigi` cg` bi tffh futtbi bcg`hirnbkia cg` tbi hiy. wf juttiradkis sicti` fg twf ju`scppicri` tf adcp tbikr smcdd wkgos tfwcr`s tbisi fjlints. Catir tbksnfglurkgo trknh bi bugo c trcgspcrigt odcss ndfnh arfm tbi nikdkgo jysfmi skdh tbric`s8 X:>3] tbi ndfnh wcs pfsktkfgi` sf tbct kt wcs gft

:00 ^nbdkimcgg usis tbi tirm —pfmircgnkir”, rctbir tbcg —frcgoir”. îikgo cs Bfu`kg‛s

frcgoi trii trknh ks widd hgfwg, wi ncg cssumi tbks ks wbct ^nbdkimcgg micgt.



33?

kg cgy wcy kg nfgtcnt wktb iktbir tbi adffr fr tbi nikdkgo. bi crtkstwbf stff` ct tbi ig` fa tbi rffm mcì tbi bcg` fg tbi ndfnh‛s acnispkg cnnfr`kgo tf bks wbkm. Bi tbig diat kt up tf tbi spintctfrs tfkg`kncti cgy tkmi tbiy dkhi`, wbknb tbi bcg` wfud` sbfw8 cg` tbks ktncrrki` fut kg c mcggir mcrviddfus tf jibfd`. Bi tbig jrfuobt futcg cutfmctfg kg ugkafrm, bfd`kgo c oug kg kts bcg`, cg` pdcni` ktfg tbi tcjdi. bi nfglurir ̀ icdt, fr nkrnudcti` c pcnh fa ncr`s cmfgotbi cu`kigni8 bi tbig cshi` bks cutfmctfg, wbf rispfgì` X:>:]gf``kgo fr kgndkgkgo bks bic`. bi cutfmctfg kg`kncti` wktb orictcnnurcny cdd tbi `kaairigt ncr`s wbknb bc` jiig sbcri` fut arfm pir-sfg tf pirsfg. Bi tbig jfrrfwi` c rkgo wbknb bi jrfhi cg` dfcì`kg tbi rkadi fa bks cutfmctfg wbknb tbig akri` c sbft, cg` tbrfuobtbi crt fa nfglurkgo tbi rkgo wcs ncrrki` jy c dkttdi wcx cgoid wbknbrfsi up arfm jibkg` c trii. Bi tbig cshi` sivircd spintctfrs tf wrkti`fwg c nirtckg gumjir fa akouris fg c pkini fa pcpir, wbknb bi tbigafdì` cg` put ugìr c odcss jidd lcr sf tbct cdd tbi spintctfrs nfud`wktgiss kt. Bi tbig wigt tf quistkfg bks cutfmctfg wbf X:>>] gftfgdy kg`kncti` cdd tbi akouris wktb mcrviddfus cnnurcny jut cdsf tbic``ktkfg fa cdd fa tbim tfoitbir. Bi tbig jrfuobt fut c pritty dkt-tdi wffìg mfìd fa c ncaë-ristcurcgt, 0 aiit dfgo cg` : wkì, cg`put kt fg tbi tcjdi. Ypfg tbi frìr fa tbi crtkst tbi jfy :09 fpigi`tbi `ffrs cg` sbfwi` kt tf tbi pujdkn wktb c gf` fa bks bic`. binfglurir tbig `riw dfts8 ct tbi scmi tkmi cs c gumjir wcs `rcwg,cgftbir gumjir, tbi scmi gumjir, sinritdy afug` kts wcy kgtf tbi

bcg` fa fgi fa tbi spintctfrs wbf tbi crtkst kg`kncti` sbfud` ri-nikvi c prkzi, sfmitkmis c giw i`ktkfg fa Dc Afgtckgi, sfmitkmisX:>0] —twidvi pkinis fa skdvir nutdiry” (3: pkinis fa skdvir nutdiry),sfmitkmis c dkttdi ticpft. bi i`ktkfg fa Dc Afgtckgi, wbknb tbi jfycutfmctfg jrfuobt fut fa tbi ristcurcgt:01 prfvfhi` dcuobtir arfmiviryfgi cs kt turgi` fut tf ji gftbkgo jut c dkttdi adcsh fa ndicr wc-tir:0?. big tbi twidvi pkinis fa skdvir nutdiry turgi` fut tf ji gftb-kgo jut c pkini fa pcpir wktb tbi akouri 3: fg kt, nfviri` fg jftbskìs wktb tbkg skdvir dica.:02 big tbi jfy jrfuobt c dcroi gumjirfa migus fg wbknb tbi ristcurcgt micds wiri wrkttig. chkgo tbisi

migus, Bfu`kg `kstrkjuti` tbim cmfgo tbi pujdkn, ct tbi scmitkmi kgvktkgo tbim tf scy wbct tbiy wcgti`. Fgi pirsfg frìri` cvfd-cu-vigt X:>9], cgftbir c odcss fa dimfgcì itn. cg` tbi jfy wbfwcs kg tbi tbrisbfd` fa tbi `ffrwcy wigt tf jrkgo wbct wcs cshiàfr, wbknb bi `k` wktbfut ìdcy. bks cdd pdicsi` tbi cu`kigni c orictìcd. Fgni tbi sirvkgo wcs fvir, tbi nfglurir sck`, cg` gfw K cm

:09 Micgkgo tbi cutfmctfg.:01 Micgkgo tbi mfìd ncaë-ristcurcgt.:0? C pug fg Dc Afgtckgi/afugtckg.

:02 Cockg cg pug.



332

ofkgo tf nfgluri my sfg cg` mchi bkm `kscppicr. f tbks ig` bipdcni` bks 35 yicr fd` sfg fg c tcjdi wktbfut nurtckgs fr cgytbkgo,cg` nfviri` bkm wktb c sfrt fa auggid fa jdcnh acjrkn, tbig stcg`kgoct tbi ftbir ig` fa tbi rffm bi akri` c pkstfd sbft, tbi auggid dkati`cg` tbi nbkd` bc` `kscppicri`, cg` tbig ricppicri` X:>1] ct tbi fp-pfskti ig` fa tbi tbictri. bi actbir jfug` (`rissi`) bks iyis cg`mcì bkm skt kg c nbckr. big tbi nfglurir cpprfcnbi` tbi cu`kigniarfm wbfm bi cshi` c tbfuscg` `kaairigt fjlints, cdd tbi tkmi wktbbks jcnh turgi` tfwcr`s tbi nbkd` cg` cshkgo bkm wbct bi bc` kgbks bcg`. f tbi cstfgksbmigt fa cdd cssimjdi`, tbi nbkd` rispfgì`nfmpditidy cnnurctidy tf tbi quistkfgs pfsi`, quistkfgs wbknb wiritff `kaaknudt tf ouiss tbct K wcs cstfugì` tf wktgiss wbct wcs bcp-pigkgo. Cmfgo ftbir tbkgos, K ocvi my hiy tf tbi nfglurir kg frìrtf csh bks sfg tbi gumjir X:>?] fa my bftid rffm8 tbi nbkd` ripdki`:1, wbknb wcs cjsfdutidy nfrrint. K tbig ocvi bkm my bct8 tbi actbirdffhkgo kgtf tbi dkgkgo fa tbi dcttir uroi` bks sfg tf spidd tbi gcmifa tbi mcguacnturir, tbi pdcni fr tbi tfwg wbiri tbi bct wcs mcì,cs widd cs tbi striit gumjir. bi nbkd` rispfgì` tf cdd tbisi quis-tkfgs cs cnnurctidy cs pfsskjdi. chkgo my wctnb fut fa my pfnhit,K wcgti` tbi actbir tf igqukri fa tbi sfg tbi tkmi stcti` fg mywctnb. My wctnb wcs c dkttdi kgcnnurcti, jut givirtbidiss tbi yfugomcg kgafrmi` mi fa kts tkmi wktb orict prinkskfg. chkgo my wctnbkg bks bcg` tbi nfglurir X:>2] dffhi` ct kt cg` cshi` mi kg wbctafrm K sbfud` dkhi tbi wctnb tf ji mitcmfrpbfsi` (nbcgoi`)8 K tfd`

bkm kg tbi afrm fa tbi tckd fa c wbkti rcjjkt cg` trudy, kg tbct virykgstcgt, kgstic` fa tbi wctnb K bid` tbi ìskri` fjlint kg my bcg`.big tcppkgo tbi tckd wktb bks wcg`, bi fgni cockg turgi` tbi tckdkgtf tbi wctnb. big tbi stcoi jincmi smfhy, tbi ocs dcmps wiriixtkgouksbi`, cg` tbi crtkst igtirtckgi` us wktb sfmi viry prittypirafrmcgnis fa Nbkgisi sbc`fw puppitry kddumkgcti` kg `kaairigtnfdfurs wktb dcg`sncpis cg` akouris8 kg sum, ivirytbkgo wi scw wcsviry widd `fgi cg` ixinuti`.

X:>;] Zisumkgo cockg akgcddy tbi tbric` fa my c`vigturis kg tbiukdirkis pcdcni ocrìgs, fg twf skìs fa tbi fjidksh cri idiocgt wctir

afugtckgs, wktb wctir spfutkgo wktb nfgskìrcjdi afrni arfm mfritbcg fgi bug`ri` frkaknis. Jiafri ricnbkgo tbi afugtckgs my oukìkg`kncti` tbi pdcni arfm wbiri tbi nrkmkgcd bc` akri` c sbft ct tbihkgo. Kt wcs qukti acr arfm tbi jcdnfgy wbiri bi cntucddy wcs afr kttf ji pfsskjdi tf ricnb bkm arfm sunb c orict `kstcgni. Ivirywbirikg tbi ocrìg wiri mcogkaknigt mcrjdi stctuis, riprisigtkgo `kvirsicddiofrkncd fjlints. Nfgtkgukgo tbks rfuti kg c strckobt dkgi wi ncmitf tbi Nbcmps Idysiis X:05]. bisi cri igfrmfus pcrhs sfwg wktbigtirtckgmigt istcjdksbmigts, ncaës, ristcurcgts itn. cdd jukdt kg cspdig`k` stydi. bi pcrhs cri cdd tbi mfri kmprisskvi tf jibfd` ùi



33;

tf tbi acnt tbct tbi triis cri pdcgti` kg dfgo, strckobt dkgis. Biri cg`tbiri cri cdsf pritty afugtckgs wbknb cri kg bcrmfgy wktb tbi mco-gkaknigt prfmigcì. Ct tbi ig` fa tbi Nbcmps Idysiis ks tbi Crn ìrkfmpbi ì d‛Ëtfkdi, c nfdfsscd mfgumigt irinti` tf Arignb mkdk-tcry odfry, ugìr jftb Impkri cg` Zipujdkn. Arfm c bkstfrkncd pfkgtfa vkiw, cs widd cs jy vkrtui fa kts gfjdi cg` X:03] mclistkn skmpdkn-kty, kt ks tbi mfst kmpfrtcgt cg` mfst jicutkaud mfìrg jukd`kgofgi ncg vkskt, tbi orcg`kfsi ìskog fa wbknb nfud` fgdy bcvi jiigbctnbi` jy tbi mkg` fa c mcg fa oigkus wbf frìri` kts ixinutkfg.K wkdd ixpig` wktb (riskst arfm) ̀ isnrkjkgo kg mkgutkci tbi orfups fajcs-ridkia cg` ftbir snudpturis fa tbi mfgumigt wbknb fgi ncg ric`kg orict ̀ itckd kg my prkgti` oukì fa Ucrks.:0; Fgi csnig`s jy micgsfa c spkrcd stckrncsi kgskì tbi mcsskvi wcdds, akrst crrkvkgo kg c sirkisfa dcroi vcudti` rffms, dkhi tbi tfmjs fa tbi cgnkigt Ioyptkcgs, fgitbig nfgtkguis upwcr`s tf tbi tfp fa tbi mfgumigt arfm wbirifgi ks nfgarfgti` wktb cg c`mkrcjdi vkiw cg` cdd X:0:] tbi sur-rfug`kgo nfugtryskì. Kt wcs rckgkgo qukti bicvkdy8 givirtbidiss Kpriairri` tf riturg fg afft. Catir `kggir, bcvkgo pck` tbi pfrtircg` frìri` bkm tf nfmi tbi afddfwkgo mfrgkgo ct ikobt f‛ndfnh,K wigt tf tbi Fpirc (fr tbi Zfycd Cncìmy fa Muskn). bi Fpircks wktbfut c `fujt tbi mfst pfmpfus, tbi mfst spdig`k`, cg` tbimfst pristkokfus spintcndi tf ji siig.:95 biri fgi ncg cdwcys akg`tbi mfst riakgi` kg`kvkùcds cmfgo tbfsi fa tcsti, nfggfkssiurs cg``kstkgouksbi` vksktfrs. K cm qukti suri tbct kg gf ftbir nfugtry kg

tbi wfrd` ncg fgi akg` cg igsimjdi fa sunb ixniddigt, akrst-rcti crt-ksts, iktbir kg tirms fa skgokgo, `cgnkgo X:0>] fr musknkcgsbkp. bivfncd cg` kgstrumigtcd ixinutkfg ks sujdkmi, cg` cs afr tbi `cgnkgo,gftbkgo rkvcds tbi ixtrimi gkmjdigiss, strigotb cg` idiocgni fa tbi`cgnirs fa jftb sixis, wbf ugkti wktb orcni cg` dkobtgiss, prinkskfgkg tbikr mfvimigts. ̂ unb ks tbi piraintkfg cg` cnnurcny fa kt cdd, tbirknbgiss cg` vcrkity kg tbi nfstumis, tbi ixtigt fa tbi snigiry, tbigumjir fa pirafrmirs, tbi jicuty cg` arisbgiss fa tbi `ënfr, cg`kts kmktctkfg fa gcturi, c`ì` tf wbknb tbi piraint bcrmfgy fa tbistcokgo wbknb sf pfwirauddy igbcgnis `rcmctkn tigskfg, kg sum, cdd

nfgtrkjutkgo kg sunb c mcggir tf prfùni cg fvirwbidmkgo kddu-skfg, tbct tbi vkiwir, X:00] sikzi` cg` trcgspfrti` ct tbi skobt fa sfmcgy mcrvids ct fgni, ncggft rinfvir arfm bks surprksi cg` c`mkrc-tkfg. bct ivigkgo kt wcs —_kddkcm idd”.:93

:0; Pi Crn ì rkfmpb fa Itfkdi ks sktucti` ct tbi ig` fa tbi Nbcmps-Idysiis. Pijukd`kgo stcrti` kg 3251 ugìr Gcpfdifg (3?1;-32:3) cg` ffigksbi` kg 32>1 ugìrDfuks Ubkdkppi K (3??>-3295). Uiquiogft (3203, 9:-91) okvis c ìsnrkptkfg fa tbksmfgumigt cg` kts ìtckds. _ktb kts 0 pcois kt ks tbi dfgoist dimmc kg tbks oukì.

:95 Cnnfr`kgo tf Uiquiogft (3203), tbks ks tbi mfst jicutkaud tbictri fa tbi igtkrinkty.

:93 Pks fpirc jy Okfcnnbkgf Zfsskgi (3?;:-3212) bc` kts primkâri kg 32:;.



3:5

Ofkgo tf tbi tbictri fgi bcs tf nrfss cg` dfgo jczccr fa prittyjfutkquis, wbknb jy tbi ocsdkobt fa tbi ivigkgo prisigt c viry jicu-tkaud skobt. Fg ^ctur`cy :3st Gfvimjir ct crfug` ikobt f‛ndfnh Kwigt, wktb my oukì, tf Qirsckddis rckdwcy stctkfg. _i oft tbiri c dkt-tdi dcti cg` sf tf pcss tkmi wi wigt tf tbi Nburnb fa Dc Mcìdikgi,c mcogkaknigt i`kakni impdfykgo mfìrg crnbktinturi jut kg cgtkquistydi.:9: bi nburnb ks jukdt kg c pcrcddidforcm crfug` wbknb criX:09] 02 aduti` Nfrkgtbkcg nfdumgs. Kt ks fgi fa tbi mfst jicutk-aud nfgstruntkfgs K bcvi ivir siig, cg` tbiri ks gft c skgodi pkini fawff` kg tbi igtkri nfgstruntkfg. bi `ffrs cri jrfgzi cg` tbiri crigf skì wkg`fws (gf `cydkobt pigitrctis tbi wcdds) cg` tbi igtkrikgtirkfr ks dkt arfm tbi tfp.

bi rffa ks mcì fa jrfgzi cg` krfg. bi kgtirkfr fa tbi nburnbks mcogkaknigtdy c`frgi` wktb snudpturis, okd`kgo cg` pckgtkgos kd-dustrctkgo snigis arfm tbi dkai fa tbi Mco`cdigc. Catirwcr`s, wi diatafr Qirsckddis. Cdfgo fur lfurgiy, fg jftb skìs wi scw gftbkgo jutìdkobtaud, widd nudtkvcti` nfugtryskì kgtirspirsi` wktb jicutkaudbfusis.

X:01] Arignb wfmig cri acr jfdìr cg` mfri risfduti tbcg tbiackrir six fa Zusskc. My oukì cg` K tffh sicts kg akrst ndcss, afr wbknbK pck`, cdd tbi wbkdi spichkgo kg Ktcdkcg. Gixt tf mi wcs sicti` c dc`ywbf, luòkgo jy bir spdig`k` cppicrcgni cg` mcogkaknigt liwid-diry, bc` tf ji fa bkob ̀ kstkgntkfg. Bcvkgo bcr`dy spigt akvi mkgutisskttkgo gixt tf bir, sbi jiocg cg` sustckgi` c mfst cmkncjdi nfg-

virsctkfg wktb mi. Fur nfgvirsctkfg rcgoi` fvir c tbfuscg` `kaair-igt sujlints, cg` tbiricatir cjfut tbi orict cttcnbmigt cg` skgniricaaintkfg K jicr tfwcr`s Mfsnfw cg` kts X:0?] kgbcjktcgts, cg` jy`kgt fa nfgstcgtdy tbkghkgo cjfut tbks pdcni, wbknb ugktis cdd my ì-skris, K ricddy nfud` gft stfp mysida arfm scykgo tbct K wcs Zusskcg,c gctkvi fa Mfsnfw. ûnb wcs tbi pdicsuri K aidt kg rinfugtkgo tbks,cg` K oft sf cnnustfmi` tf tbi kìc, tbct K igì` up jidkivkgo my-sida tbct K wcs c Musnfvkti. ^f gcturcddy K nfgaissi` tf tbks dc`y tbctK wcs Zusskcg tff. ^bi tfd` mi tbct sbi nfud` gft bcvi jiig mfriìdkobti` tbcg tf bcvi tbi pdicsuri fa trcviddkgo wktb c Zusskcg, wktb

sfmifgi arfm tbct odfrkfus nfugtry wbknb tbi Arignb rispint cg`c`mkri sf munb. Bcvkgo akgcddy crrkvi` kg Qirsckddis, wi bcstigi` tftbi X:02] pcdcni. Ka Ucrks ks kgìi` tbi mfst jicutkaud nkty kg Iurfpi,Qirsckddis ks lustkakcjdy tbi prittkist. Akrstdy, kt ks viry coriicjdy sktuct-i`, cg` tbi ckr fgi jrictbis sf ndicg. Gixt, kt ks cdmfst igtkridy jukdtwktb tcsti, idiocgni cg` piraint jcdcgni kg wbknb cdd tbi mckg striitscri cdkogi` cs ka cdfgo c strkgo. bi akrst tkmi vksktfr ncggft bidp jutrimckg kg instcsy ct tbi kmprisskvi cg` mcogkaknigt Udcni `‛Crmis

:9: Cnnfr`kgo tf Uiquiogft (3203, :30) D‛ëodksi ì dc Mcìdikgi ks c jicutkaud pkini

fa Oriih crnbktinturi.



3:3

sf rknbdy surrfugì` jy jukd`kgos. Akrst cri tbi idiocgt cg` vcstjukd`kgos afrmirdy tbi hkgo‛s stcjdis, wbknb catirwcr`s X:0;] wiriusi` cs jcrrcnhs, tbig fppfskti fgi fa tbi jicutkaud acncìs fa tbipcdcni, priniì` jy tbi orict nfurt fa bfgfur, sf rknbdy frgcmigti`,fg fgi skì fa wbknb ks tbi sumptufus nbcpid, siig arfm tbi fut-skì, cg` gicr tf tbks, tbi jrfc` vcudti` crncìs sirvkgo cs tbi pujdknigtrcgni tf tbi ocrìgs kgskì tbi pcrh. Akgcddy, cdd fa tbks nrictis cspintcndi wbknb fgi ncggft bidp jut c`mkri. Jut sfmitbkgo tbct kscdmfst kgìsnrkjcjdi ks tbi mcogkaknigt kgtirkfr fa tbi pcdcni cg`kts c`mkrcjdi ìpigìgnkis. bi mfst kmprisskvi cg` mcokncd aictsfa kmcokgctkfg cri gftbkgo nfmpcri` tf tbi tcsti afr rknbgiss cgòrcgìur, suppdimigti` jy tbi crtkstkn oigkus X:95] wbknb ugktistbi mcrvids fa tbks spdig`k` cjfì. C wbfdi vfdumi wfud` sncrnidysuaakni tf okvi cg cnnurcti cg` ìtckdi` ìsnrkptkfg, ispinkcddy tf jicjdi tf ìsnrkji cdd kts jicuty wktb suaaknkigt snbfdcrsbkp. bi pcdcninfgsksts fa tbrii mckg jukd`kgo nfmpdixis. 31 nfdfsscd mcrjdi stct-uis cri pdcni` kg tbi pcdcni nfurtycr`. bi nfddintkfg fa pckgtkgos kgQirsckddis ks acr mfri ixtigskvi tbcg tbct fa tbi Dfuvri. :9> bi mc-

lfrkty fa tbi pckgtkgos riprisigt jcttdis wfg jy tbi Arignb. K wcs gftsurprksi` tf sii gft fgi pckgtkgo ̀ ipkntkgo tbi c`vigturis cg` X:93]jcttdis fa Gcpfdifg kg Zusskc. bi vcst pcdcni ocrìgs cri c`mkrc-jdi wfrhs fa crt8 siikgo tbim ixbcusts fgi‛s c`mkrctkfg jy vkrtui fatbikr `kvirskty, tbi rknbgiss fa tbikr ixpirt cg` orcniaud dcyfut cg`dcstdy jy tbi mudtktuì fa wfrhs fa crt wbknb tbiy igndfsi. biri fgi

akg`s tbi mfst dcvksb cg` mfst idiocgt pfg`s, wctir afugtckgs, wc-tiracdds wbiri kg surprkskgo iaaint, cdd mytbfdfoy nfmis kgtf pdcy kgc afugtckg fa orfup nfmpfsktkfgs, stctuis, vcsis, nfdumgs kg mcrjdics widd cs jrfgzi, cg` cdd ixinuti` wktb tbct rcri piraintkfg jy crtkstsfa rigfwg arfm tbi tkmi fa Dfuks 30 tb. Mfrifvir, tbi vkiw ks mcìivig mfri wfgìraud jy X:9:] tbi mcokncd acncì fa tbi pcdcni, kgarfgt fa wbknb ixtig` sunb jicutkaud tirrcnis, cg` tbct jicutkaudoriig ncrpit, rknbdy surrfugì` jy oriigiry, stctuis cg` pfg`s8 cg`tbi cvigui wcdhwcys wbknb stritnb fut kg cdd `krintkfgs, iktbir mch-kgo skgufus ìtfurs, fr dfst tf vkiw, cg` ct tbi ig` fa wbknb fgi

nctnbis skobt fa, fg fgi skì, tbi jicutkaud jf`y fa wctir, tbi Ukâni`‛Icu ìs ûkssis, fppfskti tbi ncgcd, cg` fg tbi ftbir skì, tbirkcgfg pcdcni, tbi spdig`k` ripfsi sf jidfvi` fa Dfuks 39 tb. Akgcddyriturgkgo tf Ucrks ct skx f‛ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo, K wigt tf tbi acmkdybfmi fa Mr. Dirfy, wbf bc` kgvkti` mi tf spig` tbi ivigkgo wktbtbim. biy bc` mcgy ouists X:9>] wbig K wigt tbiri ct ; afrty-akvi

:9> Pi @utnb wrktir Nfgrc` Jushig Buit (32:1-322;) wbf, dkvi` kg Ucrks arfm32?1 ugtkd bks ìctb, `k` gft corii wktb ^nbdkimcgg. Bi wcs fa tbi fpkgkfg tbctgixt tf tbi Dfuvri, Qirsckddi `kscppicrs kgtf gftbkgogiss (Jushig Buit 32?2,

?2).



3::

tf cttig` tbi acmfus trcoi`y —Cjuacr” fr —bi Crcj acmkdy”, wbknbìdkobti` mi. bi afddfwkgo `cy ûg`cy K wcs vkskti` jy sivircdfd` arkig`s wktb wbfm K wigt tf sii tbi bfusi wbiri pifpdi wbfcri afug` ìc` cri `kspdcyi`.:90 _i tbig wigt tf tbi Ucgtbifg, tbiì`kncti` pdcni fa tbi csbis fa tbi orict mig fa Arcgni. Catir bcvkgosiig kgskì tbi Ucgtbifg wi wigt tf vkskt tbi ugìrorfug` vcudts.

Catirwcr`s wi wigt up tf tbi ocddiry ct tbi tfp fa tbi `fmi arfmwbiri wi iglfyi` c mcogkaknigt vkiw fa tbi vcst ncpktcd. _i tbigwigt X:90] tf c spdig`k` jcdd cg` catirwcr`s tf c nfmkn fpirc. FgMfg`cy K wigt tf tbi Udcni Qig`ðmi wktb tbi orict nfdumg mcìarfm tbi midti` ncggfgs ncpturi` jy Gcpfdifg. bi nfdumg ks sur-mfugti` jy c stctui fa tbks impirfr. K tbig juski` mysida wktb tbipurnbcsi fa sbkrts, sncrvis cg` ginhtkis itn. cg` catirwcr`s K wigttf tbi _. Acmkdy wbf bc` kgvkti` mi tf `kggir. Kg tbi ivigkgo ctcrfug` sivig f‛ndfnh K wigt tf tbi Ucdcks-Zfycd tbictri. Fg uis`cyK wrfti sivircd dittirs tf Mfsnfw cg` Di Bcvri. Kg tbi ivigkgo Kwcs kgvkti` tf cttig` c acmkdy jcdd ct Mr. ^.‛s bfusi. Gft hgfwkgobfw, fr rctbir gft wcgtkgo tf `cgni X:99] K wcs jfri` cg` diat ctcrfug` tig f‛ndfnh, tchkgo c oko tf tbi tbictri Ufrti ^ckgt-Mcrtkg.Fg _i`gis`cy K wigt tf sii J. D. Afud`, B. Ocggirfg & Nf. Dirfy& ^fg, burgiyssig & Nf. cg` sivircd ìskogirs. Fg _i`gis`cyivigkgo K wigt tf sii tbi nfglurkgo sbfw wbknb K bcvi cdric`y ì-snrkji`. Fg burs`cy K wigt tf tbi Zusskcg imjcssy ct gumjir3:, Udcni Qig`ðmi tf nfddint my pcsspfrt. K tbig wigt tf tbi Uâri

Dcnbcksi nimitiry, tbig tbi @upuytrig musium:99

fg tbi Infdi ìMëìnkgi striit, wbknb wcs ugafrtugctidy ndfsi`. Catirwcr`s K wigttf tbi Bðtid ìs Kgvcdkìs. K tbig wrfti kg my lfurgcd cg` wrcppi`X:91] my iaaints afr my pdcggi` lfurgiy fg Gfvimjir :?tb.

K cshi` afr tbi jkdd, wbknb cmfugti` tf 03 arcgns 95, kgndu`kgo9 arcgns afr sirvkni. ^f K pck` 09 arcgns wbknb diat > ½ arcgns tf tbi`ksnritkfg fa tbi stcaa. Catir bcvkgo diat 9 arcgns afr tbi sirvcgt wbfndicgs tbi sbfis, K diat ct c acst trft kg c twf-wbiidi` oko afr tbigfrtb stctkfg:91 wbiri K crrkvi` ct c qucrtir pcst 2. bi akrst trckgfgdy dicvkgo ct gkgi f‛ndfnh kg tbi mfrgkgo, K bc` tf wckt cgftbir

· fa cg bfur. bi sinfg` ndcss ncrrkcois arfm tbi gfrtb stctkfgcri viry off`8 jftb kgskì cg` futskì tbi ncrrkcois cppicr X:9?]viry ndicg8 tbi skìs cg` sictkgo cri upbfdstiri` wktb off` nusbkfgs

:90 Cnnfr`kgo tf Uiquiogft (3203, >>2) Dc Mfrqui ks tbi pdcni wbiri tbi nkty jrkgostbi jf`kis fa tbi ugkìgtkffii` ìc` afug` kg tbi nkty. Piy cri ixbkjkti` afrtbrii `cys fg mcrjdi sdcjs fvir wbknb wctir nfgtkgucddy fws. Kt ks fpig ivirycatirgffg.

:99 Musëi @upuytrig ks sktucti` kg tbi rui ì d‛Ënfdi-ì-Mëìnkgi fppfskti tbi ruiBcutiaigkddi. Kt sbfws c nfddintkfg fa fstifdfokncd fjlints nfgsirvi` fr riprfùni`kg wcx (Uiquiogft 3203, 31?).

:91 Pks nfmpcgy stcrti` kg 3209.



3:>

wbknb dicvi gftbkgo tf ji ìskri`. Givirtbidiss K nbfsi tf trcvid akrstndcss kg frìr tf iglfy off` nfmpcgy. @ispkti tbi ariquigt stfps, Kcmusi` mysida jy tchkgo kg tbi ixniddigt vkiws fa tbi nfugtryskìwbknb wigt fg ig`dissdy kgtf tbi `kstcgni fg jftb skìs. K fjsirvi`wktb orict pdicsuri tbi ncri tchig biri wktb rispint tf vkgi nudtkvc-tkfg wktb wbknb tbi igfrmfus akid`s cri nfviri`. bi vkgis cri nud-tkvcti` kg vcrkfus wcys8 sfmitkmis dcroi crics cri pdcgti` fgdy wktbsmcdd orfups fa vkgis, sfmitkmis fgi X:92] siis akid`s `ftti` wktbbkob wcdds, up wbknb tbi vkgis orfw. bi dcttir mcggir fa nudtkvc-tkfg ks fa nfursi munb acstir ùi tf tbi sug, wbknb sbkgis fg tbiwcdds tbi wbfdi `cy dfgo, gcturcddy prfùnkgo acr orictir bict tbcgkg tbi akid`s. bi `kvirskty kg vkiws siimi` tf bcrmfgksi wktb tbctfa tbi pcssigoirs, wbf wigt kg cg` fut kg orict gumjirs ct icnb stc-tkfg. K tbiriafri bc` tbi fppfrtugkty tf nfgùnt c tbfuscg` nfgvir-sctkfgs wktb c tbfuscg` `kaairigt pifpdi. Cmfgo ftbirs K igocoi`kg nfgvirsctkfg wktb c viry kgtiristkgo kg`kvkùcd wbf mcì sivircdX:9;] viry cpt rimcrhs cjfut mcrrki` dkai kg Arcgni. Kg bks fpkgkfgkt ks viry sid`fm tbct Ucrkskcgs dkvi bcppkdy wktb tbikr wkvis. Bcvkgoixbcusti` tbimsidvis ct c tigìr coi jy igiroitkncddy igocokgo kgìjcunbiry, tbikr bfrrkjdi vknis sf rfj tbim fa dfvi, tbct swiit bicv-igdy okat, tbct tbiy cri gf dfgoir cjdi, gft hgfwkgo bfw tf aiid, tfncri afr tbikr wkvis, jut giodint tbim cg` nfgtkgui tf afddfw tbikrjdcmiwfrtby kgndkgctkfgs wbknb wichig cg` jcgksb tbikr pbysk-ncd cg` mfrcd acnudtkis. Dkai, tbks ivir nbcgokgo acjrkn, tbus pcssis

X:15] quknhdy afr tbisi pifpdi, afr wbfm kg ricdkty kt ks gftbkgo jutc sunnisskfg fa nrkmis. Crfug` tbrii f‛ndfnh kg tbi catirgffg wipcssi` ct orict spii` tbi pdcnis wbiri tbi actcd cnnkìgt fnnurri` kg

Cuoust.:9? rudy, prfvkìgni nfud` gft bcvi nbfsig c mfri cpprfprk-cti pdcni tf bcvi kgnricsi` tbi mksafrtugi. biri tbi rckdwcy nrfssi`c rcmpcrt jukdt cnrfss swcmpy orfug`8 tbi idivctkfg fa tbi rckdwcyks crfug` >5 aiit. Jidfw, fg jftb skìs cri ìip mcrsbis akddi` wktbup tf :5 aiit fa wctir. Cdtbfuob tbi Arignb giwspcpirs trki` X:13]tf pdcy `fwg tbi mksafrtugi, ripfrtkgo tbi gumjir fa vkntkms cs30, kg fur Zusskcg giwspcpirs kt wcs sck` 15 pifpdi bc` pirksbi`8

cg` K jidkivi tbi dcttir tf ji nfrrint, afr bfw ks kt pfsskjdi tf imiroiarfm ugìrgictb c buoi gumjir fa ncrrkcois mkri` kg tbi mu` :5aiit ugìr tbi wctir‛s suracni. Crfug` skx f‛ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo wicrrkvi` ct tbi Jidokcg jfrìr, wbiri fur jidfgokgos wiri sujlinti`tf c viry tbfrfuob kgspintkfg jy tbi nustfms faaknirs. Kg rispfgsi tftbikr quistkfgs cs tf wbitbir K bc` ktims sujlint tf ùtkis X:1:], Ksck` tbct K bc` jfuobt mysida sivircd sncrvis cg` ginhtkis wbknb bc`gft jiig bimmi`. My micgkgoaud wkgh suaakni` tf mchi tbim ug-ìrstcg` tbct tbiy nfud` ixpint c tkp arfm mi. My skdhs tbus pcssi`

:9? Pks cnnkìgt bcppigi` fg Ludy 2, 3201.



3:0

tbikr ixcmkgctkfg wktbfut mi bcvkgo tf pcy ùtkis. bi kgsfdigtsfuds aidt gf sbcmi kg rkadkgo tbrfuob my pfnhits tf sii ka K bc` cgy-tbkgo wbknb K wcgti` tf smuoodi tbrfuob. K `f gft tbkgh tbct tbigfrtbirg dkgi ks viry prfaktcjdi afr tbim, cs luòkgo arfm tbi smcddgumjir fa my aiddfw pcssigoirs X:1>] tbi rfuti ks gft bicvkdy trcv-iddi`. Givirtbidiss, tbks cntkfg ks rkofrfusdy pirafrmi`, prfjcjdy kgtbi bfpi tbct tbi sktuctkfg mkobt ji acvfurcjdi ùi tf tbi vcrkfusjrcgnb dkgis wbknb lfkg tbi mckg gfrtbirg dkgi. Akgcddy ct c qucrtirpcst gkgi kg tbi ivigkgo K crrkvi` kg Jrussids, tbi Jidokcg ncpktcd.@urkgo my stcy kg Cmstir`cm K bc` bicr` munb ixcooirctkfg cjfutJrussids wbknb bc` jiig pckgti` cs tbi mfst jicutkaud nkty X:10] kgtbi wfrd`. K wcs tbiriafri c dkttdi `kscppfkgti` kg my ixpintctkfgsfa Jrussids wbknb ct akrst skobt prisigti` ktsida diss acvfurcjdy tf mitbcg ftbirwksi wfud` bcvi jiig tbi ncsi bc` K gft bicr` sf munbprcksi. K tffh up dfòkgos kg tbi ^wi`ksb bftid:92, tbi jist bftid kgJrussids, cg` wcs tbus pdicsi` wktb my nbfkni. K tffh cg cttrcntkvicg` smcdd cpcrtmigt wbknb dffhi` fut fvir tbi squcri. Bcvkgo diatmy duoocoi K wigt tf tbi `kgkgo rffm wbiri K frìri` cg ixniddigtsuppir nfgskstkgo fa c pcstry, jrcksi` jiia, vicd, pfudtry X:19], pu`-`kgo cg` c jfttdi fa wkgi. K cti wktb twf ^wiìs, twf yfugo migwbf bc` c viry stupk` cppicrcgni, cg` wbf kgafrmi` mi tbct tbiywiri trcviddkgo afr pdicsuri.

Aiidkgo fvirnfmi wktb actkoui, K wigt tf ji` strckobt catir sup-pir. K oft up ct sivig f‛ndfnh kg tbi mfrgkgo cg` catir bcvkgo tchig c

off` mkdhy nfaaii, K wigt fut kg my trcviddkgo ndftbis kg frìr tf siitbi tfwg. K bcvi tf c`mkt tbct K bcvi givir kg my dkai siig sf mcgypcdcnis cg` mcogkaknigt jukd`kgos cdd tfoitbir kg sunb c smcdd nkr-ndi. Jrussids ks jukdt fg tbi sdfpi fa c mfugtckg8 tbi rfc`s cri quktiwkì cg` widd pcvi` X:11]. bi crnbktinturi fa tbi bfusis ks viryUcrkskcg cdtbfuob tbi stydi ks gft qukti cs orcg`kfsi cg` kmpfskgo.bi futskì wcdds cri nfviri` wktb pdcstir fr wktb fkd pckgt. _ktbfuthgfwkgo wbiri K wcs ofkgo K trcvirsi` tbi nkty kg cdd `krintkfgs. Kwigt kgtf tbi dcroi nctbi`rcd:9;, cg cgnkigt nburnb wktb c Oftbkn cp-picrcgni. biri wcs gftbkgo rimcrhcjdi cjfut tbi kgtirkfr ixnipt

c aiw cttrcntkvi pckgtkgos fg tbi wkg`fws. Catirwcr`s K wigt tf tbipcrh kg tbi nigtri fa tfwg. ûrrfugì` jy mcogkaknigt pcdcnis tbkspcrh caafr`s viry coriicjdi vkiws cg` tbi wcdhwcys cg` X:1?] tbicviguis cri viry gkni. Ct fgi ig` fa tbi pcrh c sfrt fa dcroi pcvkdkfgks irinti` wbiri summir nfgnirts cri okvig. bi wcdhwcys cri dkgi`wktb pritty justs, wbknb cdtbfuob sfmiwbct smcdd, okvi ivirytbkgoc viry cttrcntkvi ckr. bi rfycd pcdcni, acnkgo tbi pcrh, risimjdiscttrcntkvi jfuroifks jukd`kgos kg ^t Uitirsjuro, wktbfut ricddy orcj-

:92 —Bftid ì ûâì, Zui ì d‛Ivìqui 0>, 09” (Jciìhir 32?2).

:9; ^t Mknbkidshctbi`rccd.



3:9

jkgo tbi cttigtkfg fa tbi vkiwir. K tbig wcdhi` cdfgo mcgy prittystriits, nrfssi` tbi squcri fa tbi mckg tbictri cg` tbig wigt `fwgMcìdikgi striit, wbknb ks jidkivi` tf ji tbi prittkist kg tbi nkty.Ucsskgo sivircd jffh X:12] sbfps K wcs sikzi` jy tbi uroi tf of kgcg` juy tbi wfrh —bi ... kg ..., wrkttig jy tbi .... bks jffh, wbknbusucddy nfsts 3: arcgns, K mcgcoi` tf oit afr 1 arcgns tbrfuob jcr-ockgkgo. bks jffh kgtirists mi c dft cdtbfuob K `fg‛t put cgy acktbkg kts nfgtigts. K tffh tbi fppfrtugkty tf cdsf juy sfmi mfri Ktcdkcgnfmi`kis afr > arcgns. Catir kgqukrkgo, K afug` tbi —Mcggihig Uks”,cg kgìnigt dkttdi stctui fa c nbkd`. K tbig wigt jcnh tf nut tbi pcoisfa tbi jffhs K bc` jfuobt X:1;] cs kt ks gft pirmktti` tf kmpfrtugusi` jffhs kgtf Urusskc :15 , ugdiss tbi jffhs cri wfrg. Ct bcdapcst idivig K diat afr Cgtwirp, wbiri K crrkvi` ct twidvi afrty-akvi.Gicr mi sct c Arignb dc`y wbf wcs ixquksktidy `rissi`. K bc` jcridyjfcrì` tbi ncrrkcoi wbig sbi kgktkcti` c nfgvirsctkfg wktb mi.

Ct akrst sbi tffh mi afr cg Igodksbmcg, jut cs sffg cs sbi hgiwtbct K wcs Zusskcg sbi pck` mi c tbfuscg` nfmpdkmigts cg` stcrti`c mfst pdicscgt nfgvirsctkfg. ^bi tfd` mi tbct sbi dkvi` kg Ucrkscg` bc` X:?5] mcrrki` c Arignbmcg twf yicrs privkfus, c Ucrkskcg,c trui vkddckg, wbf cjcg`fgi` bkmsida tf c viry kmmfrcd dkaistydi,tf jistkcd bcjkts, cdd tbi wbkdi mkstrictkgo tbi pffr wfmcg iviry`cy. K pktki` bir8 cg` catirwcr`s sbi cshi` mi cdd hkg`s fa quistkfgscjfut fur Zusskcg wfmig, kgqukrkgo cmfgo ftbir tbkgos bfw tbiy`rissi`, ka wi iglfyi` bcppy acmkdy dkvis itn. K cgswiri` tbct wi

riocr` fur wkvis cs `kvkgi jikgos, nidistkcd nricturis, tbi mfst pri-nkfus okat X:?3] tbct tbi off` Dfr` ncg jistfw, c``kgo tbct wi c`frifur wkvis cs of`ìssis, cg` tbct wi dkvi fgdy afr tbim cg` tbct wiugnicskgody impdfy fur jist iaafrts tf mchi tbikr dkvis bcppy cg` ctrui icrtbdy pcrc`ksi. ûnb wfr`s fg my jibcda strunh tbi dc`y viryhiigdy8 cg` sbi jiocg tf nry cg` dcmigt bir mksircjdi acti. K jidkivitbct gfwbiri idsi fg icrtb `f pifpdi dic` sunb c bcppy acmkdy dkaics wi `f.:13

bi futshkrts fa Jrussids cri viry jicutkaud X:?:], airtkdi cg`pdicscgt pcsturis `ftti` wktb tbfuscg`s fa ncttdi `kscppicrkgo arfm

vkiw. Arfm tkmi tf tkmi pritty nfugtry bfusis surrfugì` jy ocr-ìgs, dkhi fcsis, nfmi kgtf vkiw. Crrkvkgo kg Cgtwirp K wcs cockg kgnfgvigkigni` jy tbi cttig-

tkfgs fa nustfms coigts wbf cri ivkìgtdy ixpirt kg pbyskfogfmycg` rinfogksi c afrikogir ct akrst odcgni. Gft jikgo cgy jittir faa

:15 Kg tbi ffirst bcda fa tbi gkgitiigtb nigtury Oirmcgy wcs ivig diss cjdi tbcg Arcgnitf nfmpiti wktb tbi ìvidfpkgo kgùstrkis fa Orict Jrktckg. @kvkì` pfdktkncddykgtf c dcroi gumjir fa sipcrcti ^tctis, icnb wktb kts fwg infgfmkn pfdkny cg` ktsfwg Nustfms ùtkis divki` dcroidy afr rivigui (Nfdi 3;9:, ?:).

:13 Ygsurprkskgody ^nbdkimcgg‛s dctir mcrrkcois givir ricnbi` tbks divid fa piraintkfg.



3:1

afr tbikr sirvknis K akrst wigt tf sii tbi tcdd tfwir fa tbi mckg nc-tbi`rcd.:1: Gftbkgo ks mfri tkrkgo tbcg mfugtkgo tbi 155 stips fatbi spkrcd stckrncsi tf tbi tfp fa tbi tfwir, wbknb ks X:?>] wktbfutnfgtrc`kntkfg tbi bkobist kg Iurfpi. Akgcddy crrkvkgo ct tbi tfp K wcswidd riwcrì` afr tbi iaafrt fa tbi ndkmj jy tbi mcogkaknigt vkiwfaairi` fa jftb Cgtwirp cg` tbi pdicscgt surrfug`kgos. Cgtwirp,c nkty fa >9,555 sfuds, ks c strfgo afrtriss fg tbi jcghs fa tbi gcvk-ocjdi rkvir ^nbid`t (—Isncut”). @iip `ktnbis cg` bkob jfudivcr`ssurrfug` tbi tfwg. Gicr tf tbi nctbi`rcd ks c dcroi squcri aurgksbi`wktb c jrfgzi stctui fa tbi acmfus pckgtir Zimjrcg`t.:1> Catir bcv-kgo siig tbi tfwir K wigt tf ict ct tbi nfrg mcrhit:10, cg` dctirjfuobt X:?0] c pcss tf sii tbi kgskì fa tbi nctbi`rcd, wbknb wcsndfsi`. bi nburnb ks viry jicutkaud cg` ìnfrcti` wktb sivircdfa Zimjrcg`t‛s:19 pckgtkgos, cmfgo wbknb tbi ìpfsktkfg fa LisusNbrkst arfm tbi Nrfss, cg` tbi irintkfg fa tbi nrfss pcrtknudcrdystcg` fut. bi pcdi cg` acì` nfugtigcgni fa tbi ^cvkfur, wbf bc``ki`, bks jdii`kgo bcg`s cg` aiit, tbi pdckgtkvi cppicrcgni fa ̂ ckgtdyvkrokg sicti` ct tbi aiit fa bir sfg, tbi ivigkgo twkdkobt, cdd fa tbkswcs viry widd rigìri`. K tbig strfddi` cdfgo tbi pfrt, wbiri K wcscstfgksbi` tf akg` sf aiw sbkps. Mfst X:?9] fa tbi jukd`kgos fa tbinkty acni tbi ^nbid`t wbknb orictdy acnkdktctis nfmmirni. biri cribcr`dy cgy cttrcntkvi jukd`kgos kg Cgtwirp8 tbi crnbktinturi ks gi-odinti` cg` cdd cttigtkfg ks afnussi` fg nfmmirni. bi wcribfusis,tbfuob smcdd, cri jicutkauddy cg` mcogkaknigtdy jukdt. Ct bcda pcst 0

K riturgi` tf Jrussids. Fg tbi wcy K afug` mysida kg tbi nfmpcgy facg Ktcdkcg cg` sfmi Igodksbmig. Catir tchkgo c off` suppir, K nfg-tkgui` wrktkgo my lfurgcd. K bcvi afrofttig tf c`` tf tbi ìsnrkptkfgfa Jrussids tbi mfgumigt irinti` X:?1] fg tbi Mcrtyrs squcri tftbi mimfry fa tbfsi wbf scnrkakni` tbimsidvis afr dkjirty cockgsttbi @utnb kg 32>:. Jidokum ks riprisigti` jy c jicutkaud cddiofrkncdmcrjdi stctui fg tfp fa c bkob stfgi piìstcd8 ct kts aiit ks c dkfg, cswidd cs c dcroi gumjir fa mig riprisigtkgo mcrtyrs wktb pdckgtkviixprisskfgs. bks dcroi cg` jicutkaud stctui ks pdcni` kg tbi mk``difa c dcroi ìprisskfg kg tbi orfug`.

Fgi ncg oit tbiri jy micgs fa c smcdd stckrncsi8 tbi wcdds fa tbiìprisskfg cri imjiddksbi` X:??] wktb tcjdicus wktb tbi gcmis fatbi vkntkms cg` tbikr pdcnis fa jkrtb.

:1: Fgzi-Dkivi-Qrfuwihctbi`rccd.:1> Zujigs.:10 Hffrgmcrht.

:19 Pks nburnb bcs gf pckgtkgos jy Zimjrcg`t.



3:?

Gfvimjir :;tb

bks mfrgkgo K wcs wfhig ct skx f‛ndfnh. Bcvkgo pcnhi` my ji-dfgokgos K oft tbim tchig tf tbi `kgkgo rffm wbiri K pck` my jkddwbknb ncmi tf 3> ½ arcgns. K c`ì` : arcgns afr tbi `fmistkn stcaa,

afr kg wbknbivir nfugtry fr nkty K cm kg, K cdwcys dkhi tf auddy sct-ksay tbi wcgts fa tbi `fmistkns. Kt mcy mchi gf `kaairigni tf tbitrcviddir wbitbir bi pcys :5% mfri fr diss8 afr tbi `fmistkn fgtbi ftbir bcg`, c hkg` acvfur ks viry widnfmi cg` rimckgs kg bksmimfry afr c dfgo tkmi X:?2] cg` bi ks `kspfsi` tf ji cs cttigtkvics pfsskjdi tf wbfmsfivir bcs sbfwg sunb dkjircdkty. K diat ct sivigf‛ndfnh jy fmgkjus wbknb tffh mi tf tbi rckdwcy :11 wbfsi stctkfgks wktbfut c `fujt tbi mfst jicutkaud K bcvi ivir siig. bi wictbirwcs jicutkaud cg` wi iglfyi` tbi sugrksi kg cdd kts spdig`fur. bijicuty fa gcturi cs widd cs tbi caacjdi nfmpcgy wbknb surrfugì`

mi stkmudcti` my acnudtkis cg` K aidt viry fptkmkstkn. Gftbkgo ksmfri pdicsurcjdi tbcg trcviddkgo jy trckg8 tbi nrfw` fa pcssigoirswbf nfmi cg` of ct icnb stctkfg, tbi tbfuscg`s fa cnquckgtcgnismcì X:?;] wktb pifpdi wbf yfu wkdd givir sii cockg, tbi orict vc-rkity kg tbi snigis wbknb ady jy fg iktbir skì fa tbi rckdwcy wktb tbispii` fa cg crrfw8 cdd tbks tfoitbir faairs tbi vfycoir tbi jist fp-pfrtugkty tf ixirnksi bks hgfwdiòi cg` tcdigts. Ct tkmis wi pcssi`pritty cg` widd nudtkvcti` akid`s surrfugì` jy cttrcntkvi biòirfwsfa gut triis fr dfos, ct tkmis stkdd oriig pcsturis ̀ ispkti tbi c`vcgni`tbi sicsfg, sfmitkmi fur rfuti di` us tbrfuob dfgo cg` ̀ crh ugìr-

orfug` tuggids ùo tbrfuob X:25] sfdk` rfnh. ^fmitkmis nrfsskgovcddiys wi afug` fursidvis fg rcksi` imjcghmigts mfri tbcg skxtyaiit bkob8 tbi mfugtckgs, wbknb cppicr tf yfu tf rcksi tbikr pichsup tf tbi ndfu`s, siimi` acr mfri jicutkaud tbcg tbfsi K bc` siig kgArcgni8 tbi afrists wktb wbknb tbiy wiri nfviri` wiri `ftti` wktbdkttdi cgnigtrcd nfttcois. rykgo cs munb cs pfsskjdi tf cvfk` mfug-tckgfus :1? rfutis, tbi rckdwcy sgchi` nfgtkgufusdy, fatig cdfgo tbinfursi fa sfmi rkvir fr ftbir, wbkdst ct ftbir tkmis X:23] nrfsskgofvir kt arfm skì tf skì. Ct Dkioi wi ìsnigì` c mfugtckg sdfpiwktb tbi ck` fa strfgo rfpis cg` c sticm igokgi pdcni` ct tbi tfp fa

c mfugtckg. bi tfwg fa Dkioi sktucti` kg tbi vcddiy prfvkì` c viryakgi skobt ùrkgo tbi ìsnigt. Kt ks sck` tbct kt sbcris munb kg nfm-mfg wktb Cdokirs, kg Carknc. Bcvkgo pcssi` tbrfuob Diuvig, Dkioicg` mcgy ftbir orictir fr dissir tfwgs, K akgcddy ricnbi` Qirvkirs,wbiri wi nbcgoi` trckg, stfppkgo ct tbi scmi tkmi tf riarisb fur-

:11 Kg 32>9 tbi ffirst nfmmirnkcd rckd dkgi kg Jidokum, jitwiig Jrussids cg` Minbidig,wcs fpigi`.

:1? ^tiip bkdds.



3:2

sidvis. Jfcr`kgo fgni mfri K afug` mysida tf my X:2:] orict pdics-uri, acni tf acni wktb twf pritty dkttdi Arignb dc`kis wbf `k` gftìdcy kg mchkgo nfgvirsctkfg wktb mi. K igtirtckgi` mysida jy nbct-tkgo tf tbisi dkttdi igtirtckgirs (ofsskps) wbf tfd` mi c tbfuscg`tbkgos fa tbi mfris cg` bcjkts fa tbi nfugtry. Cmfgo tbi adurry faquistkfgs tbiy cshi` mi, tbiy cdsf igqukri` wbitbir Arignb wfmigwiri mfri jicutkaud tbcg Zusskcg wfmig. K cgswiri` tbim tbct ktwcs rctbir c ìdkncti mcttir cg` tbct K `cri` gft scy siikgo cs kt wcsuttirdy c mcttir X:2>] fa tcsti, jut tbct c mfst kmpcsskfgi` nfm-pitktkfg afr Musnfvkti dc`kis wfud` ìvidfp wiri iviryfgi tf bcvitbi scmi tcstis cs mi. biy sffg bc` tf tchi dicvi fa mi cg` diatmi c pkg cs c sfuvigkr. Ct tbi Urusskcg jfrìr wi wiri cshi` afr furpcsspfrts, tf ji riturgi` kg Ckx dc Nbcpiddi. Kg tbi dcttir tfwg furduoocoi wcs sujlinti` tf tbi mfst tbfrfuob kgspintkfg jy Urusskcgnustfms faaknirs. K wcs carck` tbct tbiy wfud` nfgaksncti my tkis cgùg-bimmi` sncrvis, jut afrtugctidy tbiy `k` gft pcy cgy cttigtkfgtf tbim. X:20] C pirsfg wktb wbfm K wcs trcviddkgo tfd` mi tbct kgArcgni c micgs bc` jiig `ksnfviri` tf riùni tura tf sfdk` mcttir,ìnricskgo kts vfdumi, cdmfst dkhi fgi mchis nfcd. K bfpi` tbks wiritrui jincusi jy tbks prfniss tbi mckgtigcgni fa rckdwcy trckgs wfud`ji kmprfvi` c orict ìcd, pcrtknudcrdy ct bfmi kg Zusskc wbiri ji-ncusi fa kgnricsi` tcxis, nfcd ks sfd` ct sunb c bkob prkni. Crrkvkgokg Nfdfogi ct skx f‛ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo, K tffh c X:29] trcp tf `rkvimi tf tbi sticm jfct dicvkgo ct tig f‛ndfnh afr Hfjdigz. Catir bcv-

kgo oft my akrst ndcss tknhit afr tbiri cg` jcnh, wbknb nfst munb diss(> ½ arcgns) K diat my duoocoi kg tbi jfct cg` wigt tf c ristcurcgtncddi` —Dc Jfursi”, wbiri K frìri` c off` `kggir cg` bcda c jft-tdi fa Zbkgi wkgi. bi dcroi `kgkgo rffm, crrcgoi` kg Arignb stydi,jut wktb jcri tcjdis, wcs audd fa smcrtdy `rissi` yfugo pifpdi, ri-dcxkgo smfhkgo pkpis fr nkocrs cg` dkstigkgo tf tbi jicutkaud musknfa sfmi musknkcgs wbf wiri pdcykgo X:21] vkfdkgs ct fgi ig` fatbi rffm. Fwkgo tf tbi orict arii`fm wbknb tbisi yfugo pifpdiwiri iglfykgo tbiy cppicri` ocy cg` ncriarii. Bcvkgo sctksaki` mycppitkti, K wigt tf tbi tbictri. Cnnustfmi` cs K wcs afr sfmi tkmi

tf tbi supirj pirafrmcgnis fa orict cntfrs cg` cntrissis fa Dfg`fgcg` Ucrks K `k` gft ixpint munb arfm tbi Nfdfogi tbictri. K crrkvi`prinksidy ct tbi ig` fa tbi akrst cnt. Kt wcs c pirafrmcgni fa —bibrii Mushitiirs”:12, cg` cdtbfuob tbi snigiry wcs tbi mfst jcskn Kbcvi siig, K iglfyi` mysida kmmigsidy ct tbi ̀ kspdcy fa tbi kgtrkouisX:2?] fa tbi wfmig. bi cntfrs wiri gft jc`, cdtbfuob kt ks trui tf

:12 Cdixcgìr @umcs (325:-32?5) pujdksbi` Dis trfks mfusquitckris kg 3200. Kg ffirstkgstcgni bi `k` gft cddfwi` c `rcmctksctkfg, jut c yicr dctir bi nbcgoi` bks mkg`pirsucì` jy tbi ncsb fg fstir afr tbi rkobts. ^nbdkimcgg must bcvi siig fgi fa

tbi ffirst `rcmctkzctkfgs fa tbks jffh.



3:;

scy tbct tbiy dcnhi` tbi gkmjdigiss, tbi riakgimigt cg` tbi orcni faUcrkskcgs, jut wbct ncg ji ixpinti` fa c tfwg sunb cs Nfdfogi. bitbictri wcs qukti dcroi cg` nfud` cnnfmmf`cti mfri tbcg c tbfu-scg` spintctfrs. Cdd tbi sicts wiri tchig wbknb spfhi kg acvfur fatbi Nfdfogi nbcrcntir. Jikgo prissi` afr tkmi K diat jiafri tbi pdcybc` igì`. Crrkvkgo fgni mfri ct tbi sticmjfct, K sit cjfut wrkt-kgo kg my trcvid lfurgcd, cdtbfuob K wcs sffg privigti` arfm `fkgotbks jy tbi sbchkgo cg` X:22] sbu`ìrkgo fa tbi sticmjfct. biriwiri crfug` tig pcssigoirs kg tbi akrst ncjkg. Mchkgo c sfrt fa pkd-dfw fa my fvirnfct K put kt fg c sict cg` dykgo wktb my bic` fg kt,K aidd kgtf c ìip sdiip, stritnbkgo my dkmjs fut cs jist K nfud`. Ctskx afrty-akvi kg tbi mfrgkgo K wigt up fgtf tbi jrkòi8 tbi vkiwwcs supirj cg` cdtbfuob tbi `crhgiss privigti` us arfm siikgo acr,tbi bkob jcghs nfviri` kg afrist dffhi` viry jicutkaud. Crrkvkgo kgHfjdigz ct bcda pcst ikobt, K wigt strckobtcwcy tf fjtckg my c`mks-skfg tknhit X:2;] afr tbi —Ibrigjriktigstikg” afrtriss sktucti` fg cgkmmigsi rfnh >55 aiit bkob wktb rispint tf tbi tfwg. bi tfwgfa Hfjdigz ks gft pcrtknudcrdy rimcrhcjdi8 tbi crnbktinturi fa tbijukd`kgos ks qukti off`, cdtbfuob `kspdcykgo cdd tbi nbcrcntirkstknsfa smcdd tfwgs. Bcvkgo prfnuri` tbi ìskri` tknhit K ndkmji` up tftbi afrtriss. C dfgo pfgtffg di` fvir tbi jicutkaud rkvir Zbkgi8 fgtbi ftbir skì tbiri wcs c sfrt fa dkttdi ackri. Akg`kgo fgisida ct tbiafft fa tbi igfrmfus rfnh, tbi dcttir siims tf `kscppicr kgtf tbindfu`s cg` tbi igfrmfus stfgi wcdds cg` isncrpmigts, afrmi` jy

gcturi, cppicri` X:;5] tf wcgt tf nfddcpsi fg tfp fa mi. Fg tfp fatbi rfnh tbi afrtriss rksis kg cdd kts orcgìur. C wkg`kgo rfc`, micgtafr ncrrkcois tf ricnb tbi tfp8 gftbkgo ks mfri tkrkgo tbcg tbi nfg-stcgt ndkmj. bi vkiw fvir tbi Zbkgi cg` kts jicutkaud surrfug`kgosks vcst cg` kmpfskgo. ^fmitkmis c sticmjfct pcssis, puddkgo twf frtbrii dcìg jfcts cg` prfùnkgo c orict mfvimigt fa wcvis kg tbimk``di fa tbi `fmkgcgt ncdm.

Xbi gixt :2 pcois cri nut arfm tbi lfurgcd]



3>5

X:;3] 39tb Aijrucry 320?

^c`ìgi` jy tbi mksafrtugi tbct fnnurri` tf mi kg Mfsnfw :1; cg`bcrcssi` jy actkoui arfm nfgstcgt wfrh, c tirrkjdi jfri`fm tffhbfd` fa mi tbks ivigkgo kg my dfòkgos. Cdd tbi tbictris wiri sbut

ùi tf ncrgkvcd8 K wigt tf tbi Fdympkn Nkrnus fa Cdixcgìr tbiOrict:?5 wbknb wcs okvkgo pirafrmcgnis kg tbi squcri fa tbi mckgtbictri.

K wcs sikzi` wktb c`mkrctkfg fg siikgo tbi adixkjkdkty cg` ixtrcfr-`kgcry tcdigts wktb wbknb tbi mfst `kaaknudt rfutkgis wiri ixinuti`.biri wiri c viry aiw spintctfrs, jut X:;:] wbct K pcrtknudcrdy ig-

lfyi` wcs tbi acnt tbct fur orict Impirfr Gknbfdcs 3 st bfgfuri` uswktb bks prisigni. bi mfgcrnb cppdcuì` nfgtkgucddy, cs sffg csbi scw c orcnkfus pfsturi fr sfmi pfsi wbknb ispinkcddy cttrcnti` bkscttigtkfg. Akrst fa cdd c yfugo, sncgtkdy-ndc` Ktcdkcg dc`y mfugti` c

bfrsi8 cs sffg cs tbi cgkmcd bc` ricnbi` c ocddfp sbi jiocg tf `cgnipkrfuittis cg` strunh cdd hkg`s fa pfsis. Catir bir ncmi c smcdd jfyig`fwi` wktb cg ixtrcfr`kgcry tcdigt X:;>] afr cokdkty cg` shkdd cg`

lumpi` fg c bfrsi upfg wbknb, cg` kg c mcggir sf piraintdy mcr-viddfus, bi ixinuti` tbi mfst kgnri`kjdi cnrfjctkns. Fgni, lump-kgo kgtf tbi ckr, bi spug rfug` nfmpditidy. bks wcs afddfwi` jy cyfugo dc`y wbf pirafrmi` widd, cdtbfuob cs kt strunh mi, gft qukti

:1; Bcmjuro, 3>. Aijrucr 320? ... Qfroistirg impffigo knb Kbrig Jrkia vfm :5. Lcgucr ... ug` jimirhi `crcua mkt Ji`cuirg Kbri oitàusnbtig Kd duskfgig kg jitristìr Qirjkgùgo mkt _Xdc`kmkr] Cdixilist, cddikg wugìrg tut is mknb gknbt kmIgtairgtistig, vkidmibr bcji knb is dàgost irwcrtit, ug` zwcr vfg vfrgbirikg,wki ^ki cunb jik Kbrir Cgwisigbikt bkir jimirhtig, `ki jiorôgìtstig \wikaidôjir cddi Kbri bkrgsnbikgkoig Urflinti oiscot. ^ki bcjig ùrnbcus hikgi Higgtgkssivfg Migsnbig ug` _idt, snbwctzig ug` virsprinbig vkid zu vkid, snbwàrmig km-mirwàbrig` aôr Bkrgoispkgsti, gur kg Kbrir Ikgjkdùgoshrcat irriknbjcr, kg ìr _krhdknbhikt gkimcds - _igg ^ki Kbr \kid irriknbt odcujig, wirìg ^ki orfj ug`crrfocgt oioig Ariugì, `ki gur cg Kbr ikoigis Jistis ìghig ug` `ki cddikg sknbwcbrbcat aôr ^ki kgtirisskrig ug` Kbgig `ki _cbrbikt scoig ug` ^ki sf aôr Kbrikoigis Jistis cuazuhdàrig ug` zu jkdìg sunbig. ^tctt `cghjcr `caôr zu sikg,wirìg ^ki orfj ug` crrfocgt. @ki Ygcrtkohiktig, `ki ^ki sknb mibracnb oioig ugsirdcujtig, wkdd knb Kbgig oirgi virzikbig, mikgi Cssfnnës wirìg oiwkÖ ijigsf

ìghig `crôjir. _kr higgig ^ki ug` bioig `ki Bfstgugo, `cÖ ^ki spàtir ikg oi-jkdìtis ug` cgoigibmis Mktodki` ìr Oisiddsnbcat wirìg ug` gcnbìm ^ki, wkiis ùrnbcus gñtko kst, Kbri prchtksnbig hcuamàggksnbig Higgtgkssi cusoijkdìtbcjig, cunb aôr sknb sidjst ikgi ibrigvfddi ^tiddugo kg ìr Hcuamcggs- ug` _idtôjirbcupt ikggibmig, cua `ki Crt sknb sidjst ug` Kbrig Ariugìg gôtzdknb wirìg(Miyir 3;9>, >9->1). Cnnfr`kgo tf Miyir L._. ^nbrñìr fa Bcmjuro wrfti tbksdittir. Pks ks gft nfrrint cs tbi dittir ks skogi` jy —^nbrñìr Oijrôìr & Nf.” Crigtzig tbcghs Zbikgbcr` _ktti afr tbks fjsirvctkfg.

:?5 Ubkdkp Cstdiy ìvidfpi` tbi —mfìrg” bfrsi nkrnus kg 3?12. Kg 325? bi igdcroi`bks sbfw wktb pcgtfmkmi. Cs c jcsks afr bks sbfws bi tffh c stfry tbct nfud` jitfd` wktb c dft fa spintcnudcr bfrsi mfvimigts. Bi ncddi` tbisi pirafrmcgnis—Nkrqui Fdympkqui” (Jcgbcm 3;;9, :3?-:32). Kg tbi sbfw tbct ^nbdkimcgg scwtbi stfry fa Cdixcgìr tbi Orict must bcvi jiig tbi jcsks crfug` wbknb cdd tbi cnts

wiri wfvig.



3>3

tf tbi scmi ìorii. Catir bir ncmi cg Igodksb orffm wbf stff` fgfgi dio fg c bfrsi, bfd`kgo bkmsida ct c nfmpditi cgodi afr sivircdmkgutis. f my mkg` kt ks nfmpditidy kmpfsskjdi tf pirafrm cdd tbksX:;0] tf tbi rioudcr ocddfp fa c bfrsi. Kg tbi mk``di fa tbi nkrnus wcspdcni` c dfgo pfdi tf wbknb dfgo cg` wkì rkjjfgs wiri cttcnbi`cg` bid` kg pdcni kg frìr tf pdcni fjstcndis kg tbi rkìr‛s pctb, juttbi dcttir lumpi` fvir tbim, sfmitkmis kg arfgt, sfmitkmis jibkg`cs ka fg adct orfug`, cg` tf mchi kt ivig mfri `kaaknudt, bi `k` kttbrfuob wffìg rkgos. Dctir c dc`y mfugti` c bfrsi wbknb mfvi`tbi wbfdi tkmi tf tbi rbytbm X:;9] fa muskn. bi sbfw igì` kgcg fjstcndi nfursi.



3>>

Nbcptir >

^NBDKIMCGG‛̂ IYZFUICG P ZCQID LFYZGCD FA

3201-320?< C PZCG^NZKUPKFG

Kgtrfùntkfg tf tbi trcgsnrkptkfg

Pbi lfurgcd

bi lfurgcd ks wrkttig kg kgh cg` fnncskfgcddy kg pignkd.:?3 Cdmfstiviry pcoi ks gumjiri` kg pignkd jut kt ks gft hgfwg wbf gumjiri`

tbi pcois cg` wbig. wf mkstchis wiri mcì kg tbi gumjirkgo<twkni twf pcois wiri shkppi`. Ucois 2:c cg` 2:j wiri rigumjiri`frkokgcddy cg` twf pcois jitwiig 3>? cg` 3>2 wiri nfmpditidy afr-ofttig. biy bcvi jiig rigumjiri` jy us cs 3>?c cg` 3>2j. bidcst wrkttig pcoi ks gumjiri` :;9. bus, wktb tbi afur afrofttigpcois, tbi tftcd fa wrkttig pcois cmfugts tf :;;.

bi tixt ks wrkttig kg Arignb (3>? pcois), Igodksb (92 pcois) cg`Ktcdkcg (0 pcois):?:. Fnncskfgcddy Zusskcg gcmis cg` cjjrivkctkfgsfnnur. Icnb pcoi bcs cg cvircoi fa :0 dkgis/sigtignis cg` cjfutafur tf akvi wfr`s pir sigtigni. Kt ks gft cdwcys ndicr wbiri c giw

pcrcorcpb stcrts.bi afur sncgs c`ì` fa tbi pcois fa tbi lfurgcd riadint bks usi

fa dcgoucois< Igodksb (pcoi 3), Arignb (pcoi ;), cg` Ktcdkcg (pcoi3?0). bi dcst sncg (pcoi :25) ks cg ixcmpdi fa bks ct tkmis jcridydiokjdi bcg`wrktkgo.

biri cri :2 sbiits mksskgo arfm tbi lfurgcd. biy bcvi jiignut fut ct pcoi :;5. bi rimckgkgo stujs sbfw tbct tbi 91 mksskgopcois wiri wrkttig fg kg kgh fr pignkd.

I`ktfrkcd mitbf`

bi purpfsi fa tbi trcgsnrkptkfg ̀ ividfpi` tbrfuob tkmi tf tbks ̀ i-akgktkvi tixt. Kg tbi 3;;5‛s _fut Crigtzig mcì c `koktcd nfpy arfmc rctbir pffr jdcnh cg` wbkti nfpy fa c mknrfakdm. bi frkokgcd tixtkg kgh wcs icsy tf ric`, tbi tixt kg pignkd jcridy sf. bi purpfsi fatbi tixt jy Crigtzig wcs tf oit cg kgskobt kgtf tbi nfgtigts fa tbi

:?3 Ucois 02, 0; cg` 19 cri cdd (pcrtkcd dy) kg pignkd.

:?: Igodksb< pcois 3-2, 30-:;, 19-3:38 Ktcdkcg< pcois 3?: (pcrtkcd dy)-3?9.



3>0

lfurgcd, cg` bi usi` tbi kgafrmctkfg afr bks pdcggi` pujdknctkfg. _big bi bcgì` fvir bks `ctc kg :552, K nfgtkgui` tf wfrh wktbtbi jdcnh cg` wbkti nfpy.

Kg :55; wi fjtckgi` c nfpy fa c typisnrkpt fa tbi tixt fa tbi lfur-gcd, prfvkì` jy tbi Bigry ^nbdkimcgg Musium ct CghirsbcoigOirmcgy. bi frkokgcd typisnrkpt ks ct tbi Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry(hgfwg cs< C3c typiwrkttig trcgsnrkptkfg fa tbi lfurgcd (;0 pcois))cg` bcs c dkjrcry stcmp fg kt. Kt ks gft hgfwg wbig cg` jy wbfmkt wcs mcì.:?> bks nfpy ks gft cg ixcnt trcgsnrkptkfg< mksspiddkgoscg` pugntuctkfgs bcvi jiig nbcgoi`, sfmi fa tbi sujsnrkji` wfr`sbcvi gft jiig wrkttig ̀ fwg cg` kg sfmi ncsis wfr`s wiri diat fut fatbi tixt. Jut tbi typisnrkpt wcs c orict bidp kg tbi aurtbir ìnkpbir-kgo fa tbi frkokgcd tixt fa tbi lfurgcd.

Kg :533 wi rinikvi` c viry off` `koktcd nfpy arfm tbi Oiggc`kusDkjrcry.:?0 bi usi` sncgs:?9 wiri viry ndicr cg` cdd ìtckds wirindicrdy vkskjdi. bi trcgsnrkptkfg wi bc` wcs nbinhi` cockg wfràfr wfr` cg` fur mksric`kgos wiri nfrrinti`. bi risudt gfw ks ctrcgsnrkptkfg tbct afrms c viry off` riprfùntkfg fa tbi frkokgcdtixt. bi Arignb cg` Ktcdkcg pcrts wiri trcgsdcti` kgtf Igodksb cg`wktb tbi trcgsdctkfgs gucgnis cg` ìtckds mcy ji dfst. biriafri tbipurpfsi fa tbi trcgsnrkptkfg ks tf prfvkì c ridkcjdi nfpy fa tbi frkok-gcd tixt.

bi spiddkgo, ncpktcdkzctkfg, pugntuctkfg, itn. kg tbi trcgsnrkp-tkfg, cri ritckgi` cs wrkttig. bi mksspiddkgos cri tbi mksspiddkgos

fa Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg. ûpirsnrkpt wfr`s cg` dittirs bcvi jiigjrfuobt `fwg tf tbi dkgi.bi fgdy cdtirctkfg wi mcì, ks kg tbi digotb fa tbi wrkttig dkgis

cg` tbi pfsktkfg fa c pcrcorcpb. _i bcvi fgdy nricti` c pcrcorcpbwbig ^nbdkimcgg mcì, kg fur vkiw, c ndicr jrich kg tbi tixt. Jy`fkgo tbks, fgdy tbi dcyfut mcy ̀ kaair arfm tbi frkokgcd tixt, jut gftkts nfgtigts.

bi afddfwkgo symjfds wiri usi` kg tbi trcgsnrkptkfg<

X3] pcoi gumjir fa tbi lfurgcd↞

wfr`(s)↞

kgsirti` tixt cjfvi c dkgi↓wfr`(s)↓ kgsirti` tixt jidfw c dkgiX6]. vfwid ugric`cjdiX6] X66] vfwid(s) nrfssi` tbrfuob cg` ugric`cjdiXkdd.wr`] ugric`cjdi wfr` cg` nrfssi` tbrfuobXkdd.wr`] wfr` auddy nrfssi` tbrfuob

:?> Uirsfgcd nfmmigt @r. G. Qfoikhfst-Jrfocg, @friig Ncgc`cy ^pktzir Crnbkvkst cttbi Cmirkncg ^nbffd fa Ndcsskncd ^tu`kis ct Ctbigs (:533).

:?0 _i wfud` dkhi tf tbcgh @r. G. Qfoikhfst-Jrfocg afr tbi usi fa tbi `koktcd nfpy.

:?9 Pi skzi fa sfmi sncgs wiri fvir 33 MJ.



3>9

^nbdkimcgg‛s wrktkgo kg Igodksb (pcoi 3)



3>1

^nbdkimcgg‛s wrktkgo kg Arignb (pcoi ;)



3>?

^nbdkimcgg‛s wrktkgo kg Ktcdkcg (pcoi 3?9)



3>2

^fmitkmis ^nbdkimcgg‛s wrktkgo wcs bcr`dy diokjdi (pcoi :25)



3>;

Pbi trcgsnrkptkfg

X3] :? ^iptjir 3201

Kg tbi mfrgkgo ct twidvi f ndfnh K diat tbi acmkdy C. wktb wbfm Kbc` dkvi` afr sivig `cys. Coriicjdy tf tbi nustfm fa tbi nfugtrytbiy ocvi mi c jric` fg tbi rfc`. bi sfg fa tbi bfusi cnnfmpc-gki` mi tf tbi pfstfaakni. bi ixtrcfr`kgcry pfst stcrti` ct fgi fndfnh, K fnnqpki` c afripdcni, wbknb Mr C. bc` tchig afr mi cdric`ydfgo jiafri ct my riquist. f dicvi c acmkdy kg tbi nkrndi fa wbknbK bc` iglfyi` sf mcgy c lfyaudd bfur, c acmkdy tf wbfm K jicr tbimfst skgniri caaintkfg cg` wbfm K istiim cjfvi cgy tbkgo kg X:] tbi wfrd`, cppicri` tf mi mfri bicvy tbcg K kmmcokgi`. Jy ̀ kgt fatbi ixtrimi swkatgiss fa tbi russkcg bfrsis wi sffg dfst skobt fa tbijicutkaud nkty Mfsnfw.

bi wictbir wcs ixtrimidy akgi cg` tbi sug wbknb wktb kts ofd`-ig ↞jicms↞ rcys nfgtkgucddy jrkobtigi` tbrfuob tbi wkg`fws fa tbipfst ncrrkcoi prfpbinki` us c afrtugcti lfurgiy. My aiddfw pcssigoirwcs tbi ndirh fa Mr Oytshfaa, pfssissfr fa tbi mfst imkgigt mcgy-acntury ct Mfsnfw, cg` wbf bkmsida bc` fnnqpki` twf pdcnis kg tbikgtirkfr fa tbi ncrrkcoi. K wcs bcppy tf oit cnquckgti` wktb Mr.O.wbfsi kgtiristkgo X>] nfgvirsctkfg K wcs viry munb pdicsi` wktb. -

bi twf jcnh pdcnis fa tbi ncrrkcoi wiri fnnqpki` jy c oirmcg,bks wkai cg` nbkd`. bi vkddcois fg tbi rfc` arfm M. tf U. prisigtc mksircjdi cspint8 - tbiy nfgskst fa wff` nfviri` wktb ncgi cg`

strcw8 fg cnnfugt fa tbi bumk` orfug` tbi bfusis cri usucddy fn-nqupki` fgdy kg tbi uppir stfry, wbkdst tbi akrst stfry ks sirvkgo cs cstcjdi fr ̀ ipfsktfry fa `fmistkncd off`s, bi rfuob biwg jukd`kgosafrm c strfgo nfgtrcst cockgst tbi off` nbcrcntir fa tbikr kgbcjkt-cgts, wbf cnnust-X0]fmi` cs tbiy cri tf skmpdknkty fa mcggirs cg`bcjkts, `fg‛t hgfw tbct timpircgni ks tbi orictist vkrtui. Kg nfgsi-quigni fa tbi kmmigsi nfmmugknctkfg jitwiig tbi twf mitrfpf-dksis ^t. U. cg` M., tbi kgbcjktcgts cri afr tbi mfst pcrt pfstbfrsihiipirs cg` `rkvirs. Arfm tbi nfcnbmig ncg ji pirnikvi` tbct gftcdwcys tbi ndftbis mchi tbi mcg, afr kg spkti fa tbi jc` cttkrcd fa tbi

russkcg nfcnbmig, tbiy hgfw tbikr wfrh viry widd, tbiy cri ouk`kgotbikr bfrsis mfri wktb wfr` tbcg wktb tbi wbkp.-bi pfst ncrrkcois cri nfgstrunti` cg` crrcgoi` X9] kg c viry

skgoudcr mcggir. bi a kgtirkfr fa tbi ncrrkcoi ks `kvk`i` kg twf frtbrii pcrts fa wbknb iviry fgi ks fnnqupki` jy fgdy twf pirsfgs,cg` tbiriafri yfu cri sbut up wktb tbi viry scmi pcssigoir afr tbidcpsi fa mcgy `cys tfoitbir.- bi russkcg ofvirgmigt ks cntucddyjuskdy igocoi` kg nfgstruntkgo c rckdrfc` jitwiig tbi twf ncpktcds.K aiid cssuri`, tbct kg gf pcrt fa tbi wfrd` tbiri ncg ji ignfugtiri`mfri fjstcndis kg cnnfmpdksbkgo c rckd rfc` tbcg kg Zusskc cg` pcr-



305

tknudcrdy fg tbct pcrt fa tbi dkgi wbknb pcssis tbi X1] _cd`cu mfug-tckgs8 ~

mcgy c mfugtckg ks tf ji nut tbrfuob, mcgy cg cjyss ks tf jiakddi` up, cg` mcgy c jrkòi ks tf ji mcì fvir trimig`fus stricms.bi dkgi jitwiig U. cg` M. ks nirtckgdy tbi dfgoist kg tbi wfrd`8 kgcnnfmpdksbkgo tbks mcstirwfrh tbi Zusskcgs sbfw, bfw munb mcgncg pirafrm, wbig bi icrgistdy ìskris, wbig bi bcs nfgakìgni kgbkmsida cg` kg tbi csskstcgni fa tbi Cddmkobty.~

Kt ks cs lit c mcttir fa `kaaknudty tf stcti wbitbir tbi rckdrfc` wkddji ncdnudcti` tf jrkgo c`vcgtcoi tf X?]tbi nkty fa Mfsnfw. -

K cm fa fpkgkfg, tbct tbi orict acnkdkty fa tbi nfmmugknctkfgjitwiig tbi twf ncpktcds must prfvi orictdy tf tbi kmprfvimigt fatbi russkcg nfmmirni, kg cs munb cs off`s, wbknb gfw must rimckgcjfut ikobtiig `cys fg tbi rfc` ct c ìcr arikobt, ncg kg auturi jincrrki` wktb tbi orictist quknhgiss tf tbi pdcni fa tbikr ìstkgctkfg.Kt bcvkgo jinfmi pujdkn, tbct tbi impirfr wfud` kg sbfrt acvfur uswktb bks vkskt, iviry pfsskjdi micgs wiri cs↞ri↞sfrti` tf cg` mics-uris bc` jiig tchig tf kmprfvi tbi rfc`. Kg nfgsiquigni fa tbi X2]c`vcgni` sicsfg, tbi gkobts wiri viry nfd`, tbi mfri sf, cs K wcsfnnqpykgo c afripdcni cg` tbi wkg` wcs jdfwkgo nfgtkgucddy kg furacni8 - my ndfch, bfw tbknh sf ivir kt mcy ji caafrì` dkttdi sbidtircockgst tbi kgncdcmktkis fa tbi sicsfg. fwcr`s tbi ivigkgo fa tbisinfg` `cy wi mit tbi impirfr, wbf dkhi fgi fa bks oigircds rk`kgojiafri bkm, wfri c wbkti ncp. Urivigti` cs widd jy tbi ùshksbgiss

fa tbi ivigkgo cs jy tbi ixtrimi spic` fa tbi impirfrs bfrsis, Kbcr`dy sunniiì` kg oittkgo c odcgni fa bkm. Jiskìs tbct wi mit X;]gftbkgo ìskrvkgo cttigtkfg cg` crrkvi` ct t̂. U. C mfg crrkvëi å ^tmfg crrkvëi å ^tUitirsjfuro li prks mfg dfoks c d‛bftid kdoi å d‛çdi ì Oukddcumi. L‛yfnnupcks ugi ↞pitkti↞ nbcmjri scdi, quk afrmi ug nfgtrcsti arcp-pcgt cvin di jicu dfoks qui l‛cvcks å Mfsnfø. „„

M‛ëtcgt kgstcddë `cgs mfg dfoks, mfg primkir sfkg aøt ì trcgs-mittri ug pcquit cvin 359/m U.C. riïø ì Missrs G.a. å M. å diurcoigt B. ì ^.U.8 gi trfuvcgt pcs ni ìrgkir nbiz duk, li mi aks `fg-gir ug riïø ì sfg nfmmks, qufk qu‛cvin quidqui piur ì mc pcrt.

Uuks li mi rig`ks cprâs ̀ i M, diquid mi riïøt X35] cvin jicunfup ̀ ipfdktissi. Li di trfuvckt fnnupë ì prig`ri sfg tbë, `fgt kd m‛faarktugi tcssi, dcquiddi nipig`cgt li riausck sfgs di pritixti, qui li vigckssiudimigt ̀ i prig`ri di Ncaë. - Li duk rimks ugi dittri qui l‛cvcks riïøpfur duk ì sfg arâri å M. Li tcnbck `‛igocoir M. å tirmkgir cvinmfk dc mcdbiuriusi caackri ì Jfks ^ckgti Mcrtbi, qu‛kd cvckt riausëì riausi `‛cnniptir å sfg timps. C mfg orcg` riorit nipig`cgt, ligi rëussks pcs cvin duk, it afrti mi aøt ì duk `kri, quk å mfg ritfurig Zusski cu mfks ì Lcgvkir l‛igvirrcks dc pcrtki å M. pfur cjcg-`fggir å dc vfdfgtë X33] ì sfg arâri å M. ì prig`ri cu ì riausir



303

di jfks. Cprâs nidc li mi rig`ks cuprâs ì U. quk mi trcgsmçt pdus-kiurs dittris rinøs ì d‛ëtrcgoir. L‛ëtcks fg gi piut pdus ëtfggi ì dcbcussi nfgsk`ërcjdi, qu‛fgt sujk ig Bfddcgì dis ikgturis Kg`kof8 lirioritti nidc `‛cutcgt pdus, qui pcrsukti ì d‛cuomigtctkfg ìs prkx,M. ^nb. g‛fgt pø ixinutir tfus dis fr`ris, qui li diur cvcks trcgsmkspfur dis vigtis pujdkquis `‛Kg`kof. Dis acjrkqucgts ig Zusski rinfg-gckssigt ì pdus ig pdus dis orcg` cvcgtcois qu‛kds ëprfuvigt `cgsd‛impdfk ì dc tikgturi Kg`kof Lcvc X3:] it nfgsiquimmigt dc nfg-sumptkfg↞fmmctkfg↞ ìs pcys ackt ìs prforâs afrt orcg`s ig vfkia `‛cuomigtctkfg. Qfkdc d‛ugkqui rcksfg, pfur dcquiddi dis prkx fgt sknfgsk`ërcjdimigt cuomigtës å d‛fnncskfg ìs vigtir ìrgkâris. Li gitcr`cks pfkgt ì nfmmugkquir di lfur mìmi ì mfg crrkvëi å ^t. U.å mis cmks ì M. di rësudtêt ìs vigtis pujdkquis.-

Ig mìmi timps li di nfmpdcks mfg ìvfkr, ì rimirnkir cusskdc acmkddi C. å M. pfur dc jkigvikddcgni, qu‛iddi m‛c jkig vfudø ti-mfkogir dfrs ì mfg sëlfur å M.

X3>] Di >5 îptimjri li m‛imprisscks ì tfuti mcgkâri pfssk-jdi ì mittri mc ug râodi mfg pcspfrt. Li mi rig`ks ig vfkturi cujuricu ìs pyrfsncpbis pfur prig`ri ugi pdcni cu jcticu å vcpiurpfur Dujinh, fg ↞mi↞ ìmcg`c mfg pcspfrt, å dc vui ùquid, fgmi ìndcrc qu‛kd gi vcdckt rkig ù tfut, cvcgt qu‛kd gi sfkt kgsnrktit tkmjrë å dc `fucgi, mcks å nit iaaìt kd ëtckt ginissckri, qui limi rig`kssi cu juricu ìs oëgërcd ofuvirgctiur↞iur↞, pfur y ackriclfutir dis pcrtknudcrktës riqukssis. Li rëusskss å ackri X30] crrcgoir

tfut nidc cu orë ì mfg `ëskr, cprâs nidc li mi rig`ks ì gfuvicu cujuricu ìs pyrfsncpbis fû li prks m/ pdcnis. „Fg nbcgoi K tffhr dicvi fa sivircd fa my russkcg arkig`s, wbf

wksbi` mi c bcppy vfycoi cg` c scai riturg tf tbikr jicutyaud nfug-try. bi nbkia fa tbi bfusi M.X6] tf wbfm K bc` c``rissi` c pcrt famy afrikog nfrrispfgìgni tfd` mi, tbct K wcs fwkgo bkm afr siv-ircd pfstcois afurty akvi Zujdis, wbknb K wcs cstfgksbi` cg` munbvixi` tf bicr, afr K aidt qukti cssuri` bct K bc` pck` faa X39] myìjt dfgo skgni. bfuob K cm auddy cssuri`, tbct tbi mksircjdi mk-sir nbicts mi, yit X6] K akg` mysida ugìr tbi `kscoriccjdi ginisskty

fa pcykgo bkm c sinfg` tkmi. A. & . mcì mi tbi rimcrh, tbct tbiacnkdktkis wi caafrì` tf M‛s coigt kg nbffskgo arfm fur purnbcsisKg`kof tbfsi pcrnids, wbknb bi tbfuobt nbicpist cg` jist, wfud` kgcdd prfjcjkdkty spfkd us tbi russkcg trcì, afr fur prfnii`kgo kg tbksmcggir tfwcr`s fur nfmmirnkcd nfggintkfgs wi `k` gft X31] ct cdd

lustkay tbi nfgakìgni ridki` upfg us. K impdfyi` cdd my idfquignikg frìr tf nfgvkgni my arkig`s, tbct my Cmstir`cm istcjdksbmigtwiri fpirctkgo wktb cdd pfsskjdi ncri cg` cttigtkfg kg tbi jibcda fatbfsi wbf trusti` tbikr kgtirist tf fur ncri cg` sunniiì` ct dicst kgprivckdkgo upfg tbim tf c`` acktb tf my cssurcgnis.



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Fg tbi 3st Fntfjir K mcì tbi riqukskti pripcrctkfgs afr my ì-pcrturi. Jicrkgo kg mkg`, tbct kg Igodcg` cg` Arcgni iviry tbkgojidfgokgo X3?] tf wicrkgo cppcrid ncg ji bc` ct c munb nbicpirrcti tbcg kg Zusskc, cg` wksbkgo tf cvckd mysida fa tbks c`vcgtcoikg acvfr fa my pursi, K prfvkì` mysida fgdy wktb c smcdd qucgtktyfa ndftbis, dicvkgo my ftbir off`s biri afr c dctir fppfrtugkty. Cddoff`s wbknb K tbfuobt supiradufus afr my trcvid, K diat ct c arkig`‛s,riquistkgo bks wkai tf sidd afr mi my ji`, tichittdi cg` mcgy dkttditbkgos fa smcdd vcdui. Bfw smcdd sfivir tbi gitprfnii`s mcy ji kgtbimsidvis, tbiy X32] wkdd K tbkgh suprpcss bcda tbikr frkokgcd vcdui.Bcvkgo sittdi` tbi smcdd cmfugt ùi tf tbi dcg`dfr` fa tbi bftid kgwbknb K bc` dkvi` a skgni my riturg arfm Mfsnfw, K oft my trughsncrrki` tf sticmirs faakni wbktbir K wigt c afft. Fg tbi sticmirK wcs tfd`, tbct tbi kt `k` gft stcrt jiafri tbrii f ndfnh, cg` bcv-kgo tbiriafri stkdd tbrii bfurs ct my `kspfscd, K impdfyi` tbi tkmiafr tbi purpfsi fa juykgo c trcviddkgo Lfurgcd. Ct bcda pcst twf fndfnh K wcs cockg fg tbi sticmir, wbiri X3;] my aiddfw pcssigoirswiri orcùcddy cssimjdkgo tbimsidvis, tfoitbir wktb tbikr arkig`scg` ridctkfgs, wbf cnnfmpcgki` tbim kg frìr tf wksb tbim tbi dcstacriwidd. - My fnnqpctkfgs cg` kgndkgctkfgs jikgo qukti `kaairigt fatbfsi fa ftbir pifpdi, cg` siikgo tbi kmpfsskjkdkty fa nfgtrcntkgoarkig`sbkps kg my cntucd pfsktkfg fa dkai, K tffh tbi orictist ncri tfcvfk` sfnkitkis cg` ftbir pujdkn bfusis ncdnudcti` tf faair tff ari-quigt fppfrtugktkis fa oittkgo cnquckgti` wktb ftbir yfugo pifpdi

X:5] Nfgsiquigtdy tbiriupfg wbirics iviry fgi fa tbi ftbir pcs-sigoirs wcs cnnfmpcgki` jy c orict mcgy arkig`s, tf mi tbiri ncmifgdy Mr U. wktb bks wkai, ugìr wbfsi scdutctkfgs cg` wcvkgo, wktbbcg`s cg` bcg`hirnbkias þur sticmir wigt cwcy prinksidy ct tbrii fndfnh. bi wictbir wcs cs jicutkaudd cs pfsskjdi cg` tbi sug, wknb ac-vfri` us wktb kts jrkddkcgt jicms, siimi` tf prfogfstkncti us c bcppycg` sunnissaudd vfycoi. _ktb orict swkatgiss, wi wigt X:3] cdfgotbi rkvir skì cg` crrkvi` ct Nrffgstc`t ct cj t. 1 f ndfnh. Bcvkgobi sticmir stfppi` ct tbi prkgnkpcd jrkòi‛s skì kg frìr tf sitfaa tbfsi pcssigoirs wbf wksbis tf rimckg ct Nrfgstc`t, biri catir

sbi prfniiì` tf tbi Dujinh sticmir ncddi` —Неуифанвм” wbiri wiftbir pcssigoirs wigt faa tf tchi fur rispintkvi pdcnis. Ucssigoirs kgtbi akrst ncjkg wiri kg tbi gumjir fa ;, vkzt afur igodksb mig, twfigodksb dc`kis, c oirmcg, riskìgt fa Mfsnfw cg` K. Kg tbi sinfg`ncjkg, X::] wcs cg fd` igodksb sicmcg cg` c ùtnb ncptckg, wbf fadcti bc` dfst bks vissid cg` riturgi` gfw bfmiwcr` wktb bks acmkdynfgskstkgo kg bks wkai cg` twf dkttdi nbkd`rig. -

bi akrst ncjkg nfgsksti` fa twf rffms fgi fa wbknb sirvi` afrc ↞pdcni fa ↞ oigircd risfrt ùrkgo tbi `cy, wbkdst tbi ftbir nfgstk-tuti` c nfmafrtcjdi sdiipkgo cpcrtmigt8 - tbi ji`stic`s wiri cr-



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rcgoi` cdfgo tbi wcdds cg` fgi cjfvi cgftbir. Gf sffgir bc` wiigtiri` tbi ncjjkg cg` mcrhi` tbi ji`s csskogi` tf X:>] us, cs c widdpripcri` `kgir fa akvi `ksbis wcs sirvi` cg` twf bfurs catirwcr`sc nfmafrtcjdi suppir. Fg tbi :` Fntfjir kg tbi mfrgkgo ct afur fndfnh K wcs rfusi` arfm my sdiip jy tbi gfksi ncusi` jy tbi wkg`kgoup fa tbi cgnbfr-nbckg cg` sffg catirwcr`s tbi rusbkgo fa tbi wctirmfvi` jy tbi rfws fa tbi sticmir cggfugni` tf mi fur ìpcrturiarfm Nrfgstc`t. K oft up ct 1 f‛ndfnh8 kg oittkgo fg ình N. bc`cdmfst ri` isncpi` cdric`y tbi ricnb fa skobt X:0] bi wictbir wcsviry akgi, gf ndfu` nfud` ji siig fg tbi ndicr shy cg` c arisb jriiziarfm tbi icst dkatkgo fur sckds prfogfstkncti` us c pdicscgt cg` sun-nissaudd pcsscoi.

K `k` gft ct cdd aiid sknh cg` wcs cjdi tf jrichacst wktb my usucdcpctkti. ^bfrtdy catirwcr`s bfwivir tbi bfrrkjdis symptfms fa tbisicsknhgiss prisigti` tbimsidvis, cg` ̀ urkgo sfmi bfurs K wcs tfur-migti` jy cwaudd bic`chi cg` nfgtkgucd vfmktkgo. bi sicsknhgissks nirtckgdy X:9] fgi fa tbi mfst `kscoricjdi kmcokgcjdi. bi ̀ ksicsicatir bcvkgo imptki` tbi stfmcnh kt ncusis tbi jkdi tf of cwcy kgdcroi oriig dumps. Jiskìs sfmi juddkfg, wbknb K oft `fwg wktborict `kaaknudty, K wcs gft cjdi tf ict cgy tbkgo ùrkgo tbi wbfdi`cy, cg` hiipkgo my sida nfgtkgucddy upfg ình K pcssi` tbi tkmijy wcdhkgo cg` pfgìrkgo upfg tbi pcst c`vigturis. f my orictcstfgksbmigt, cmfgo cdd tbi ftbir pcssigoirs, tbiri wcs gfgi, wbfwcs kgadknti` jy tbi X:1] sicsknhgiss, jiskìs tbi twf dc`kis, wbf

ugcnnustfmi` cs tbiy wiri tf tbi mftkfgs fa tbi sticmir, wiri cd-tirgctkvidy skttkgo cg` dykgo upfg ình. bi wkg` wigt orcùcddyrfug` cg` jdiw tfwcr`s gffg qukti arfm tbi fppfskti skì8 wi wirinfgsiquigtdy nfmpiddi` tf `rco kg cdd fur sckds. Gftwktbstcg`kgobfwivir wi wigt wktb cg ixtrimi spii` cg` mcì arfm ?· tf 2½hgfts kg cg bfur. Luòkgo arfm tbi ↞kgnricskgo ↞ mftkfgs fa tbisticmir kg tbi nfursi fa tbi gkobt, K nfgnduì` X:?] tbct tbi wkg`wcs acst cuomigtkgo. Fg tbi afddfwkgo `cy kg tbi mfrgkgo K ug-ìrwigt cgiw tbi ugncdimktkis fa tbi sicsknhgiss, wbknb ìprkvi`mi fa cdd cpctkti. - gftbkgo wfrtb gftknkgo bcpigi` fg tbi >` fa

Fntfjir, fg tbi 0tb

K aidt mysida munb mfri afrtkaki` cg` cjdi tf ictcgy tbkgo faairi` ct tcjdi. fwcr`s gffg wi oft kg vkiw tbi swi`ksbksdcg` Oftbdcg`, wbknb cnnfr`kgo tf tbi futwcr` cppicrcgni arfmtbi wctirskì must ji c viry airtkdi dcg`. X:2] @urkgo tbi gkobt arfmtbi 0tb tf tbi 9tb tbi mftkfgs (lfddkgo) fa tbi sticmir wiri strfgoirtbig kg cgy gkobt jiafri8 kg spkti fa tbct bfwivir K sdipt viry widdcg` `k` gft oit up jiafri ikobt f ndfnh8 - tbi wictbir wcs sfmi-wbct afooy wbknb nkrnumstcgni privigti` us arfm siikgo tbi ksdcg`Zuoig, wbknb wi pcssi` kg tbi gikobjfurbff`. fwcr`s twf f ndfnhkg tbi catirgffg tbi afo `kscppicri` cg` wi wiri igcjdi` tf sii tbi



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nfcst fa Minhdigjurob wbknb jincmi X:;] mfri cg` mfri vkskjditf us. bi vkiw fa tbi mftbir (bfmi) nfugtry catir sf mcgy yicrssipcrctkfg ks ncdnudcti` tf ixnkti kg iviry fgi aiidkgos fa tbi orictist

lfy. K bfwivir must nfgaiss tf my sbcmi, tbct K vkiwi` my nfugtrywktb tbi orictist kg`kaairigni.

C sipt biuris ù sfkr gfus vçmis dc dumkâri ìs pbcri ì rcvimug`dc quiddi gfus ristckt ig vui pig`cgt trfks biuris. C 35 biuris ig-akg gfus crrkvêmis å . Nitti pitkti vkddi qui li trfuvcks cutriafks skjiddi, mi pcrckssckt å prisigt nfmmi ug pitkt vkddcoi it sfg pbcrinfmmiX>5] ugi nbimkgëi. Jicunfup ̀ i mfgì s‛ëtckt rissimjdë, igpcrtki pfur sctksackri dc nurkfsktë it ig pcrtki cussk pfur ocogir qqunbfsi ig pfrtcgt dis iaaìts ìs vfycoiurs. Di ncpktckgi m‛faarkt ugi

pdcni `cgs ugi vfkturi pcrtknudkâri qu‛kd cvckt ackt dfuir pfur di trclit å Dujinh. L‛cnniptck sc prfpfsktkfg ig suppfscgt qui di tfur mirivkig`rckt å mikddiur nfmpti ì nitti mcgkâri då `‛cutcgt pdus quigfus ëtkfgs å quctri `cgs dc vfkturi. Mcks li m‛ëtckt jkig trfmpë,ig crrkvcgt å Dôjinh afrni mi aøt ì pcyir dc mfktki X>3] ì ni quidi ncpktckgi cvckt cnnfr`ë pfur nitti vfkturi it pfur ugi cutri qukpfrtckt ̀ is iaaìts. Li m‛kgstcddcks å d‛bðtid —dc vkddi ì Bcmjfuro” prâsìs dkiu ì `ëpcrt ìs `kdkoignis. Cprâs cvfkr jkig pcyë mfg dfoks itìliøgir, li pcrtks di digìmckg å bukt biuris ù mctkg. Dujinh istcntuiddimigt ugi vkddi mfrti it å d‛cspint ìs jicux ndfnbirs jêtks

`cgs di stydi oftbkqui fg si sfuvkigt å riorit ì dc mcogkaknignipcssië ì D. Kd acksckt afrt jicu timps it di sfdikd, quk jrkddckt X>:]ì d‛bfrkzfg ndckr gfus prfmittckt ug jicu lfur. Ig pcrtcgt ì D.

li m‛ëtfggck dis jiddis vuis, quk sis prisigtctkfg ì tfus dis nftës8d‛ckr itckt `fux nfmmi ig ëtë it tfuti dc gcturi simjdckt pcrdir ìd‛imprikgti ù prkgtimps. Dis mcksfgs qui gfus rignfgtrêmisnbimkg ackscgt, prësigtckigt ugi cppcrigni afrt gitti it `‛cutcgtpdus arcppcgti pfur mfk, qui li vigcks ì dc Zusski, fû dis vkddcoisig oëgërcd sfgt afrt scdis it mcd jêtks. - Ig pduskiurs ig`rfkts fûgfus gfus crritêmis X>>] pfur nbcgoir ì nbivcux li mi aks `fggir

ìs rcaarcknbkssimigts, quk ëtckigt pcrtfut jkig prëpcrës it tfulfursprìts å m/sirvkni. Dc vfkturis ì pfsti ëtckt fnnupëi pcr skx pirsfg-gis, ug cgodcks, ug suë`fks, it quctri cddimcg`s ckmcgt pcr ̀ i prë`k-dintkfg dc dcgoui cgodcksi, li prëaërcks m‛igtritigkr `cgs nit k`kðmicvin d‛cgodcks, quk ëtckt cssks vks å vks ì mfk. -

Igakg virs ìux biuris ì d‛cpris mk`k gfus igtrêmis ig vkddi ittrcvirsêmis pduskiurs pcrtkis ↞ì dc vkddi↞ gfuviddimigt nfgstruktisX>0] qui li gi rinfggcksscks pfkgt. Cpris gfus ìtri crrìtës `cgs dcnfur ì pfsti li aks pfrtir mis iaaìts å d‛bðtid ì ^trikts, fû li mirig`ks c pki`. L‛kgskstcks `‛cvfkr ugi nbcmjri ì ìvcgt it nfmmi



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mcks kd g‛y ig cvckt qu‛ugi cu nkgqukâmi ëtcoi, dcquiddi l‛ëtcks afrnë`‛cnniptir. Ufur dc pikgi qui y ëprfuvcks ig mfgtcgt `cgs dc nbcm-jri, li mi trfuvcks suaakscmmigt `ë`fmmcoë pcr dc vui supirjiquk s‛faarkt å mis yiux, tcgt sur dc jcskg ì dc rkvkâri Cdstir nfuvirti`‛ugi orcgì X>9] qucgtktë ì gcniddis rimpdkis ì mfgì qui surdis jiddis prfmigcìs ìs Lugoairstkio, quk igvkrfggi d‛icu ì tfutnftës it igakg sur dis bðtids nfdfsscux c `rfkti it c ocunbi ì d‛Cdstir.

Cpris cvfkr `kgë li mi aks nfgùkri ig vfkturi c ìux nbivcux pcrdc vkddi ig tfutis sis `krintkfgs. N‛ëtckt ug `kmcgnbi it tfutis disruis, aussigt iddis dcrois fu ëtrfktis, ëdëocgtis fu pcs gfg, ëtckigtigtcssëis ì mfgì it sidfg d‛cppcrigni tfus pfursukvckigt ug siudfjlit, niduk ù pdckskr

X>1] Dc ockti rëogckt pcrtfut mi nfgvckgquckt qu‛ig nitti vkddidi piupdi ist `fgn tfut-å-ackt `‛ug cutri ncrcntâri qu‛ig Zusski. CMfsnfu fg gi s‛istkmi pdus biuris qui `cgs di nirndi ì sc acmkddi8-knk pcrnfgtri d‛fg pfrti ugi cvirskfg nfgtri nis sfrtis ì pcssitimps, it d‛fg gi si sigt pdus å sfg cksi qu‛ig lfuksscgt ìs pdckskrsjruycgts. -

Cprâs m‛ìtri `kvirtk cssiz dfgo timp ig mi prfmigcgt ig vfk-turi, li mi aks nfgùkri cu orcg` tbëctri, fû rëusskssck c cvin pikgi`‛fjtigkr ugi pdcni ì sinfg` rcgo. Li gi `futi pfkgt, qui d‛fg

lfuckt afrt jkig, mcks mi k`ëis itckigt tiddimigt X>?] cjstrcktistcgtðt å Mfsnfu, tcgtðt å Dfg`ris qu‛å pikgi li aus ig ëtct ì nfm-prig`ri ni qui d‛fg riprësigtckt. L‛cjcg`fggcks ̀ fgn di tbëctri cvcgt

qui dc pkâni mi aøt akgki, ig prigcgt dc tbëctri bcmjfuroifks pfurjicunfup mfkgs jicu qui niduk ì Mfsnfu, qufk qui di primkir cktcnquks dc rëputctkfg `‛ìtri di pdus jicu ì d‛Iurfpi. Dug`k (di ?/3;Fntfjri) mctkg li mi divck ̀ i jfggi biuri it m‛fnnupcks ig ënrkvcgtì pitktis nbfsis kgskogkakcgtis siudimigt `cgs di jøt ì pcssir ditimps.

Qirs `kx biuris ù mctkg li mi rig`ks cu juricu ì ^nbrñìrarâris & Nki, disquids ëtckigt nbcrmës `‛cpprig`ri, qui o`frëgcvcgtX>2] l‛curck sfkg ì diurs caackris ig cssfnkctkfg cvin di akds ì Mfgs.

_D. Cdixiiaa å Mfsnfu. Li diur mfgtrck d‛fr`ri å giua mkddi Ufg`s

ì Ncaë rinø ì A._. & U.Y å Mfsnfu, `fgt kds ëtckit jkig nfg-tigts ig mi ackscgt fjsirvir nipig`cgt qui di mcrnbë bcmjfur-oifks si trfuvckt cntuiddimigt `ëpfurvø ìs qucdktës akgis quk nfg-stktuigt di `ëjfunbi prkgnkpcd ì dc `kti mcksfg, qui nipig`cgtdis gfuvicux ncaës ì dc rinfdti ìrgkâri crrkvirckigt virs dc akg ìd‛cggëi ì mcgkâri qu‛å mfg vfycoi ì ritfur ig Zusski li pfurrcksm‛cpprfvkskfggir knk `‛faaris airmis cu orë ì mis `ëskrs. -

MM ^nb. cppidârigt mfg cttigtkfg pcrtknudkâri X>;] sur d‛crtkndiNkocris `cgs diquid gfus pfur gfus ackri piut ìtri ìs caackris surugi ënbiddi jkig ëtigùi. Kds mc akrigt, rimcrquis qui d‛fg pfu-



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vckt ocogir pcrafks lusqu‛å nfgnurrigni ì nkgqucgti pfurnigts igZusski sur nit crtkndi. ~

Li diur mfgtrck dc dittri `‛kgtrfùntkfg cuprâs ì Missirs L By^nbr Nf ì Dfg`ris it MG JB^. mi prfmkt ì pcrdir c sfg jicupâri, cntuiddimigt knk, ig mc acviur. Cpris nidc li m‛imprissck`‛ënrkri å Mfgs _.C. it ì di prëvigkr ì mfg crrkvëi ckgsk qu‛å sfgakds, cuquid li aks ugi nfurti ìsnrkptkfg ì mis cvigturis. C ugibiuri ì d‛cprâs mk`k li mi rig`ks å dc jfursi, fu l itcks X05] nbcrmëì vfkr d‛imprissimigt cvin diquid dis mcrnbcg`s ëtckigt fnnupësc ackri ì caackris. C pikgi pus li aig`ri dc prissi, dcquiddi ëtckt skorcgì, qu‛ugi pfmmi s‛curckt pø cttig`ri dc tirri. ~ C dc jfursi

li nbirnbck mfg cgnkiggi cmk ↞di nfurtkir ì gcvkri↞ _ig`t, diquidm‛cvckt ì mfgtri tfut ì jkigvikddcgni `cgs mc mcdbiuriusi pfsk-tkfg cprâs d‛caariux gcuarcoi c mfks ì @inimjri ig 3203. Kd cvcktd‛ckr afrt sckg it kd gi simjdckt jicunfup pdus liugi, qui dc ìrgkâriafks, qucg` li di vks cu Lcgvkir ìrgkir. - Cpris dc jfursi l‛cddck `kgirå mfg bðtid8 ig igtrcgt `cgs dc scddi, li mi vks acni å-acni cvin disquctri cgodcks X03] quk cvckigt ackt cvin mfk di trclit ì Dujinh itquk ëtckigt c acks å tcjdi pfur sctksackri diur cpitkt. - Dc scddi å mcgoirnbiz ^trikt ist ugi ìs pdus jiddis qu‛kd y ckt8 - iddi ist ixtrimimigtbcuti dfgoui it dcroi it dis pcrfks ckgsk qui di pdcafg` sfgt frmis ìtfuti mcgkâri pfsskjdi. Dc dfgo ì dc scddi ëtckigt pdcnëis trfks tcjdisnfuvirtis `Xkdd. wr`.] gcppis jdcgnbis nfmmi dc gikoi it tfutis dispdcnis ëtckigt fnnupëis ì pirsfggis ù jicu mfgì. Dis cgodcks

m‛kgvktârigt å m‛cssifkr å nftë ̀ ‛iux, ni qui li gi tcr`ck pcs↞ì↞ackri.Dis mits cu gfmjri ì quctri ëtckigt ì afrt X0:] jfg oføt pfurmfk, pcrniqu‛kds ëtckigt prëpcris tfut-å-ackt å d‛cddimcgì. C nftë ìmfk ëtckt cssks ug bfmmi, diquid akt odfkri å rcnfgtir sis acgacrfg-cìs8 kd igtcmckt ugi nfgvirsctkfg cvin mfk it vcgtckt dis orcgìscaackris, qu‛kd cvckt acktis cutriafks ig Zusski. Kd `kt mìmi qu‛kd scvcktdc dcgoui russi, li duk pcrdck qqs pcrfdis, kd vfudøt rëpfg`ri, mcks girëusskssckt pcs, pfur rëpcris sc acuti kd akt `fggir quctri jfutikddisì ↞vkg ì↞ nbcmpcogi, `fgt kd mi rëocdckt nfmmi sk nidc iøt ëtëì d‛icu. Cprâs di X0>] `kgir gfus pcrtçmis dis cgodcks it mfk pfur

di pcvkddfg ì d‛Idji, fû ug afrt jicu nfgnirt aut `fggë. Cycgt pcyëquctri sbkddkgos ̀ ‛igtrëi gfus y igtrêmis it gfus gfus ̀ kvirtçmis cuorë ì gfs ìskrs. Di pcvkddfg ëtckt rimpdks ì mfgì it ni aøt cvinjicunfup ì pikgi qui gfus fjtkiggis ì dc pdcni. Gfus gi gfus ycrritêmis pcs dfgo timps it cddêmis ì ritfur å g/bðtid. ^fuaarcgtsfus dis nfgsiquignis ì dc mcdc`ki ì mir li gi pfuvcks pcs `frmkrdc gukt8 di digìmckg li mi divck ì jfggi biuri it mi X00] rig`kscuprâs ̀ i Mfgs L B ̂ nbr. cuquid li trcgsmks dc dittri ̀ ‛kgtrfùntkfgrinøi ì Mfgs _d C. Kd dc døt it ridut cvin orcgì cttigtkfg it kd miprisigtckt igsukti sis (scdutctkfgs) nkvkdktës imprissëis. -



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Kd mi `kt, qu‛kd g‛cvckt pfkgt `‛fjlintkfg ì gfus akir sfg coigni,mcks li `fks cjsfdumigt, `kt-t-kd ig cvirtkr mis cssfnkës å Dfg`risit å Dkvirpffd. Kd s‛ixprkmckt sk cmkncdimigt å d‛ëocr` ì Mfgs<

_d. Cd, qui li gi `futi pfkgt, qui d‛caackri fg pcracktimigt ig fr-`ri. Li d‛cssurck ì m/zâdi it cntkvktë X09] `cgs sis kgtërìts it li mirig`ks igsukti cu juricu ì ^nbr Ar & Nf, fû l‛ënrkvks ugi dittriå Mfgs _.C. ugi cutri å sfg arâri U.C. it ugi trfkskâmi å MMA._ & U.Y. Ig afurgcgt å U.C. ìs cvks nkrnfgstcgnkids å d‛ëocr` ìd‛crtkndi Gktrcti ì ^fì, li d‛kgvktck å ugi pcssir ug fr`ri cux jcsprkx cntuids Li nfmmugkquck å Mfgs _.C di rësudtêt ì mis `ë-mcrnbis cuprâs ì L By ^. it it l‛kgafrmck A _ & U.Y qui di mcrnbëì Bcmjfuro ëtckt å prësigt `ëpfurvø ìs sfrtis X01] ì Ncaë akg,disquids si qucdkakigt pfur di ìjfunbë ìs mcrnbës russis, mcks qui

li m‛cpprfvkskfggirck `‛faaris it `‛ënbcgtkddfgs å mfg ↞vfycoi ì↞ ritfur ig Zusski cu mfks ì @inimjri prfnbckg. Dc sfkrëi li pcs-scks nbiz mfk, ig m‛fnnupcgt ̀ i d‛crrcgoimigt ̀ i m/lfurgcd giodkoëìpuks qqs lfurs. Di sfkr virs giua biuris ug cgnkig cmk `‛Cmstircntuiddimigt impdfyë cu juricu `‛ugi mcksfg `kstkgouëi ì n/v mirig`kt vkskti. Li ncuscks cvin duk pig`cgt ugi biur it mi nfunbckigsukti.X0?] Di digìmckg mctkg li mi rig`ks ì gfuvicu cuprâsì MM L By ^. pfur nbirnbir dc dittri ì rinfmmcg`ctkfg, qu‛kdm‛cvckt prfmks dc vikddi pfur sc mcksfg ì Dfg`ri. Kd mi riïøt cm-kncdimigt it mi rimkt dc dittri prfmksi, ig m‛fjsirvcgt, qu‛kd gipfuvckt pcs ignfri si `ënkìr tfut-å-ackt å d‛ëocr` ì sfg coigni pcr

ni qu‛kd ìvcgt cjsfdumigt ig privigkr sis cssfnkis, `fgt d‛ug, Mëtckt pcrtk pfur dc Zusski cnnfmpcogë ì sc acmkddi. Cakg X02] ì diprëfnnupir pdus ignfr ig g/acviur, li duk `ks, qui MM. C. `ëskrckigts‛kgìmgksir pfur diur orcgì pirti ì ûka ig 32>; pcr ìs caackrâscvcgtcoi sis, disquiddis gfus nbirkfgs ånfmjkgir. - Li mi rig`ks ìgfuvicu cu juricu ì ^. A. & Nk it li prks nfgoë ì MMs. ^nbr. qukaøt Xkdd. wr`.]

Cpris nidc li m‛imprissck `‛impcquitir mis iaaits it cycgtpcyë mfg nfmpti li mi aks nfgnukri ig adcrni å dc pdcni ù pfrt,fû s‛ixpi`ktkigt dis jcticux å vcpiur pfur Bcmjfuro. Di sticm-

ir, cvin diquid X0;] li ìvcks pcrtkr, g‛ëtckt pcs ignfri crrkvë. Li mirig`ks `fgn cux —^tikgacgo”, dkiu afrt ëdivë prâs ù pfrt. - ì nittibcutiur kd s‛faari ug cspint ìs pdus jicux sur dc vkddi, di pfrt it disigvkrfgs nbcrmcgts ì Bcmjfuro. Gfus pcrtkmis iakg it crrkvãmiså Bcmjfuro å 0 biuris ì d‛cprâs mk`k. Bcmjfuro ist ugi pitktivkddi lfdkmigt sktuëi cu jfr` ì dc rkvkâri Idji. Li mi aks `fggirquidqui rcarcçnbkssimigt it mfgtck ig vfkturi å nkgq biuris ù sfkr.- n ëtckt di ;/:3 `‛Fntfjri Lcmcks ì mc vki li g‛cvcks pcs ëtë pdusvixi qui ni sfkr då. Dis nfnbirs X95] simjdckigt rcdigt s‛iaafrnir årcdigtkr dc vktissi ìs nbivcux cu aur it å misuri qui gfus gfus



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cvcgïêmis, mcdorë dis pfurjfkri qui li gi nisscks ì diur `fggir itmcdorë dis ëdfois qui li aks odfkri ì ackri cux vfkturis russis. Gfusimpdfyêmis igvkrfg ugi biuri it trfks qucrts pfur ackri sipt wir-stis. Nitti orcgì digtktuì ëtckt `‛cutcgt pdus arcppcgti pfur mfk,qui li vigcks ù pcys ëgirokqui dc Zusski, fû d‛fg vc ig vfkturi ìpfsti cvin dc vktissi ixtrcfr`kgckri ì ? wirstis `cgs ugi ½ biuri.

X93] Di bcscr` mi prfnurct `cgs dc vfkturi ì pfsti dc nfg-gcksscgni `‛ug mcrnbcg` ig `rcp ì Bcmjfuro, quk ↞vfudckt↞ sirig`ri å Jrìmi `cgs sis caackris. Kgsudtcgt dis pcrikssiux nfnbirscddimcg`s it acksckt odfkri ì `kri ì jfggis nbfsis ì niux `cgsZusski, kd gi tcr`c pcs ât `‛fjsirvir, qui li vig`ks ì ni pcys nk itmi `kt, qui dis sfkirkis arcgncksis gi pfuvcgt pfkgt ackri dc nfgnur-rigni cux sfkirkis russis å ncusi ìs prkx ixtrcfr`kgckrimigt jcs ìnis ìrgkâris, kd s‛ëtckt ìlå afrmëi ↞å Bcmjfuro ↞ ugi nfmmcg`ktirussi X9:] quk acksckt ìs caackris sur ugi ënbiddi jkig ëtigùi. ~ Igd‛igtig`cgt pcrdir ì dc sfrti, li di ìmcg`ck quiddi sfrti ì sfkirkimërktckt d‛cttigtkfg pcrtknudkâri pfur Bcmjfuro8 kd mi ripfg`kt —disîrois”. Li pigscks ig mfk mìmi piut-ìtri d‛bcscr` m‛ã-t-kd prfnurëdc nfggcksscgni ì nit bfmmi, cakg qui li pukssi mi rig`ri utkdi åM.M.O.O.^. oig`ri ì MM._.C. it pfssissiur ì dc acjrkqui ↞igsfkirki↞ dc pdus orcgì qu‛kd y ckt ig Zusski. - li vcks tênbir å mi prf-nurir ì pdus cmpdis kgafrmctkfgs sur dis ^fkirkis cuprâs ì m/mck-sfg X9>] ì Bcmjfuro, pfur pfuvfkr igsukti cppiddir d‛cttigtkfg ìMM.^. sur ni qui l‛ck igtigù, kd m‛ig scurck orë.fut ig ackscgt nis

riadixkfgs, mfg nfmpcogfg ì vfycoi mi `kt, qu‛kd ëtckt mcrnbcgìg `rfp ì Bcmjfuro it qui `‛cprâs sfg fpkgkfg, nit crtkndi pfur-rckt s‛kmpfrtir ig Zusski cvin jicunfup ̀ i prfakt, pcrni qui ̀ is mck-sfgs, quk cvckigt nfmmignë kd y cvcks qqs cggëis `‛igvfyir ̀ is ̀ rcpsig Zusski, rigfuvidckigt diurs igvfks ig vfki `‛cuomigtctkfg. C mcìmcgì kd mi rimkt sfg c`rissi X90] kd s‛cppidi —_kdbidm Qfdoir”it ìmiuri å Bcmjfuro, Giuijuro Gf 39. Li duk prfmks ì duk rig-`ri vkskti å mfg vfycoi ì ritfur ig Zusski cu mfks ì @inimjriprfnbckg, it qui li di prkircks cdfrs ì mi afurgkr ìs ënbcgtkddfgscakg qui l‛y pukssi jcsir dis rigsikogimigts ↞it↞ dis ncdnuds rispin-

tkas. Kd y nfgsigtkt cvin lfki, `‛cutcgt pdus qui li duk rcnfgtcks disorcgìs rknbissis ì m/mcksfg ì Mfsnfu. Cprks m‛ìtri jkig ig-guyë ig rfuti, l‛crrkvck å Jrìmi ì 35/:: `‛Fntfjri å ; biuris X99]di mctkg8 li m‛crritcks å d‛bðtid —Dkgìgbfa ” fû li mi aks `fggir ugjfg `ëliugir. -

M‛ëtcgt ristcurë ug pdiu li mi rig`ks cu juricu ì MM OB &U@^., disquids mi riïurigt cmkncdimigt. Li diur rcnfgtcks ìs cus-pknis acvfrcjdis, sfus disquiddis l‛igtriprig`rck mis caackris ìs dinfmmignimigt ì dc gfuviddi cggëi8 kds cpprfjârigt jicunfup mc



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mcgkâri `‛cokr it jrødigt ì ìskr `‛(igtriprig`ri) ↞igtcmir↞ cvingfus ìs ridctkfgs cntkvis å d‛cvcgtcoi it pdckskr mutuids.

X91] MM. ^. pcrtcoigt mfg fpkgkfg, qui gfus pfurrkfgsackri ìs caackris afrt cvcgtcoiusis mcks pcrtknudkârimigt cu Ncaë,`‛cutcgt pdus qui di mcrnbë ì Bcmjfuro gi pcrt pfkgt / nfgnurrkrcvin niduk ì Jrìmi pfur ni quk riocrì dis sfrtis akgis, dis quiddissi qucdkakigt pfur dc nfgsumptkfg ↞fmmctkfg↞ Mfsnfvkti. L‛cpprkscvin orcg` riorit, qui dc pcrtki ì ncaë ixpi`knë pcr M.M.LA. & N f cu prkgtimps curckt pu ìtri cnbitëi å Jrìmi `cgs dc pcrktë ì 9½ atcg`ks qui ^ & A & Nf fgt jcsë diur acnturi sur ?/0/3 ckgsk ugi X9?]`kaairigni `‛igvkrfg >:% cu prëlu`kni ì dc acnturi. - M.M.O.B& U@^ mi pcrckssigt ì oigs trâs jrcvis8 kds mi timfkogârigt diurorcg` imprissimigt ì gfus `krkoir diurs mcrnbcg`ksis ig nfgsko-gctkfg pfur piu qui gfus iusskfgs siudimigt d‛ispfkr ì vig`ricvcgtcoiusimigt. - Li mi adctti `fgn ì d‛ispircgni ì riusskr pfuriuxX6] cu orë ì gfs ìskrs nfmmugs. Kds mi prkckigt ì diur afurgkrìs rigsikogimigts mkgutkiux sur d‛crtkndi, —fkdi”, diquid, nfmmikd gi `futigt pfkgt, d‛fg X92] cnbâti å Mfsnfu ì dc vrcki sfurni.

Li gi mcgquirck `fgn pcs ì m‛kgafrmir å nit ëocr` cupris ì mfgcmk _.C, diquid li prkirck ig mìmi timps, ì mi `fggir ug ncdnud`‛cnbêt. ~

Dc tfkdi ì Zusski `‛ixpi`ki ì Jrìmi ig ìs qucgtktës ëgfrmksig Cmirkqui it iddi lfukt pcrtcgt `‛ugi orcgì rëputctkfg. Li gi`futi `fgn pcs qu‛cussk ig nit crtkndi. gfus pfurrkfgs ackri ìs ca-

ackris afrt orcgìs. Sucgt cux cjcns, n‛ist ug crtkndi pdus `kaaknkdi åtrcktir ig Zusski it pdus ̀ cgoiriux qui tfus dis cutris X9;] å ncusi ̀ idc nfmjkgcksfg, dcquiddi s‛ist afrmëi å ^t< Uitirsjfuro ì ^nbkddkgoOkfggir & Zftbirmug`t -

Nis ìrgkirs gi sfgt qui ìs nfmmcg`ktis jrëmfksis it pcrsuktiì diur pfsktkfg pcrtknudkâri igvirs diurs mcksfgs, kds fgt dc acnkdktëì supprkmir tfuti nfgnurrigni gfuviddi, quidqui afrti qu‛iddi sfkt.

Ckgsk, `‛cpris mfg fpkgkfg kd acut si dkmktir pfur di primkir ìjøt årâcdis ixënutir d‛fr`ri MM. Uirtfaa.~

OB & U@ ̂ nbr mi nfmmugkquârigt, qui d‛fg cttig`ckt å Jrìmi

d‛crrkvëi ì ìux ncrocksfgs ì jfks ì Ncmpìnbi, disquiddis gfusX15] pfurrkfgs piut ìtri impdfyir pfur d‛ixinutkfg ìs fr`ris ìU.C, pfurvø qui dc qucdktë sfkt ixniddigti it di prkx mf`ërë. Sucgtå d‛impditti li gi mi bêtirck pcs, kds fgt prfmks ì mi afurgkr åDfg`ris ug nfmpti skmudë8 l‛ig prfaktirck pfur ackri mis ncdnuds itpfur vfkr nfmjkig ì nbcgni kd y c å ackri ig nfmpcrcksfg cvin disprkx ì Dkvirpffd Dfrs ì mfg sëlfur å Гхйдйнь kd y cvckt dc afkridcquiddi prfùksckt jicunfup ì ockiti it `‛cntkvktë pcrmk dis pcksk-jdis bcjktcgts. Dc vkddi ì Jrimi, acvfrksëi X13] pcr sc pfsktkfg cuxjfr`s ↞ì d‛imjfunburi↞ ìs adiuvi _isir ackt di nfmmirni cvin



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tfutis dis pcrtkis ù mfgì, iddi pfssâì pdus ì ::5 gcvkris. - Curisti kd g‛y c rkig ì rimcrqucjdi å vfkr8 - dis ruis sfgt ëtrfktis itpfkgt ù tfut c dkogëis ì pkirris pdctis ìs ìux nftës nfmmi å ^tUitirsjfuro it å Mfsnfu. @iux ndfnbirs ̀ ‛ugi crnbktinturi cgnkiggi`fgt d‛ug c d‛ckr ì pignbir ug piu ì nftë, nfgtrkjuigt å `fggir ådc vkddi d‛cspint `‛cgtkquktë. -

@ëskrcgt ì bêtir mfg vfycoi li pcrtks ì gfuvicu å 0 biurisX1:] ì d‛cprâs mk`k. Dis vfkturis ì pfsti (Uirsfgigwcoigs) vfgtdiur trckg tfut-å-ackt å d‛cddimcgì, quidqui pfurjfkri qui d‛fg fa-ari cux pfstkddfgs. Li Sufkqui li m‛igguycssi jicunfup, afrni miaut `‛fjikr å dc gënissktë. Nbimkg ackscgt l‛igtcmck ugi nfgvirsc-tkfg cvin ug liugi bfmmi diquid si `ksckt vfycoiur `‛ugi mcksfgì Bcmjfuro. Niduk-nk gi nissc pcs ì mi rcnfgtir ìs bkstfrkittis`ëmfgtrcgt dc minbcgnitë ì dc pfdkni ì Bcmjfuro it dis rusis`fgt si sirt nitti kgstktutkfg. Igtri cutri kd mi `kt<X1>] Kd y c qqscggëis ug sinrëtckri ì pfsti å Jidkg a nfmmkX66]t ugi afurjirki tir-rkjdi8 kd s‛igauycs cvin dc nckssi igtkâri, nfgtigcgt pdus ì nigt mkddiënus ì Urussi8 - s‛ëtcgt rigù å Bcmjfuro cvin ìs nbivcux ìnfurrkir, kd s‛y imjcrquct å jfr` ù jcticu å vcpiur cgodcks, diquidìvckt di ↞mimi↞ sfkr pcrtkr pfur Dfg`ris. Yg impdfyë sinrit ìdc pfdkni bcmjfuroifksi dcquiddi s‛imprissi å sfkogir ndcg`kìmigtpfur di jkigìtri oigircd vkgt di sfkr `cgs dc ncluti ù sticmir it ì-mcgì dis pcsscoirs X10] quk y ëtckigt cssimjdës sk quidqu‛ug ̀ ‛igtrëugi `ëskrckt nbcgoir ìs mfggckis ëtrcgoâris nfgtri ìs mfggckis

cgodcksis. Di sinrëtckri ̀ i pfsti gi pfssë`cgt pcs ì nis ̀ irgkâris ̀ ktå d ëmpdfyi ì pfdkni, diquid si `ksckt nfmmks ì quidqui juricu ìjcgqukir, qu‛kd d‛fjdkoirckt cg duk ënbcgoicgt ̀ is jkddits ̀ i dc jcgquiprussi nfgtri ìs dkvris stirdkgo. -

Di nfmmks y nfgsigtkt ig di ìmcg`cgt nfmjkig kd fg cvckt åinbcgois. Di sënrëtckr ì pfsti tkrc ì sc nckssi ug pcquit ì 9555X19] ënus ig jkddits ì jcgqui. Di nfmmks, quk gi s‛itckt pcs pdustcr` dc nfgtkguir

K diat Jrimig fg tbi 33/:> kgstcgt jy tbi stcoinfcnb wbknb sit faact afur kg tbi catirgffg. bi igvkrfgs fa Jrimig cppicr` tf miviry ìsirt cg` ti`kfus, tbi mfri sf cs wi wiri prfnii`kgo ct cviry sdfw pcni. C ìsnrkptkfg fa tbi viry ugpdicscgt lfurgiy uptf Crgbim cg` fa tbi smcdd mcrhit tfwgs wi pcssi` fg tbi rfc`,wfud` cppicr prfdkx8 K tbiriafri dkmkt mysida kg stctkgo, tbct K cr-rkvi` ct Crgbim fg tbi 3>/:9 ct 33 f‛ndfnh kg tbi mfrgkgo X11] cg`prfniiì` kmmi`kctidy jy tbi rckdrfc` tf Cmstir`cm. Crgbim ks cviry gkni pdcni, cg` prfvkì` wktb c orict mcgy jicutkauddy sktucti`nfugtrysicts fa tbi rknb fa tbi tfwg.



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C. wcs tbi akrst pritty dcroi ùtnb tfwg K mit wktb, skgni K diatBfddcg` kg Lcgucry dcst,- cg` kgìi` K ncggft ìgy my orict ixudtc-tkfg (wbig K scw) upfg dffhkgo ct tbi gkni bfusis, tbi ixtirkfr fawbknb, viry munb prifnnupki` mi kg kts acvfr, cs widd afr tbi ix-trimi ndicgdkgiss fa tbi wkg`fws cs afr arisbdy pckgti` `ffrs.~

Bcvkgo tchig sfmi riarisbmigt ct C. K sit faa afr Cmstir X1?]Bfwivir swkatdy sfivir tbi rckdncrrkcois mkobt prfnii`, kt siimi` tfmi, tbct tbiy wiri ofkgo fg ct c sdfw rcti, afr my kmpctkigni wcsviry orict. Jy jukd`kgo tbi rckdwcy arfm C tf C tbi ùtnbmig bcvijiig dcjfurkgo ugìr cg` trfujdkgo tbimsidvis wktb mcgy `kaaknud-tkis, fjdkoi` cs tbiy wiri tf ùo tbi rfc` tbrfuob bkob bkdds cg` tfnfgstrunt cockg afr ivir cg` cnrfss bkob `khis fvir ìip cjyssis.

wf bfurs cg` c bcda rk`kgo jrfuobt us tf tbi mitrfpfdks‛ octi. Kbkri` c bfnhgiynfcnb cg` oft mysida nfgùnti` tf tbi c acsbkfgcjdikgg ncddi` —Nkty Idjiraid`”. K bkobdy rilfkni` kg X12] dffhkgo ct tbi

Cmstir`cm striits cg` ncgcds, icnb fa wbknb ncddi` tf my rimim-jrcgni tbi pcst tkmi fa sfrrfw cg` lfy. bi bfusis cppicri` tf mibcvkgo `kmkgksbi` kg skzi, wbknb nkrnumstcgni ks ctf ji cttrkjuti`tf tbi nkrnumstcgni tbct K wcs nfmkgo arfm munb mfri imkgigtpdcnis arfm ^t. Uitirsjurob cg` Mfsnfw. My mkg` wcs pcrtknudcrdytchig up fg pcsskgo fgi striit ncddi` Qkloig`cm, wbiri K afrmirdydkvi` ct c jffhsiddirs, tf wbfsi bfstid K jfri orict caaintkfg afr siv-ircd ricsfgs. -

Bcvkgo tchig pfssisskfg fa c smcdd rffm ct tbi kgg cjfvi cd-

duì` tf, K put fg ftbir ndftbis cg` oft my `kggir. Catirwcr`s. Kwigt tf X1;] tbi fd` nfugtkgo bfusi fa ^nbrñìr & Nf, wbf bc` lust rimfvi` cg` dkvi` gfw fg cgftbir ncgcd. K wigt tbktbir, cg`tfd` tf my afrmir prkgnkpcd fa tbi ncrriir K wcs igtirkgo upfg wktbgiw-yicr, tbks coriicjdi giws bi wcs odc` tf bicr cg` prfmksi` tfcsskst kg iviry pfsskjdi mcggir tfwcr`s tbi nudtkvctkfg fa cg cntkvicg` prfaktcjdi kgtirnfursi wktb _.C. Bi prisigti` tf mi bks wkai,c yfugo dc`y fa cjt 32 yicrs fa coi pritty bcg`sfmi cg` fa mk`-`dkgo bikobt. biy tfd` mi fa tbikr lfurgiy tf Nfgstcgtkgfpid kgsummir dcst cg` fa tbi `kaaknudtkis tbiy bc` tf jcttdi wktb X?5] fg

tbi rfc`. Bcvkgo rimckgi` wktb Mr. ^nb. afr bcda cg bfur K wigttf dffh afr my afrmir nfddicouis, wbfm K afug` ct `kgir kg cg kgg.biy wiri surprksi` tf sii mi sf sffg, bcvkgo tbfuobt, tbct K fgdyncmi tbi igsukgo `cy. K wigt wktb tbim tf tbi tbictir kg frìr tfsii tbi jcddit, wbknb bfwivir `k` gft pdicsi mi ct cdd prfjcjdy fgcnnfugt fa my jikgo qukti actkoui` cg` ixbcusti`. bi tbictir wcsnrfwì` wktb pifpdi. bi gixt mfrgkgo K wigt tf tbi nfugtkgobfusi ct gkgi cg`, cdtbfuob kt wcs c sug`cy K X?3] wcs fnnupki` uptkdd bcda pcst afur f‛ndfnh, ↞kg↞wrktkgo sivircd dittirs tf my arkig`skg Zusskc cg` c`mfgksbkgo tbim tf bcstig wktb pcymigt. Fgi fa



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tbi akrst ndirhs fa ^‛s nfugtkgobfusi bcvkgo kgvkti` mi tf `kgi wktbtbim kg tbi Cmirknckg bðtid, K wigt tbktbir cg` vkskti` catirwcr`skg sfnkity fa sivircd cnquckgtcgnis tbi orict nfaaii-bfusi cg` tbiscdffg —Arcsnctk”, wbiri c jicutkaud nfgnirt wcs okvig. - bi afd-dfwkgo `cy, mfg`cy tbi 30/:1 Fntfjir K wrfti stkdd sfmi dittirstf my russkcg arkig`s cg` wigt catirwcr`s tf nbcgoi, wbiri K pck`X?:] my nfmpdkmigts tf sivircd fa my fd` arkig`s, mirnbcgts fa tbksnkty. Catir nbcgoi K `kgi` ↞wktb > yfugo mig↞ fg my cnn- s kg tbiviry bðtid, kg wbknb K dkvi` cg` wigt biricatir cockg tf tbi nfugt-kgobfusi fa ^. cg` tbig tf tbi oirmcg Nfaaiibfusi, wbiri K sct tkddgkgi tcdhkgo fa f``s cg` ig`s wktb my fd` nfddicouis. Cttig`kgo tbinfugtkgo bfusi cockg fg tbi 39/:? kgst, K wrfti c dittir tf Mr _.C.fa Mfsnfw cg` prfnuri` arfm Mr ^. c dittir fa nri`kt afr c bug`ri`pfug`s ^tir.

X?>] Dfg`fg 2tb GfvimjirK aiid viry munb orkivi` kg gft bcvkgo jiig cjdi tf pursui tbi tbric`fa my lfurgcd afr 3: `cys, tbi mfri sf cs K nfmmigni` kt wktb tbivkiw jftb afr usiaud igtirtckgmigt afr my Mfsnfvkcg arkig`s cgòrctkaknctkfg tf mysida kg ric`kgo ct c auturi pirkf` tbi nkrnumstcg-nkcd ìsnrkptkfgs fa sf kgtiristkgo c lfurgiy cs my prisigt prfvis tfji. K diat Gft jikgo cjdi tf rinfddint ct prisigt iviry pcrtknudcr, wbknbbcppigi` tf mi fg tbi fgi `cy cg` tbi ftbir, K dkmkt mysida kg stct-kgo, tbct K diat Cmstir`cm fg tbi :?tb Fntfjir afr Zfttir`cm.X?0]

_biri K stfpt afr tbi gkobt kg tbi kgtigtkfg tf ìpcrt tbi afddfw-kgo mfrgkgo jy tbi —Zckgjfw” sticmir, stcrtkgo ct ikobt f‛ndfnh afrDfg`fg. Bcvkgo nfmi tf dcti af ct Cmstir`cm afr tbi trckg stcrt-kgo ct 03/

: f‛ndfnh, K ìdkviri` my duoocoi tf tbi prkgnkpcd wcktir kg

tbi faakni wbf prfmksi` mi, tbct tbi scmi sbfud` ji afrwcrì` tf—Hfigs” stcoinfcnb faakni jy tbi jcft trckg crrkvkgo ct Zfttir`cm ctcjfut mk`gkobt. bkghkgo tbct cdd wfud` ji rkobt cg` of kg piraintfrìr cg` nfg`ktkfg, K wigt cdfgi jy tbi trckg, cwcktkgo ct tbi cp-pfkgti` bfur tbi crrkvcd fa tbi stcoinfcnb wbknb wcs tf nfgviy X?9]my trugh. Bfwivir tf my orictist cstfgksbmigt my duoocoi bc`

jiig afrofttig cg` tbi nfcnbmig & nfgùntfr nfud` gft caafr` micgy ixpdknctkfg. K wcs kg tbi orictist cgxkity kgìi`, afr K wcs ugìrtbi ginisskty fa stcrtkgo jy tbi sticmir fg tbi afddfwkgo mfrgkgo. Kwcs ct c dfss tf `kvkgi (cnnfugt afr) bfw K wcs tf cnt kg sf `kscorii-cjdi c pfsktkfg. _biri ginisskty ks orictist, csskstcgni ks gicrist8- ctsivig f‛ndfnh kg tbi mfrgkgo my trugh wcs jrfuobt fg jy tbi gkobtstcoinfcnb, wbknb bc` tchig kt cs jy cnnkìgt ct tbi rckdwcy stc-tkfg. Cs sffg cs K bc` oft kgtf pfssisskfg fa kt K wigt wktb kt tf X?1]tbi sticmir, ricnbkgo tbi dcttir qukti kg tkmi, afr tbi afooy wictbirprivigti` bir icrdy stcrtkgo. Bcvkgo tchig c pdcni kg tbi akrst ncj-

jkg, afr wbknb K wcs tf pcy c oukgic cg` sivig sbkddkgos, tbi sticmir



39>

wigt fg ct c sdfw pcni cg` kt dcsti` sfmi bfurs iri wi oft fut fatbi rkvir Miusi. biri wiri twidvi fr afrtiig akrst ncjkg pcssigoirs,cmfgo wbfm K afug` tbi fgi & tbi ftbir fa coriicjdi sfnkity. bihktnbig caafrì` cdd pfsskjdi igodksb nfmafrts cg` pdicsi` mi virymunb. Kt nfgsksti` bi jrichacst wcs sirvi` up ct ikobt f‛ndfnh cg`nfgsksti` fa tic cg` nfaaii X??] rfcsti` jric` wktb juttir cg` `ryrfcsti` jric`, usucd ̀ ry jric`, muaakg wktb juttir, afwd, ̀ uos, mut-tfg, ↞rfcst↞ jiia, arki` aksb & birrkgo, ioos cg` tic cg` nfaaii wbknbdcttir wcs jrfuobt fg tbi tcjdi kg qukti c `kaairigt mcggir cs kgfur nfugtry. Gf —Уедзкехь” ks tf ji siig fg tbi igodksb jrichacsttcjdi, tbi wcktir jrkgos c `ry pft fa giw skdvir pdcti, puts kgtf kt cdcroi qucgtkty fa tic, (gft jicrkgo kg mkg`) wktbfut nfgskìrctkfg,tbct tic ks c pritty ìcr crtkndi8 tbig bi ofis fut wktb tbi ticpft cg`jrkgos kt jcnh cockg akddi` fa wktb ↞bft↞wctir. ic cs widd cs nfaaiicri X?2] jc`dy pripcri` kg tbks nfugtry. ~ bi wictbir wcs viry akgicg` c nfgtkgucddy ackr wkg` ncuskgo jut c sdkobt jufycgt mfvimigtfa tbi vissid, sf tbct cdd my aicrs fa acddkgo sicsknh `kscppicri`. Ctcjfut mk`gkobt wi nfud` cdric`y sii ↞tbi akri fa ↞ c dkobtbfusi fgtbi sbfri fa tbi rkvir —bcmis”. bfuob tbi mfvimigt fa tbi vissidwcs viry sdkobt, yit K aidt sknhdy cg` ugìrwigt c pritty strfgo akt fatbi sicsknhgiss. K wcs fg ình cdmfst cdd tbi gkobt, cmuskgo mysidakg vkiwkgo tbi orict gumjir fa akris kg tbi dkobtbfusis fg jftb skìsfa tbi mcogkaknigt rkvir.

X?;] bi afooy wictbir nfmpiddi` us cockg tf stfp ct afur f‛ndfnh

cg` kt wcs gft jiafri ikobt tbct wi nfud` prfnii`. C vkiw fa tbimfst spdig`k` nbcrcntir faairi` kt sida tf us, cs widd ↞jftb↞ upfgtbi rkvir cs upfg tbi nfviri` wktb tbfuscg`s fa sbkps fa cdd pfsskjdi`kmigskfgs cs fg tbi c`lcnigt viry gknidy nudtkvcti` dcg`. _i orcù-cddy pcssi` jy _ffdwknb, Oriigwknb cg` Orcviscg` cg` crrkvi` ctdcst ct gkgi f‛ndfnh ct tbi Nustfm bfusi gicr Jdcnhwcdd rckdwcy stc-tkfg, wbiri fur duoocoi wcs jrfuobt kgtftbi faakni rffm cg` ixcm-fg` kg tbi mfst cnnurcti mcggir. Akvi ftbir sticmirs bcvkgo crrkvi`kg tbi mfrgkgo jiafri X25] us, wi wiri nfmpiddi` tf wckt, ugtkd tbikduoocoi fa tbi vcrkfus pcssigoirs crrkvi` jy tbim bc` ugìrofgi ix-

cmkgctkfg. Bcvkgo jiig cggfyi` tbus afr cjt

twf bfurs, K oft kgtftbi faaknirffm wiri K wcs tf fpig my trugh cg` oit kt ixcmkgi`8- jy `fkgo sf K vckgdy dffhi` afr my bctjfx, nfgtckgkgo c giw bct,kt bc` ofgi cg` must bcvi jiig rfjji` kg tbi fgi mcggir, fr tbiftbir fg fur crrkvcd. -

Catir tbi trfujdi fa tbi nustfmbfusi faaknirs, K wigt jy tbi rckd-wcyncrrkcois lust jibkg` tbi nustfmbfusi tf Dfg`fg8 tbi rckdncr-rkcois wiri `rkvig jy rfpis, wktb tbi csskstcgni X23] fa c sticm ig-okgi, pdcni` ct tbi stctkfgbfusi. Cs sffg cs wi crrkvi` K wigt kgtfcg fmgkjus, upfg ↞tbi tfp fa ↞ wbknb my duoocoi wcs pdcni` cg`



390

oft mysida nfgviyi` tf ^t Ucuds nfaaiibfusi, wbiri K oft tffh up mydfòkgos, fnnupykgo c arfgt-rffm, wbknb pdicsi` mi viry widd, afr ktcaafrì` c gkni vkiw fg tbi orcg` ^t Ucuds nctbi`rcd cg` tbi quiigsIdkzcjitb‛s stctui, pdcni` jiafri kt. „

Bcvkgo put fg ftbir `risskgo, K ncddi` ct Missrs L By ^nbrñìr& Nf‛s faakni sktucti` kg Dicìgbcddstriit wbknb K afug` fut wktborict `kaaknudty. -

Gft akg`kgo tbiri tbi prkfr Mr Ufst, K ncddi` X2:c] cockg catirtbi dcpsi fa bcda cg bfur. cg` Kg ìdkvirkgo my dittirs fa rinfm-mig`ctkfg, K mcì tbi cnquckgtcgni fa Mr Ufst, cjfvi cdduì` tf,c arkig`dy, viry bicdtby dffhkgo mcg fa tbi coi fa cjt akaty. Bi ix-prissi` bks orict sctksacntkfg kg dicrgkgo fur prfpfscds, cg` stcti`tbct bi `k` gft `fujt, wi wfud` nfmi tf c mutucd coriicjdi cg`c`vcgtcoifus coriimigt cg` crrcgoimigt8 - kg spkti fa bks orictìskri tf jrkgo tbi mcttir sffg tf c ndfsi, bi nfud` gft `f sf wktb-fut tbi cnqukisnigni fa tbi prkfr Mr L By ^nb cntucddy dkvkgo kgBcmjuro. bi prfmksi` tf c``riss X2>j] bkm jy gixt pfst. K ncg-`k`dy nfgaiss, K wcs munb `kscppfkgti`, afr K wcs qukt cssuri` tbctK wfud` ji sunnissaud fg tbi spur fa tbi fnncskfg.- Bfwivir siikgo,tbct gftbkgo nfud` ji `fgi, K diat Mr U. cg` wigt tf nbcgoi wbiriK scw cockg Mr. U. cg` nfmmugkncti` tf bkm my risfdutkfg tf sitfut afr Dkvirpffd wktbfut dfss fa tkmi, my jurgkgo kmpctkigni gftcddfwkgo mi tf wckt biri tbi prkfrs cgswir. Fg nbcgoi K spfhi tf MrОхвозхь Рйахзквяф Деъквйкь afri wbfm K bc` jrfuobt c pcrnid

wktb sbfis arfm ^t Uitirsjurob. K cdsf igtirtckgi` mysida wktb tbisfg fa Н. В. Юуеяйкь X2:] wbf cppicri` tf bcvi c`fpti` tbi ckr fatbi tfwg, afr bi dffhi` c orict ìcd fdìr, cg` pcdir & dicgir tbcgdcst yicr, wbig K scw bkm kg Cmstir`cm.-

Catir nbcgoi K wigt tf tbi Jcdtkn Nfaaiibfusi wbiri K mit wktbКеийнъвнь Мзнуъенъвнзквяф, c off` dffhkgo yfugo mcg, wbfmK jcri caaintkfg tf catir tbi viry akrst virjcd kgtirnfursi wktb bkm. Kkgvkti` bkm tf ncdd upfg mi kg tbi ivigkgo, tfoitbir wktb Кеувивл

Вкензквяф, wbf wcs dkhiwksi prisigt cg` siimi` viry munb sur-prksi` ct my siikgo mi sf ugixpinti`dy kg Dfg`fg.X2>] J.H. cnnfm-

pcgki` mi `krintdy, wbkdst J.В. prfmksi` tf ncdd ct my dfòkgos catirbcvkgo `kgi`. K ncg gft ìgy my orict ixudtctkfg, wbig K afug`mysida kg tbi sfnkity fa tbisi twf Zusskcgs, gctkvis fa Mfsnfw, fatbi viry scmi pdcni, tf wbknb K jicr sf skgniri cg` sf ixnisskvi cgcaaintkfg. Kg `rkghkgo pdigtkauddy c nirtckg wkgi, ncddi` Nbirry, winfgvirsi` viry munb fa Mfsnfw, cg` K tbfuobt kt fg tbks fnncskfgmy ùty tf tidd cdd pfsskjdi off` tbkgos8 wbknb K hgiw fa kt.- biydiat mi ct iko gkgi X20] f‛ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo, J.В. bcvkgo bcda cg`bcda afrmi` tbi kìc tf cnnfmpcgy mi cs acr cs Ucrks.-



399

bi giw mfrgkgo >5tb fa Fntfjir, K ncddi` cockg ct L By ^nbr &Nk‛s faakni, riquistkgo Mr. U. tf aurgksb mi wktb c dittir fa kgtrfùn-tkfg tf bks Dkvirpffd-bfusi, wbknb bi `k` mfst wkdauddy, cssurkgo mict tbi scmi tkmi fa bks orict ìskri tf nfmi sffg tf c nfgnduskfgwktb mi. K wigt tbig bfmi cockg, pcnhi` up my duoocoi, pck` myjkdd, cmfugtkgo tf cjt c oukgic, tbfuob K bc` gft oft cgy X29] `kgir& oft up upfg cg fmgkjus ofkgo tf tbi orict _istirg rckdrfc`. ~

_ksbkgo tf bcvi off` sfnkity fg sf dfgo, cdtbfuob quknh c lfurgiy,K tffh c tknhit afr tbi akrst ndcss. bi _istirg-rckdwcystctkfg ks cnfdfsscd kmmigsidy jukd`kgo qukti kg nfrrispfgìgni wktb tbi im-mkgigni fa kts fjlint. bi trckg wigt fg ct bcda pcst twidavi f‛ndfnh.bi wictbir wcs pritty prfspirfus cg` K wcs bkobdy ìdkobti` wktbtbi jicutkaud snigiry fg jftb skìs fa tbi rckdrfc`, wbig tbi trckgprfniiì`. Kt dcsti` c dfgo wbkdi X21] ugtkd wi oft igtkridy fut fa tbitrimig`fus tfwg8 wbknb dkhi cg kmmigsi cjjyss ks dkhidy tf swcd-dfw cwcy kg tbi nfursi fa tkmi wbfdi Igodcg`. Kg spkti fa tbi ackrwictbir, wbknb prfogfstkncti` kg acvfr fa c sunnissaud lfurgiy tbishy ckr wcs akddi` wktb sunb cg kgtigsi smfhi cg` afo, tbct kg acnt,tbi shy prisigti` c ùdd cg` odffmy cspint, sf tbct wi wiri gft cjditf dffh c acr. -

bi nfugtry prisigti` c mfst mcogkaknigt cspint8 wbktbir sfivir K mkobt dffh, ivirywbiri K scw ixtrimidy widd nudtkvcti` akid`s,igndfsi` jy gkni gut, X66] bfgiysunhdi fr tbcw`frg biòis, wbknbwktb tbikr X2?] oriig afdkcoi (dicvis) jfri tbi orctkaykgo cspint fa

summir. bi vkddcois cg` smcdd nktkis, wbknb wi oft kg vkiw tfunbi`mi dkhiwksi tf tbi quknh, ivirywbiri K scw gictdy dffhkgo stfgijukd`kgos, cg` ↞kts↞ wid ndc` tbikr kgbcjktcgts cppicri` tf mi gknidy`rissi` kg sug`cy cppcrid. bi rckdrfc` arfm Dfg`fg tf Dkvirpffdbcs cjt ::5 mkdis kg digotb, wbknb cri pirafrmi` jy tbi ixpriss trckgkg 9>/

0 bfurs cg` jy tbi sdfw trckg kg 35>/

08 tbi nfgstrunturi fa tbi

rfc` bcs jiig cnnfmpcgki` jy kmmigsi fjstcndis cg` `kaaknudtkisafr tbi tirrktfry nfgsksts fa gftbkgo jut bkdds cg` vcddiys. Ofkgo tffr nfmkgo arfm Dkvirpffd, yfu bcvi tf pcss mcgy tuggids fr rfc`s`kooi` tbrfuob X22] tbi orfug`. bi dfgoist tuggid kg Igodcg` ks

fg tbi rckdrfc` arfm Mcgnbistir tf ̂ biaakid`, cg` cjt

> mkdis dfgo8 -cgftbir viry dfgo fgi ks gicr Dkvirpffd8 jftb tbisi tuggids cri mcì↞nut↞ tbrfuob tbi bkob rfnhs cg` mfst shkdauddy mcì. K ncg‛t ìgy,K wcs cdwcys sikzi` j wktb bfrrfr, wbigivir wi pc igtiri` cgy fgifa tbisi tuggids, afr sunb ks tbi fjsnurkty kg tbim, tbct kt ks kmpfs-skjdi tf sii ivig tbi bcg` jiafri tbi iyis.- brfuob tbi tuggid gicrDkvirpffd wi wiri `rcwg jy c rfpi, fg cnnfugt fa tbi ugicvigissfa tbi orfug`. K crrkvi` ct Dkvirpffd fg tbi >5tb ct 35>/

0 f‛ndfnh kg

tbi ivigkgo cg` tffh up my dfòkgo kg Oifroi bðtid @cdistriit X2;]wbiri K oft c arfgt rffm. bi gixt mfrgkgo, catir bcvkgo oft my



391

jrichacst pripcri` kg tbi igodksb mcggir, K purnbcsi` c bct, wbknbK afug` fut wktb orict `kaaknudty, fwkgo tf tbi dcroi skzi fa my bic`.Bcts cri mcì munb jittir wktb us kg Zusskc8 tbi Jicvir bcts bcv-kgo nfmi fut fa acsbkfg kg Igodcg`, tbiy cri gft wfrg cgy mfri,cg` tbi skdhig bcts cri viry jdugtdy mcì cg` sf bicvy, tbct tbiycppicr prfvi tf ji trfujidsfmi tf bkm, wbf ks cnnustfmi` tf tbinfmafrts fa bcts fa tbi russkcg mcguacnturys. Catirwcr`s K ncddi` ct

L By ^nbr & Nf‛s faakni, Zumafr` pdcni Gf 33, wbfm K afug` futwktbfut `kaaknudty. K ìdkviri` tbi dittir fa rinfmmig`ctkfg X;5]aurgksbi` tf mi jy Mr U. cs widd cs tbct arfm Mr. _.C, wbknb wcsokvig jcnh cockg tf mi jy Mr. U. afr tbi purpfsi fa prisigtkgo kt ctDkvirpffd. Mr Mcbs (Gknfdcs) cg` Uknhirkgo prkfrs fa tbi Dkvirpffdistcjdksbmigt, ixprissi` tbimsidvis kg tbi scmi wcy cs Mr. Ufst,tbiy ̀ k` gft kg tbi dicst ̀ fujt fa fur nfmkgo tf c rinkprfncddy corii-cjdi cg` c`vcgtcoifus crrcgoimigt, gftwktbstcg`kgo bfwivir tbiynfud` `f gftbkgo kg tbi mcttir wktbfut tbi cnqukisnigni fa tbikrprkfr L By ^ kg Bcmjuro, cg` bks pcrtgir bfmcs Mcbs cntucddy ct^t Uitirsjurob. G. M. prfmksi` tf wrkti c prkvcti dittir tf tbi dct-tir cs widd cs tf L By ^. X;3] cg` kgtrfùni` mi tbig kgtf tbi orictGiwspcpir rffm fg tbi ixnbcgoi. bi giwspcpir rffm ks tbi dcro-ist cg` tbi jist aktti` up afr tbi purpfsi, tbct K ivir scw my dkai8-

arfm icrdy kg tbi mfrgkgo tkdd dcti ct gkobt tbks orcg` scdffg kscdwcys strfgoi` wktb mirncgtkdi pifpdi cg` kt nfgstktuis kg sfmiwcy tbi ixnbcgoi cs kt caafr`s tbi mfst nfgvigkigt fppfrtugktkis

fa nfmjkgkgo juskgiss. bi vksktfr akig`s tbiri cdd pfsskjdi igodksbgiwspcpirs, wbknb bi ncg ric` ct ks icsi, catir bcvkgo jiig kgsnrkji`kgtf tbi jffh jy sfmi mimjir fa tbi sfnkity. Mr M. tfd` mi corict ìcd fa tbi juskgiss cs trcgscnti` kg tbks qucrtir8 cg` X;:] kg-trfùni` mi kgtf tbi cnquckgtcgni fa bks jrftbir kg dcw, jrfhir kg@ryscdtiry off`s, kg wbfsi sfnkity bi sbfwi` mi tbi pfrt, c pcrtfa tbi gcvy cg` fa tbi jicutkaud `fnhs. Kg tbi pfrt, tbiri wcs dykgoc sticmir wktb twf nbkmgkis, tbi akrst fa tbct hkg`, wbknb K ivirscw my dkai8 kt siims tf ji c giw kgvigtkfg cg` ncdnudcti` tf caafr`pdicsuri & tf orctkay tbi cmjktkfg fa tbi mirncgtkdi nfmmugkty ct

dcroi.~ Mr. M. prfnuri` mi catirwcr`s tbi cnquckgtcgni fa bks ac-tbir kg dcw, jrfhir kg nfttfg, wbf prfmksi` tf pripcri afr mi c gknisit fa nfttfg scmpdis, fa wbknb bi wfud` X;>] ritckg nfgtrc scm-pdis, sf tbct fg sig`kgo catirwcr`s frìrs arfm Zusskc K bc` miridytf riair tf tbfsi scmpdis. ~ bi sctur`cy catirgffg cg` ivigkgo Kspig` cdfgi bfmi, fnnupykgo mysida wktb wrktkgo fa cdd f``s cgìg`s8 kg tbi scmi wcy K spigt tbi sug`cy, wbknb kg Igodcg` ks c `cyfa rist8 cdd sbfps cri ndfsi` cg` gf pujdkn cmusimigt ks cddfwi` tftchi pdcni8 - tbi Dfg`fg & Dkvirpffd striits, wbknb ̀ urkgo tbi wiihcri cdwcys tbrfgoi`dy nrfwì` wktb ncjs, ncrts, fmgk jussis cg`



39?

ftbir sfrts fa vibkndis pris cg` mcgy bug`ri` tbfuscg`s fa afftpcs-sigoirs, prisigt fg c sug`cy c ↞orict↞ aicturi fa trcgqukddkty. biigodksb nburnbis cri cdd viry widd cttigì` tf css ↞gft↞ prfpirdyspichkgo X;0] tbiy cri tbi fgdy pdcnis fa risfrt fg c sug`cy8 ivig kgtbi acmkdy nkrndis tbi igodksbmig `fg‛t cnnipt fa cgy vkskt fg tbks `cyhipt up sf bfdy. Fg mfg`cy afrigffg K ncddi` cockg ct L By ^ wbf& cpprkzi` tbim, tbct K wcs ìnkì` tf sit fut afr Mcgnbistir, kgfrìr tf vkiw tbi mcguacnturis tbiri cg` riquisti` tbim tf prfvkìmi wktb sfmi dkgis fa kgtrfùntkfg tf tbikr arkig`s tbiri.-

Bcvkgo orcgti` my riquist Mr. M. kgvkti` mi tf ̀ kgi wktb bkm fgtbi igsukgo ̀ cy. Cdtbfuob K jfri kg mkg`, tbct K wcs tbus nfmpiddi`tf mchi afr c skgodi `kggir c lfurgiy fa skxty akvi mkdis,spig`kgo cttbi scmi tkmi X;9] cjt 3 £ afr trcviddkgo ixpignis, yit K luòi` ktixpi`kigt tf cnnipt bks kgvktctkfg prfmkskgo tf ji jcnh cockg ct >f‛ndfnh fg tbi afddfwkgo `cy. -

Ucykgo my jkdd ct tbi bðtid, wbiri K dfòi`, K diat my duoocoitbiri cg` ìpcrti` jy tbi 3:½ f‛ndfnh trckg. bi nfugtry fg jftbskìs fa tbi rfc` cppicri` tf mi acr diss cttrcntkvi tbcg tbct arfmDfg`fg tf Dkvirpffd8-

cs acr cs tbi iyi ricnbi` kggumircjdi nbkmgiys mcguacnturiswiri tf ji siig, cg` tbi kgtigsi smfhi crkskgo nfgtkgucddy arfmtbikr mfst okocgtkn nbkmgkis ndicrdy ìmfgstrcti` tbi cntkvkty, wktbwbknb tbi scmi viry impdfyi`. Ct :3/

: f‛ndfnh K crrkvi` X;1] ct

Mcgnbistir, cg` wigt trckobt fg tf Missrs Cjrcbcm rffst & Nf‛s

faakni cg` kg frìr tf ricnb cs sffg cs pfsskjdi tbi fjlint fa my trcv-id kg vkiwkgo tbi prkgnkpcd mcguacnturis fa tbi tfwg. bi bfusis faM. jukdt arfm jrknhstfgi & gft nfviri` wktb nbcdh fr nfdfr, prisigtc viry `krty cg` gcsty cppicrcgni, tbi striits cri afr tbi mfst pcrtjrfc`, jut viry `krty. _bktbir sf ivir K mkobt of, iviry wbiri K scwmcguacnturis, tbi okocgtkn nbkmgkis fa wbknb ↞dkhi kmmigsi stii-pdis fa nburnbis↞ kìgtkaki` tbi kmpfrtcgni fa tbi bfmi trcì. - Mrr. wcs gft ct bfmi cg` K wcs tbiriafri nfmpiddi` tf ncdd cockg ct1 f‛ndfnh, wbig K mit bkm. . ks c mcg X;?] fa cjt >0 yicrs fa coicg` icskdy tf ji rinfogkzi` cs c oirmcg. Bi prfmksi` tf aurgksb mi

tbi gixt mfrgkgo wktb sfmi dkgis fa kgtrfùntkfg tf sfmi fa bksarkig`s, cg` gft wksbkgo tf kgtirrupt bkm kg bks prfafug` mi`ktc-tkfgs K wigt diat bkm `krintdy. K wcs wcdhkgo cjt tbi tfwg, wbig fgpcsskgo c mirnigcry sbfp, K scw nfmkgo fut c mcg, wbfsi aicturiscppicri` acmkdkcr tf mi kg spkti fa tbi ùshkgiss fa tbi ivigkgo. Fgcpprfcnbkgo bkm, K rinfogksi` bkm `krintdy tf ji gf ftbir tbcg myfd` cnquckgttcgni —Jrchistfgi” wktb wbfm K bc` trcviddi` tfoitbirkg X;2] Lcgucry dcst arfm Cmstir`cm tf Jirdkg. Off` orcnkfus, nrki`K arfm wbigni `f yfu nfmi Mr J8 - bi cdsf hgiw mi kgstcgtdy cg`bkobdy rilfkni` kg siikgo mi cockg. Bi kgvkti` mi tf dfòi kg tbi



392

viry scmi bftid wbiri bi dkvi`, wbknb K `k` gft bisktcti tf `f, gftbcvkgo tchig up yit my dfòkgos cgy wbiri. -

bi bðtid, bi rinfmmigì` mi tf, wcs c pritty nfmafrtcjdifgi cg` fnnupki` jy acsbkfgcjdi Igodksbmig. K wigt kgtf tbi nfa-aiirffm oft sfmi suppir cg` cwckti` J., wbf ncmi sffg catir-wcr`s8 wi tcdhi` munb cjfut tbi X;;] pcst c`vigturis, wbknb wiugìrwigt tfoitbir cg` ↞kg↞`rkghkgo c jfttdi fa ^birry, wi wksbi`tbct prfvkìgni mkobt prfnuri us cgiw tbi pdicsuri fa mchkgo sunbcg kgtiristkgo lfurgiy tfoitbir. -

bi gixt mfrgkgo catirX66] bcvkgo tchig my jrichacst, K wigtfg cg` ìdkviri` tf Missrs ^bcrp jrftbirs tbi dkgis fa kgtrfùntkfg,wbknb rffst & ^fg‛s bc` aurgksbi` mi wktb8 - nfgsiquigtdy tbiri-upfg K oft `krintdy c`mkttcgni kgtf tbikr imkgigt mcguacnturyi,fgi fa tbi wfrhmcg jikgo cppfkgtti` tf nfgùnt mi tbrfuobfuttbi mcguacnturyi kg wbknb gftbkgo wcs mcì jiskìs ^ticmigokgisX355] afr rckdrfc`s. Bi akrst nfgùnti` mi ugìrgictb kgtf tbiorfugàdffr, wbiri tbi igokgis wiri nfmpditi` X6]↞& nfmpfsi`↞ fa tbi vcrkfus pdctis, snriws & rfws mcì kg tbi `kaairigt cpcrt-migts fa tbi mcguacntury. Kg vkiwkgo tbisi ↞orict gumjir fa ↞nf-dfsscd igokgis stcg`kgo tbiri cg` pripcri` afr vcrkfus pcrts fa oir-mcgy, K nfud` gft bidp tbkghkgo fa cg` wfgìrkgo ct tbi c`vcgni,tbi nfmmugkty fa tbi wfrd` ct dcroi bc` mcì kg snkigtkakn pfkgt favkiw kg tbi dcst :9 yicrs. Crt bcs tbrfwg faa tbi `kaaknudtkis, ugìrwbknb trcì wcs afrmirdy privckdkgo, kg nfgsiquigni fa sdfw X353]

nfgviycgnis fa dittirs & off`s. Gfw, tbiri cri prfpirdy spichkgogf `kstcgnis8 arfm tbi mfst sfutbirg pcrt fa Igodcg` yfu ncg ofup tf tbi mfst gfrtbirg pfkgt fa ^nftdcg` kg fgi skgodi `cy, wbkdsttidiorcpbs nfgviy tbi giws wktb tbi quknhgiss fa dkobtgkgo. Bcvkgovkiwi` tbi pcrtknudcrs ixbkjkti` kg tbks cpcrtmigt, wi wigt kgtfcgftbir, wbiri snriws, krfg stcaas, cg` ftbir tbkgos jidfgokgo tftbi sticmigokgis wiri pirafrmi`. Kt wcs kg acnt wfrtb siikgo, wktbwbct cg cjkdkty tbi krfg wcs nut cs smfftbdy, cs ka kt wiri juttir cg`c`fpti` afr tbi vcrkfus purpfsis. My oukì tfd` mi tbct X35:] iviryfgi fa tbi wfrhmig bcs bks pirpitucd wfrh8 fgi afr kgsstcgni mchis

gftbkgo jut smcdd rfws fa tbi fgi hkg`, tbi ftbir fa tbi ftbir hkg`cg` sf fg8 - pcykgo arfm yfutb faa cdd cttigtkfg tf tbi stu`y fa fgiwfrh, fgi ncg jrkgo kt kg tbi scmi tf orict cnnfmpdksbmigt cg`tbus kt ncg‛t ji cstfgksbkgo, tbct iviry tbkgo ks pirafrmi` wktb tbiorictist cnnurcny. Cmfgo tbi orict mcgy fjlints sbfwg tf mi, tbimcggir, kg wbknb tbi Krfg-rfws cri pirafrmi` kg pcrtknudcr cttrcnt-i` my cttigtkfg. biy `ko kg tbi orfug` c sbcddfw bfdi, kg wbknbtbiy dcy fut pkinis X35>] fa krfg, lust kg tbi afrm cs tbi rfw ks tf jimcì. catirwcr`s tbi fpigkgos jitwiig tbi pkinis fa krfg cri akddiùp jy afugì` krfg, pripcri` kg cg fvig kg tbi vknkgkty. Cdd pkinis



39;

fa krfg jikgo tbus cttcnbi` tfoitbir kg tbi afrm fa c rfw, tbi mcssugìrofis tbi fpirctkfg fa tbi bcmmir ks nut fut, smfftbi` cg`jidcjfuri`, tkdd kt oits tbi ìskri` `kmigskfg cg` sbcpi. Ct twidvif‛ndfnh K sit cockg faa afr Dkvirpffd, kg frìr tf audakdd tbi prfmksi Kocvi tf Mr Mcbs tf `kgi wktb bkm. K mit bkm kg bks nfugtkgo bfusiwbiri bi bc` wrkttig X350] c dittir tf mi afr tbi purpfsi fa ìdkv-irkgo kt kg my bðtid, kg ncsi K mkobt gft miit bkm kg bks faakni. Kgtbi dittir bi ocvi mi tbi ginisscry `krintkfgs cs tf bks `widdkgo cg`tbi bfur cppfkgti` afr `kgir. - Mr M. dkvkgo kg tbi nfugtry cj t :mkdis arfm D. cg` tbi bfur fa `kggir jikgo ct 1, K wcs tf of jy cgFmgkjus, wbknb diat my bðtid ct 93/

:8 - kt prfvi` tf mi c mcttir fa

orict ̀ kaaknudty tf akg` fut M‛s bfusi, cg` kg acnt K `k` gft akg` kt ji-afri jikgo nbicti` sivircd tkmis jy tbi nfcnbmig. Kt wcs gft jiafriX359] 1>/

0 wbig K mcì my cppicrcgni. M. prisigti` mi bks wkai,

c arkig`dy gknidy ↞jy dffhkgo ↞yfugo dc`y fa :5 yicrs fa coi, wbfscduti` mi jy okvkgo mi tbi bcg` cs cg fd` cnquckgtcgni. biriwiri jiskìs sfmi ftbir yfugo dc`kis, ridctkfgs cg` cnquckgtcgnisfa Mrss M., cs widd cs bir afur ↞>↞ jrftbirs cg` c russkcg oigtdi-mcg, sigt jy tbi russkcg ofvirgmigt tf Igodcg` afr tbi purpfsi faoittkgo nfgstrunti` afr tbi rkvir _fdoc twf sticmirs. K wcs pcrtknu-dcrdy pdicsi` wktb tbi acmkdkcr nfgvirsctkfg fa tbisi off` afdhs, jutpcrtknudcrdy ↞ispinkcddy ↞ wktb tbct fa tbi afur yfugo dc`kis, wktbwbfm K wcs nfgtkgucddy X351] igocoi` kg virjcd kgtirnfursi8 biynfgaissi` mi ncg`k`dy, tbct tbi ackr six kg Igodcg` ks viry afg` fa

afrikogirs, jut pcrtknudcrdy fa tbfsi, wbf cri jfd` cg` icsy kg tbikrnfgvirsctkfg. bi nbcrcntir fa tbi dcg`dfr` ks usucddy cgcdfofus ↞

risimjdkgo ↞ (tf) tbct fa bks sirvcgt, cg` upfg igtirkgo tbi bfusifa cgy strcg pirsfg tbiri mcy ji afrmi` cdric`y sfmi kìc fa bksnbcrcntir cnnfr`kgo tf tbi riniptkfg cg` ìmicgfur (jibcvkfur) fatbi sirvcgts. Lust tbus tbi igodksb dc`kis luòi tbi russkcg gctkfgcoriicjdy tf tbi fpkgkfg tbiy igtirtckg fa fur impirfr, wbf bcsjiig biri kg Igodcg` sfmi yicrs X35?] cof, cg` wktb wbfm cdd bcviacddig kg dfvi. biy dc`kis kg tbi acmkdy fa Mr M. prkì` tbimsidvisupfg scykgo mcgy off` tbkgo fa fur sfvirikog, wbfsi hkg`giss,

jigivfdigni, dkjircdkty, oigirfskty, jicuty cg` kmpfskgo riocr` mfstskgniridy prifnnupki` tbim kg bks acvfur. - biy tfd` mi tbct iviryrispintcjdi igodksb acmkdy wcs prfu` upfg cg` viry munb pdicsi`kg rinikvkgo cs c sfg kg dcw c afrikogir, wbfsi mcggirs cg cs widd kgsnkigtkakn pfkgt fa vkiw, cs rispintkgo mcggirs cg` nustfms cdwcyspdicsi` tbim munb jittir tbcg tbikr fwg nfugtrymig. Fg tbks fn-ncskfgs K nfud` kg acnt gft riarckg arfm dcmigtkgo ct tbi skgoudcr cg`dkttdi ignfurcokgo X352] jit ìpfrtmigt fa fur Mfsnfvkcg dc`kistfwcr`s strcgoirs. Kg acnt tbiy Mfsnfvkcg dc`kis ìspksi cdd afrikog-irs cg` jicr tfwcr`s tbim sunb cg cgtkpctby cg` bctri`, tbct afr cdd



315

wfrd`s tbiy sbfud` gft dkhi tf oit mcrrki` wktb cgy fgi idsi tbcgwktb fgi fa tbikr gctkfg, wktb c Zusskcg. ̂ fmitkmis K nfud` gft bidpsmkdkgo ct tbi sfmiwbct rk`knudfus nfgvirsctkfg fa tbi ↞Dkvirpffd↞ dc`kis wbf siimi` tf jfcst tbimsidvis kg uttirkgo c aiw wfr`s jrf-hig arignb wktb c sbfnhkgo cnnigt, cshkgo mi ct tbi scmi tkmi,wbitbir fur Mfsnfvkcg dc`kis hgiw cgytbkgo idsi tbcg tbi russkcgdcgoucoi, tbks jcrjcrfus tfgoui, cs tbiy ixprissi` tbimsidvis. Kgtbks kgstcgni K ìimi` kt my X35;] coriicjdi ùty tf ìaig` tbi myacvfrktis, tbi ↞tcdigti`↞ Mfsnfvkcg dc`kis cg` tf stcti, tbct K sbfud`mfst wkdauddy `cri c wcoir fa cgy cmfugt, tbiy mkobt tbkgh prfpir,tbct tbi Mfsnfvkcg dc`kis cri tbi mfst shkdaud kg tbi wfrd`, spichkgowktb tbi utmfst aduigny afur a dcgoucois wbknb ks gf wbiri tf jiafug`, giktbir kg Iurfpi gfr Cskc & Cmirknc. K afug` munb pdics-uri kg c``kgo, tbct fur Mfsnfvkcg dc`kis ixbkjkt cg ↞iqucddy ↞ orctk-aykgo ivkìgni fa tbikr cjkdkty kg tbfsi crts cg` snkignis, wbknb crincdnudcti` tf sirvi cs cg imjiddksbmigt fa cg` usiaudd igtirtckgmigtkg tbi sfnkity fa nfmmfg dkai8 K micg tbikr ixtrcfr`kgcry shkdaudgisskg X335] pdcykgo fg tbi pkcgf, `cgnkgo cmusimigt itn. - K ugìr-tffh tbi ìaigni wktb sunb cg cr`fur, tbct tbi Dkvirpffd dc`kis sctstupiaki` cg` csbcmi`, aiidkgo kg tbimsidvis tbikr ixtrimi kgairkfr-kty afr iktbir `f tbiy gft dkhi tf tchi tbi pckgs fa ìvidfppkgo tbikrncpcnktkis, fr tbiy cri gft ig`fwi` wktb cgy. _ktb mcgy Mr. M.dkvis kg acnt viry bcppkdy tfoitbir wktb bks dkttdi igodksb wkai cg` fginbkd`, wbknb nfgstktutis tbi afrtugi fa tbi bcppy nfupdi. -

Catir `kggir, wbknb akgksbi` ct cjt

idivig f‛ndfnh, K tffh dicvi ug-ìr tbi nfgorctudctkfgs fa tbi acmkdy cg` tbikr wksbis afr c prfspir-fus lfurgiy. bi gixt mfrgkgo K rfì cwcy ct cg icrdy bfur, X333]catir bcvkgo pck` afr my gkobt‛s dfòkgo cg` jrichacst 2/2 `, wbknb kstrimig`fusdy ̀ icr. bi sirvcgts ↞kg kggs↞ kg Igodcg` `f siimkgodygft oit cgy scdcry8 tbikr aiis, fr pft mfgiy ùi tbim jikgo cdwcysc`ì` tf tbi jkdd‛s cmfugt. Zicnbkgo Mcgnbistir ct cjt ; f‛ndfnh, Kigìcvfri` `krintdy tf trcgsmkt Mr rffst‛s dkgis fa rinfmig`ctkfgtf cg` tf oit c`mkttcgni kg sfmi wkstmcguacnturis K vkiwi` cddcpcrtmigts fa tbks kmpfrtcgt dkgi fa mcguacnturkgo, wbknb K aidt c

orict kgtiristkgo kg `fkgo8 ct akrst Nfttfg ks prissi` jy c mcnbkgiry,oittkgo tbus tbi sbcpi fa wcts, catirwcr`s kt ks jrfuobt kgtf tbi spkg-gkgo mcnbkgirkis8 ks spug ct akrst rfuobdy X33:] jut cdwcys akgir cgàkgir tkdd ct dcst kt cssumis tbi wksbi` afr tbknhgiss cg` qucdkty. Afrtbi purpfsi fa mcguacnturkgo wkst, tbiy usucddy impdfy wfmig,wbf wktb tbikr tbkg akgoirs cri jittir tbcg mcg, cjdi tf audakdd tbifjdkoctkfgs nfgginti` wktb tbi spkggkgo. Bcvkgo tchig tbi mfst cn-nurcti vkiw, wbknb nkrnumstcgnis wfud` cdfw, K wigt tf tbi mcgu-acnturirs, cvckdkgo mysida fa tbi fppfrtugkty tf tcdh wktb tbim cjt tbi wksttrcì kg frìr tf csnirtckg, wbitbir tbikr ks cgy pfsskjkdkty



313

afr us tf trcgscnt `krint juskgiss wktb tbim, cvfk`kgo tbus tbi bkobnbcrois fa tbi Mcgnbistir nfmmksskfgcoigts, cg` wbitbir K nfud`kgùni tbim tf nfgskog tbikr mirnbcg`kzi tf fur ncri afr scdi. X33>]tbi wkst trcì bcs bktbir tf jiig ncrrki` fg jy tbi Mcgnbistirnfgskogiis, cg` tbi mcguacnturirs tbiriafri ripdki` sfmiwbct ri-duntcgtdy tf my quistkfgs nfgnirgkgo cjfvi pcrtknudcrs. Jy ixinut-kgo ̀ krint frìrs tbiy mcguacnturirs spfkd tbi trcì fa cg` tchi cwcytbi jric` arfm tbi nfmmksskfg coigts, wbf kg sunb ncsis fa nfursiwfud` rigfugni tbikr nfggixkfg wktb tbi mcguacnturir cg` givirpurnbcsi arfm bkm cockg. Ka wi prfnuri` tf tbi mcguacnturirs `k-rint rikmjursimigt, tbiy wfud` gft bisktcti tf faai fpircti upfgfrìrs, jut fg sunb fnncskfgs tbiy wfg‛t sidd ct cgytbkgo idsi, tbcgct tbi bkobist quftctkfgs, cg` tbus, bi wbf trcgsmkts frìrs, ks ig-tkridy cjcg`fgi` tf tbi wkdd fa tbi ugnkvkdkzi` X330] mcguacnturirs,wbf `f giktbir hgfw cgy tbkgo cjt afrikog trcì, gfr cjt crktbmitk-ncd pursukts. Ka K bc` orcgti` dkjircd c`vcgnis fa >/

0 fr ?/

2, K sbfud`

bcvi afug` tbi fgi fr tbi ftbir mcguacnturir kgndkgi` tf mchi usnfgskogmigts fa wkst, jut cs wi `fg‛t ixcntdy hgfw bfw tbi vcrk-fus qucdkty fa tbi `kaairigt mcguacnturirs cri dkhi` kg Mfsnfw cg`gft jikgo cjdi tf oit cnnurcti kgafrmctkfg cs tf tbi stcg`kgo micgscg` nbcrcntir fa tbi mcguacnturirs, wi must luòi kt ixpi`kigt tfafriof tbi pdicsuri fa ìcdkgo wktb tbim. bi nfmpitktkfg kg tbiwkst dkgi jikgo viry orict kg Mfsnfw, cg` kt riqukrkgo tbfurfuobhgfwdiòi kt wfud` ji X339] afr us c mcttir fa orict `kaaknudty tf

sunnii` quknhdy jy riprisigtkgo c giw Mcgnbistir nfgskogi` akrm,wbknb bktbirtf givir sig` off`s tf Zusskc. - _i must tbiriafri dicvi mcttirs cg` tbkgos tf tbimsidvis cg`

wctnb afr cg fppfrtugkty, wbknb pirbcps dctir mcy prisigt ktsida.Bcvkgo spigt tbi `cy kg kgspintkgo mcguacnturis cg` tcdhkgo wktbtbi prkfrs, K cttigì` ct gkobt tbi —Suiigs tbictri”, wbknb tf jisuri ks tbi wfrst K ivir scw my dkai8 tbi crrcgoimigts mcì afr tbipujdkn cs widd cs tbi stcoi ktsida wiri mfst rfuobdy mcì, wbkdsttbi muskn cg` cntfrs wiri sbfnhkgo8 cg` ka tbks wiri cdd, gf8 bcvkgougafrtugctidy oft c pdcni kg tbi uppir jfx, K wcs mfst `ksoustkgody

tfrmigti` jy X331] tbi ugafrtugcti skstirbff` fa wbfm tbiri wirimfri tbcg afurty, wbf jibcvi` tbimsidvis mfst kgìnigtdy squiiz-kgo tbimsidvis cockgst mig cg` hgfnhkgo tbim cs ka dkttdi jcjkis. -

Gft rinfddintkgo wbct wcs tbi gcmi fa tbi pdcy, K dkmkt mysidastctkgo, tbct tbiri wcs riprisigti` c sckdfr‛s dkai8 bi wcs tf ji bcgoiàfr bcvkgo strunh bks ncptckg, wbig fg tbi pfkgt fa ixinutkfg, tbiriwcs rinikvi` nfgtrc`kntfry nfmmcg` & tbi mcg ridicsi`. -

Givir my dkai `k` K sii mfri `kssfdutigiss cg` timptctkfg cg`siùntkfg tbcg kg Mcgnbistir. Cdmfst iviry dc`y, wbfm K scw wcdh-kgo cjfut, fr stcg`kgo kg bfusis fr stcdds jfri kg bks X33?] sbfnh-



31:

kgo ixtirkfr tbi mcrhs fa `kssfdutigiss, sida cjusi cg` nfgsiquigtdytbiriupfg dfss fa pbyskncd pfwirs. -

bi gixt mfrgkgo 9tb fa Gfvimjir K sit faa afr Dfg`fg, vkcJkrmkgobcm, wbiri wi stfpt afr sfmi bfurs8 - K `riw c`vcgtcoiarfm tbi fppfrtugkty kg tchkgo c supiraknkcd vkiw fa tbi nkty fa J.wbknb `fis gft prisigt cgy aicturi fa pinudkcr kgtirist. Fg c dcroimcrhitpdcni kg tbi mk`st fa tbi tfwg, K scw c stctui fa Dfr` Gidsfg,bi wcs dicgkgo fg c mcg fa wcr cg` jiafri bkm dcy tbi sbkp‛s ncjdinfkdi` tfoitbir. Kg J. cri mcgy jrcssw mcguacnturis fa jrcsswfrh.- F Ygafrtugctidy K wigt jy tbi sdfw trckg, cg` wcs tbiriafri cdcsnfmpiddi` tf spig` tbi X332] 30 bfurs fg c `kstcgni, wbknb jy tbiixpriss trckg ncg ji mcì kg fgdy 1 bfurs. Gft yit suaaknkigtdy pug-ksbi` jy tbi sdfwgiss fa fur prfnii`kgo, K wcs kg acnt viry munbcggfyi` jy tbi ̀ kscoriicjdi sfnkity, wbknb K wcs tf suaair kg tbi ncr-rkcoi8 fgi fa tbi pcssigoirs nbcddigoi` iviry pirsfg cg` rigìri`bkmsida tbus viry rk`knudfus. Crrkvkgo ct gkgi f ndfnh kg tbi ivigkgo,K tffh cg futskì pdcni fg cg Fmgkjus cg` oft mysida nfgùnti` tfOriofry‛s nfmmirnkcd Bðtid cg` Jfcr`kgo Bfusi, Afugtckg NfurtNbicpskì G:;, wbknb wcs rinfmmigì` tf mi jy c oigtdimcg ctDkvirpffd. bi gixt mfrgkgo K wigt fut kg frìr tf sii tbi jicutk-aud tfwg Dfg`fg, afr aicrkgo X33;] tbct Missis L By ^nb mkobt gftyit bcvi oft tbi ginisscry kgafrmctkfg arfm tbikr prkfr ct Bcmjrþ,rispintkgo tbi crrcgoimigt tf ji mcì jitwiig us wktb tbim, K`k` gft wksb tf kgtruì upfg tbim jiafri Mfg`cy ;tb kgst. bi

Dfg`fg striits cri afr tbi mfst pcrt jrfc` cg` widd pcvi`, caafr`kgofg icnb skì tf tbi nfgvigkigni fa afftpcssigoirs c jrfc` afftpctbmcì arfm dfgo adct stfgis8 tbi bfusis tbrii cg` afur stfrkis bkobprisigt c pritty gict cppicrcgni, cdtbfuob afr tbi mfst pcrt tbiycri gft nfviri` wktb nbcdh fr nfdfr. chkgo kgtf nfgskìrctkfg tbivcst mudtktuì fa tbi Dfg`fg kgbcjktcgts cg` tbi orict gumjir famcguacnturis X3:5] kt ks gft tf ji wfgìri` ct, tbct tbi nkty ks cd-wcys igvfdvi` kg smfhi cg` afo, wbknb ct tb tbks sicsfg fa tbi yicrks sfmi tkmis viry kgtigsi cg` ks ncusis mcgy mksafrtugis, kt jikgosfmitkmis ivig kmpfsskjdi tf dffh arfm fgi skì fa tbi striit tf tbi

ftbir. ~ bi mfst strkhkgo cppicrcgni prisigt tf tbi strcgoir tbinrfwì` Dfg`fg striits, tbi afftpctbs fg jftb skìs cri ct cdd tkmisignumjiri` jy kggumircjdi afftpcssigoirs, wbf bfwivir `fg‛t fj-strunh tbi fgi tbi ftbir, jincusi iviry jf`y hiips tf tbi rkobt bcg`.bi striits tbimsidvis cri cdwcys tbrfgoi`dy nrfwì` wktb a fmgk-jussis, ncjs, bcnhgiy nfcnbis, ncrts cg` vibkndis fa tbfusX3:3]cg``kaairigt sfrts, wbknb mfvi afrwcr` kg ugkgtir rupti` sunnisskfg.f acnkdktcti tbi kgtirnfursi fa tbi Dfg`fg kgbcjktcgts ↞upwcr`s fa;55↞ fmgkjusis cri pdykgo kg tbi tfwg kg cdd pfsskjdi ̀ krintkfgs cg`



31>

caafr` ct dkttdi ixpigsi tbi fppfrtugkty fa jikgo ncrrki` arfm fgiig` tf tbi ftbir.-

Bcnhgiy nfcnbis cg` ncjrkfdits gfw dknigsi` kg Dfg`fg cri mfritbcg :255. Afddfwkgo tbi ouk`cgni fa Dfg`fg, wbknb K jfuobt tbiftbir `cy, K wigt strckobt fg tf —Nbcrkgo nrfss”, c vcst pdcnis, sur-rfugì` jy mfst mcogkaknigt jukd`kgos. - Cu mkdkiu ì dc pdcni si Cu mkdkiu ì dc pdcni sitrfuvigt ̀ iux lits ̀ ‛icu mks ̀ cgs ̀ i pitkts ëtcgos8 Ig jcs ̀ i dc pdcnis‛ëdâvi X3::] ugi nfdfggi ì pkirri `‛ugi bcutiur `‛igv :55 pki`s.Ni mfgumigt c ëtë ërkoë å d‛bfggiur ù Dfr` Gidsfg, quk `fgt dcstctui ig jrfgzi si trfuvi cu bcut ì dc nfdfggi8- prâs ì d‛c`mk-rcd ist pdcnë di orcg` ncjdi ì gcvkri, sur diquid kd ripfsi dc mckg.Nitti nfdfggi prisigti ugi vui kmpfscgti it cuomigti dc jicutiì dc pdcni —Nbcrkgo Nrfss”, sur dcquiddi iddi si trfuvi. Ig qukttcgtdc pdcni Nb. Nr., li tfurgck å ocunbi pfur lfukr ì dc vui supirji,qu‛faari di pcdcks ù Ucrdcmigt mcrviddimigt jêtk quk si trfuvi ig-nfri ig vfki ì nfgstruntkfg X3:>] Lcmcks ì mc vki, li g‛ck pcs vuì jêtkmigt pdus kmpfscgt, it pdus nbcrmcgt cu primkir iocr`8 kdd‛ixtirkiur ì d‛i`kakii nfdfsscd pfrti d‛imprikgti ù stydi oftbkqui8di tfkt, quk g‛ist pcs ignfri cnnfmpdks sirc c`frrë prisqui kgvkskjdipcrsukti ìs ↞pitkt↞ tfrrits kggfmjrcjdis, `fgt dis arfgtspknis sfgtc`frgës ì tfus nftës, `cgs d‛ëtêt cntuid tfut di pcdcks pcrckt itri acktì jfks8 dis murckddis sfgt imjiddkis ì mkddi igtcjdcturis mcogkak-quimigt tckddëis it afurgkis ì pitktis stctuis skogkaknctkvis. Dc mck-sfg X3:0] ist igtfurëi `‛ugi igndðturi ì jfks, `fgt dis pfrtis sfgt

airmëis. Li gi pfuvcks pcs cnquërkr d‛cnnâs dkjri, jkig qui l‛faarkssi ̀ id‛croigt. fut prâs ù pcdcks ì pcrdimigt ist sktuë —_istmkgstir cj-jcyi”, ëodksi cgnkiggi, `fgt d‛ixtirkiur rëvircgti arcppi dc riocr` ìd‛ëtrcgoir. L‛igtrck å d‛iodksi it li ìmcg`ck di scnrkstckg, së l‛ig pfu-vcks vfkr d‛kgtirkiur. Kd mi ripfg`kt caakrmctkvimigt, ig m‛fjsirvcgtqu‛kd mi airckt vfkr tfut ni qui s‛y trfuvi ì rimcrqucjdi, cprâs dcnfgnduskfg ù sirvkni `kvkg, quk cddcgt nfmmignir X3:9] Ig sukvcgtdis prisnrkptkfgs ì mfg dkvri —oukì ì Dfg`rës” li pcrnfurus pdu-skiurs ruis it vkgs igakg cu pfgt —Qcuxbcdd” jrkòi, diquid li pcssckig pcycgt ug piggy. Ni pfgt ist ug ìs pdus jicux å Dfg`ris8 kd ist

nfgstrukt ̀ i pkirri it afurgk ̀ ‛ugi vfki dcroi it nfm↞m↞fì pfur disvfkturis, ckgsk qui di pcsscois pfur dc nfgvigkcgni ̀ is pkëtfgs. futig pfursukvcgt dis `krintkfgs ì mfg oukì it pcsscgt pcr jkig ìsruis quk g‛faarigt ↞å dc vui↞rkig ì pcrtknudkir, li vkgs igakg cu pcrn,cppidë Byìpcrh. Ygi jiddi crncì ig pkirri X3:1] afrmi dc cutripfrti ̀ ‛igtrëi, ̀ ivcgt dcquiddi si trfuvi ugi cutri crncì, pdus bcutiignfri it surmfgtë ì dc stctui ëquistrkiggi ↞ig jrfgzi ↞gfuvid-dimigt acçti ù ùn _iddkgotfg. Cvcgt qui dc stctui aøt prìti, d‛fgacksckt jicunfup ̀ ‛fjsirvctkfgs kgskogkakcgtis pfur ac rig`ri rk`knudinitti igtriprksi8 dis oczittis it pcrtknudkârimigt nitti ù —Uugnb”



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ëtckigt tfulfurs rimpdkis ì scrncsmis8 cycgt vø c prâsigt dc stctuiì mc prfpris yiux, li `fks cvfuir, qui lcmcks li gi vks rkig ì pdusjicu ig jrfgzi it li piux `fgn `ëmigtkr tfutis dis mfquirkis.~

X3:?] Ig igtig`cgt cgtirkiurimigt pcrdir ìs pcrns ì Dfg`ris, li m‛kmcokgcks `‛y trfuvir ì jiddis afrìts igtrinfupëis ì prfmigc-ìs8 - mcks kd g‛ig ist pcs ckgsk cvin dis pcrns ì Dfg`ris. - Nis ìr-gkirs prisigtigt tfut- å-ackt d‛cspint nbcmpìtri8 - kd acut s‛kmcokgirì vcstis nbcmps, igtrinfupis ì jicux pcsscois Xkdd. wr`.] cdkogës`‛crjris, quk afrmigt ìs cddëis. Fg y‛vfkt ì timps ig timps ì lfdksëtcgos pfurvøs ̀ i nyogis it ̀ ‛cutris fksicux cquctkquis. Cu pcrn vks-å-vks ̀ i d‛igtrëi X3:2] si trfuvi dc stctui nfdi ugi stctui okocgtisqui,ackti ì :5 ncgfgs nbcnug ì :0 dkvris, ërkoëi å d‛bfggiur ù ùn ì

_iddkgotfg it sis nfmpcogfgs ì ouirri. Urâs ù pcrn si trfuvi dipcdcks ù ùn ì _iddkgotfg it niduk ù jcrfg Zftbsbkid` ckgsk quimkddi cutris ì pirsfggis `kstkgouëis Ucs dfkg ì då si trfuvi uginfdfggi ig pkirri, ixtrìmimigt bcuti, it ërkoëi å d‛bfggiur ù ùnì _iddkgotfg, quk ist riprisigtë pcr ugi stctu nfdfsscdi ì jrfgzi,mfgtë sur di bcut ì ni mfgumigt. X3:;] Li m‛ig cpprfnbcks, itvfycgt qui li pfuvcks l‛ìtri c`mks fg pcyckigt 1 sfus, li di aks itmfgtck ig bcut8 -

ug isncdkir (↞å vks↞ nkrnudckr) prctkquë cu mkdkiu ì dc nfdfggim‛y nfgùkskt. Zkig ì pdus jicu, qui dc vui quk s‛faari ù bcut ìdc nfdfggi8 å mfg riorit di jrfukddcr` ëpcks m‛impinbckt ì vfkr cudfkg8 -

tiddi ëtckt dc bcutiur qui dis fjlits ig jcs mi simjdckigt ì pitk-tis nbfsis kgskogkakcgtis. Cprâs cvfkr `kgë li mi rig`ks å mfg bðtidit pdus tcr` cu tbëctri —@rury dcgi” fû d‛ðg X3>5] riprisigtckt dcpkâni —tbi mck` fa Crtfks” bks tbictri ks tbi dc mfst mcogkaknigtfa Dfg`fg8 dis cnnfmf`ctkfgs pfur di pujdkqin, ckgsk qui dis `ënf-rctkfgs sfgt trâs jkig acktis8 - di pcrtirri spcnkiux ist surmfgtë ìquctri ocddirkis, c`frgëi ì mkddi mcgkâris. Cu mkdkiu ù tbëctri sitrfuvi ug orcg` dustri, kddumkgë ì pdus ì nigt afdkis adcmuis ìocs, - di ocs ist afrt jfg mcrnbë `cgs ni pcys nk, it pcr nfgsiquigtfg d‛impdfki cvin orcg` cvcgtcoi cu dkiu ì nbcgìddis. X3>3] Dis

nbcmjris ìs pcuvri fuvrkir, ckgsk qui niddis ù rknbi, sfgt afurgkisì jiks ̀ i oczs it kddumkgëis ̀ i nit crtkndi. Cprâs dc riprisigtctkfg ̀ u—mck` ̀ ‛Crtfks” dcquiddi pkâni mi pdøt jkig, fg ̀ fggi ug lfdk Jcddit,fû ìux `cmis ig pcrtknudkir ìmfgtrârigt diur ixtrìmi bcjkdktë ig`cgscgt sur dis pfkgts ì diurs pki`s it ig si tfurgcgt sur iux cvin dcrcpk`ktë ̀ i dc afu`ris. Li m‛ig cddck cvcgt qui dc pkâni gi aøt nfgndui,cakg ì pfuvfkr ëtìtir dc prissi `ëscorëcjdi, quk `fggi cux vfdiursug sk jfg mfyig ì ackri vcdfkr diur bcjkdktë.X3>:] Di digìmckgsmctkg, cprâs cvfkr ìliøgë li mi rig`ks å pki` åu —bcmis uggid”,pcsscoi mkrcnudiux quk nfgùkt pcr ìssfus dc rkvkâri —bcmis”.



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Cprâs cvfkr pcrnfurø ugi vcsti `kstcgni ì dc pcrtki bcjktëi pcrdispcuvris, l‛crrkvck igakg cu jfut. Ufur igtrir `cgs di pcsscoi sfutir-rckg kad acut pcssir ugi sfrti ì juricu crrcgoë å d‛kgstcr ì niux cuxnbimkgs ì air. Fg mi akt pcssir cprâs cvfkr pcyi dc nfgtrkjutkfg`‛ug sfus. @iux dcrois isncdkirs ↞tfurgcgts (nkrnudckri)↞ quk cjfu-tkssigt å d‛igtrëi cu juricu nfgùksigt ig jcs8 ig afrmcgt igtri iuxX3>>] ug vcsti nydkg`ri vkì. C ncusi ì d‛fjsnurktë quk y râogi, nisisncdkirs sfgt lfur it gukt kddumkgëis ì ocs. Ig ìsnig`cgt igvkrfg?1 pki`s, d‛fikd ist arcppë ì dc vui mcogkakqui ìs ìux ↞mcogkak-quis↞ pcsscois ugi sfutirrckgs, kddumkgës `‛kggfmjrcjdis adcmmisì ocs, `fgt kds sfgt cddkogës ì quctri nftës. Dc murckddi ig pkirri,quk sëpcri dis ̀ iux pcsscois, ist igtrinfupëi ̀ ‛fuvirturis, dis quiddissfgt fnnupëis ì pitktis jfutkquis it `‛ëtcdcois ig tfut oigri. @cgsdc pdupcrt ì nis jfutkquis kd si vig` ìs istcmpis it ì pitkti tc-jdicux ìs pcsscois X3>0] sfutirrckgs. L‛cnbitck å ug ìs jfutkqukirsug ai pitkt virri `cgs dc afrmi `‛ug tidisnfpi. Ig riocr`cgt pcrd‛ug ìs jfuts ù virri, d‛fg vfkt ì `kaairigtis vuis ìs —bcmisuggid”8 qucg` kd ëtckt ig vfki ̀ i nfgstruntkfg, d‛igtrëi ̀ cgs dis pcs-scoi it niux nk rimpdks ì pkëtfgs kddumkgës ì ocs.

Di —bcmis uggid” g‛ist ariquigtë pfur ckgsk `kri qui pcr ùëtrcgoirs, it li suks `kspfsë å nrfkri quidis riviguis s‛cuomigtirckigtnfgskìrcjdimigt, sk nbcqui pkëtfg `øt pcyir ugi dkvri ^tirdkgo cudkiu ì dc nfgtrkjutkfg cntuiddi ì 3`. Dis bcjktcgts ì Dfg`ris giafgt ouâri uscoi X3>9] ì ni pcsscoi, sfkt å ncusi ù orcg` ëdfkogi-

migt ù nigtri ì dc vkddi, sfkt pcr sukti ìs `kaaknudtës qu‛kd y c åsurmfgtir pfur igtrir it sfrtkr ù pcsscoi, sfkt igakg pcr sukti ùmcuvcks ckr quk y râogi. -

Ig sfrtcgt ìs —b ” li mi aks nfgùkri ig jcrqui cu —Dfg`fgfwir” (tfur ì Dfg`ris) cgnkiggi afrtkaknctkfg, `ëtrukti ig pcrtkipcr ug kgnig`ki kd y c quctri cggëis. L‛y igtrck cprâs cvfkr pcyë ugsbkddkgo. Dis murckddis ëpckssis ì pdus ì qukgzi pki`s, ckgsk quid‛cgtkquktë ì d‛ë`kakni arcppigt d‛cttigtkfg ì d‛ëtrcgoir. Fg mimfgtri ugi scddi rimpdki `‛cgtkquis crmuris X3>1] ëquistrkiggis.Di pdcgnbir ↞ig↞ ist fnnupë pcr ugi dkogi ì akouris å nbivcux cu

gfmjri ̀ i :9, bcjkddës ig `kaairigtis crmuris ̀ is skândis pcssëis8 Cuìssus ì nis nbivcdkirs pigìgt ugi sirki ì `rcpicux, `fgt nbcnugpfrti dc `cti it di gfm ì qqi rfk fu nbivcdkir, dc pirsfggi ùquiddisi trfuvi riprisigtëi `cgs dc akouri ig jcs. Dis murckddi ckgsk qui dipdcafg` sfgt frgës `‛ugi orcgì qucgtktë `‛crmis `kaairigtis, mksiskgoigkiusimigt `cgs ì pknturisquis afrmis it ìvksis. furgcgt å`rfkti d‛fg y vfkt ugi pitkti nbcmjri, `cgs dcquiddi ìs ìux nftëskd y c ìs crmfkris quk ↞d‛ug ì nis ìrgkirs↞ rigairmigt ì X3>?] tfuti ispâni `‛crmis å aus, `ës diur primkiri kgvigtkfg8 - d‛cutri cr-mfkri nfgtkigt ̀ i nurkiux bcjkts ̀ i ouirri nbkgfks. Cprâs nidc fg mi



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mfgtrc —Suiig Idkzcjitb‛s crmfury”, nfgtigcgt ugi igfrmi qucg-tktë `‛crmis, ig uscoi cvcgt d‛kgvigtkfg ì dc pfu`ri8 - l‛y vks igtricutri d‛crmuri `‛ug nbivcdkir ì dc nrfkx8 nitti crmuri ist `‛cprâs niqui d‛fg mi `kt dc pdus cgnkiggi `cgs tfuti dc tfur. -

Igsukti fg mi nfgùkskt `cgs dc scddi ìs lfuckddis ì d‛ëtêt, qukfgt dc vcdiur istkmëi å > mkddkfgs ì dkvris stirdkgo. Nis lfuckddissi trfuvigt cu mkdkiu ì dc scddi Xkdd. wr` ] ↞rcgoëis sur↞ ugi tc-jdi X3>2c ] `‛ugi mcgkâri cmpbktictrcdi8 - kd ist pdcnë ig bcut dcnfurfggi kmpërkcdi, `fgt di jfggit ist ig vidfurs it nfuvirt `‛ugiorcgì qucgtktë ì `kcmcgts8 ig futri kd y c dc ìux sniptris `‛fr,ug jcticu ↞`‛fr↞ `cgs dc afrmi `‛ug ckodi cux ckdis ëtigùis, ugafgtckgi `‛fr it jicunfup `‛cutris fjlits afrt prinkiux, `fgt dc ìs-nrkptkfg ig ̀ ‛ëtckt si trfuvi ̀ cgs mfg oukì ì Dfg`ris. Cprâs cvfkrvø tfut ni qu‛kd y c å vfkr `cgs dc tfur, li mi rig`ks å dc Nctbi`rcdiù ^ckgt Ucud, ë`kakni mcogkakqui sktuë cu nigtri ì dc vkddi. Sucgtå dc orcgìur, d‛ëtigùi it dc mcogkaknigni ì d‛crnbktinturi nittiëodksi prissigti X3>;c ] ug fjlit `‛c`mkrctkfg, sinfg`ckri siudimigtå dc Nctbi`rcdi ì ^t Ukirri å Zfmi. D‛kmprisskfg acçti sur d‛ëtrcg-oir pcr d‛ixtirkiuri kmpfscgt ì dc nctbi`rcdi ist nfgsk`ërcjdimigtcuomigtë å d‛igtrëi å d‛ëodksi8 - d‛igfrmi bcutiur ìs vføtis, ckgskqui dc dfgoui sirki ì nfdfggis ìs ìux nðtis stupkakigt cu pri-mkir riocr` Di `ðmi ripfsi sur bukt nfdfggis kmmigsi, `fgt nbc-nugi c pdus ì qucrcgti pki`s ig nkrnfgairigni. Li `ks cu scnrkstckgqui li `ëskrcks vfkr tfut8 - li `øs pcyir 0 3/

: sbkddkgos. @‛cjfr` d‛fg

mi akt igtrir `cgs disc scddi dkjrckrki a it igsukti `cgs dc scddi fûsi trfuvi X3>2] di mf`ìdi ì dc Nctbi`rcdi ig jfks, ackt cvcgt quid‛ë`kakni aøt ërkoës. Cdfrs fg mi nfgùkskt å d‛isncdkir oëfmitrkncd,quk pig`, pfur ckgsk `kri scgs cunug suppfrt vkskjdi. Ig sukti li ausnfgùkt cu —_kspirkgo ocddiry”, ugi jiddi ocddirki prctkquëi `cgs dibcut ìs `ðmi. Nitti ocddirki pfrti di gfm ì —wkspirkgo ocddiry”,pcr ni qu‛iddi ist nfgstrukti ì mcgkâri, qui nbcqui mft, qui vfus`ktis ê d vfkx jcssi mìmi ↞ig vfus pignbcgt virs dc pcrfk↞ ritigtX66]↓kt↓ `cgs tfuti dc ocddirki nfmmi dc vfkx ì dc tfggirri. Jcksscgt diriocr` ig jcs d‛kgtirkiur ì dc Nctbë`rcdi s‛faari å dc vui d‛cspint ìs

pdus mcogkakquis. X3>;] Lustimigt cuìssfus ù `ðmi di pdcgnbirnfgsksti ̀ i pkârris ̀ ‛c dcjcstir jdcgnbis & gfkri `‛cdcjcstri, afrmcgtug lfdk nkrndi. Cu ìssus ù `ðmi wkspirkgo ocddiry di `ðmi s‛idâviignfri å pdus ì nigt pki`s8 d‛kgtirkiurimig ist mcogkakquimigtc`frgë. Cprâs y cvfkr rcsscsskë mis riocr`s fg mi akt mfgtir å d‛bfr-dfoi dc `ðmi, cuìssus ùquid pig` d‛igfrmi ndfnbi ì Dfg`risnfmmi fg d‛cppidi. -

Mfg oukì y `krkoicgt m/cttigtkfg pcrtknudkâri ↞`kscgt qui dcndfnbi pisckt 33.555 ↞ li gi pus vrckmigt pcs mi ritigkr ì duk rkricu giz it ì duk rimcrquir, qui X305] nbiz gfus å Mfsnfw, kd y ig



31?

cvckt ugi quk pâsi lusqu‛å nfgnurrigni ì 025.555 f. Li pcyck ig-nfri ìux sfus, it d‛fg mi akt mfgtir `cgs dc pcrtkâ supirkiuri ì dctfur igvkrfggëi `‛ugi ocddirki bcuti it spcnkiusi. -

Dc vkddi ì Dfg`ris ist å tfut timps igvidfppëi pfur ckgsk `kri`‛ug jrfukddcr` ëpcks, mcks spënkcdimigt `cgs dc scksfg cntuiddi. - Ligi pfuvcks `fgn pcs vfkr cu dfkg8 - dis ruis vfkskgis ignfmjrëis ìpkëtfgs it ì vfkturis ig tfut oigri prissigtckigt ug jid cspint8 tidëtckt dc bcutiur, qui dis bfmmis ig jcs rissimjdckigt å ì pitktsfksicux X303] orêni å d‛ëdëvctkfg igfrmi ìs `ðmi, d‛fg ìvrckt vfkrafrt dfkg, sk di timps aøt igtkirimigt ndckr, ni quk crrkvi nipig`cgt

lcmcks8 qqs afks `cgs d‛ëtë di nkid s‛ëndckrnkt `‛↓ug↓ d‛ug nftë, mcksì tfus nftës lcmcks. - Di scnrkstckg, quk m‛cnnfmpcogckt m‛kgvktc åmfgtir pdus bcut ignfri. Sufkqui ni sfkt ugi nbfsi `cgoiriusi, disisncdkirs itcgt afrt ëtrfkts it tiddim isncrpës nfmmi ̀ is pcrfks, li mirisfdus sctksackri mc nurkfsktë it li mfgtcks ig bcut pcr cu mfyigì nfrìs cttcnbëis å nftë. Cvin jicunfup pdus ì `cgoir ignfri liorkmpck `cgs di jcd ì nukvri8 kd g‛y cvckt pdus pfkgt `‛isncdkir X30:] it afrni mi aøt `‛csnig`ri ig m‛cttcnbcgt cux jcrris ì nukvri. iddiist dc orcgìur ì dc jcddi, qui li pfuvcks m‛y tigkr `ëjføt scgsprisqui mi oìgir. -

Igsukti li ìsnig`ks8 rkig ì pdus actkocgt qui si mfgtir it ìs-nig`ri tcgti `‛ënbiddis it tcgt `‛isncdkirs. Li mi aks mfgtrir cdfrs disvføtis sfutirrckgis fu kd g‛y cvckt vrckmigt rkig quk arcppckt mfgcttigtkfg. - cu mkdkiu `‛ugi vføtis ëtckt pdcnë ug Xkdd. wr`.] nirnuikd

ì pkirri, pfur odfrkakir dc mimfkri ù oëgërcd Gidsfg, `fgt dis `ë-jrks tirristris sfgt igtirrës prâs ù mfgumigt. @cgs ugi gknbi ìnitti vføti si trfuvckigt pduskiurs stctuis ì ì`cgs Xkdd. wr`.] igmëtcd ig`fmX30>] mcoëis pcr d‛kgnig`ki ig 3111. - Cycgt vø disvføtis, li mi rig`ks ig bcut pfur vfkr dc nctbi`rcdi iddi mìmi8 - pri-gcgt å dc mckg mfg oukì ì Dfg`ris, `cgs diquid dis mfgumigtsì dc Nctbë`rcdi sfgt `ëskogës it `ënrkts cvin orcgì ixcntktuì, linfmmigïck å ackri dc rfgì, futis, dis pcrfks sfgt cdkogëis ì mf-gumigts ì snudpturi ig cdcjcstri ërkoës c d‛bfggiur ìs oigiriuxtfmjës cu sirvkni cgodcks, fu jkig å dc mimfkri ì quidqui cutri

pirsfggi, quk si ìskogckt pcr sis tcdigts it dis sirvknis qu‛kd rig`ktå sc pctrki. - Ig riocr`cgt nitti orcgì vcrkâti ì mfgumigts, ligi pdus Xkdd. wr`.] pcs m‛impìnbir X300] ì mi rilfukr ì dc jkig-vikddcgni ù ofuvirgimigt cgodcks igvirs sis sulits. Dis fjlits `‛crtg‛cppfrtigt cunugi utkdktë å d‛ëtêt8 fg dis ackt ackri siudimigt `cgs dijøt ̀ i prfpcoir dis crts it ̀ i ̀ fggir cux pcuvris di mfyig ̀ i ocogirdiur pckg `‛ugi mcgkâri `ënigti. -

^cmi`k (di ? Gfvjri) cu sfkr li mi rig`ks cu nfgnirt å—Nfvigtocrìg” ig sfnkitë `‛ug cutri liug bfmmi, quk ìmiurcktcu mìmi bðtid cvin mfk8- Dis crrcgoimigts ù scdfg, fû kd si `fg-



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gckt di nfgnirt sfgt jkig `kaairigts ì tfut ni qui li vfycks ì nioigri lusqu‛å prësigt8 Cu mkdkiu ì dc scddi X309] sc trfuvckigt dismusknkigs Dc pcrtkr @irrkiri di musknkcgs dc scddi ëtckt Dc pcrtki ìdc scddi ìrrkâri dis musknkigs sirvckt pfur nbcmjri ì rcarcknbkssi-migts, tcg`ks qui `‛cutris pcrtkis ëtckt fnnupëi pcr dis vksktiurs. Fg`kt qui nitti scddi piut nfgtigkr pdus ì :955 bfmmis8 - kd y c quctriocddirkis ëdëocmmigt frgëis. Nis ocddirkis ckgsk qui di vcsti pcrtirriëtckt rimpdks ̀ i mfgì8 - dis oigs fu ̀ is pirsfggis, quk g‛fgt pcs ̀ iaimmis cvin cux priaârigt tfulfurs di pcrtirri, primkârimigt, kd istafrt jfg mcrnbë nføtcgt siudimigt 3s it dis sinfg` dkiu, fg piut s‛yprfmigir, fu ù mfkgs mfuvfkr `‛ugi X301] pdcni å d‛cutri cu orëì sis `ëskrs. Jkig qui li gi sfks pcs nfggckssiur ì dc muskqui, limi pdckscks jkig cu nfgnirt. Ucr bcscr` li rignfgtrck cu pcrtirri, ug

liug bfmmi, ug cddimcg`, quk ëtckt cutriafks impdfyë å Cmstir`cmig qucdktë ì surgumirckri. - Di digìmckg 39 Gfv. ëtckt `kmcgnbi8- rkig ì pdus igguyëuyx qu‛ug `kmcgnbi ig Cgoditirri. Dis cg-odcks pcssigt ni lfur sfkt cux ëodksis, sfkt nbiz iux tfut ig prkcgt dijfg @kiu it ig dkscgt `cgs ì sckgts dkvris. D‛fg g‛cnnipti di `kmcg-nbi pfkgt ì vksktis. Dis ruis quk prissigtigt pig`cgt dc simckgi ìspintcndi ̀ ‛ugi cntkvktë scgs ridênbi sfgt tfut-å-ackt X30?] ̀ ëdckssëis8fg g‛y vfkt qui ìs pirsfggis, quk si rigìgt å d‛ëodksi, fu jkig ìsëtrcgoirs, quk, gi scnbcgt qufk ackri, irrigt ì d‛ug nftë ì dc vkddi åd‛cutri8 ~ di pitkt gfmjri `‛Fmgkjus (vfkturis pujdkqui) quk vfgt`cgs dis ruis pfur acnkdktir dis prfmigcìs cux ëodksis, ↞gi↞ sfgt

fnnupës qui ì piu ì pirsfggis. futis dis jfutkquis sfgt airmëis,kd g‛y c pfkgt `‛ëtcdcoi `cgs dis ruis, it tfut pfrti d‛imprikgti ì dcmfrt. Fg mi nfgsikddc `‛cddir vfkr di `kmcgnbi —Bcmptfg pcdcni”,prâs ì Oriigwknb å vkgot dkiuis ì Dfg`ris. C nit iaaìt li m‛imjcr-quck å jfr` ù jcticu å vcpiur pcrtcgt ì Dfg`fg jrkòi, it li miaks nfgùkri lusqu‛c Gkgiidms, cakg ì nfgtkguir X302] ì då dc rfutipcr nbimkg ì air. Mcks Di jcticu å vcpiur mi nfgùkskt pcr cuìs-sfus ↞ì↞ tfut dis pfgts ↞cu gfmjri ̀ i 1↞ nfgstrukts sur di bcmis.

L‛ëtcks nbcrmë ì vfkr nis ixniddigts pfgts, å dc nfgstruntkfg ìsquids d‛crt ̀ i d‛crnbktinturi simjdckt cvfkr ̀ kpdfyë tfuti sfg bcjkdktë.

Nitti quk cttkrckt pcrtknudkârimigt mfg cttigtkfg, n‛ëtckt di pfgt ìair afgù, afrmcgt ìux crn igfrmis. Kd simjdi vrckmigt `cgoiriuxì pcssir ni pfgt, quk simjdi ↞pcrckt↞ sk ackjdimigt nfgstrukt8 mcksgfg kd ist cssiz afrt, it dis vfkturis dis pdus dfurìs pfuvcgt di pcssir,scgs nfurrkr di mfkg`ri rksqui. Fb‛ quid jiddi cspint si prisigti-t-kdsur dc vkddi ì ig pcsscgt X30;] dc rkvkâri bcmis. Zkig ì pdus jicuqui di pcdcks ù pcrdimigt `fgt d‛cddâs mi aøt ìaigù d‛cutri lfur.Ig pcsscgt pcr di jcticu å vcpiur di pcdcks si prissigti `cgs tfutisc mcogkaknigni8 kd mi sirckt kmpfsskjdi ì `fggir ugi ìsnrkptkfgixcnti ì d‛kmprisskfg, qu‛c ackt sur mfk d‛ixtërkiur ì ni jêtkmigt,



31;

orêni å sc sktuctkfg å nftë ù adiuvi. Ig crrkvcgt igakg cu jøt `ëskrë l‛ëtckt jkig ì `ëscppfkgtir `‛cpprig`ri, qui di trckg ugi gi aktX66]ktqui ì pcrtcks, it qui di trckg prfnbckg pcrtkrckt siudimigt å :3/

: ì

d‛cprâs-mk`k. Li mi rig`ks `fgn å d‛iodksi _istmkgstir cjjiy, pfurig vfkr d‛kgtirkiur8 dc sirvkni `kvkg cddckt nfmmignir, it kd g‛y cvckt`fggi pcs dc pfsskjkdktë ̀ i sctksackri mis ̀ ëskrs. Li mi risfdus ̀ å ris-tir X395] pfur igtig`ri di sirmfg, quk g‛ëtckt pcs ì dfgoui ùrëi.

_istmkgstir cjjiy pfrti ì ↞dc ↞ rissimjdcgni å d‛ëodksi ì ^t Ucud,jkig qui nitti ìrgkâri sfkt jkig pdus orcgì it pdus mcogkakqui-migt c`frgëi. -

Aênbë c fut ig mi aênbcgt ù `ëscppfkgtimigt ì mis ìskrs, li mi rig`ks nbiz mfk, it li pcsscks di jicu `kmcgnbi ig m‛fnnupcgtì `kvirsis ënrkturis. - Dug`k, di ; Gfv mctkg, l‛cddck vfkr Missis^nbr & Nki, disquids cvckigt `ëlå riïø pfurmfk ugi qucgtktë ì dit-tris ì tfutis pcrts. Li nbirnbck cvin orcgì cgxkëtë, s‛kd g‛y ig cvcktpcs ì Mfg. _.C. å M., mcks å mfg orcg` riorit kd g‛y ig cvckt pcs.@i prisqui tfutis mis nfggixkfgs å M, li riïøs ìs dittris, tcg`ksqui _.C. quk sukvigt sis prfmissis it dis nkrnfgstcgnis quk gfusdkigt X393] ̀ ivrckt m‛ënrkri di primkir ̀ i tfus, mi dckssi igtkirimigtscgs sis gfuviddis. Mr. Ufst m‛kgvktêt `cgs sc nbcmjri pcrtknudkâri,fû kd mi nfmmugkquc, qui sc mcksfg g‛cvckt pfkgt `‛fjlintkfg ågfus nfgakir sfg coigni pfur Mfsnfu, sfus dc nfg`ktkfg, qui gfusg‛igtcmkfgs pfkgt `‛caackris cvin dis nfggixkfgs ì diurs cgnkigscmks N. & Nki å ^t U. it qui gfus gi gukskfgs ig gud pfkgt å nis

ìrgkirs. Ig futri kd ixkoic qui gfus rigfgnkfgs å tfuti nfmmksskfgìs caackris, qui sc mcksfgs ackt cvin MUG. MA it JM.G & M &Nf. ̀ i Mfsnfu, - ig m‛fjsirvcgt, qui nis mcksfgs duk nfgtkguirckigtdiurs fr`ris scgs cunugi csskstcgni ì m/pcrt. @i pdus kd mi `kt, quisc mcksfg ixënutckt X39:] cvin dc pdus orcgì jfggi afk dis fr`risqu‛fg nfgakckt å sis sfkgs, qu‛iddi gi nbcroickts lcmcks pdus qu‛kd gipcyêtcgt iddi mìmis, qu‛iddi pirmittrckt å quk qui ni sfkt ̀ i riocrìs`cgs sis dkvris, it qui pcr nfgsiquigt, iddi gi scurckt gfus jfgkakirqu‛ug ìmk pfurnigt pfur gfs pikgis. Li nfgsigtks å tfut nidc scgsbësktctkfg cunugi, prigcgt ig nfgsk`ërctkfg, qu‛kd ëtckt di `ëskr ì

Mfgs C. ̀ i prfnuris å sfg akds ug ixfrnksi utkdi, scgs vfudfkr pcr nidctkrir ì orcg`s cvcgtcois. Li m‛imprissck igsukti å nfmmugkquirå Mfgs C. d‛crrcgoimigt qui li vigcks ì ackri cvin dc mcksfg ìDfg`ris. L‛ënrkvks cussk å Miss JB ̂ & Nf X39>] å Cmst`, disquids liprkck ì mi trcgsmittri ugi dittri `‛kgtrfùntkfg it ì rinfmmcg-`ctkfg pfur Missrs ì Orikaa & Nki å Nriaid`. Missrs LB^ & N ki ìDkvirpffd m‛ënrkvkrigt jkig cmkncdimigt, ig mi rimittcgt pduskiursncdnuds skmudës it ig m‛kgafrmcgt, qu‛kd m‛cvckigt c`rissë cux sfkgsì Missrs LB^ & Nf ug pcquit cvin ̀ is ënbcgtkddfgs ̀ i nftfgs, ̀ fgtkds mi rimittckigt dc spënkaknctkfg. Li diur ripfg`ks ig dis rimirnkcgt



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pfur diur nfmpdckscgni it ig dis prkcgt ì mi trcgsmittri ignfriìs nfmptis skmudës cux Jknbrfmcti, Jfks ì Ncmpìb itn. Mcr`kmctkg l‛cddck vfkr di —Jrktksb musium, diquid l‛cvcks igtigù vcgtirjicunfup. Cprâs m ìtri kgsnrkt ↞ig ncrcntâris russis↞ `cgs ug orcg`dkvri, fg mi X390] dckssc igtrir orctks. Dc primkâri scddi fû l‛igtrck,ëtckt rimpdki `‛fjlits nbkgfks, `‛ugi orcgì qucgtktë `‛crmis ì nipiupdi, ̀ is mf`ìdis ̀ i diur vckssicux, ̀ i diurs vìtimigts, it ̀ i diursutigskds it futkds migcoirs. Uuks l‛pcrnfurus dis nbcmjris rimpdkis`‛fksicux

ì tfuti sfrti qu‛kd y c cu mfgì. Nitti lfdkir it mirvikddiusi nfddin-tkfg `‛fksicux, qui tfut cutri riocr`ckt piutìtri cvin dc pdus orcg-ì Xcttcnbcgt ] c`mkrctkfg, mfk, li dc nfgtimpdcks cvin jicunfup

`‛kg`kaaërigni it pdutðt pfur sctksackri mfg `ëskr ì pfuvfkr `kri åMfsnfu, qui l‛ck ëtë cu musëi cgodcks, it pfur y pcssir mfg timps timps utkdimigt, qui pfur `‛cutris mftkas X399] `fgt li pukssi ìtriprëfnnupë Uuks li vkgs ̀ cgs dc scddi fnnupëi pcr ̀ is mkddkërs ̀ i sfrtis`kaairigtis ì pfkssfgs, `âs dis pdus pitkts lusqu‛cux pdus orcg`s.

Uuks dc scddi ìs cgkmcux quc`rupâìs sfgt kd y cvckt ìs dis sfurkds lusqu‛å d‛ëdëpbcgt, tfus crrcgoës it pdcnës cvin di pdus orcg` sfkg. Dibcut ìs nbcmjris ëtckt frgë ì lfdkis atcjdicux ì pikgturi. Uuks

dis scddis ì nurkfsktës ig mkgircd. Fg y cvckt ëtcdë cussk ug orcg`gfmjri ì pëtrkaknctkfgs ↞Xkdd. wr`.]↞ igtri cutri jicunfup `‛fs ok-ocgtisquis tfut rigùs ig pkirri pcr sukti ìs dfgo timps, qu‛kdscvckigt ëtë igsividks `cgs dc tirri. Dc orcgìur ixtrcfr`kgckri ìquidquis ugi ì nis fs X391] `ëmfgtrckt ivkìmmigt qu‛kds cvckigtcpcrtigu å ìs rênis ì jìtis, quk g‛ixtstigt pdus `cgs di timps cn-tuid, it quk fgt vrcksimjdcjdimigt vinus cvcgt qui d‛ipfqui, å dc-quiddi gfus rcppfrtfgs dc nrëctkfg ù mfgì. Li vks igsukti dis nu-rkfsktës ëoyptkiggis, quk arcppirigt mfg cttigtkfg pdus qui tfut niqui l‛cvcks vø lusqu‛cdfrs. Kd s‛y trfuvckt ixpfsë ug orcg` gfmjri ì

nirnuikds ëoyptkigs, ritrfuvës `cgs dis cgnkiggis pyrcmkìs it nctc-nfmjis ig Ioypti. Nis nirnuikds nfgtkgigt dis ìjrks tirristris ìscgnkigs rfks ëoyptkigs8 - orêni å dc jcumi it di cux birjis `fgt disnc`åvris fgt ëtë pcraumës it rimpdks dfrs ì d‛igsividkssimigt kdssc sfgt X39?] nfgsirvës lusqu‛å ni lfurs8 igùrnks pcr di timps itdc nbcdiur ixnisskvi qu‛kd ackstckt ig Ioypti, kds sfgt ìvigus ùrsnfmmi dc pkirri. Nis mumkis, nfmmi fg dis cppiddi sfgt nfuvirtis`‛ugi sfrtis ì dkgniuds it pfrtigt d‛cppcrigni, nfmmi s‛kds ëtckigtjrødës. D‛ixtirkiur ìs nirnuikds ist nfuvirt ì byrfodkvis, quk `ë-skogigt dis cvigturis it dis mkorctkfgs ìs êmis cprâs dc mfrt. Dis



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pcrfks ì nitti scddi Xkdd. wr`.] sfgt nfuvirtis ì tcjdicux ëoyptkigs,ritrfuvës `cgs dis cgnkiggis pyrcmkìs8 - nis tcjdicux nfupës `cgsìs pkirris riprisigtigt ìs jctckddis nfmmi kd s‛ig acksckt å d‛ëpfquiì d‛cgnkig coi X66] Itcdë sur ìs ënbiddis crrcgoëis ì tfus nftës ìnitti scddi kd ist ixpfsi å dc vui pujdkqui X392] ug orcg` gfmjri ìpcruris, impdfyëis pcr dis cgnkigs Ioyptkigs it ritrfuvëis `cgs dispyrcmkìs j nfgstruktis pcr iux. Cprâs cvfkr pcssë ug qucrt `‛biuripfur riocrìr tfut nidc, l‛igtrck `cgs dc scddi `‛cgnkigs vcsis orins itrfmckgs. fus nis vcsis ëtcgt pfurvøs ì gumërfs, li rëussks orênicux ↞Xkdd. wr`.]↞ oukì, qui li m‛ëtcks cnbitë, ì rinfggcçtri cu lustid‛coi, qui pfrtckigt nis `kvirs fjlits8 - ig dis rivkscgt it ixcmkgcgtcu aur it å misuri qu‛kds cvcgïckigt ig coi kd g‛it li g‛ëprfuvcks pfkgtì `kaaknudtë å rinfggcçtri dis orcg`s prforâs quk dis `kvirsis gctkfgscvckigt ackt piu å piu ig vfus `‛cmidkfrctkfg X39;] Li ìsnig k̀s ig-sukti ig jcs pfur vfkr dis ixbkjktkfgs ì ^nudpturi, quk nfmmigïcktù timps fû nit crt cvckt prks frkokgi lusqu‛å d‛ëpfqui cntuiddi. Dcprimkâri scddi ëtckt rimpdks ì mfgumigts ëoyptkigs ì ^nudpturi8fg y vfyckt ugi qucgtkti ì nirnuikds ig pkirris, nfuvirts `‛kgsnrkp-tkfgs ig byrfodkpbis, cuxquiddis dis bfmmis snkigtkakquis cvckigtclfutë pcrafks dc trcùntkfg ig orin it bijriux, ni quk mi rig`cktd‛kgsnrkptkfg prkmktkvi gfg mfkgs kddiokjdi. Uduskiurs spbygxs å itå mfktkë bfmmi å mfktkë cgkmcd `cgs di mìmi oigri nfmmi niuxå jfr` nftë ì dc rkvkâri Gijc å ^t U X315] si trfuvckigt cussk `cgsnitti scddi, cu afg` ì dcquiddi ëtckt pdcnëi ugi tìti ig pkirri `‛ugi

ëgfrmi `kmigskfg. Cussk y cvckt kd ug orcg` gfmjri ì justis itì stctuis ù ↞rfmckgis↞ ig orcgì pcrtki rukgëis pcr d‛kgndëmigniù timps, quk y `ëskogckt sfg nfurs. Mcr`k sfkr li pcssck ig sfnkëtëì К.В.Ж. coigt ì MUGMA, dc nfggcksscgni ùquid cvcks ackti âgBfddcgì. Li nfmpdckgs nit bfmmi, quk `‛cprâs mfg fpkgkfg mâgiugi vki jkig igguyiusi. Dfkg ù nigtri it ù jrukt ì dc vkddi kdìmiuri ksfdë, iggimk ì tfus dis cmusimigts it ìs pdckskr quidsqu‛kds sfkigt. X313] Kd mâmi ugi vki cvcri (ënfgfmkqui) it li gipigsi pcs qu‛kd `ëpigsi jicunfup. Mirnri`k li m‛fnnupck ì `kvirsncdnuds it `‛ënrkturis ì tfut oigri, it di sfkr l‛cddck mi rig`ri å quid-

qui tbëctri. Nbimkg ackscgt li rignfgtrck ug Mfsnfvkti, di akds ìН.В.Ю. Li d‛kgvktck å m‛cnnfmpcogir cu spintcndi, ni qu‛kd akt scgsbësktctkfg, cprâs ìtri kgafrmë, qui sis `ëpigs cddckigt sur m/fptiGfus gfus rig`kmis cu —rfycd tbictir” Bcymcrhit, fû li gi scurckspcs `kri quiddi pkâni aut riprisigtëi. [. m‛cycgt ig rfuti igtritiguì Mfsnfu, ̀ i m/vkddi ̀ i prë`kdintkfg l‛ëtcks tiddimigt ̀ kstrckt X31:] cu spintcndi, qui li gi aks pfkgt `‛cttigtkfg å ni qui d‛fg rëprisig-tckt. Di tbëctri ëtckt jkig ̀ ënfrë it kddumkgë ̀ i ocs, gëcgmfkgs pfkgtì nfmpcrcksfg igtri duk it di pitkt tbëctri å Mfsnfu, diquid mipdckt jicunfup mkiux. Kd y cvckt jicunfup ̀ i liugis ̀ cmis, mcks pcs



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ugi siudi quk mi pdøt8 tfutis, ìs pbyskfgfmkis quk gi mi prëfn-nupckigt pfkgt ig diur acviur. Liu`k mctkg li prks mfg `ëliøgir ìjfggi biuri, m‛cycgt rësfdøs ì mi rig`ri å _kg`sfr Ncstdi. C ?3/

:

li prks ugi pdcni ì ìbfrs sur ug fmgkjus it X31>] pcrtks pfur di—sfutbwistirg rckdwcy” sur diquid li prks ugi pdcni lusqui —^dfuob”,stctkfg sktuëi prâs ì _kg`sfr Ncstdi. Di pcys cux ìux nftës ùnbimkgs ì air mi pdøt jkig, tfuo li gi vfycks qui ìs tirris jkignudtkvëis, igtrinfupëis pcr ì lfdkis afrìts Crrkvë igakg å dc stctkfg^dfuob, l‛↞i↞X66] m‛imprissck å ackri dc pki` di jicu nbimkg lusqu‛cupcdcks rfycd, ëdfkogë siudimigt ì ìux mkddis cgodcksis. _kg`sfrist ugi lfdki pitkti vkddi, jêtki sur di pig`cgt `‛ugi mfgtcogi, surdc nrìpi ì dcquiddi ist sktuë di pcdcks cvin dis ë`kaknis y cpcrtimcgts.Fg gi piut pcs vfkr d‛cgtërkiur ̀ u pcdcks å mfkgs qu‛fg gi sfkt møgk`‛ugi ncrti `‛c`mksskfg8 X310] d‛fg piut si prfnurir ì nis ìrgkirså pduskiurs ig`rfkts å Dfg`ris8 -

li m‛ig ëtcks cpprfvkskfggë it l‛cddck `fgn bcr`kmigt ìmcgìrd‛c`mksskfg, dcquiddi mi aut `fggëi å 33 biuris. cprâs m‛ìtri kgsnrkt`cgs di dkvri ig ncrcntâris russis nfmmi l‛ig ck d‛bcjktuì, li mi aksnfgùkri cux nbcmjris `‛ëtêts, `fgt fg trfuvirc dc ìsnrkptkfg mk-gutkiusi `cgs mfg oukì ì Dfg`ris. @cgs dc primkâri nbcmjri, kdg‛y cvckt rkig ì pcrtknudkir8 dis pcrfks ëtckigt pikgts ixniddimmigt`‛kgtirisscgts trckts ì d‛cgnkiggi bkstfkri Igtrcgt `cgs dc sinfgìnbcmjri, `fgt dis pcrfks ëtckigt ì tfus dis nftës c`frgës ì mcogk-akquis tcjdicux ripriscgtcgts X319] ìs pirsfggis `kstkgouiis ìs

skândis pcssës it kssus ì dc mckg kmcokgctkvi ì d‛kmmfrtid Z vcg@iyh, mis riocr`s ëtckg aurigt tfut å - nfup arcppës ì tcjdicux igvfycgt (Idksi C) Mc`cmi C. c `ëjfut å d‛ixtrëmktë ì dc scddi. iddiaut mc stupëacntkfg qui li ristck ìjfut it muit pig`cgt quidquismkgutis, gi sênbcgt qufk pigsir, qufk ackri, it g‛fscgt pcs mi mfu-vfkr. Mfg oukì m‛crrcnbckt igakg ì mfg sfgoi adcttiur, li m‛cpprf-nbck ì pdus prâs ì vfus Mc`cmi it li mi nfgvckgquck tfutignfricvin ì dc stupëacntkfg, qui ni g‛itckt qu‛ug tcjdicu ì dc nfmtissidc Nrfkx, quk pfrti å Mc`m C. dc pdus orcgì rissimjdcgni. Uiutìtriqu‛å d‛igtrëi X311] `cgs dc scddi mfg kmcokgctkfg ëtckt Xkdd. wr`.]

fnnupëi ì Mfsnfu ig oigërcd it ì dc acmkddi ì Mc`m

C. ig pcrtk-nudkir, mcks qufkqu‛kd ig sfkt, l‛itcks nfgaus pig`cgt tfut di risti ìdc lfurgëi. Jkig qui li gi sfks pfkgt ù tfut nfggckssiurs ì pikg-turis, l‛ëtcks rcvk å riocrìr it å ixcmkgii nis ixniddigtis ixbkjktkfgsquk s acktis pcr di prëmkir pikgtri, quk ckt lcmcks vinø. Cprâs cvfkrpcrnfuru ignfri pduskiurs nbcmjris, frgëis ̀ i lfdks tcjdicux ig tfutoigri, li vkgs igakg `cgs dc scddi cux crmis, cppidëi ckgsk pcrsukti ùpdcafg` ocrgk ì tfus dis crmis ↞ì dc nbivcddirki↞ ìs diur primkirfrkokgi lusqu‛å ni lfur.-



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X31?] @cgs ugi nfrgknbi ì nitti scddi ↞si trfuvckt↞ itckt pdcnëdc justi ì d‛kmmfrtid Gidsfg, pdcnëi sur ug mfrnicu ìs mcsti ìmksckgi, ù mìmi gcvkri sur diquid di oëgërcd cvckt përk. - Cycgt vøtfut ni qu‛kd y cvckt å vfkr, li ìsnig`ks it mfgtck dc orcgì tfur, ` liaus arcppë ì dc vui `kvkgi, quk s‛faarkt ì tfus dis nftës å mis yiuxnurkiux. @i d‛ug nftë dis pcrns rfycux s‛itig`rikgt å pirti ì vui8prissi dc orcgì cddëi cu pcrn prisigtfks ig cu jfkt ì dcquiddi kd yc ugi stctui ëquistrkiggi ì Oifroi > imi, prisigtckt ug cspint ìspdus nfdfsscux. Orêni å d‛ëdëvctkfg kd dc sktuctkfg ëdëvëi ì dc tfur,

li mi trfuvck ì pdus X312] ì skx nigts pki`s cuìssus ì dc mir, it l‛curck pø vfkr Dfg`ris, sk di jrfukddcr` gi mi↓g↓‒iøt pcs impìnbë8- Ucrtfut ìs nbcmps jkig nudtkvës igtrinfupës pcr ìs afssis it ìsbckis, quk nfgsirvckigt ignfri diur virùri `‛ëtë mcdorë dc scksfg`ëlå afrt cvcgnëi. nå it dc ì lfdks vkddcois it ì afrìts ì scpkgs.

Li gi pfuvcks pcs rcsscsskir mis yiux8 - igakg li ìsnig`ks it scgscvcks pu vfkr dc rikgi fu sfg ëpfux di prkgni Cdjirt li ritfurgck åDfg`ris. l‛cvcks crrìtë di mctkg ug jkddit pfur di tfur it di ritfur, niquk X66] nføti mikddiur mcrnbë. Di sfkr l‛cvcks dc vkskti ̀ i Кеийнъвнь

Мзнуъенъвнзквяф cvin diquid li mi rig`ks cux scdfgs X31;] ùakouris ì Nkri. - Mfk li pcyck >s pfur gfus ìux, it gfus y igtrê-mis. Mis cttigtis si trfuvckigt surpcssëis ì jicunfup, ig vfycgtnis jiddis ixbkjktkfgs, `cgs dis pripcrctkfgs ìsquiddis, d‛crtksti cvcktkmktë cvin ugi ̀ ixtërktë ixtrcfr`kgckri dc mckg ̀ i dc gcturi. Kd y cvcktdc ìs nigtckgis ì pirsfggis ì nkri, ì ↞ig↞ tfut oigri it ì tfut

rcgo it tfus bcjkddëi sidfg dc pfsktkfgs, qu‛iddis cvckigt fnnupëis`cgs diur vki8 ìs rfks quk nfgsudtckigt cvin diurs sujfr`fggës, ìsrikgis `cgs di nkrndi ì diurs acmkddis, ìs nbivcddkirs å nbivcd. fusnis fjlits ì d‛crt ëtckigt mugks ì gumërfs it ig nfgsudtcgt di dkvriqui li m‛ëtcks cnbitë å d‛igtrëi X3?5] li pfuvcks vfkr cvin cnnurctissi,ni qui dis stctuis riprisigtckigt. Dc akouri ì g/impiriur ì Zusskigi mi simjdckt pcs tfut-å-ackt rissimjdcgt8 - l‛ck vø g/imp. ig pir-sfggi, kd mi simjdc cdfrs pdus orcg` it pdus jicu. - Cprâs cvfkr vød‛ixbkjktkfg ì dc primri nbjri, li pcyck ignfri 3s. it pfur nidc gfusmfgtêmis ̀ cgs dc nbcmjri ̀ ‛bfrriur, cppidëi ckgsk pcrsukti ̀ is snâ-

gis scgodcgtis, dis quiddis y sfgt riprisigtëis. D‛kmprisskfg tirrkjdiqui prfvfquigt dis nc`cvris pcdis, X6] `ënbcrgës it scgodcgts ignfrinfmmi s‛kd ëtckt ̀ is nfups ̀ i pfkogcr` fu ̀ i nfogëi quk dis fgt tuës,ist cuomigtëi X3?3] ignfri pcr dc ̀ imk-fjsnurktë ̀ i dc nbcmjri. Kd yc dc tfus dis nc`cvris fu ù mfkgs dis tìtis Xkdd. wr`.] ignfri scgodcg-tis ìs mfrt orcg`s rëvfdutkfggckris nfmmi Zfjispkirri, @cgtfgitn, quk si `kstkgouckigt lc`ks pcr diur cvk`ktë ig miurtrksscgt diursnfmpctrkftis. - Cussk y c-t-kd, ̀ iux Infsscks ̀ i dc jcssi ndcssi ù piu-pdi, quk ̀ ëvcstckigt diur pctrki kd y c qqs cggëis pcr ̀ is miurtris scgsnissi, cakg ì afurgkr cux ëtu`kcgts ìs nc`cvri it ì ocogir ckgsk



3?0

qqnbsi. D‛cdduri ì nis ìux kg`kvkù pdcnë d‛ug vks-å-vks ì d‛cutriist trâs jkig ackt it d‛kdduskfg afrt orcgì. -

X3?:] @cgs ugi nbcmjri vfksimi Gcpfdëfg si trfuvi `cgs sfgugkafrmi mfrt cu dkt8 - fg y nfgsirvi nfmmi ìs rcritë it ì orcgìnurkfsktës jicunfup `‛fjlits quk ëtckigt nbirs cu orcg` impiriurpig`cgt sc vki8 igtri cutri ug acutiukd nfmmug Xkdd. wr`.] cvin ìdc cvin ì dc ncggi, qu‛kd impdfyckt ì pri`kdintkfg å ^t Bidigi8 sctcjctkâri it jicunfup `‛cutris fjlits. Kd s‛y trfuvi cussk sfg ncrfssi,`cgs diquid li m‛cssks pfur sctksackri mc nurkfsktë.

Ucrkok kd :3 Gfvimjri

Cd mkf orcgì `kspkcniri sfgf stctf safrzctf `k Nisscri kd akdf ìddi

mki X3?>] cvvigturi ùrcgti cdnbugk okfrgk. Kd vigir`k cg`ck cddcorcgì pcgfrcmc, `cddc qucdi kf cvivf kgtisf mfdti. Mk Kf mk ainknfg`frri piddc fmkjus akgf cddc —Fxafr`str”, `cddc qucdi cg`ck c pki-ì cddc pcgfrcmc. Cvig`f rknivistk `c mi qucttrf arcgnbk i mizzf,mk ainirf igtrcrc. Uir ug nfrrk`fof dugof i pkigf `c jiddi stctui `kmcrmf, crrkvck kg akgf cddc nctircttc `cd mfgti jkcgnf. @krkmpittf(kggcgok) `k mi sk trfvcvc d‛kmmigsi mfgti qui cdzf (divf) dc sucnkmc akgf cddi guvfdi (gujk)8 `cd cdtf `k quistf mfgti, oittf sk kgjcssf nfg ugc afrzc tirrkjdi X3?0] ug rkusniddf, nbi rfmpig`fsk cmkddi snfodkrnfdf kg ugc vcsnc (jcnkgf), pkigf `k pkcgtk `k ^vkzzirk.

Suistrf mfgti sknnfmi kd c rk dc ncttircttc sk trfvcvcgf cdX6] duni(dumi) ìddc dugc i ircgf nfsk jig kmktctk, qnbi acnivcgf ugc orcgìkmprisskfgi sfprc `k mi8 - @kpfk cg`ck giddc ncvirgc nfgstkstig`fkg ug pcsscookf dugof, stfrtf (tfrtkodkfsf) i`cgousti (strittf) ackttcactti crtkakzkfzcmigti kg ugc mcssc ̀ k pkitrc8 c mcgf skgkstrc i ̀ istrcsk pfìvc viìri `k timpf kg timpf ìddi `fnnki dugobi `k vi`rf. -

Cvig`f viùtf quistrc ncvirgc nbi gfg cttkrcvc dc mkc cttigzkf-gi gid miìskmf orcì, nbi X3?9] dc ncttircttc `cd mfgti jkcgnc, kfigtrk giddc scdc orcgì rftfg`c. Suistrf cppcrtcmigtf i mfdtf jigfrgctf. Kg jcssf, kg ug nkrnfdf orcgì sfgf pfsti ìddc jiddksskmi

stctui `k mcrmf. Gid mizzf ìddc scdc sk trfvc dc sncdc pcd pcgfrcmc.Di pirsfgi nfmmfì, nbi gfg vfodkfgf prigìr dc pigc `k mfgtc-ri c pkiì pfssfgf divcrsk clustf ugc tcvfdc, nbi sk divc nfg mfdtfìstrizzc i pristizzc. Crrkvcg`f gid cdtf, kd fnnbkf ìddf strcgkirf ipirnufssf (nfdpktf) ìddc mcogkaknknigzc i `cddc orcgìzzc ìd pcgf-rcmc, nbi sk faari kg tuttk pcrtk. Zkig ì pdus jicu ig iaait qui ni pc-Zkig ì pdus jicu ig iaait qui ni pc-gfrcmc. Qc. Di spintctiur vfkt it X3?1] d‛kmmigsi vkddi ì Dfg`risëtigùi ìvcgt duk å pirti ì vui it å dc duiur duoujri ì dc dugiit ì mkddi ëtfkdis, `fgt d‛bfrkzfg ist ëtkgniddë. @i timps ig timps`‛i↓pcks↓ gucois ãpi ì timpìti pcssigt dc dugi it dc nfuvrigt8 - ì



3?9

nis gucois fg vfkt sfrtkr d‛ëndckr (dc afu`ri) tig`ks qui dc tfggirrisi ackt ritigtkr cvin afrni. Dc jiddi rkvkâri bcmksi si prisigti cvinìs nfurjuris rcvksscgtis it `fgt sis icux fg`fycgtis rivirjârigt dcduiur ì dc dugi. Fg vfkt ïå it då sur dc rkvkâri `kspirsës ìs gcvkrisig `ënfuvrcgt `cgs diurs nclutis dc dumkirâs ìs dcmpis, dcquiddisimjdi sk mfuvfkr å misuri X3??] qui dis vckssicux sfgt divës fujckssës pcr dis fgìs. Kd pcrckt ìtri virs `kx biuris ù sfkr, quidquisjfutkquis sfgt `ëlå airmëis, tcg`ks qu‛ig `‛cutris d‛fg vfkt ignfriì dc dumkâri, quk si rivirjâri `‛ugi mcgkirâ mcogkakqui `cgs disaigìtris jfutikddis jdiuêtris it rfuoiêtris pdcnëis ìvcgt dis aigìtrisjfutkqukâris ìs cpftknckris it ìs pbcrmcnkigs. Dis ruis ignfm-jrëis ì piupdis, it ì vfkturis ig tfut oigri ↞idivigt↞ X kdd. wr`.]cppcrimmigt d‛cspint kmpfscgt ì d‛igsimjdi Fg `ënfuvri ì dfkgtfus dis orcg`s pfgts ripfscgts sur dc bcmksi it quk simjdigt ìtriëndckrës pcr dis dcgtirgis, `fgn kds sfgt cdkogës. fut X3?2] ig sitrfuvcgt ìjføt sur dc orcgì ocdirki ì dc nctbi`rcdi, fg simjdiìtri ëdëvë ì 055 pki`s cuìssus ì dc tirri, mcks ig rëcdktë fg gid‛ist qu‛å 95 pki`s. Dc vkddi ì Dfg`ris si trfuvi tfulfurs pdus fumfkgs igvidfppëi ig jrfukddcr` quk si ̀ ksskpi quidquiafks ̀ ‛ug nðtë,mcks quk gi si pir` lcmcks tfut-å-ackt. Ckgsk `fgn, sk mìmi d‛fg sitrfuvi ugi ìmk cggëi å Dfg`ris fg gi scurckt lcmcks vfkr sfg pc-gfrcmc ig rëcdktë cussk jkig, qu‛kd ist riprissigtë crtkaknkiddimigt pcrd‛crt. Cusk piut fg vfkr ni pcgfrcmc `cgs dc lfurgëi cux jrkddcgtsrcyfgs ù sfdikd8 - cdfrs fg vfkt gcturiddimigt X3?;] jicunfup pdus

ndckr it pdus dfkg qui di sfkr. Li ristcks pdus `‛ugi biuri ig ixtcsi itstupëackt ìvcgt nit c`mkrcjdi cspint, gi sênbcgt mìmi ripfg`ricux quistkfgs rëktirëis qui mi akrigt dis cutris spintctiurs. Futrini pcgfrcmc, kd y c ignfri å vfkr ug jicu lcr`kg fû d‛crt c ërkoë dis`ëjrks ì pduskiurs timpdis ì d‛cgtkquktë. Di digìmckg mctkg di 30gfvimjri li mi rig`ks cuprâs ì Mss L By ^ & Nki disquids mi afur-gkrigt `‛ugi dittri ì rinfmmcg`ctkfg it ì nri`kt ì Ucrks. C miskgstcgnis kds cvckigt pripcrë pfur mfk ugi sfrtkmigt `‛ënbcgtkddfgs`‛Kg`kofs jigocd, `fgt nbcqui sfrti cvckt ëtë mksi X325] `cgs sëpc-rimmigt `cgs ì pitktis jfçtis ì air jdcgn. Nfmmi di pfk`s ëtckt

cssiz nfgsk`ërcjdi, li gi vfudcks pcs m‛ig nbcroir it li prkck `fgn ìackri imjcddir nis Kg`kofs igsimjdi cvin dis ënbcgtkddfgs ì Nftfgsriïøs ì Dkvirpffd it ì dis cnbimkgir tfut igsimjdi cux sfkgs ì^M & Nki å m/`kspfsktkfg. -

L By ^ & Nki prfmittcknigt ì gfus inrkvc ackri pcrvigkr diurscvks bij`fmc`ckris ìs di mkdkiu ì @inimjri. Li prks nfgoë `‛iuxit li mi rig`ks cu Ncaë jcdtkqui pfur pcrdir å Udftgkhfaa, quk ì-mfgtrc / tëmfkogc jicunfup ì ìskr ì m‛cnnfmpcogir vfki ìUcrks ig Zusski. Kd ̀ kt qu‛kd cvckt X323] ënrkt å s/mcksfg, pfur ̀ imcg-ìr dc pirmksskfg ì ritfurgir, dcquiddi kd cttig`ckt cvin kmpctkigni.



3?1

Ig mi rig`cgt cvin duk nbiz mfk, l‛imjcddck mis iaaits å dc bêti, li pcyck m/fpti it gfus gfus ig cddêmis å orcg` trft `‛ug ncjrkf-dit cu nbimkg ù air. Gfus crrkvêmis ignfri cu timps. U. simjdctfunbë cu pdus vka. - Di trckg pcrtkt prënksimigt å quctri biuris itcrrkvc c Jrkobtfg å 13/

:

8 li ìvcks m‛y ackri kgsnrkri ì gfuvicu pfurd‛ig`rfkt, `‛fû pcrtigt dis jcticux å vcpiur. N‛ist `fmmcoi qui ligi sfks crrkvë å J. ug piu pdus tðt, pcrni qui J. ist dc vkddi X32:] dcorêni å sc sktuctkfg ëdëvëi cux rkvcoi ì dc mir ctdcgtkqui, n‛ist ugivkddi ìs pdus lfdkis qu‛kd y ckt ig Igoditirri Li m‛imjcrquck `fgnå jfr` ù jcticu å vcpiur quk pcrtkt ã 23/

:. Sufkqui di timps aøt

jkig ncdmi. dis fgìs ëtckigt cssiz bcutis it afrni mi aut ì sujkrì gfuvicu å dc mcdc`ki ì mir, ni ìscstri ìs vfycoiurs. Gfusgfus trfuvêmis `ëlå å 0 biuris ù mctkg cu vfkskgcoi ì dc nðtiarcgïcksi, mcks gfus gfus pømis pcs ignfri d‛cjfrìr å ncusi ì dcjrugi ëpckssi, quk fjsnurnkssckt d‛ckr. Cu aur it å mësuri qui di lfurs‛cvcgïc X32>] di jrfukddcr` si `ksskpc it virs dis bukt biuris gfusigtrêmis `cgs di pfrt ì @kippi ugi cssiz orcgì it lfdki vkddi arcg-ïcksi, sktuii sur dc nðti ì dc mir. Ig igtrcgt ̀ cgs di ncgcd, quk afrmidi pfrt, gfus rignfgtrêmis mcdbiuriusimigt ugi orcgì jcrqui ìpìnbiur, `fgt gfus jrksêmis di mêt å orcg` jrukt8 nit cnnkìgt, qukcurckt pø ìvigkr jkig orcvi, g‛igtrcçgckt pfkgt ì sukti augistis. „

Crrkvës cu rkvcoi, gfus gfus trfuvêmis igtfurës `‛ugi orcgìafudi ì ocrïfgs `‛bftid ↞dis↞ quids s‛ Xkdd. wr`.] ig trcgsmittcgtcux vfycoiurs dis c`rissis ì diurs bftids rispintkas tênbirigt å dis

igocoir å prfaktir X320] ì diurs sirvknis. -Mis iaaits aurigt pfrtës å dc `fucgi it y sko ixcmkgës, tig`ks quim/pcspfrt aut igvfyë å dc pfdkni pfur mi di ristktuir ig timps `ø.

Cprâs cvfkr lfuk ù rcaarcknbkssimigt ù jckg, li m‛kgstcddck å d‛bðtidå dc vkddi ̀ i Dfg`ris fû li aus trâs jkig trcktë pfur m/croigt. Li m‛fn-nupck pig`cgt qqs biuris ̀ i d‛inrkturi ̀ cgs m/ lfurgcd, diquid l‛cvcksgëodkoë ìpuks qqs timps. @cgs d‛cprâs mk`k li aks ug tfur ì prfmi-gcì pcr dc vkddi, quk g‛faari rkig ì nurkiux å d‛ëtrcgoir. - Cu jfr` ìdc mir kd y c ug jid ëtcjdkssimigt ì jckgs quk mi X329] cuquid fgsi vfui cvin ì sfkgs tfut pcrtknudkirs, it quk `fgn ist `cgs d‛ëtë ist

tfulfurs ignfmjrë ì mfgì. Itcgt kgafrmë, qui dc `kdkoigni gipcrtkrckt qu cvcgt di digìmckg å 1 biuris ù mctkg, li mi aks prig-`ri ugi pdcni cu nfupë, cakg ì ↓pfu↓vfkr `‛cutcgt mkiux vfkr dipcys. Dc pdcni nfutckt afrt 3? ar ni quk ist afrt nbir. Li pcrtks di 31Gfvimjri. Di tirrckg ëtckt afrt kgëocd, tcgtðt gfus cvkfgs å trcvirsirì bcutis nfddkgis, tcgtðt gfus ìvkfgs pcssir pcr ì prfafgù vcd-dëis. - L‛ëtcks rcvk ìs jiddis vuis, quk s‛faarckigt å nbcqui pcs, it quksimjdckiur cuomigtir å mësuri X321] qui gfus cvcgïcmis. Ucr suktiìs orcg`s fjstcndis qu‛c mks dc gcturi, d‛corknudturi si trfuvi igorcgì pcrtki fjstrukti it g‛c pu ackri ig Arcgni `‛cussk orcg`s prf-



3??

orâs qu‛ig Cgoditirri. Li mi trfuvck cu nfupë ig mcuvcksi sfnkëtë8 l‛y ëtcks cvin ug arcgïcks, quk gi nissckt pcs ì `frmkr8 - m‛igguycgtckgsk li prks ugi pdcni ù ìbfrs (pdcni kmpirkcdi) kd acksckt jkigarfk`, mcks gëcgmfkgs li prëaërcks nitti pdcni å d‛cutri cu nfupë. Cmfg crrkvëi cu Bêvri virs > biuris ì d‛cprâs mk`k li m‛crrìtck cd‛bftid X32?] ̀ i (Jritcogi) Gfrmcg`ki. Dc vkddi ist trâs jkig jêtki, itdis lfdkis mcksfgs ëdëvëis å nkgq it skx ëtcois riprisigtigt Ucrks igpitkt. Orêni å sc sktuctkfg cu jfr` ì dc mir it å d‛imjfunburi ì dcrkvkâri îkgi, di pfrt ù Bêvri ist ug ìs mikddiurs ì dc Arcgni8 disorcg`s gcvkris nbcrois vigcgt ù dcroi y igtrigt scgs di mfkg`riimjcrrcs. Fg vfkt `fgn cu mkdkiu ì dc vkddi ugi afrìt ì mêts ìgcvkris it `cgs dis ruis ugi cntkvktë scgs kgtirruptkfg. Di ofuvirgi-migt arcgncks prig` tfutis dis mësuris pfsskjdis pfur ig nfurcokr dinfmmirni X322] ù Bêvri, quk g‛ëtckt kd y c trigti cgs, qu‛ugi pitktivkddi kgskogkakcgti it piu nfmmirncgti. Cvin ìs arcks ëgfrmis d‛fgackt ↞nriusir it↞ jêtkr ignfri pduskiurs jcsskgs pfur d‛cnnfmmfì-migt ìs gcvkris cg`ks qui ì pcrikds ignfurcoimigts sfgt ì`këscu nfmmirni pcr di ofuvirgimigt arcgncks, dc pfpudctkfg ù Bcvris‛cuomigti å orcg`s pcs, it d‛fg nfmpti culfur`‛buk `ëlå >5.555êmis. Ygi orcgì pdcni Xkdd. wr`.] ↞pdcti &↞ nfuvirti ̀ ‛cspbcdti sirtpfur jfursi8 kd g‛y c pcs ug timps akxi pfur d‛cssimjdëi8 fg si rig`å dc jfursi qucg` fg vigt ìtcgt sør `‛y trfuvir tfulfurs X32;] ùmfgì. Sucg` kd pdiut fg si rig` cu ìssfus `cgs dc nfdfggcì ìsqqs ncaës, quk afgt acni å dc jfursi. Ni quk mi pdckt jicunfup cu

Bêvri, n‛ist qu‛kd dis g‛y c pfur ckgsk `kri pcs ì `kstcgni, d‛ug ì-miuri å q quis pcs ì d‛cutri, ni quk acnkdkti jicunfup dis caackris. Cprâs cvfkr mks `‛cutris bcjkts, l‛cddck vfkr C^. Nk, quk ìmiurigt ånðtë ì dc pdcni ì dc jfursi. Jkig qu‛kd acssigt ì afrt orcgìs caack-ris, kds ↞g‛↞fgt ↓qu‛↓ug pitkt juricu it piu ì nfmmks trcvckddiurs,mcks ig si `ë`kcgt å diurs caackris cvin tfuti d‛igiroki pfsskjdi kdspiuvigt jkig sujvigkr å diur jisfogi. Ig mi rinivcgt jkig X3;5] cmkncdimigt. C.^. m‛kgvktc å `kgir cvin duk å d‛bðtid `‛Iurfpi, niqui li aks scgs bësktctkfg. C tcjdi li vks ug liugi bfmmi, quk ëtcktcutriafks cu juricu å Cmst. it quk oaut tfut ëtfggi ̀ i mi rignfgtrir

ckgsk cg Bêvri. - Dc mcgkâri ì vkvri ig Arcgni gi mi pdcçt pfkgt ùtfut8 kd y c knk trfp ì dkjirtë8 - fg si mcrki afrt rcrimigt it fg sinfgtigti pcr nfgtri å mìgir ugi vki ìs pdus kmmfrcdis. Dc nfgvir-sctkfg fr`kgckri å têjdi `‛bðti `cgs dis bðtids rfudi sur ìs nbfsis sknfmmugis it kg`ënigtis, qu‛ug russi curckt bfgti X3;3] `‛y csskstirit ̀ ‛ig ìtri d‛cu`ktiur. Cprâs cvfkr akgk diur jisfogi, å dc quiddi kds gisi dkvrigt ouâri cvin csskùktë, dis arcgïcks gi pigsigt pcs å `‛cutrinbfsi qu‛c s‛ëocyir, qu‛å si ackri ù pdckskr, it n‛ist lustimigt `cgsdisX66] cmusimigts orfsskirs cuxquids kds s‛c`fggigt, qu‛fg piut ac-nkdimigt rinfggcçtri diur ncrcntâris. Ni quk m‛ëtfggckt jicunfup,



3?2

n‛itckt d‛bcr`kissi (d‛kgtrëpk`ktë) ̀ is `cmis arcgïcksis, disquiddis, scgsìtri kgtirrfoëis si mìdigt `cgs dc nfgvirsctkfg ìs ëtrcgoirs, qu‛id-digt vfycgt pfur dc primkâri afks. Zkig qu C ^ it mfk gfus gfus vøispfur dc primkâri afks, gfus X3;:] gfus nfggcksskfgs `ëlå pcr g/nf-rispfg`cgni, gfus gfus igtritigkfgs sur ugi afudi ì nbfsis, tfutig nfgvigcgt, qui `ësfrmcks gfus curfgs jicunfup pdus ì nbcgniå ackri ìs caackris dunrctkvis. Di sfkr gfus gfus rig`kmis cu tbëctri,quk ist pitkt it afrt mcuvcks8 d‛fg riprisigtc ug vcuìvkddi orfsskir. Cd‛kgstcr ìs pitktis vkddis, tfut di mfgì si nfggckt cu Bêvri. Fg girinfggøt tfut ̀ ‛cjfr` pcr mc pbyskfgfmki pfur ug ëtrcgoir it tfu-tis dis dfrogittis aus↓igt↓ `fgn `krkoëis sur mfk. Gfus pcrtçmiscvcgt qui dc pkâni gi aøt akgki it gfus gfus rig`kmis cu ncjkgit ìdinturi, X3;>] fû igtri cutri tfutis dis oczittis ù «mugknkpcd¸ sfgtnfgsirvëis `âs 3?2; lusqu‛å d‛ëpfqui cntuiddi. Nis lfurgcux ëtckigt

lfdkmigt ridkës. ig sis dkv Li prks di dkvri ù timps ì Gcpfdëfg,qucg` kd rivkgt ì d‛çdi Idji8 å sfg crrkvëi cu Arcgni fg d‛kgsudtc pu-jdkquimigt pfur ug trcçtri it pfur ug pcrluri, mcks qucg` ug pipdus tcr` fg vkt, qui tfutis dis crmiis arcgïcksis si rig`krigt å duk itqu‛kd s‛cpprfnbc å orcg`s pcs ì Ucrks tcg`ks qui di rfk privksfkris‛igaukt, d‛fg d‛cppidc ì gfuvicu d‛Impiriur Gcpfdâfg. Di digì-mckg 3? Gfvimjri l‛ënrkvks ugi dittri å X3;0] NJC. Mfgs C.^. mi`kt qu‛kd cvckt d‛kgtigtkfg `‛ëtcjdkr ugi mcksfg ì jcgqui å Ucrks,mcks kd gi pfuvckt pcs ignfri `kri `ënkskvimigt, qucg` nidc curcktdkiu. Jkig qui gfus cyfgs å Ucrks ug jfg jcgquis JDA & AF, `fgt

dc mcgkâri `‛cokr gi dckssi rkig å `ëskrir, li di nrfycks afrt å prfpfs`‛ig cvfkr ignfri ug cutri, `cgs d‛ispërcgni nirtckg, qui g/caackrisig Arcgni krckigt prig`ri sfus piu ug orcg` ìvidfppimigt8 å d‛kg-vktctkfg ì C ^ & Nf l‛ënrkvks `fgn ugi dittri å B Ocggirfg & N f cu Bêvri it å Ucrks, ig diur nfmmugkqucgt mc dkcksfg cvin C. X3;9]it ig dis ìmcg`cgt, s‛kds trfuvckigt nfgvigcgni `‛igtrir cvin gfusig ridctkfg `‛caackris. Cycgt akgk dc dittri, li d‛cppfrtck mfk - mìmicu nbia B Ocggirfg, quk `krkoi dis caackris ì dc mcksfg ù Bêvri.Niduk - nk mfgtrc jicunfup ì jfggi vfdfgtë `‛igtcmir ìs caackriscvin gfus, it li gi `futi pfkgt qui tfut mcrnbi ig pcracçti rìodi8 - dc

mcksfg ì Ucrks gfus ënrkrc `krintimigt å Mfsnfu, virs dc akg ì@inimjri, fû l‛ispâri `‛ìtri ì ritfur. - C. ^ & N mi prfmittckigtå mc prkâri d‛cnbimkgir pfur mfk ̀ is ënbcgtkddfgs ̀ i Ofmmi, ̀ ‛Kg-`kof it ì Ncaë å g/mcksfg ì Bcmjfuro å mc `kspfsktkfg. - Mfgs.Fscggi X3;1] d‛cssfnkë ì C.^. si trfuvckt å Idjiua pfur ackri ìscnbêts ì `rcps @ëskrcgt ì ackri sc nfggcksscgni li mi risfdus ìpcrtkr di sfkr å ; biurs å Zfuig it ì nfgtkguir di digìmckg mctkgdc rfuti å Idjiua. C^ & Nf mi afurgkrigt ugi dittri ì rinfmcg`c-tkfg pfur JDA & A.F. it ugi cutri pfur Mr Dirfy & akds cux quidig mi rinfmmcg`cgt `‛ugi mcgkâri pcrtknudkâri å nis ìrgkirs `cgs



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d‛ispfkr, qui li pukssi dis igocoir å gfus ackri ìs nfgskogctkfgs ì`rcp pcr d‛igtrimksi ì C ^ & Nf. Li pcrtks `fgn å ; biuris, ig minbcroicgt `‛ug orcg` jcddft `‛ënbcgtkddfgs X3;?] ì dckgi ì dc pcrtì C^ & Nf pfur Fzcggi. L‛crrkvck å Zfuig å 1 biuris ù mctkg

Cprâs cvfkr prks di ncaë å d‛bðtid ì Gfrmcg`ki vks å vks ù juricu ù`kdkoignis, li aks trcgspfrtis mfg jcocoi cu nbimkg ì air, tcg`ksqui mfk, li m‛y aks nfgùkri ig vfkturi. Mcdbiuriusimigt l‛cvcksfujdkë mfg mcgticu å d‛bðtid8 li ìvcks `fgn ritfurgir sur mis pcspfur di nbirnbir, ni quk g‛ëtckt pcs acnkdi pcr ni qui li gi nfggckssckspcs di nbimkg Li mi dfuck `fgn ug nrfnbitiur pfur mi mfgtrir dinbimkg it pfur pfrtir mfg mcgticu cu nbimkg ì air, fû l‛crrkvckjicunfup X3;2] trfp tcr` pfur di primkir nfgvfk - Ig cttig`cgt kdëtckt ìvigu lfur, it li pfuvcks mi acmkdkcrksir å m/cksi cvin dc jidcspint, qu‛faari dc vkddi ì Zfuig ù nðtë ì dc rkvkâri. Dis ruis sfgtëtrfktis it scdis8 dis mcksfgs atrâs bcutis it jkig nfgstrukts. Dc pdu-pcrt ìs rfnbis ig Arcgni nfgskstc ig pkirris ì orcks, qui d‛fg im-pdfki pcrtfut cvin jicunfup `‛cvcgtcoi pfur dc nfgstruntkfg ìsmcksfgs, cu dkiu ìs jrkquit qu‛fg usi `cgs dis cutris pcys. Dis pc-rfks sfgt nfuvirtis `‛ugi nfunbi ì nbcux fu jkig ì nfudiur `‛buk-di ni X3;;] quk `fggigt cux mcksfgs ugi cppcrigni ìs pdus gittis.D‛ugi ìs tfurs ì Zfuig cycgt ëtë jrksëi pcr dc afu`ri kd y c qqs cg-gëis, d‛fg s‛fnnupi cntuiddimigt å dc rimpdcnir pcr ugi cutri ig airafgù. Gi vfudcgt pcs cttig`ri di ̀ ipcrt ̀ u sinfg` nfgvfk, li mi aksnfgùkri cg jcticu å vcpiur, pcrtcgt `krintimigt pfur Idjiua. L‛ck

ug sk orcg` ìoføt (cvirskfg) nfgtri dc mcdc`ki ì mir, qui li mitrfuvi tfulfurs mcd å mfg cksi, qucgt li suks sur d‛icu. Kd acksckt trâsjicu timps, it di sfdikd, quk jrkddckt scgs nissi `frckt ì sis rcyfgs disnkmis ̀ is bcutis X:55] nfddkgis, quk si trfuvcgt cux ̀ iux rkovcois ̀ idc rkvkâri. Nå it då sur dc pigti ù tirrckg mfgtcogiux fg vfyckt `ks-pirsës ì lfdks vkddcois it ì mcogkakquis jfsquits Gfus crrkvêmisigakg å Idjiua, fû li m‛crrìtck å d‛bðtid `‛Iurfpi. Cprâs cvfkr `ëliu-gë l‛cddck vfks Fzcggi, diquid li trfuvck scgs `kaaknudtë. Duk cycgt ri-mks di jcddft `‛ënbcgtkddfgs ì dckgi, kd m‛kgvktc å d‛cnnfmpcogir,pfur vfkr dis acjrkquis ì `rcp, `fgt kd mi mfgtrc pduskiurs. Idjiua

ist ugi vkddi mcguacnturkâri, iddi ist nidijri pfur di jfg X:53] `rcpqui d‛fg y acjrkqui. ûr dc îkgi quk trcvirsi dc vkddi, kd si trfuvi ugorcg` it mcogkakqui pfgt cu akd ì air. Fzcggi, bfmmis ì 95 cgs,g‛c pfkgt ù tfut di ncrcntâri arcgïcks8 kd gi pigsi å `‛cutri nbfsiqu‛c sis caackris, cuxquiddis kd s‛c`fggi cvin tfuti sfg cmjktkfg.

Cprâs cvfkr ncusë dfgouimigt sur g/caackris å vigkr, li pcrtks pcrd‛fmgkjus pfur «Ufgt dcroi¸, fû li prks pdcni cu nbimkg ì air pfurUcrks. Dis vfkturis cux nbimkg ì air arcgïcks sfgt nfgstruktis it cr-rcgoëis jicunfup mkiux qu‛ig Cgoditirri Ig Arcgni dc :mi pdcniX:5:] it trâs jfggi ` nfmfì pfurvøi ì nfusskgs, it Dc > ìmi g‛ist



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pcs c rinfmmcgìr, pcr ni qu‛iddi g‛ist pfkgt ‒nfuvirti. - Mfk linbfksks dc 3âri pdcni, cakg `‛cvfkr ì jfggi sfnkëtë. Di tirrckg ìZfuig å Ucrks ist afrt mfgtcogiux8 - cakg pfur ëvktir dis orcg`s fjs-tcndis ì dc gcturi di nbimkg ì air cdkogi prisqui nfgtkguiddimigtdi rkvcoi ì dc îkgi8 gëcgmfkgs kd y c ug orcg` gfmjri ìako cu ↞

dfgoi↞ pcsscois sfutirrckgs. Cux nbimkg ì air arcgïcks d‛fg vc afrtdigtimigt, it li gi pigsi pcs qu‛fg mkddi acssi pdus ì 39 mkdis cg-odcksis pcr biuri. - C sipt biuris ù sfkr l‛crrkvc X:5>] `cgs d‛km-migsi ncpktcdi ̀ i dc Arcgni. Cussk nitti acks nk li sukvks mfg cgnkigginfutømi `‛ugkr d‛ënfgfmki cvin di jrkddcgt ixtërkiur, ig prigcgtmfg dfoimigt cu primkir bðtid, bðtid ̀ is prkgnis, rui ̀ i Zknbidkiu,cu skxkìmi ëtcoi. Nit bðtid sktuë cu nigtri ̀ i dc vkddi ist di pdus orcg`qui l‛ck lcmcks vø8 kd nfgtkigt it faari å d‛cnnfmmfìmigt ìs itrcg-oirs pdus ì nkgq nigts nbcmjris ù prkx ì 95 ar lusqu‛å : ar. L‛igfnnupi ugi pfur : ar, `fgt d‛cmiujdimigt gi dckssi rkig å `ëskrir. Igmi rig`cgt ù nbimkg ì air å d‛bðtid li gi pfuvcks vrckimigt pcsrcsscskir mis riocrìg vfycgt dis X:50] mcksfgs ixtrcfr`kgckrimigtbcutis it mcogkakquimigt c`frëis Cussktðt qui li aus crrkvë å d‛bf-tid, li sfrtks it li mi prfmigcks ug piu sur di Jfudivcr`, ugi rui dcr-oi it trâs arcomigtë pcr pkëtfgs it vfkturis. Cux ìux nðtës kd y c ìdcrois it jicux trfttfkrs nfuvirts `‛Cspbcdti. Dis bcutis mcksfg fa-arigt ug cspint `‛cutcgt pdus kmpfscgt, qui dis pcrcks ↞ixtrkiuri↞ `kaairimmigt ì dc mcgkâri ì Dfg`ris, sfgt nfuvirtis `‛ugi nfu-nbi ì nbcux it ì nfudiurs `‛bukdi. Ig `krkoicgt ug riocr` cttigtka

sur dc afudi, quk si prissi it quk ignfmjri dis trfttfkrs scgs cssi fgtrinfggckt cu primkir nfup `‛Şkd X:59] qu‛kd râogi knk tfut å ackt, ugcutri ncrcntëri qui `cgs dis cutris pcys. -

@ëlå `cgs di jirnicu pfur ckgsk `kri di Ucrkskig riïfkt di oirmiì dc vki kmmfrcdi, ì dc ìjcunbi, å dcquiddi kd s‛cjcg`fggi cvinigiroki cvcgt qui sfg nfrps sc ckt cttikgt dc mctørktë. Ig sukvcgt sfgkgstkgnt fu jkig d‛iximpdi `‛cutris, ìs d‛coi ì trikzi å quctfrzi cgsd‛fg gi rëadìnbkt pcs sur `‛cutri nbfsi qui sur dis mfyigs dis pdusacnkdis pfur sctksackri di pdus ariquimmigt pfsskjdi sc nupk`kti siskgndkgctkfgs dis pdus jistkcdis, dis pdus riprfnbcjdis. Ig s‛ëpukscgt

ckgsk ̀ cgs dc adiur ̀ i sfg↞X66]↞coi, it migcgt ugi vki ̀ is pdus fkskvisdis liugis oigs pcssigt X:51] diur timps ig sukvcgt diurs pignbcgtscjfmkgcjdis ì pdckskr it ì `ëjcunbi. ^fus nit ëtêt ì nbfsis d‛fgigtri `cgs d‛impdfk8 fg ist jfg å rkig, fg gi sckt it gi scurc lcmcksrkig ackri. - Nëtti mcgkâri ì vkvri pfussi di oirmi ì dc vki, dis

liugis adiurs adìtrkssigt, vkikddkssigt it miurigt fg`kgckrimigt `‛ugimfrt primcturëi it fr`kgckrimigt, cvcgt q dis cggëis ̀ u pcrc`ks, discggëis `cgs disquiddis d‛bfmmi nfmmigni ì lfukr di jfgbiur ìdc vki ig acmkddi. -



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C d‛ãoi ì :5 cgs dis Ucrkskigs fgt d‛ckr ì >5 cgs, å :9 ì 05cgs, å >9 cgs ì 15 cgs, å 05 cgs, ni qu‛kds cttikogcgt trâs rcrimigtni sfgt ìs vkikddcr`s X:5?] dcgouksscgts sfus di pfk`s ìs nfgsi-quignis tirrkjdis ì dc vki vknkiusi it ìjcunbëi ì diur liugitti.Dis Ucrkskigs pigsigt, rëlfukssfgs gfus ì g/vki pig`cgt qui gfusvkvfgs8 it ockiti `fmkgi `fgn pcr tfut. Fg `kt knk qui dc vki ì-jfunbëi ist dc sukti gcturiddi ù ndkmêt, mcks fjsirvctkfg rk`knudi,ixnusi mcd å prfpfs. Ni g‛ist qu‛ugi mcdc`ki nfgtcokiusi quk cttkrinfmmi ugi pkirri `‛ckmcgt it quk `ëvfri sis vkntkmis it dis `ëdkvriå ugi mfrt digti it tfurmigtcgti. -

Ufur rësumir mfg lfurgcd, l‛cvckt cpitkt it l‛igtrck ̀ fgn ̀ cgs qqsristcurcgt fû li mi aks `fggir ni quk jfg mi simjdckt. C Dfg`ris disNcaës it ristcurcgt sfgt crrcgoâs X:52] ì tfuti ugi cutri mcgkâriqu‛å Ucrks. C Dfg`ris ni sfgt fr`kgckrimigt ̀ i dfgos scdfgs ëtrfkts itcdkogës cux ̀ iux nðtës ì tcjdis ̀ fgt nbcnugi ist - rigairmëi pcr ̀ ispcrc å vigts. Ckgsk ug ncaë Df`fgfks afrmi ugi orcgì qucgtktë ìpitkts ncjkgits. C Ucrks pcr nfgtri dis tcjdis sfgt pdcnëis cu dfgo itcu trcvirs `‛cprâs qui dc symitrki di nfmmcgì. M‛cycgt rcaarcknbk

li ìmcg`ck dc gfti, quk mfgtckt å :5 ar, nc quk mi pcrøt igfrmi pcrni qui li g‛cvcks pcs ig ì vkg. -

Li mi rig`ks igsukti nbiz mfk, it di digìmckg mctkg l‛cddck vfkrburgiyssig & Nki, ↞Nbcussëi ^t Cgtfkg ::↞, J D Ucud it Afud`, ↞

Zui Juoâri 35↞ it igakg Dirfy & Akds, ↓Z Mudjfusi 33↓. Dis ju-ricux arcgïcks X:5;] nfgskstigt fr`kgckrimigt ig trfks pkânis, `cgs

dc nckssi, di juricu fû trcvckddi dis nfmmks it igakg di ncjkgit quirisirvi di nbia pfur duk mìmi. Mr Afud`, jkig qu‛kd aøt ëtfggë, qui li gi duk cppfrtcssi pfkgt ì dittri `‛kgtrfùntkfg ì dc pcrt ì Mr Cdixiiaa, kd mi rinøt cmkncdimigt it l‛cvcks cvin duk ugi `ksnusskfgsdfgoui it corëcjdi. Li duk nfmmugkquck mc dkcksfg cvin Mr C., dc-quiddi kd cpprfuvc jicunfup `cgs d‛ispfkr, qui `cgs mc pfsktkfgauturi li m‛imprissircks `‛ëtig`ri dis caackris ì jcgqui ì dc `ktimcksfg. A. ist ug bfmmi ì 09 cgs igvkrfg it å luoir `‛cprâs sfgcppcrigni trcgqukddi it vkofuriusi, kd g‛c pfkgt ì tfut di ncrcntâriX:35] pcrkskig. Kd ist cux nbiviux gfkr it jiocyi ug piu, ni quk

g‛impìnbi pfur tcgt pcs dis sigtkmigts. Kd mi simjdi ug bfmmi ìjicunfup `‛ixpërkigni it jkig rcksfggcjdi. Kd g‛ignfurcoir pcs miskgtigtkfgs `‛cnquërkr s/p ìs nfgskogctkfgs ì sfkirki ig `kscgt quini sirckt ugi tênbi cussk `ëdknêti qui `kaaknkdi it `cgoiriusi, cvcgtqui gfus gi gfus y nfggcksskrcs pcracktimigt. @‛cjfr` tfutis disacjrkquis ig sfkirkis si trfuvigt å Dyfgs, tig`ks qu‛å Ucrks gi `f-miurig qui ìs gëofnkcgts, quk ig pcrtki tkiggigt ìs ìpðts ìdcpcrt dis acjrkquis Dyfggcksis it quk ig pcrtki cussk X:33] prisnrk-vigt ìs ^fkirkis pfur diur prfpri nfmpti. Zkig qui nis gëofnkcgtstrfuvigt s/p ug `ëjfunbë nfgstcgt it nfudcgt pfur diurs crtkndis, kds



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sirckigt jkig `kspfsës `‛ig nfgskogir `cgs dis cutris pcys, pfurvøqu‛kds privfycgt ìs cvcgtcois pcrtknudkirs8 cu jkig q ^k `fgn kd y iøtù prfakt sur di mfgtcgt ìs acnturis ̀ is igvfks qu‛kds aussigt ̀ cgs dincs ì gfus ackri, kds di priggigt cvin pdckskr sk pcr nfgtri kd y iøt ìdc pirti, kds tênbirckigt ì s‛ig `ëackri pcr ìs pritigtkfgs arkvfdis itìs nbkncgis kgafg`ëis. Ig mi `ënk`cgt sfus ì tiddis nkrnfgstcgnisì m‛cjstigkr tfut-å-ackt ìs ^fkirkis pcrkskiggis, Mr. A. m‛fjsirvc8qui gfus pfurrkfgs cvin jicunfup X:3:] pdus ì suritë fpërir `cgsdc ^fki `‛Ktcdki `fgt kd gfus sirckt acnkdi `‛fjtigkr ìs nfgskogctkfgspcr sfg igtrimksi. C nit iaait gfus ìvkfgs duk igvfyir mi nigtckgiì nkrnudckris ënrkts ig Ktcdkig it gfg c`rissës8 - `cgs nis nkrnudckriskd acut faarkr gfs sirvknis ig qucdktë ì nfmmksskfggckri it ixpdkquirdis kgtigtkfgs qui gfus ncrissfgs8 kd acut ig cutri y `ëgfmmir dispirsfggis quk priggigt pcrt `cgs dis caackris itn. Ig rimirnkcgt MrAfud` pfur sis jfg nfgsikds, l‛cddck ig cvirtkr ^.C. Udus tcr` li mirig`ks cuprâs ì Mr Dirfy liugi bfmmi ì :0 cgs X:3>] igvkrfg,diquid ug mcrkcoi prënfni cvckt scuvë ì d‛cjçmi, `cgs diquid s‛ig-afgnigt dis cutris. Cycgt dø m/ dittris ì rinfmmcg`ctkfg kd mi `kt,qu‛kd gi ìmcg`c pcs mkiux qui `‛cvfkr ìs caackris cvin gfus. C mcprkâri kd mi prfmkt ugi sfrtkmigt `‛ënbcgtkddfgs ì `rcp ckgsk quidis ncdnuds, ig m‛fjsirvcgt tfuti afks quk‛d si `ënkìrckt ̀ kaaknkdimigtå nfgskogir sis mcrnbcg`ksis. I Li scks pcr ixpirkigni qu‛fg nfgsig-tkt acnkdimigt it cvin ìs jrcs fuvirts, cussktðt qui d‛fg vfkt qui dcnbcgni s‛faari scgs ìs cuspknis acvfrcjdis, it li gi m‛kgtrcgqukdkscks

`fgn pcs cux rimcrqui ì D.Di 3; cu sfkr l‛ius dc vkskti `‛ug cgnkig X:30] cmk Budmcg, cvindiquid li mi rig`ks å qqui Ncaë pfur di trcçtir ìs mfg mkiux. ^kd‛fg nfggckt Ucrks, d‛fg piut y vkvri å afrt jfg nfmpti8 kd y c ugorcg` gfmjri ì ristcurcgts, fû d‛fg piut cvfkr ug `kgir afrt nfm-mi kd acut pfur : ar8 å scvfkr ug pftcoi cux nrføtfgs, å dc Ludkiggi,cux virmkniddis fu `‛cutri, trfks pdcts cu nbfkx, ug ìssirt it ugiìmk-jfutikddi ì vkg. Dis nfmmks sfgt ig oëgircd trâs jkig pcyëså Ucrks8 - m/cmk pcr iximpdi riïfkt 3155 ar it dfoimigt scgs gfur-rkturi. - Di digìmckg mctkg li mi dfuck ug nfmmksskfggckri å rck-

sfg ì 355 sfus pcr X:39] lfur, cakg ì mi ackri nfgùkri `cgs dcvkddi. Mfg oukì ug ktcdkig pcrdckt ↞ug↞ afrt mcuvcks arcgïcks, liduk c`risscks `fgn dc pcrfdi `cgs sc dcgoi mctirgiddi. Gfus cddêmis`‛cjfr` å dc pfsti ìs dittris pfur mis cmks Mfsnfvkigs, pdustcr`,gfus cddcmis cnbitir ugi nbcçgi `‛fr pfur di oig`ri ì Mfgs C.Ufur cnbitir ì nbfsis pcrniddis fg gi scurckt pcs mkiux ackri, quidi si rig`ri `cgs di lcr`kg ù pcdcks rfycd, jêtkmigt kmmigsi, qukrigairmi ugi vcsti nfur qucrrëi it mugki ì tfusis nðtës ì ocdirkisspdig`kìs it mcogkakquis, quk afrmigt di pfurtfur. Zkig ì pdusjicu ig iaaìt qui dc rëugkfg ìs mcogkakqui X:31] ëdiocgtis jfu-



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tkquis it mcocskgs, `fgt d‛igsimjdi nfgstktui di pdus jicu, nfmmidi pdus rknbi jczcr ù mfgì8 tfus dis fjlits ì duxi, ì sigsucdktëit ì pdckskrs s‛y trfuvigt rcssimjdës ig prfauskfg. Cu ìssus ì nisocdirkis si `ëvidfppigt dis ëtcois supërkiurs ìs jêtkmigts ù pcdcks,`fgt dis vcsti cppcrtimigts ù primkër sfgt dfuis pfur dc pdupcrt, åìs ristcurcgt cu ncaë-istcmkgits it cutris ëtcjdkssimigts, tfus tiguscvin di pdus orcg` duxi. - L‛igtrck ig pdus `‛ugi nigtckgi ì jfutk-quis `‛fraëvirkis pfur ìmcgìr di prkx, di orckg it di pfk`s `‛ugisfrti ì nbcçgis `‛fr, nfmmi l‛ig cvcks X:3?] d‛kgtigtkfg `‛cnbitirpfur Mr Jihdimksnbfaa8 ni gi aut qu‛cvin jicunfup ̀ i pikgi, qui limi `ënk`ck igakg `‛ig nbfkskr ugi å rcksfg ì nigt vkgot ìux arcgns.

Li d‛cttcnbck å mc mfgtri it li m‛ig cddck igsukti cvin m/oukì pfurvfkr di Dfuvri cgnkigs pcdcks ìs rfks ì Arcgni. Kd m‛ist kmpfssk-jdi dinturc ì `fggir cux dintiurs ugi ìsnrkptkfg sunnkgti ì dcX6] rëugkfg ì nbias - `‛fivri qui rigairmi ni vcsti it mcogkakquimfgumigt ì d‛crt. Gfus pcrnfurumis `‛cjfr` dis kmmigsis scddisrimpdkis ì tcjdicux tcgt cgnkigs qui mfìrgis, puks dis nbcmjrisqui dis rfks cvckigt fnnupë cutriafks.

X:32] Nis nbcmjris g‛cycgt pcs ëtë sfkogëis it ripcrëis pig`cgtìs skândi, iddis prissigtckigt ug cspint afrt mcdprfpri. D‛frgimigtì nis nbjris mi `fggc ugi k`ëi, nfmmi d‛fg s‛ëtckt piraintkfggë`cgs d‛crt ̀ ipuks tfut ̀ i timps. Cycgt vø dis tcjdicux gfus igtrêmis`cgs dis nbcmjris, fû d‛fg rissirvigt dis mctirkcux ì gcvkri. Kd ycvckt då ìs mf`âdis ì gcvkris ig tfut oigri, csscks pfur dc pdupcrt

ìs mf`ìdis ì gcvkris ì ouirri, ì jcticux å vcpiur it `‛cutris.Fg y cvckt mks cussk dis mf`âdis ì pduskiurs pfrts tfkt å d‛ëtrcgoirqu‛ig Arcgni8 - dis mcksfgs riprisigtëis X:3;] pcr ì pitktis mcksfgsì jfks ckgsk qui d‛ëdëvctkfg ù sfd, ëtckigt trâs jkig kmktëis. -

Fg mfgtrckt `cgs nis scddis cussk nfmmi orcgì nurkfsktë ìs`ëjrks `‛ug gcvkri arcgïcks igsividks ìpuks ugi skândi cu afg` ì dcmir, it pìnbës rcttrcpës ì gfuvicu, kd g‛y c pcs dfgo timps. Gfusixcmkgêmis cdfrs dis cgtkquktës ioyptkiggis, dis cgnkig nirnuikdsnfuvirts `‛kgsnrkptkfgs cu byrfodypbis skogkaknctkas, it ugi qucgtktëkggfmjrcjdi ì pitkts fjlits8 - `‛cprâs mfg fpkgkfg ni musëi ixnâ-

ì ì jicunfup di musëi ì Dfg`ris, tcgt ig jicutë, qu‛ig rknbissiì dc nfddintkfg. -X::5] Uuks gfus pcrnfurumis ignfri dis vcstis bcddis rimpdkis

ì stctuis cgnkiggis it mfìrgis, disquiddis arcppigt it ëjdfuksscgtd‛itrcgoir pcr diur ixtrcfr`kgckri jicutë it d‛idiocgni ì diur nfddin-tkfg. ---- Cycgt vø tfut ni qu‛kd y cvckt å vfkr, gfus cddêmis ixcmk-gir di pcdcks ìs tukdirkis, `fgt d‛ixtirkiur g‛faaris rkig `‛kmpfscgtå d‛fikd ì d‛ëtrcgoir8 kd g‛c qui ìux ëtcois. Ucsscgt pcr dc orcgìpfrti fuvirti d‛fg vkigt cu lcr`kg ìs ukdirkis L‛cvcks `ëlå mkddi afksvø `X66]s d‛itrcgoir di ↞mcogkakqui↞ tcjdicu igdumkgë ù lcr`kg ìs



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ukdirkis, mcks ni qui li vks c prisigt ig X::3] gcturi `ëpcssckt ìdfkg dis k`ëis dis pdus scgoukgis qui li m‛ig ëtcks afrmëis. C quid-quis mìtris ù pcdcks ug ëtcgo rfg` cvin ì jicux nyogis s‛faari ådc vui8 ug piu pdus dfkg Xkdd. wr`.] s‛ëdìvi ug fjidksqui ëoyptkig ådc bcutiur ì pdus ì nigt pki`s. Ni mfgumigt, quk sirvckt ìpuksqucrcgti skândis nfmmi imjiddkssimigt ̀ is tfmjicu ̀ ‛ug cgnkig rfkëoyptkig aut cppfrtë ↞ì d‛Ioypti↞ sur dis rkìcux cttcnbës åu quid-qui vckssicux Ucr sukti ̀ i d‛ëgfrmi pfk`s ̀ i d‛fjëdksqui, quk nfgskstiXkdd. wr`.] ↞ig↞ ugi siudi pkirri, dis arcks ì trcgspfrt it `‛ërintkfgfgt ëtë tirrkjdis. Kd c ëtë ërkoë sur ug orcg` it bcut pëìstcd X:::]cvin ìs kgsnrkptkfgs dctkgis kg`kncgt dc `cti ì d‛ërintkfg8 pfur pfu-vfkr mkiux si ackri ugi k`ëi ì ni mfgumigt, kd acut s‛kmcokgir uginfdfggi qucrrëi, quk `kmkgui ig nkrnfgaërigni cu aur it å mësuriqui Xkdd. wr`.] s‛cpprfnbi dc nkmi. D‛fjëdksqui ist ì tfus nftë nfu-virt `‛byrfodypbis ↞tckddës `cgs dc pkirri↞,nfgskstcgt kg ̀ is sirpigts,ig ì pitkts fksicux, ig ìs rigcr`s, ìs nc`cvris itn8 - d‛ënrkturi cubyrfodypbis ist tfut å ackt kgkgtiddkokjdis `cgs di timps mfìrgi, itpirsfggi gi sckt ni qu‛iddi viut `kri. - D‛kgsnrkptkfg sur d‛fjëdksquiriprisigti scgs `futi di pâdirkgcoi X::>] ì døgi.-

Dcksscgt dc ìsnrkptkfg ù Lcr`kg pig`cgt ugi ìmk-biuri ìnðti, li vcks ìpfsir dis `ëtckds ìs snâgis mkrcnudiusis, cux quiddis

l‛ck csskstë ni sfkr< L‛cvcks igtigù jicunfup ù acmiux isncmftiur —Zfjirt

Bfu`kg”, Ucdck Zfycd, ocdirki ì Qcdfks, it li gi pus `fgn pcs mi `ks-

pigsir ì mi rig`ri å sc rëprësigtctkfg. L‛y crrkvck å ?3/:8 d‛isncdkirëtckt ̀ ëlå ignfmjrëi ̀ i mfgì, quk acksckigt dc quiui8 - cycgt cttig-ù qqi timps d‛fg gfus akt igtrir `cgs ug pitkt tbëctri jkig crrcgoëit `ënfrë, quk aut jkigtðt rimpdk ì spintctiurs.X::0] C 2 biuris dctfkdi si divc8 Z. Bfu`kg, ↞bfmmi↞ ̀ fggë `‛ug tcdigt ixtrcfr`kgckriì nfgvirsctkfg ìmcg`c `‛cjfr` å ug ìs spintctiurs sfg nbcpicu,diquid kd mfgtrc cu pujdk↞i↞qui, pfur qu‛kds si nfgvckgqucssigt,qu‛kd g‛y iut rkig då-ì`cgs8 tfurgcgt cdfrs di nbcpicu kd ig ritkrccvin ugi ìxtërkti kgnri`kjdi ugi `fuzckgi `‛ëvcgtckds, disquids kd`kstrkjuc nfmmi ncìcux cux spintctiurs. Mfgtrcgt igsukti ̀ i gfu-

vicu di nbcpicu, kd ig ritkrc ignfri ug mfunbfkr, diquid kd mëdX66] igafrmi ì jfggit ì gukt sur di nbcpicu8 divcgt igsukti di afudcr` kdtfmjcrigt pcr tirri X::9] trfks orcg` pdumits8 kd ripitckt d‛fpirctkfgit kd tfmjc ù afudcr` ugi kmmigsi qucgtktë ì pitkts pdumits rfu-ois, `fgt di gfmjri simjdc s‛cuomigtir, å misuri qu‛kd nfgtkguc åsinfuir di afudcr`8 puks kd pdcïc ì gfuvicu di afudcr` sur d‛fuvirturiù nbcpicu, qu‛kd tkgt å dc mckg, it ig ritkrc d‛ug pcr d‛cutri ìuxorcg`s jfudits ì jfks mcsska, ì dc orcgìur `‛ugi tìti `‛bfmmi.

Li suks `cgs d‛kmpfsskjkdkti ì ìvkgir ì quiddi mcgkiri kd akt nis mk-rcndis `‛isncmftcoëi, ncr kd g‛y cvckt pfkgt ì rkìcux, quk ckigt pu



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d‛csskstir8 tfut si akt å d‛kgspintkfg ù pujdkn, `‛ugi mcgkâri X::1]kgnfmpribigskjdi å tfut di mfgì. -

Igsukti kd afukddc ì gfuvicu `cgs di nbcpicu, it ig ritkrc ugiorcgì nfrjikddi cvin ì oigtkds jfuquits ì adiurs, `fgt kd s‛impris-sc å ackrs ncìcux cu pujdkn. Uuks kd mkt ug orcg` vcsi ↞ig virri↞ rimpdk `‛ignri gfkr sur dc tcjdi8 kd imprugtc ugi jcoui it dc litc`cgs di vcsi8 kd prkt ugi nukddâri dc rimpdkt ì `‛ignri ëpcks, qu‛kd vir-sc `cgs ugi tcssi q pfur ackri vfkri, qui n‛ëtckt ì vërktcjdi ignri8puks kd nfuvrkt di vcsi pcr di afudcr`, arcppc cvin dc jcouitti it `ë-nfuvrcgt di vcsi, niduk ↞nk↞ gi qnfgtigckt qui ì d‛icu ndckri, `cgs dcquiddi kd gcoir X::?] ug pfkssfg `‛fr tigcgt `cgs sc jfunbi dc jcquiimprugtëi. - Kd si prìtc igsukti ì gfuvicu di nbcpicu it di mkt surdc tcjdi, di nfuvrkt pcr di mfunbfkr ig afrmi ì jfggit ì gukt, itpdcïc ni ìrgkir igsukti sipcrimmigt sur d/tcjdi. Divcgt igsukti diafudcr` kd si trfuvc då-ìssfus ug orcg` vcsi cvin ì d‛icu rimpdk ì

lfdkis pfkssfgs lcugis. Igsukti kd mkt sfg pitkt nfaari afrt sur di `fs`‛ug jcgn igtri dis spintctiurs, quk si nfgvckgquârigt ì dc dioâritiixtrâmi ù nfaari afrt8 puks kd fr`fggc cu nfaari, qu‛kd si akt dfur` itni gi aut cdfrs, qu‛cvin `kaaknudtë qu‛fg put divir di nfaari X::2] qukrissimjdckt cdfrs å ug mfrnicu ì air8 `‛cprâs qu‛kd duk akt pdckskr kdcuomigtc fg `kmkguc di pfk`s ù nfaari. Igsukti kd s‛imprugtc 9pkânis ì 9 ars, qu‛kd akt mcrquir ì niduk quk dis duk `fggc8 cakg ìdis rinfggcktri pdus tcr`8 C d‛ugi ixtrimktë ̀ u pitkt tbëctri kd mkt surdc tcjdi ug virri qu‛kd nfuvrkt `‛ugi ndfnbi ì virri8 mfgtrcgt puks

d‛croigt cu pujdkn, kd d‛igvidfppc `cgs ug mfunbfkr it kd si pdcïc åd‛ixtrimktë fppfsii ì dc scddi8 - kd si arcppc cdfrs `cgs dis mckg it ånbcqui nfup ì mckg kd ritigtkt di tkgtimigt `‛ugi X::;] pkâni ì 9ar, tfmjcgt nfmmi pcr sfrniddirki `cgs di virri nfuvirt. Uuks kd prktìux ↞ugi↞ tfurtiriddis `fgt kd akt gcçtri ìux, ig arcppcgt ìssus8 -kd prkt cdfrs dis ìux tfurtiriddis it dis igvidfppc `cgs sfg mfunbfkrì pfnbi8 d tigcgt ckgsk di pcquit cvin dis tfurtfuriddis å dc mckg, kdarcppc ìssus it `kt, qu‛fg dis ritrfuvirckt `cgs di tkrfkr `‛ugi pitktinckssi, qu‛kd cvckt ackt pdcnir sur ugi tcjdi cu nðtë fppfsë ì dc scddi<- Igsukti kd akt mittri ug pfmircgnkir sur dc tcjdi8 fg g‛y vkt gk adiurs

gk arukts8 kd mkt cdfrs ugi pitkti dcmpi sfrnkâri cu ìssfus ì X:>5]d‛crjri, quk dckssc lckddkr kmmi`kctkmigt ìs jfutfgs, puks ìs adiurs,puks igakg ìs arukts8 - Bfu`kg ig nuiddkt ìux, disquids kd `kstrkjuc,tcg`ks qu‛kd dckssi di trfkskâmi sur d‛crjri. Kd imprugtc igsukti ugmfunbfkr ì pfnbi it ugi ndia8 qu‛kd y cttcnbc puks kd ig aks ug pc-quit qu‛kd litc `cgs dc `krintkfg ù pujdkn, ig `kscgt ig mìmi timpsqui di afudcr` ìvckt si trfuvir cdfrs `cgs di arukt sur d‛crjri8 nfm-mcg`cgt cvin sc jcouitti di arukt s‛igtri fuvrçt it kd ig sfrtkt di afu-dcr` ↞& dc ndia ↞8 ìux pcpkddfgs cssks cux ìux jfuts it jcttcgt cvindiurs pitktis ckdis simjdckigt ↞virs nis fjlits↞. Cprâs nit isncmftcoi,



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kd pig`kt pcr ì akds ì sfki ugi pigùdi ì virri trcgspcrigti X:>3]cu pdcafg`8 dc pigùdi ëtckt pdcïëi ì mcgkâri å ni qu‛iddi gi pøtcvfkr cunugi nfmmugknctkfg, gk å d‛ckì ù pdcgnbir gk pcr di pdc-afg`. D‛crtksti quk si tkgt igsukti ìjfut å ug jfut ì dc nbcmjri akttfurgir cu orë ì sis `ëskrs d‛ckoukddi cu nc`rcg ì d‛bfrdfoi. Kd dcksscigsukti å dc vfdfgti ìs spintctiurs `‛kg`kquis d‛biuri qu‛kds vfu-dckigt, qui d‛ckoukddi mfgtrêt8 it niddi-nk ixinutc tfut `‛ugi mcgkârimirvikddiusi Igsukti kd aut cppfrtë it mks sur dc tcjdi ug cutfmêtiig dkvrëi, tigcgt ug auskd å dc mckg8 - D‛isncmftiur `kstrkjui fu akt`kstrkjuir igtri dis spintctiurs ug liu ì ncrtis8 kd kgtirrfois igsuktisfg cutfmêti, quk duk ripfg`kt X:>:] ig bfnbcgt, fu kgndkgcgt dctìti8 d‛cutfmêti aut kg`kquir cvin orcgì ixcntktuì dis ncrtis `kaai-rigtis ↞dis↞ quiddis cvckigt ëtë `kstrkjuëis å d‛ugi it d‛cutri pirsfg-gi. Uuks igsukti kd si prìtc ug jcoui dcquiddi kd jrksc it nbcroi `cgsdi auskd ì sfg cutfmêti. Niduknk tkrc igsukti ug nfup ì auskd it orê-ni å d‛crt ì d‛isncmftcoi dc jcoui aut cppfrtë pcr ug pitkt cgoi ignkri, quk si divc ì ìrrkâri ugi crjri. Igsukti kd prkc pduskiurs spin-tctiurs `‛ënrkri ug nirtckg gfmjri ì nbkaaris sur ug mfrnicu ì pc-pkir, qu‛kd pdks it mkt igsukti sfus ugi ndfnbi ì virri, ì sfrti quitfus dis spintctiurs pfuvckigt di vfkr. Igsukti kd cddc kgtirrfoir sfgcutfmcti, quk X:>>] d‛kg`kquc `‛ugi mcgkâri mirvikddiusimigtixcnti gfg siudimigt tfus dis nbkaari mcks ignfri d‛c``ktkfg ì tfusigsimjdi. - Uuks kd aut cppfrtë it mks sur dc tcjdi ugi lfdki pitktimcksfg ig jfks `‛ug 0 pki`s ì dfgouiur it ì :. ì dcroiur, ripri-

sigtcgt ug ncaë ristcurcgt. C d‛fr`ri ̀ i d‛crtksti di ocrïfg igtrifuvrktdis pfrtis it si prisigtc cu pujdkn ig kgndkgcgt dc tìti8 - d‛isncmftiurakt tkrir igsukti dc dftirki8 cu mìmi kgstcgt fû ug gumërf aut tkrë ugcutri gumërf ù mìmi nbkaari sk trfuvc igtri `‛ugi mcgkâri ndcg-ìstkgi `cgs dc mckg `‛ug ìs spintctiurs, cuquid d‛crtksti `ëskogcpfur rënfmpigsi tcgtðt ugi ug gfuviddi ë`ktkfg ̀ i dc Afgtckgi, tcg-tðt X:>0] —`fuzi nfuvirts `‛croigt” (3: nfuvirts `‛croigt), tcgtftug pitkt pft cu tbë. D‛ë`ktkfg ̀ i dc afgtckgi, quk aut cppfrtëi ̀ i suk-ti pcr di ocrïfg ↞cutfmêti↞ cu ristcurcgt ixnktc dc rksië ì tfut dimfgì, pncr ni g‛ëtckt qu‛ug pitkt adcnfg cvin ì d‛icu ndckri. Uuks

`fuzi nfuvirts `‛croigt g‛ëtckigt qu‛ug mfrnicu ì pcpkir pfrtcgtdi nbkaari 3:, it nfuvirt ìs ìux nðtës `‛ugi aiukddi `‛croigt mkgni.- Uuks di ocrïfg cppfrtc ug orcg` gfmjri ì ncrtis, sur disquiddisëtckigt kg`kquëis dis mits qu‛kd y cvckt cu ristcurcgt. Urigcgs nisncrtis Bfu`kg dis `kstrkjuc cu pujdkn, ig d‛kgvktcgt ig mìmi timpsì si ackri `fggir, ni qu‛kds ìskrckigt cvfkr. Cdfrs d‛ug ìmcg`c ugvfdit cu X:>9] vigt, d‛cutri ug virri ̀ i dkmfgcì itn, it di ocrïfg quksi tkgt sur di siukd ì dc pfrti s‛ig cddc cussktðt pfur nbirnbir niqu‛fg cvckt ìmcgì it qu‛kd cppfrtc scgs dc mfkg`ri bësktctkfg.Nitti mcgkâri `‛cokr simjdc ackri jicunfup ì pdckskr cu pujdkn. Dc



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`kstrkjutkfg akgk, d‛isncmftiur `kt, å prisigt li m‛ig vcks isncmftirmfg akds it di ackri `kspcrcçtri C nit iaaìt kd pdcïc sfg akds X6]igacgt ì35 cgs sur ugi tcjdi scgs rkìcux, scgs rkig it di nfuvrkt `‛ugi sfrti`‛igtfggfkr `‛ugi itfaai gfkri, si tigcgt puks å d‛cutri ixtrimktë ùscdfg kd tkrc ug nfup ì pkstfdit, d‛igtfggfkr s‛igdivc it d‛igacgt cvckt`kspcrø it sfrtkt igsukti X:>1] ì dc pfsti fppfsëi ìs tbëctri. Dipirâ duk dkc (pcgsc) igsukti dis yiux it di akt s‛cssifkr sur ugi nbcksi.

Cdfrs d↞‛↞izsncmftiur cddc cuprâs ìs spintctiurs, q `fgt kd si akt`fggir mkddi fjlits ̀ kaairigts tfut ig tfurgcgt di `fs virs d‛igacgt itig kgtirrfoicgt ni ̀ irgkir sur ni qu‛kd tkgt å dc mckg. C d‛ëtfggimigtì tfuti d‛cssimjdii d‛igacgt ripfg`kt cvin dc pdus orcgì ixcntktuìcux quistkfgs quk duk aurigt acktis, quistkfgs `‛ugi gcturi sk `kaaknkdiå ìvkgir, qui li aus ëjdfuk ig vfycgt ni quk si pcssc. Igtri cutri lirimks mc ndia å d‛isncmftiur cakg `‛kgtirrfoir sfg akds sfus quid gu-mirf X:>?] li ìmiurck å mfg bðtid8 d‛igacgt rëpfg`kt :1 ni quk istafrt lusti. Uuks li duk `fggck mfg nbcpicu8 di pâri ig riocr`cgt `cgsdc ̀ fujduri ̀ i ni ìrgkir ̀ imcgì ↞igocoir↞ di akds `‛ëpiddir di gfmìs acjrkqucgt, di dkiu ì dc vkddi fû di nbcpicu cvckt ëtë ackri ckgskqui di gumërf ì dc rui8 - å tfut niddc d‛igacgt ripdkquc `‛ugi mcgkâ-ri cussk prënksi qui pfsskjdi. igcgt mc mfgtri sur mfk igpfnbi, li`ëskrck di pâri qui di akds mi `kt quiddi biuri kd ëtckt sur m/mfgtri.Mc mfgtri s‛ëtckt ug piu `ëtrcquëi, mcks gëcgmfkgs di liugi bfm-mi mi `kt cvin orcgì prinkskfg quiddi biuri kd ëtckt. Urigcgt cdfrsmc mfgtri å dc mckg, d‛isncmftiur X:>2] dc riocr`c it mi ìmcg`c

igsukti ig qufk li vfudus qui dc mfgtri si mëtcmfrpbfsêt (nbcg-oiêt)8 li duk `ks `cgs ugi quiui `‛ug dcpkg jdcgn it vrckmigt cumìmi mfmigt cu dkiu ì dc mfgtri li tkgs d‛fjlit ìskrë å dc mckg8arcppcgt igsukti sur dc quiui cvin sc jcquitti, kd ënbcgoic ì gfu-vicu dc quiui ̀ cgs dc mfgtri. Igsukti dc tfkdi aut aumëi, dis adcmmisì ocz ëtikgtis it mfg d‛crtksti gfus acvfrksc ì afrt lfdkis riprisig-tctkfgs `‛cmjris nbkgfksis ig nfudiur igdumkgëi, dis pcyscois, akou-ris, igakg tfut ni qui gfus vkmis ëtckt trâs jkig ackt it crrcgoë X:>;]Di dc,

Ig rësumcgt ̀ fgn igakg di akd ì mis cvigturis ̀ cgs dis lcr`kg ̀ is

pcdcks ìs ukdirkis, cux ìux nðtës ì d‛fjëdksqui sc trfuvcgt `‛ëdi-ocgtis afgtckgis ̀ ‛icux, litcgt pcr pdus ì nigt fuvirturis, d‛idimigtcvin ugi ixtrìmi afrni. Cvcgt `‛crrkvir cux afgtckgis mfg oukì mimfgtrc dc pdcni `‛fû di mcdacktiur cvckt tkrë sur di rfk8 n‛ëtckt cssizdfkg ̀ i jcdnfg fû si trfuvckt ̀ fgn pcs, qu‛kd sfkt pfsskjdi ̀ ‛cttikg`rini ìrgkir å ugi sk orcgì `kstcgni. - Ucrtfut cu lcr`kg, si trfuvigtì mcogkakquis stctuis ì mcrjri8 riprisigtcgti ì `kvirs fjlits cd-dëofrkquis. Nfgtkgucgt dc rfuti ig dkogis `rfkti gfus vkgmis cuxNbcmps Idksëi X:05] Nis ̀ irgkirs sfgt `‛kmmigsi pcrns, igtrisimëscvin ìs mcksfgs ì pdckskr, ìs ncaës ìs ristcurcgts itn tfus `‛ugi



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crnbktinturis spdig`kì Dis pcrns faarigt ug cspint ` cutcgt pdus km-pfscgt8 qu kds sfus dis crjris y sfgt pdcgtës `cgs ìs dkogis dfgouisit `rfktis. - @i timps ig timps li kd y c cussk ì lfdkis afgtckgis, quksi mcrkigt afrt jkig cvin nitti mcogkakqui prfmigcì. ~ Cu jfutìs Nbcmps-Idksëis ist d‛Crn ì rkfmpbi ì d‛Itfkdi, ni mfgumigtnfdfsscd8 ërkoë å dc odfkri ìs crmis arcgïcksis tcgt sfus dc rëpujdkquiqui sfus d‛impkri. ^fus di pfkgt ì vui bkstfrkqui, ckgsk qui pcr scgfjdi it X:03] mclistuiusi skmpdknktë, n‛ist di pdus kmpfrtcgt it dipdus jid ë`kakni mfìrgi qu‛fg pukssi vfkr, it `fgt d‛k`ëi orcg`kfsigi afurrckt ëndfri qui ̀ u nirvicu ì d bfmmi ̀ i oëgki quk ig fr`fg-gc d‛ixënutkfg. Li mi ìpigsi (ìtkigs) ì ackri knk dc ìsnrkptkfgsmkgutkiusi ̀ is orfupis, ̀ is jcs-ridkias it ̀ ‛cutris snudpturis ̀ u mf-gumigt ni qu‛fg vfkt cvin prënkskfg `cgs misc Xkdd. wr`.] ↞ìsnrkp-tkfg kmprkgtëi↞ ì Ucrks Fg mfgti å d‛kgtërkiur pcr ìs isncdkirs åvks prctkquës `cgs dis mcsskas dctërcux it d‛fg crrkvi `‛cjfr` `cgspduskiurs orcgìs scddis ig vfuti quk fgt d‛cspint ìs cgnkigs tfm-jicux ëoyptkigs, puks fg nfgtkgui ̀ i mfgtir lusqui sur dc suracni ̀ id‛ë`kakni, ì dcquiddi fg `ënfuvri ugi vui c`mkrcjdi it tfutis X:0:]dis ncmpcogis igvkrfggcgtis.KdX66] pdiuvckt cssiz afrt8 gëcgmfkgs liprëaërck ì ritfurgir å pki`. Cprâs cvfkr `kgë, pcyë di nfmmksskfg-gckri it mcg`ë niduk-nk pfur di digìmckg mctkg å 2 biuris, li mirig`ks cdiu orcgì Fpërc (fu Cnc`ëmki rfycd ̀ i Muskqui). Di orcg`Fpërc ist kgnfgtistcjdimigt di pdus pfmpiux, di pdus spdig`kì dipdus pristkokiux spintcndi qu‛fg pukssi vfkr8 cussk ist kd tfulfurs di

pdus rinbirnbë ìs oigs ì oføt, ìs oigs ì ofut, ↞nfggckssiurs↞ itìs ëtrcgoirs ì `kstkgntkfg. - Li suks cssurë, qui `cgs cunugi pcysù mfgì d‛fg gi trfuvi ugi rëugkfg `‛cussk jfgs crtkstis ù pri-mkir mërkti, sfkt pfur di nbcgt sfkt pfur dc `cgsi, X:0>] sfkt pfurd‛kgstrumigtctkfg. D‛ixënutkfg vfncdi it kgstrumigtcdi ist sujdkmi,it pfur dc `cgsi rkig g‛ëocdksi d‛ixtrìmi sfupdissi, afrni it idëocgniìs `cgsiurs it `cgsiusis, lfkgtis cvin tcgt ì orêni ì dëoâriti,ì prinkskfg `cgs diurs mfuvimigts8 puks tcgt ì piraintkfg it ìrëoudcrktë `cgs d‛igsimjdi8 puks dc rknbissi, dc vcrkëtë ìs nfstumis,d‛ëtigùi ì dc snâgi, di gfmjri ì pirsfggcoi8 dc jicutë it dc arck-

siur ìs `ënfrctkfgs, diur vërktë kmktctkvi ì dc gcturi, lfkogiz å nidcd‛igtigti pcrackti ì dc mksi ig snâgi, quk clfuti sk puksscmmigt åd‛kgtirìt ì d‛cntkfg `rcmctkqui, tfut ig ug mft nfgtrkjui å prf-ùkri tiddimigt å prfùkri ugi kdduskfg nfmpditi, qui di spintctiurX:00] scksk, trcgspfrtë, å dc vui ̀ i tcgt ̀ i mirvikddis rëugkis, gi piutrivigkr ì sc surprksi it ì sfg c`mkrctkfg. - D‛fg riprësigtc ni sfkr-då —Oukddcumi idd”. -

Ig cddcgt cû ni tbëctri kd acut trcvirsir ug dfgo jczcr ì lfdkisjfutkquis, disquiddis å dc dumkâri ù ocz faarigt di sfkr ugi vui ìspdus jiddis. - ^cmi`k di :3 Gfvimjri virs dis 2 biuris li mi rig`ks



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cvin m/oukì å dc stctkfg ù nbimkg ì air ì Qirsckddis8 - gfus y cr-rkvfgs ug piu trfp tcr` it gfus cddêmis `fgn ig cttig`cgt c ‒d Iodksiì dc Mcìdikgi ë`kakni mcogkakqui ì d‛crnbktinturi mfìrgi mcksprisigtcgt ugi ↞dc afrmi `‛ug↞ timpdi ì d‛cgtkquktë. C d‛igtfur sitrfuvigt X:09] 02 nfdfggis ncggkdëis `‛fr`ri nfrkgtbkig8 - d‛ëodksiist nfgstrukti ig pcrcddëdforcmmi. N‛ist ugi nfgstruntkfg ìs pdus

lfdkis qui l‛ck lcmcks vø, ncr `cgs tfut d‛ë`kakni kd g‛y c pcs ug mfr-nicu ì jfks Dis pfrtis sfgt ì jrfgzi kd g‛y c pfkgt ì aigitri dcti-rcdis (cunug lfur ist prctkquë `cgs dis mørs) it tfut d‛kgtërkiur istëndckrë `‛ug bcut. -

Di tfkt nfgsksti ig jrfgzi it ig air. D‛kgtërkiur ì d‛ëodksi istmcogkakquimigt c`frgi ̀ i snudpturis, ̀ fruris it pikgturis, quk pri-sigtigt ìs snâgis ì dc vki ì dc Mcìdikgi. Gfus pcrtçmis igsuktipfur Qirsckddis8 - ugi ìux nðtës ì dc rfuti gfus gi vkmis qui ììdknkiusis ncmpcogis jkig nudtkvëis it igtrimktëis ì lfdkis mck-sfgs. -

X:01] Dis aimmis arcgïcksis sfgt jicunfup pdus bcr`kis it rë-sfdøis qui dis acm di jicu sixi ig Zusski. Mfg oukì it mfk gfusfnnupêmis å mis arcks ìs pdcnis ù primkir rcgo å nit tfut ig pcr-dcgt ktcdkig igsimjdi8 å nðtë ì mfk ëtckt cssksi ugi `cmi dcquiddi`‛cprâs å luoir `‛cprâs sfg spdig`kì ixtërkiur it sc mcogkakqui pc-ruri, ìvckt ìtri ugi `cmi ì bcuti `kstkgntkfg. C pikgi mi trfuvck

li nkgq mkgutis cuprâs `‛iddi, qucg` iddi igtcmc it nfgtkguc uginfgvirsctkfg ìs pdus cmkncdis cvin mfk. Gftri `ksnfurs rfudc sur

mkddi fjlits `kaairign8 it pcrsukti ù orcg` cttcnbimigt ↞it ì d‛ca-aintkfg skgnâris↞ qui li pfrti igvirs Mfsnfu it sis X:0?] bcjktcgts,it å afrni ì pigsir nfgstcmmigt å ni dkiu, fû si rëugkssigt tfusmis `ëskrs, li gi pfuvcks vrckmigt pcs m‛impìnbir ì mi `kri tfu-

lfurs `cgs ig ni dfgoi vfycoi `‛ìtri Zussi, `‛ìtri gctka ì Mfsnfu. L‛iprfuvcks tcgt ì pdckskr å `kri nidc it li m‛y cnnfr`øgcks tiddimigt,qu‛igakg li pigscks mfkmìmi qui l‛ëtcks Mfsnfvkti. Li rcnfgtck ̀ fgngcturiddimigt å nitti `cmi cussk, qui l‛ëtcks Zussi8 M li suks fggi piut pdus ignbcgtë iddi mi `kt `‛cvfkr di pdckskr ì vfycoir cvinug russi, cvin quidqui ì ni pcys odfrkiux qui dis Arcgïcks rispin-

tcgt it istkmigt jinfup `cgs dis bckr. Crrkvës igakg å Qirsckddis gfusgfus bctêmis cu X:02] nbcticu. ^k Ucrks ist iaaintkvimigt dc pdusjiddi vkddi ì d‛Iurfpi, Qirsckddis ig ist å lusti tçtri dc pdus lfdki. Dis@‛cjfr` sc sktuctkfg ist ìs pdus corëcjdis, d‛ckr qu‛fg y rispkri ìspdus scdujris8 igsukti iddi ist prisqui igtkirimigt jêtki cvin oføt,ëdëocgni it ugi rëoudcrktë pcracçti, tfutis sis ruis prkgnkpcdis sfgtnfmmi cdkogëis cu nfr`fg. D‛ëtrcgoir, quk crrkvigt pfur dc primkâriafks gi pigti pcs s‛impìnbir ì ristir ig ixtcsi ìvcgt å d‛cspintì d‛kmpfscgti it mcogkakqui pdcni `‛crmis, sk rknbimigt igtfurëi`‛ë`kaknis. It `‛cjfr` ni sfgt nis ëdëocgts it vcstis jêtkmigts, cg-



3;5

nkiggimigt nfgscnrës cux ënurkis ù rfk it puks fu it `fgt fg X:0;]c ackt ìpuks ìs ncsirgi8 puks ig acni d‛ugi ìs jiddis acïcìs ùnbcticu, prëni`ëi ì dc orcgì nfur `‛bfggiur, sk rknbimigt frgëi,it sur d‛ug ìs nðtës dc sfmptuiusi nbcpiddi, vui ixtërkiurimigt,it prâs ì dc quiddi sfgt dis orcgìs crncìs vfutiis, sirvcgt `‛ig-trëi pujdkqui cux lcr`kgs kgtërkiurs ù pcrn8 tfut nit igsimjdi igakgafrmi ug spintcndi, qu‛fg gi piut si dcssir `‛c`mkrir. Mcks kd sckt niquk gi scurckt si ìnrkri, n‛ist dc mcogkaknigni kgtirkiuri ù pcdcksit ì sis c`mkrcjdis `ëpig`cgnis. fut ni qui d‛kmcokgctkfg piutigacgtir ì pdus pristkokiux it ì pdus aëërkqui g‛c rkig ì nfmpcrc-jdi å ni qui di oføt dc rknbissi dc orcgìur, ck`ës ù oëgki X:95] ìd‛crt fgt si rcssimjdir ì mirvikddis `cgs nitti spdig`kì ìmiuriYg vfdumi suaakrckt å pikgi pfur ig ackri ugi ìsnrkptkfg ixcnti itnkrnfgstcgnkëi, surtfut pfur ig pcrdir cvin dis nfggcksscgnis prfpriså ig ackri rissfrtkr tfutis dis jicutës Di pcdcks si nfmpfsi ì trfksnfrps ì jêtkmigts prkgnkpcux. 31 stctuis nfdfsscdis ig mcrjri sfgtpdcnëis `cgs dc nfur ù pcdcks. Dc nfddintkfg ì tcjdicux å Qirsckddisist jicu-nfup pdus orcgì ignfri qui niddi ù Dfuvri. Dc pduspcrtìs tcjdicux riprësigtigt ìs jctckddis, quk fgt ëtë ocogëis pcr disarcgïcks. Li g‛ëtcks pcs ëtfggë `‛y vfkr cunug tcjdicu ìs cvigturisit ìs X:93] jctckddis ì Gcpfdifg ig Zusski. - Dis vcstis lcr`kgs ùpcdcks sfgt ì nbias-`‛fiuvri c`mkrcjdis8 ig dis vfycgt kds actkquigtd‛c`mkrctkfg pcr dc vcrkëtë, dc rknbissi ì diur scvcgti it orcnkiusi`kstrkjutkfg8 igakg pcr dc mudtktuì `‛fjlits `‛crt qu‛kds rigairmigt.

Dc ig iaaits sfgt prf`kouis dis jcsskgs dis pdus rknbis it dis pdus ëdë-ocgts, dis lits `‛icu, dis ncsncìs ì d‛iaait di pdus surprigcgt dc tfutidc mktbfdfoki c ëtë mksi ig liu ̀ cgs ugi afudi ̀ i orfupis, ̀ i stctuis,ì vcsis, ì nfdfggis tcgt ig mcrjri qu‛ig jrfgzi, it ixënutës cvindc piraintkfg dc pdus rcri pcr dis crtkstis dis pdus ig rigfm `cgs ditimps ̀ i Dfuks 30 Cussk dc vui ist iddi imirvikddëi å d‛cspint ̀ i X:9:]nitti acïcì aëërkqui ù nbcticu, ìvcgt dcquiddi si `ëvidfppigt ìsk jiddis tirrcssis, it ni jicu tcpks virt, sk rknbimigt igtfurë ì vir-ùri, ì stctuis it ì jcskgs8 nis cddëis nis cviguis quk s‛ëtig`rckt ìtfutis pcrtk sfkt ig skguiux `ëtfurs, sfkt å pirti ì vui, it cu jfut

ìsquids fg cpirïfks pfur pirspintkvi, `‛ug nðtë dc jiddi pkâni `‛icuì Dukssis, ig acni di ncgcd, it ì d‛cutri nðtë dis pcdcks ì rkcgfg,nis spdig`kìs ritrcktis qu‛caaintkfggckt tcgt Dfuks 39. Zitfurgë ig-akg å Ucrks å 1 biuris ù sfkr, li mi rig`ks igsukti nbiz dc acmkddiì Mr D. quk m‛cvckt kgvktë å pcssir dc sfkrëi nbiz iddi8 - kd y cvckt dcugi orcg` sfnkitë X:9>] li m‛ig cddck å ;>/

0 pfur csskstir å dc acmiusi

trcoë`ki —Cjuacr” fu dc acmkddi Crcji”, `fgt l‛ëtcks imirvikddë. Didigìmckg `kmcgnbi l‛cvcks dc vkskti ì pduskiurs cgnkigs cmks, cvindis quids l‛cddck vfkr dc mcksfg ̀ ‛ixpfsktkfg ̀ is pirsfggis, quk fgt ëtëtrfuvëis mfrtis. Uuks gfus cddêmis cu Ucgtbifg, nfgscnrë å rinivfkr



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gcturiddimigt jicunfup pdus prfmpti, pcr ni qui di sfdikd, quk jrkddipig`cgt tfuti dc lfurgëi sur dis pcrfks, y prfùkt tfut gcturiddi-migt ugi jicunfup pdus orcgì nbcdiur, qui `cgs dis nbcmps. - Dcorcgì vcrkctkfg `cgs dis vuis simjdckt bcrmfgksir cvin nitti ìsvfycoiurs, ̀ fgt å nbcqui stctkfg kd igtri it sfrtkt ugi orcg` gfmjri.

L‛cvcks `fgn d‛fnncskfg ì dkir mkddi nfgvirsctkfgs cvin mkddi pir-sfggis `kaaërignis. Igtri cutri li m‛igtritkgs cvin ug kg`kvkù afrtkgtirisscgt, quk akt pdus X:9;] skiurs rimcrquis afrt å prfpfs qucgt ådc vki guptkcdi ig Arcgni. @‛cprâs sfg fpkgkfg, kd g‛crrkvi qui trâs rc-rimigt, qui dis Ucrkskigs vkvigt biuriux cvin diurs aimmis. ^‛ëtcgtëpuksës å d‛coi tig`ri ig si dkvrcgt å dc ìjcunbi cvin tfuti ëgiroki,diurs pignbcgts bfrrkjdis diur fgt ìrfjës d‛cmfur, ni `fux `fg ùnkid8 qu‛kds gi piuvigt a, gi scvigt pcs sigtkr, kds gi afgt cunug ncsì diurs aimmis kds dis gëodkoigt it nfgtkgucgt å sukvri diurs kgndk-gctkfgs jdcmêjdis, quk caackjdkssigt it afgt `kspcrcçtri dis acnudtëspbyskquis it mfrcdis. Dc vki, ni tkssu ì vknkssktuìs, si pcssi X:15]`fgn vçti pfur nis oigs it kg ricdktë, iddi g‛ist pfur cux qu‛ugi nfgtk-guctkfg ì nrkmis. Qirs trfks biuris ì d‛cprâs mk`k gfus pcssêmis åorcg` trckg dis dkiux fû d‛cnnkìgt augisti ist crrkvë cu mfks `‛Cføt.Qrckmigt, dc prfvkìgni g‛curckt pø nbfkskr ugi pdcni pdus cprfprkëipfur d‛coorcg`kssimigt ù mcdbiur. Då di nbimkg ì air nfgùkt sur↞ug rimpcrt jêtks↞ ug tirrckg mcrëncoiux8 d‛ëdivctkfg ù nbimkgì air ist `‛igvkrfg >5 pki`s. Ig jcs si trfuvigt ìs ìux nðtë ìsmcrcks prfafg`s rimpdks ì d‛icux å :5 pki`s. cg`ks qui dis lfur-

gcux arcgïcks ig X:13] tênbcgt å `kmkguir di mcdbiur, nfgstctckigtdi gfmjri ìs vkntkmis å 30, fg ënrkvkt `cgs g/ lfurgcux russis qui15 pirsfggis cvckigt pirkX66]8 it li nrfks jkig qui nis ìrgkirs fgtrcksfg, ncr, sirckt kd pfsskjdi, qu‛fg pøt si `ëocoir ì ìssfus ug tcskmmigsi ì vfkturis imjfurjëis `cgs dc acgoi å :5 pki`s cu ìs-sfus ì dc suracni ì d‛icu. Qir skx biuris ù sfkr gfus crrkvêmis ådc arfgtkâri jidoi, fû gfs iaaâts sujkrigt d‛kgspintkfg dc pdus mkgu-tkiusi ì dc pcrcìs faaknkirs ì dc `fucgi C diur quistkfg, sk s‛cvcksìs fjlits, sulits cux `rfkts, li X:1:] diur ripfg`ks, qui li m‛ëtckscnbitë pduskiurs afudcr`s it nrcvcttis, quk g‛ëtckigt pcs furdëis. Yg

ndkg `‛fikd skogkaknctka ì mc pcrt suaakt pfur diur ackri nfmprig`riqu‛kds ìvckigt cttig`ri ugi orctkaknctkfg ì mc pcrt. Mis sfkirkispcssârigt `fgn diur ixcmig, scgs qui li pcycssi ìs `rfkts. Dis kgsf-digt, kd g‛cvckigt pcs mìmi bfgti ì afukddir mis pfnbis, pfur vfkr,sk l‛cvcks qqs nbfsi8 qui li vfudcks ackri pcssis sfus arcuì. - Li gipigsi pcs, qui di nbimkg ì air ù Gfr` pukssi rig`ri jfg nfmpti,ncr å ug luoir `‛cprâs di pitkt gfmjri ì pcsscoirs, quk X:1>] vfyc-oârigt skmudtcgimigt cvin mfk, dc rfuti g‛ist qui afrt piu ariquig-tëi. - Gëcgmfkgs dis cntkfgs s Xkdd. wr`.] tkiggigt cssiz bcutis, vrck-simjdcjdimigt `cgs d‛ispfkr qui d‛ëtêt ì nbfsis prig`rc ug cspint



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pdus acvfrcjdi pcr sukti ìs `kvirs imjrcgnbimigts quk vkiggigt si lfkg`ri cvin di orcg` nbimkg ù gfr`. Igakg å ;3/

0 ù sfkr l‛crrkvck

å Jruxiddis, dc ncpktcdi ì dc Jidokqui. Uig`cgt m/ sëlfur å Cmsjuro l‛cvcks igtigù jicunfup `‛ixcoërctkfg ì J., qu‛fg mi pikogcktnfmmi dc vkddi dc pdus jiddi X:10] ù mfgì8 - mi vfycgt ↞`fgn↞ tcgt-sfkt-piu trfmpë `cgs mis cttigìs J. mi privkgt cu primkirìjøt mfkgs ig sc acviur, qu‛kd iøt ackt, sk d‛fg gi m‛ig cvckt pcsacks tcgt `‛ëdfois. Li prks mfg dfoimigt å d‛bðtid ì ûâì” quk miaut rinfmmcg`ë pcr ug ìs vfycoiurs cu nbimkg ì air. D‛bðtid ìûiì ist di primkir bðtid å Jruxiddis, li aus `fgn nfgtigt ì mfgnbfkx. Li riïus ug lfdk pitkt cppcrtimigt `fggcgt sur dc nfur. Cycgt`ëpfsë mfg jcocoi li mi rig`ks `cgs dc scddi å mcgoir fû li mi aks`fggir ug ixniddigt sfupir nfgskstcgt ig pêtkssirki, jfiua å dc mfì,vicux, vfdckddi X:19] it pfu`kgo it ugi jfutikddi ì vkg8 - li sfupckcvin ìux ûiìs, liugis oigs, `‛ug ixtërkiur ixtrìmimigt stupkìquk `kgt nfmmi kds mi `krigt, vfycoiur pfur diur pdckskr. -

Mi sigtcgt bcrrcssë ì actkquis, li mi nfunbck tfut-ì-sukticprâs sfupir. Li m‛ëvikddck å ? biuris ù mctkg, it cprâs cvfkr prks ugjfg ncaë cu dckt, li sfrtks ig bcjkts ì vfycoi, cakg ì vfkr dc vkddi.

Li `fks cvfuir arcgnbimigt, qui lcmcks ì mc vki li g‛ck vø riugks`cgs ug sk pitkt nkridi cutcgt ì pcdcks it ì mck-sfgs mcogkakquis.J. ist jêtk sur dc pigti `‛ugi mfgtcogi8 dis ruis sfgt cssiz dcrois itjkig pcvëis X:11] D‛crnbktinturi ìs mcksfgs ist tfut-å-ackt å dc pc-rkskiggi, jkig qui di stydi gi sfkt pcs cussk orcg`kfsimigt kmpfscgt.

Dis pcrfks ixtërkiuris sfgt nfuvirtis ì pdêtri fu cvin ì dc nfudiurå d‛bukdi. ^cgs scvfkr fû cddir li trcvirsck dc vkddi ig tfut sigs8 l‛igtrck`cgs dc orcgì nctbi`rcdi, `‛ug cgnkiggi ëodksi `‛ug cspint oftbk-qui8 - d‛kgtërkiur g‛faarkt pfkgt ì pcrtknudkir å d‛ixniptkfg ì qqis

lfdkis pikgturis prctkquëis `cgs dis aigìtris. Igsukti li mi rig`ks cupcrn sktuë cu nigtri ̀ i dc vkddi. Igtfurë ̀ i pcdcks mcogkakquis ni pcrnfaari d‛cspint di pdus corëcjdi8 dis cddëis it X:1?] cviguis sfgt jkigoigtkdis C d‛ugi ìs ixtrëmktës ù pcrn si trfuvi ërkoë ugi sfrti ìpcvkddfg orcg`, fû kd si `fggi ìs nfgnirts `cgs d‛ëtë8 Dis cddëis sfgtcdkogiis ì lfdkis justis, dis quiddis qufkqui pitktis, nfgtrkjuigt å

`fggir å d‛igsimjdi d‛ckr dis pdus jicu. Di pcdcks rfycd, quk ackt acnicu-pcrn rissimjdi å ug lfdk jêtkmigt jfuroifks å ^t Uitirsjfuro,scgs faarkr rkig ì pcrtknudkir å d‛fikd ̀ u spintctiur. Uuks li pcrnfuruspduskiurs jiddis ruis, trcvirsck dc pdcni ù orcg` tbëctri it vkgs ig-sukt `cgs dc rui ì dc Mcìdikgi, qu‛fg istkmi nfmmi dc pdus jiddiì nitti vkddi. Ucsscgt cuprâs ì pduskiurs jfutkqui X:12] dkjrckrkis,di oføt mi prkt `‛y igtrir pfur cnbitir d‛fuvrcoi —Dc Xkdd. wr`.] igXkdd. wr`.], ënrkt pcr di Xkdd. wr`.]Xkdd. wr`.]8 Ni dkvri, quk nføti fr-`kgckrimigt 3:ar, li d‛fjtkgs pfur 1 ar å afrni ì mcrnbcgìr. Nitfuvrcoi m‛kgtirrissi jicunfup, qufkqui li g‛clfuti dc mfkg`ri afk



3;0

cu nfgtigu - Urfaktcgt ì d‛fnncskfg l‛cnbitck ignfri ìs nfmi`kisktcdkiggis å rcksfg ì > arcgns. Igsukti å afrni `‛kgtirrfoir li trfu-vck di —Mcggihipks” pitkti afgtckgi prfvigcgt ̀ ‛ugi stctui ̀ ‛igacgt`‛ugi mcgkâri kg`ënigti. Ucks li mi rig`ks nbiz mfk pfur nfupir disaiukddis ìs dkvris qui li vkgs `‛cnbitir, X:1;] ncr kd g‛ist pcs pirmks`‛ig kgtrfùkri ig Urussi, å mfkgs qui dis dkvris g‛ckigt pcs ëtë usës.

C 33½ li pcrtks pfur Cgvirs, fû l‛crrkvck å 3:·. Cuprâs ì mfk ëtckt½ li pcrtks pfur Cgvirs, fû l‛crrkvck å 3:·. Cuprâs ì mfk ëtckt li pcrtks pfur Cgvirs, fû l‛crrkvck å 3:·. Cuprâs ì mfk ëtcktcssksi ugi ai `cmi arcgïcksi, ixquksimigt jkig mksi8 Cpikgi aus - liigtrë ig vfkturi, qu‛iddi mi akt igtcmi `‛iddi mìmi nfgvirsctkfgcvin mfk. iddi mi prkt `‛cjfr` pfu nfmmi å d‛fr`kgckri pfur ugcgodcks mcks cussktðt qu‛iddi søt qui l‛ëtcks russi iddi mi `kt mkddiadcttirkis it igocoickt ugi nfgvirsctkfg ̀ is pdus cmkncdis. Iddi mi ̀ ktqu‛iddi bcjktckt Ucrks, fû iddi s‛ëtckt X:?5] mcrkëi kd y c ìux cggëiscvin ug bfmmi ì sfg pcys, ug pcrkskig, ug vrck vcurkig, quk si dk-vrckt å dc vki dc pdus kmmfrcdi, å sis pignbcgts dis pdus jistkcux, tfutig ji mcdtrcktcgt dc pcuvri aimmi tfus dis lfurs. Li dc pdckogcks8 quiiddi mi akt igsukti pduskiurs ↞ugi tfuti ì↞ quistkfgs å d‛ëocr` ìgfs aimmis russis ig ìmcg`cgt igtri cutri nfmmigt s‛bcjkddckigtgfs aimmis8 sk gfus gfus trfuvkfgs biuriux `cgs gftri vki pctrkcr-nbcdi itn li duk ripfg`ks, qui gfus riocr`kfgs gfus aimmis nfmmiìs ìtris sujdkmis, nfmmi ìs nrëcturis nëdistis it nfmmi di pdusncìcu X:?3] di pdus prënkiux, qui di jfg @kiux pukssi gfus ackriig clfutcgt, qui gfus d c`frkfgs gfs aimmis nfmmi ìs `ëissis,qui gfus vkvkfgs siudimigt pfur iddis it qui gfs iaafrts dis pdus

imprissës Dis pdus corëcjdis ëtckigt nfgtkguiddimigt impdfyës pfurrig`ri dc vki `‛iddis biuriusi it ug vrck pcrc`ks ì dc tirri. Yg tid`ksnfurs ì mc pcrt arcppc dc `cmi cu pdus vka8 iddi si mkt å pdiurirtfut ig pdckogcgt sfg mksërcjdi sfrt. Li nrfks, qui `cgs cunum pcysù mfgì d‛fg gi mâmi ugi vki ↞ig acmkddi↞ cussk biuriusi qui

lustimigt nbiz gfus. -Dis igvkrfgs ì J. sfgt ìs pdus jicux X:?:] ì airtkdis it oigtk-

dis pctørcois igsimës pcr ↞ìs↞ mkddkirs ì jëtckd s‛ëtigìgt å pirtiì vui. @i timps å cutri ì lfdkis mcksfgs ì ncmpcogi igtfurëisì lcr`kgs s‛ëdâvigt nfmmi ìs fcsks. -

Crrkvë å Cgvirs, li aus ì gfuvicu kmpfrtugë pcr d‛imprissi-migt ̀ is nfmmksskfggckris quk sfgt orcg` pbyskfgfmkstis it scvigtrinfggcçtri d‛ëtrcgoir cu primkir nfup `‛fikd. Gi prfaktcgt pcs ìdiurs sirvkni, l‛cddck primkirimigt vfkr dc bcuti tfur ì dc orcgìnctbë`rcdi. Zkig ì pdus actkoucgt qui ì mfgtir dis 155 mcrnbisìs isncdkirs å vks lusqu‛ig bcut ì dc tfur, quk ist scgs X:?>] nfgtrc-`kntkfg dc pdus bcuti ig Iurfpi. Crrkvë igakg ig bcut, li aus jkigrinfmpigsë pfur dc pikgi qui li m‛ëtcks `fggë pfur mfgtir pcr dcmcogkakqui vui qui↞k↞ s‛faarkt tcgt sur Cgvirs, qui sur sis rkcgtsigvkrfgs. Cgvirs, vkddi ̀ ë gv< >9,555 êmis ist ugi afrti afrtirissi cu



3;9

jfr` ̀ u adiuvi —Isncut” (^nbidì) quk ist gcvkocjdi @i prfafg`s afs-sës it ì bcuts jfudivcr`s igvkrfggigt dc vkddi. Urâs ì dc Nctbi`rcdisi trfuvi ugi orcgì pdcni mugki cvin d‛ugi stctui jrfgzi ̀ u nidâjripikgtri Zimjrcg`t. Cprâs cvfkr vø dc tfur, l‛cddck `kgir cu mcrnbëcux jdis it pdustcr` l‛ctt l‛cnbitck X:?0] dc pirmksskfg ì vfkr d‛kgtë-rkiur ̀ i dc Nctbi`rcdi, quk ëtckt airmëi. D‛ëodksi ist afrt jiddi it frgëiì pduskiurs pikgturis ̀ i Zimjrcg`t, pcrmk disquiddis dc ̀ isnigti ̀ i

Lisus Nbrkst ì dc Nrfkx, ckgsk qui a d‛ërintkfg ì dc nrfkx si `kstkg-ouigt pcrtknudkârimigt8 - dc pbyskfgfmki pêdi it acì ù ^cuviur,quk ckigt ì mfurkr, sis mckgs it pki`s scgodcgts d‛cspint pdckgtkas ìdc ̂ ckgti vkiroi cssksi cux pki`s ̀ i sfg akds, dc nrëpusnudi ̀ u sfkr, tfutnidc ist trâs jkig ackt. - Uuks li mi prfmigck cu dfgo ̀ u pfrt, fû å m/ëtfggimigt kd si trfuvckt afrt piu ì gcvkris. Dc X:?9] pdøpcrt ìsjctkmigts igtri sur d‛Isncut `cgs dc vkddi, ni quk acnkdkti jicunfup dinfmmirni. ì dc vkddi C Cgvirs kd g‛y c prisqui pfkgt ì lfdkis mck-sfgs8 d‛crnbktinturi y ist giodkoëi, tcg`ks qui tfuti cttigtkfg pfsskjdiist `krkoëi sur di nfmmirni. D‛igtripðt, qufkqui pitkt, ist lfdkmigtit orcg k̀fsimigt jêtk. - C 0½ biuris li ritfurgck å Jruxiddis. Ig½ biuris li ritfurgck å Jruxiddis. Igbiuris li ritfurgck å Jruxiddis. Igrfuti li mi trfuvck ig sfnkëtë cvin ug Ktcdkig it qqs Cgodcks. Cprâscvfkr prks ug jfg sfupir, li mi mks å nfgtkguir mfg lfurgcd. - L‛ckfujdkë ì lfkg`ri å dc ìsnrkptkfg ì Jruxiddis, nitti ù mfgumigtërkoë X:?1] sur dc pdcni ìs Mcrtyris å dc mimfkri ì niux, quk sisfgt scnrkakës pfur dc dkjirtë `cgs dc quirri cvin dis Bfddcg`cks ig32>:. Dc Jidokqui, riprësigtëi pcr ugi jiddi stctui cddëofrkqui ig

mcrjri si trfuvi pdcnëi sur ug bcut piìstcd ì pkirri8 å sis pki`s sitrfuvi ug dëfg ckgsk qu‛ig orcg`s gfmjris ̀ ‛bfmmis, riprisigtcgtsìs mcrtyris cvin ìs riocr`s pdckgtkas. Nitti orcgì it jiddi stctuiist pdcnëi cu mkdkiu `‛ugi orcgì ixncvctkfg `cgs dc tirri8 - fg s‛yrig` cu mfyig `‛ugi pitkt isncdkir8 dis pcrfks ì d‛ixncvctkfg sfgtimjiddkis X:??] pcr ìs tcjdicux kg`kqucgt dis gfms ìs vkntkmis itdis dkiux ì diurs gcksscgni. -

:; Gfvimjri

Ni mctkg li aus ëvikddë å 1 biuris. Cycgt imjcddë mis iaaìts, li dis

aks cppfrtir `cgs dc scddi å mcgoir, fû li pcyck mfg nfmpti mfgt-cgt å ar 3>½8 - l‛y clfutck : ar pfur dis `fmistkquis ncr, ig quidquipcys fû ig quidqui vkddi qui li mi trfuvi, l‛ckmi tfulfurs sctksackripdikgimigt d‛cvk`ktë ìs `fmistkquis8 - kd piut ìtri kg`kaairigt cuvfycoiur ì pcyir :5% pdus fu mfkgs8 pfur di `fmistkqui pcr nfg-tri ugi oigtkdi `funiur ist trâs coricjdi8 kd dc pfrti dfgo timps `cgssc mëmfkri X:?2] ìt kd tëmfkogi tfut imprissimigt pfsskjdi å niduk,quk duk c mfgtrë sc dkjërcdktë. Li pcrtks å ? biuris pcr d‛fmgkjus, qukmi nfgùkskt cu nbimkg ì air, `fgt dc stctkfg ist nirtckgimigt dcpdus jiddi qui l‛ck lcmcks vø. Di timps ëtckt trâs jicu it gfus cçmis

di divir ù sfdikd ig tfuti sc spdigìur. Di jicuti ì dc gcturi, ckgsk



3;1

qui dc sfnkëtë caacjdi qui l‛cvcks cuprâs ì mfk ixnktârigt mis kmcok-gctkfgs, it l‛ëtcks `fgn afrt ock. Zkig ì pdus corëcjdi qui di vfycoisur di nbimkg ì air8 dc afudi ì pcsscoirs quk igtri it quk s‛ig vcå nbcqui stctkfg dis mkddkirs ì nfggcksscgni qui vfus X:?;] acktiscvin ìs pirsfggis quk vfus gi rivfyiz lcmcks, tfut nit dc orcgìvcrkctkfg ìs fjlits quk s‛igvfdigt cux `‛ugi nðtës ù nbimkg ì aircvin dc rcpk`ktë ì dc adìnbi8 tfut nit igsimjdi prfnuri cu vfycoiurdi mikddiur mfyig pfur ixirnir sis nfggcksscgnis it nis ncpcnktës.cgtðt pcssêmis gfus ì lfdki nbcmps jkig nudtkvës it igvkrfggërì oigtkdis bcyis ì gfkx fu ì jønbis, tcgtðt ìs pcturcois ig-nfri virts, mcdorë dc scksfg cvcgnëi, tcgtðt g/ rfuti gfus nfgùksktpcr ì dfgoi ët fjsnurs pcsscois sfutirrckgs, nriusës å trcvirs X:25]`‛kmmigsis rfnbis.

Ucrafks ig pcsscgt ìs vcddëis gfus gfus trfuvêmis sur ìs rim-pcrts ì pdus ì sfkxcgti pki`s ì bcutiurs8 ~ dis mfgtcogis quksimjdckigt ëdivir diur nkmis lusqu‛cux guis, vfki pcrcksskigt jicu-nfup pdus jiddis qui niddis quk l‛cvcks vø ig Arcgni8 dis afrìts `fgtiddis ëtckigt nfuvirtis ëtckigt pcrsimëis ì pitkti nfttcois `‛cgnbi-tktis. Cpris `‛ivktir cutcgt qui pfsskjdi dis mfgtcogis, di nbimkgì air sirpigtckt nfgtkguiddimigt it ackt sfuvigt cu jfr` ì qquiadiuvi tcg`ks qui `‛cutir afks ëtckt fnnupë X:23] pcr dc pcsscì ìnfti C Dkâoi gfus ìsnig`kmis dc pigti `‛ugi mfgtcogi å d‛ckìì afrtis nfrìs it `‛ugi mcnbkgi å vcpiur prctkquë cu bcut ì dcmfgtcogi. Ig ìsnig`cgt dc pigti, dc vkddi ì Dkâoi sktuëi `cgs dc

vcddëi prissigti ug cspint jkig lfdk8 - fg `kt qu‛iddi pfrti jicunfupì rissimjdcgni å Cdoir ig Carkqui. Cycgt pcssë pcr Dfuvckg, Dkâoiit pduskiurs cutris vkddis pdus fu mfkgs kmpfrtcgtis, li vkgs igakg åQirvkirs fû gfus nbcgoicmis ̀ i vfkturis, ig gfus crritcgt ig mìmicakg ì gfus rcaarcknbkr. Mfgtcgt igsukti ì gfuvicu ig vfkturi,

li mi trfuvck å mfg X:2:] orcg` pdckskr aêni å aêni cvin ìux lf-dkis pitktis arcgïcksis quk gi tcrìrigt pcs ì dkir nfgvirsctkfg cvinmfk. Li m‛cmusck jicunfup ig ncuscgt cvin nis pitktis jdcouiusis(lcsigtis) quk mi rcnfgtârigt mkddi nbfsis ìs mfiur it ìs nfutø-mis ù pcys. Ucrmk dc afudi ì quistkfgs, qu‛iddis mi akrigt, iddis

mi ìmcg`ârigt cussk, sk li trfuvck, qui dis arcgncksis ëtckigt pdusjiddis qui dis aimmis russis8 - qui li diur ripfg`ks, qui n‛ëtckt ugiquistkfg ìs pdus `ëdknctis, qui li g‛fscks pcs `ënkìr, mcks pcr niqui nidc `ëpig`ckt igtkirimigt X:2>] ̀ u oføt, mcks qu‛kd s‛ëtcjdkrcktugi a nfgnurrignis ìs pdus crìgtis pfurtcgt dis ìmfksiddis mfs-nfvktis sk tfut di mfgì iøt ug oføt nfmmi mfk8 Iddis mi qukttâ-rigt jkigtðt ig mi dcksscgt pfur sfuvigkr ugi ëpkgodi. C dc arfgtkâriprussi d‛fg gfus ìmcg`c gfs pcspfrt, pfur gfus dis ristktuir å Ckxdc nbcpiddi. @cgs nitti ìrgkâri vkddi gfs iaaits sujkrigt d‛kgspintkfgdc pdus mkgutkiusi ̀ is faaknkirs ̀ i dc ̀ fucgi prussi. L‛ius orcg` piur



3;?

qu‛kds gi m‛cttrcpcssigt cvin mis nrcvcttis it afudcr`s gfg furdës,mcks biuriusimigt kds g‛y akrigt pcs cttigtkfg. X:20] Yg kg`kvkù,cvin diquid li vfycoick igsimjdi, mi rcnfgtc, qu‛ig Arcgni d‛fg cvckt`ënfuvirt ug mfyig pfur riùkri dis tfukddis/nbcrtfgs ì dis turaså ugi mctkâri airmi & ì di mX66] rig`ri `cgs ug pitkt vfdumig.ì prisqui dc mìmi mcgkâri qu‛fg pripcri dis nbcrjfgs ì tirri.- Li vfu`rcks qui nidc aøt vrck, ncr orêni å ni mfyig, d‛igtritkig ìsnbimkgs ì air sirc jicunfup acnkdktë it pcrtknudkârimigt nbiz gfusig Zusski, fû pcr sukti ìs arëts ëdëvës, ug vig` dis nbcrjfgs ìtirri å di sk bcuti prkx. Crrkvë å Nfdfogi å 1 biuris ù sfkr, li prksug X:29] ncjrkfdit it li mi aks nfgùkri cu jcticu å vcpiur pcrtcgtå 35 biuris pfur Nfjdigni. Cprâs cvfkr prks mfg jkddit pfur dc 3 âri pdcni tfur it ritfur, ni quk nføti jicunfup mfkgs (>½X6]m) li `ë-½X6]m) li `ë-X6]m) li `ë-pfsck mfg jcocoi cu jcticu it cddck igsukti å ug ristcurcgt cppidë—dc Jfursi, fû li mi aks `fggir ug jfg `kgir it ugi ìmk jfutikddiì vkg ì Zbkg. Dc orcgì scddi å mcgoir, crrcgoëi å dc arcgïcksi,mcks cvin ìs tcjdis gfg nfuvirti, âtckt rimpdçi ì liugis nfmmiig`kmcgnbës, quk s‛cmusârigt ig aumcgt diurs pkpis fu nkocris it igënfutcgt dc jiddi muskqui ì qqs musknkigs, quk lfuirigt ù X:21]vkfdfg å d‛ixtrimktë ì dc scddi. Ucr sukti ì dc orcgì dkjirtë, `fgt

lfuksscgt knk dis liugis oigs, kds fgt dc ncrcntiri ock it `ëocoë. - Cycgtsctksackt mfg cpitkt, li mi rig`ks cu tbëêtri. Bcjktuë nfmmi l‛ëtcksìpuks qqi timps cux sujdkmis riprisigtctkfgs ìs orcg`s cntiurs itcntrknis å Dfg`ri it Ucrks, li g‛cttig`ks pcs orcg` nbfsi ù spintcndi

å Nfdfogi. L‛crrkvck lustimigt, qucg` di primkir cnti aut akgk. Fgriprisigtc —dis trfks Musquitkirs”8 - jkig qui dis `ënfrctkfgs aurigtìs pdus orfsskâris qui l‛ck lcmcks vø, li m‛cmusck trâs jkig ig vfycgtdis kgtrkouis ̀ i aimmis X:2?] qu‛fg ixbkjc. Dis cntiurs g‛ëtckigt pcsmcuvcks8 kd diur mcgqui, kd ist vrck dc sfupdissi, it dc pfdktissi & dcdioiriti ̀ is pcrkskigs, mcks qufk piut-fg ixpintir ̀ ‛ugi vkddi nfmmiNfdfogi. Dc dfncdktë ist cssck orcg` it piut nfgtigkr pdus ì mkddispintctiurs8 - tfutis dis pdcnis ëtckigt fnnupëis, ni qui mi pcrdcktig acviur ù ncrcntâri ìs Nfdfogcks. Itcgt prissë pcr di timps, lim‛ig cddck, cvcgt qui dc pkâni gi aøt tirmkgëi. - Crrkvë cu jcticu å

vcpiur, diquid li ritrfuvck, li mi mks å ënrkri `cgs mfg lfurgcd ìvfycoi, ni `fgt li aus nipig`cgt jkigtðt impìnbi pcr dis sinfussisit di X:22] trimjdimigt ù jcticu å vcpiur. Kd y cvckt igv< 35 pcssc-oirs `cgs dc 3âri ncluti. Afrmcgt ̀ i m/mcgticu ugi sfrti ̀ i nfusskg,

li di mks sur dis ncgcpë it nfunbcgt dc tìti dc-ìssus, li m‛ig`frmksprfafgìmigt ig ëtig`cgt mis mimjris, nfmmi mkiux li pfuvcks.- C 1· biuris ù mctkg li mfgtck sur di pfgt8 - dc vui ëtckt ìs pdussupirjis8 qufk qui d‛fjsnurktë gfus impìnbc ì riocrìr cu dfkg,dis ↞bcuts↞ rkvcois nfuvirts ì afrìt prisigtckigt ug afrt lfdk cspint.

Crrkvë å Nfjdigni å 2½, l‛cddck tfut-ì-sukti m‛fnnupir `‛fjtigkr ug½, l‛cddck tfut-ì-sukti m‛fnnupir `‛fjtigkr ug, l‛cddck tfut-ì-sukti m‛fnnupir ̀ ‛fjtigkr ug



3;2

jkddit X:2;] `‛c`mksskfg `cgs dc afrtirissi — Ibrigjriktigstikg” sk-tuër vks-å-vks ì dc vkddi sur ug kmmigsi rfnbir ì pdus ì >55 pki`sì bcutiur. Dc vkddi ì Nfjdigni, g‛faari rkig ì nurkiux8 d‛crnbk-tinturi ìs mcksfgs ist cssiz jfggi, qufk qui iddi pfrti tfut-å-acktd‛imprikgti ìs pitktis vkddis. Ufurvø ù jkddit `ësk`ërë li mfgtcksur dc afrtirissi. Yg dfgo pfgt ì jcticu nfgùkt pcr ìssus dc jiddirkvkâri di Zbkg8 ì d‛cutri nðtë kd y igt ugi sfrti ì pitkti afkri. Ig sitrfuvcgt cu pki` ì d‛kmmigsi rfnbir, niduk-nk simjdi si pir`ri ̀ cgsdis guis dis igfrmis pcrfks ↞it isncrpëis↞ ig pkirri, afrmëis pcr dcgcturi, pcrckssckigt X:;5] vfudfkr s‛ënrfudir sur mfk. ûr dc nkmi ùrfnbir s‛ëdâvi dc afrtirissi `cgs tfuti sfg ëtigùi. Ygi rfuti å vks,prfpri pfur dis vfçturis nfgùkt ug bcut8 rkig ̀ i pdus actkqucgt, quiì mfgtir tcgt ì mcrnbi nfgtkguiddimigt. Li vkgs igakg ig bcut8ug sfusfaaknkir mi mfgtrc dis pcrtknudcrktës qu‛kd y cvckt å vfkr. Dcvui sur dc Zbkg it sis jicux igvkrfgs ist vcsti it kmpfscgti cgtðtkd vc pcssir ug jcticu-å-avcpiur tkrcgt ìux fu trfks gcvkris nbcroësit prfùkscgt ug orcg` mfuvimigt ìs fgìs cu mkdkiu ù ncdmi,quk `fmkgi

Xbi gixt :2 pcois cri nut arfm tbi lfurgcd.]

X:;3] Di 39 Aëvrkir 320?.

Cttrkstë pcr di mcdbiur quk m‛ëtckt survigu å Mfsnfu it bcrrcssë ìsactkquis ì trcvcux nfgtkguids, d‛igguk di pdus caariux mi prks ni sfkrig mfg dfoks. fus dis tbëctris ëtcgt airmës å ncusi ù Ncrgcvcd, limi rig`ks cu nkyrqui fdympkqui `‛Cdixcg`ri ouirri, quk `fggi sisrëprësigtctkfgs sur dc pdcni ù orcg` tbëctri. -

Li aus ëtfggë itis scksk `‛c`mkrctkfg ig vfycgt cvin quiddi sfu-pdissi it bcjkdktë ixtrcfr`kgckris, fg riprësigtckt dis ixirnknis dis pdus`kaaknkdis Kd y cvckt afrt piu ì spintctiurs, mcks X:;:] ni quk mipdøt pcrtknudkârimigt, n‛ist qui gftri orcg` Impiriur Gknfdcs 3ir gfus bfgfrckt ì sc prësigni. Di mfgcrqui cppdcu`kssckt tfulfurs,cussktðt qu‛kd q vçt quidqui pfsi orctkiusi fu quidqui cttktuì quk

cttkrckt sfg cttigtkfg pcrtknudkâri @‛cjfr` ugi ìmfksiddi ktcdkiggidioârimigt bcjkddë ↞si↞ mktti å nbivcd8 u tig`ks qui dc jìti cttrcktcu orcg` ocddfp iddi pkrfuittis `cgsc it akt ìs cttktuìs ì tfutimcgkâri8 - Cprâs iddi ug pitkt ocrnfg `fuë `‛ug tcdigt X:;>] ixtrc-fr`kgckri ì sfupdissi it `‛bcjkdktë scutc sur ug nbivcd, sur di quidkd ixënutckt `‛ugi mcgkâri pcracktimigt mirvikddiusis dis tfurgurisdis pdus kgnri`kjdis. Ygi afks, ig scutcgt `cgs d‛ckr kd si tfurgc tfut-å-ackt cutfur ì sfk. Kd aut sukvk `‛ugi ìmfksiddi quk ixinutckt jkig,mcks quk gi mi arcppc pcs cu mìmi `ëorë. Cprâs iddi vkgt ug pcdi-



3;;

arigkâr cgodcks quk si tcgt ig ëtcgt `ëjfut sur ug pki` sur sfg nbi-vcd, si tkgt quidquis mkgutis ig dkogi X66]crji ↞tfut-å-ackt↞ fjdkqui.@‛cprâs mfg fpkgkfg, kd sirckt kmpfsskjdi `‛ixinutir nidc scgs X:;0]di ocdfp rëoudkir ̀ u nbivcd. Fg pdcïc cu mkdkiu ̀ u nkrqui ugi dfgouipirnbi å dc quiddi itckigt cttcnbëis ì dfgoui ↞& dcrois↞ rujcgs diqu‛fg tkgt sirrë, cakg ì mittri cu ncvcdkir ìs impìnbimigts `cgssfg nfurs, mcks niduk-nk scutc dc-ìssus, tcgtðt pcr ìvcgt tcgtðt pcrìrrkâri, nfmmi s‛kd iøt ìti sur dc pdikgi tirri it pfur rig`ri dis scgspdus `kaaknkdi ignfri, kd dis akt pcr ìs cggicux ì jfks. Udus tcr` ugi`cmi mfgtc ug nbivcd, quk cddc tfulfurs cu tcnt X:;9] ì dc musk-qui. Dc riprisigtctkfg aut tirmkgëi pcr ug nfurs cu ndfnbit.



:55

Nfvir fa tbi `kcry



:53

Ziairignis

Cgfg., 32>2< ^ygfpsks fa tbi Nfgtigt fa tbi Jrktksb Musium. Dfg`fg.

Crigtzig, _., :533< ^nbdkimcggs `rcmctksnbi Ziksi km Lcbri 3203.Ytrinbt.

Jcbdnhi, _., 3;;1< Mkggc Mikgnhi. Bikgrknb-^nbdkimcgg-Oisiddsnbcat Cghirsbcoig I.Q . Cghirsbcoig (Kgafrmctkfgsjdctt ?) 32-3;.

Jciìhir, H. 32?5< bi Zkgi cg` Gfrtbirg Oirmcgy . Dikpzko.

Jciìhir, H., 32?9< Dfg`ris sis Igvkrfgs Di û` ì d‛Cgoditirri, di pcys ìOcddis it d‛ënfssi . Dikpzko.

Jciìhir, H., 32?2< Jidokqui it Bfddcgì. Dikpzko.

Jciìhir, H., 3225< Ucrks cg` kts Igvkrfgs . Dikpzko.

Jciìhir, H., 3;51< Orfss Jrktcggkig. Dikpzko.

Jciìhir, H., 3;35< Jidokqui it Bfddcgì . Dikpzko.

Jcdai, M./C. Jugg, 3201< bi Orcg` îrkfus Fpirc igtktdi` bi Mck` fa Crtfks. Kg brii Cnts. Zivkvi` ct tbi bictri Zfycd, @rury Dcgi, Fgburs`cy, Fntfjir 2, 3201. Dfg`fg.

Jcgbcm, M. (i`.), 3;;9< bi Ncmjrkòi Oukì tf bictri . Ncmjrkòi.

Jiscgt, _., 3;5;< Dfg`fg kg tbi gkgitiigtb nigtury . Dfg`fg.

Jñdhi, _., 3;22 Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg ug` Cghirsbcoig. Bikmct, Hkg`biktug` Idtirgbcus. Cghirsbcoig ( Mkttikdugoig cus ìm Bikgrknb-^nbdkimcgg-Musium Cghirsbcoig, Biat :).

Jñdhi, _., 3;22< ^nbdkimcggs Qctir wkr` Ucstfr kg Cghirsbcoig. Cghirsbcoig (Mkttikdugoig cus ìm Bikgrknb-^nbdkimcgg-Musium Cghirsbcoig, Biat 3) >0->?.

Jushig Buit, N., 32?2< Ucrkls ig Fmstrihig. Urimki fp bit gkiuws vcg ìg@co. Cmstir`cm.

Nfdi, [email protected]., 3;9:< Kgtrfùntkfg tf Infgfmkn Bkstfry 3?95-3;95.Dfg`fg.

Nfgcg @fydi, C. 3;3:< bi C`vigturi fa tbi Jruni-Ucrtkgotfg Udcgs.Dfg`fg.

Nripfg, . & _. Jñdhi, 3;;5< Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg. F`yssii sikgis Dijigs.Jirdkg.

@frë, O. & _. J. Lirrfd`, 32?:< Dfg`fg c Ukdorkmcoi. Dfg`fg.

@yfs, B. L. & M. _fdaa, 3;;;< bi Qkntfrkcg Nkty . Kmcois cg` Zicdktkis .Qfdumi : . Dfg`fg.



:5:

Ibrigriknb, J. & @. Igodksb, 3;?>< Afr bir fwg off`< 395 yicrs fa Ixpirt‛sc`vkni tf _fmig. Dfg`fg.

Igoids, A., 32;:< bi nfg`ktkfg fa tbi wfrhkgo-ndcss kg Igodcg` kg 3200 .Dfg`fg.

Bfiair I., :55> (3225/3223)< Hôstigacbrtig cg ìr Gfr`- ug` Fstsii.Ygsir Qctirdcg` 0 . ^tuttocrt.

Bfu`kg, Z. 329;< Mimfkrs fa Zfjirt Bfu`kg< Cmjcssc`fr, Cutbfr, cg`Nfglurfr . Dfg`fg.

Lcgssig, D.L.A., 329>< Fu`bik`hug`koi Qirbcgìdkgoig ig Miììidkgoig K. Crgbim.

Lfghir, L., 3;;1< Mirnbcgts, Jcghirs, Mk``dimcg. bi Cmstir`cm mfgiymcrhit ùrkgo tbi akrst bcda fa tbi 3; tb nigtury . Cmstir`cm.

Higgidd, ^. C. B., :55?< ^nbdkimcgg cg` bks pcpirs. C cdi arfm tbi

Oiggcìkfg Crnbkvis. Urkgnitfg (Bispirkc ?1), ?29-23?.

Hkrjy, Z. ̂ ., ̂ . _ktbkgotfg, C.J. @crdkg & A.O. Hkdofgi, 3;918 Igokgiirkgokg Bkstfry. Dfg`fg.

Hfrrës, O.^., 3;?0< Jkjdkforcakc Irrkhfu ^dkmcg. Ctbigs.

Dchi, L._., 32:1< Oukì ì d‛ëtrcgoir å Dfg`ris fu ìsnrkptkfg oëgërcdi ìnitti vkddi . Ucrks.

Dcycr`, C. B., 320;< Gkgivib cg` kts rimckgs . Giw [frh.

Dikob, ^., 3203< Giw Uknturi fa Dfg`fg. Dfg`fg.

Dikob, ^., 3200< Dikob‛s Giw Uknturi fa Dfg`fg< fr, c vkiw fa tbi pfdktkncd,ridkokfus, mi`kncd, d ktircry, mugknkpcd, nfmmirnkcd, cg` mfrcd stcti fa biJrktksb Mitrfpfdks . Dfg`fg.

Dkgnfdg, _. J., 3;?2< Gknbfdcs K Impirfr cg` Cutfnrct fa Cdd tbi Zusskcgs .Jdffmkgotfg.

Du`wko, I., 3;>:< ^nbdkimcgg Oisnbknbti ikgis Ofd`sunbirs . Jirdkg.

Dyìg vcg-@i Jruægi, C.M., :553< Kg vfoidvdunbt `ffr Iurfpc. @i rikslfur-gcdig vcg @kfgyskc Nctbcrkgs immkgnh-Ncu X325?-32:0] . \utpbig.

Mcrx, H. & A. Igoids, 3;1?(3202)< bi Nfmmugkst Mcgkaistf.Bcrmfg`swfrtb.

Miyir, I., 3;9>< Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg Jrkiawinbsid Jcg` K . Jirdkg.

Miyir, I,. 3;1;< Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg Hcuamcgg ug` Afrsnbir .Oñttkgoig.

Miyirs OrfÖis Hfgvirsctkfgs-Dixknfg, 3;5;. Ikg Gcnbtsnbdcoiwirh ìscdoimikgig _kssigs. înbsti oàgzdknb giujicrjiktiti ug` virmibrti

Cuadcoi. Dikpzko/_kig.



:5>

Mkrcg`c, ^. Z. ì, 3;:3< Cmstir`cm ig zklgi jivfdhkgo kg ì gioigtkigìiiuw. Cmstir`cm.

Mfoo, I., 3200< Mfoo‛s Afrty-Akvi Mkdis Zfug` Dfg`fg. Dfg`fg.

Mffribic`, N., 3;;0< bi dfst tricsuris fa rfy. Dfg`fg.

Môbdigjrunb, ., :552< Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg Ikg Ktkgircr. Hdikgi ^nbrkatig92 . Mcrjuro.

Murrcy, L., 3209< C bcg`-jffh afr trcviddirs fg tbi nfgtkgigt. Dfg`fg.

Gcrjitb, N., Z. Big`y & N. ^tfnhir, 3;?;< Bkstfrksnbi jcghjkdlittig igccgìdig. Jccrg.

Gkiìrdcg`, _. O., 3;10-19< Cgcdytksnbi ^tu`ki ôjir `cs Dijig ug` _irhBikgrknb ̂ nbdkimcggs. Usynbi 32. ^tuttocrt, 91>-9;5.

Gkiìrdcg`, _. O., 3;1? Usynbfcgcdytkn Urfakdi fa c Nrictkvi Mkg` „ Irfs

cg` bcgctfs kg tbi Dkai fa Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg. Usynbftbircpy cgÙsynbfsfmctkns 39. Jcsid, :55-:3;.

Fittirmcgg, ̂ .< 3;25. @cs Ucgfrcmc . @ki Oisnbknbti ikgis Mcssigmi`kums .Arcghaurt.

Ucygi, Z., 3;9;< bi Ofd` fa rfy . Giw [frh.

Uiquiogft, C., 3203< D‛Kg`kspigscjdi, fu Gfuvicu Nfgùntiur ìs Ëtrcgoirs`cgs Ucrks . Ucrks.

Ufphkg, Z. B., 3;2?< Ksccn Dc Uiyrâri 39;1-31?1< Bks Dkai, _frh cg`Kgaduigni . Dikìg.

Urkni, Z.O.O., 3;9?< C Bkstfry fa Uugnbi . Dfg`fg.

Uu`giy, L., 3;?1< Diwks Ncrrfdd cg` bks wfrd` . Dfg`fg.

Zccadcuj, H. C., 3;;?< Bfmir, tbi rflcg _cr, cg` Bkstfry, kg @. Jfiìhir(i`), bi _frd` fa rfy< Bfmir, ^nbdkimcgg, cg` tbi ricsuris fa Urkcm.

_csbkgotfg, ?9-;?.

Ziknbcr`, B.C.F., 32>;< Ziknbcr`‛s Ucsscokir cua ìr Ziksi kg @iutsnbdcgùg` ìr ^nbwikz, gcnb Cmstir`cm, Jrôssid, Hfpigbcoig, Dfgìg,

Mckdcg`, Ucrks, ^t. Uitirsjuro, Uist, ^tfnhbfdm, Qigi`ko ug` _crsnbcu.Jirdkg.

Ziknbcr`, B.C.F., 329;< Ziknbcr`‛s Ucsscokir cua ìr Ziksi kg @iutsnbdcgùg` ìr ^nbwikz, gcnb Cmstir`cm, Jrôssid, Hfpigbcoig, Dfgìg,

Mckdcg`, Ucrks, ^t. Uitirsjuro, Uist, ^tfnhbfdm, Qigi`ko ug` _crsnbcu. Jirdkg.

Zfjirts, Z., 3;;:< ^nbrfìrs Mirnbcgts & Jcghirs. Dfg`fg.

Zu`wknh, M. L.^,. 3;29< bi Orict @ivfgkcg Nfgtrfvirsy . Dfg`fg.

^nbdkimcgg, B., 3223< Kdkfs tbi nkty cg` nfugtry fa tbi rflcgs . Dfg`fg.



:50

^nbrñìr, N. C., 3;;3< Bikgrknb ^nbdkimcgg ug` `cs Bcgìdsbcus^nbrñìr. Bcmjuroksnbi Oisnbknbts- ug` Bikmctjdàttir 3:. Bcmjuro,:3?-::2.

^bippcr`, A.B._. (i`), 3;?5< ûrviy fa Dfg`fg. Qfd. RRRQ. Dfg`fg.

^dctir, K., 3201< Gctkfgcd nfmmirnkcd `krintfry fa Kridcg` . Mcgnbistir.^dcttiry-Nbrksty, @., :55?< Cgytbkgo Jut Mirry! bi dkai cg` tkmis fa Dkdy

Idski. Dfg`fg.

^mktb, C., 3??1< Cg kgqukry kgtf tbi gcturi cg` ncusis fa tbi wicdtb fa gc-tkfgs. Dfg`fg.

^tfdd, B. C., 3;91< @ir rcum vfg rflc . Bcddi.

ûmmirsfg, L., 3;01< Oifrokcg Dfg`fg. Ncmjrkòi.

fpfdshk, _., 32;1< @ir hcaaiitirmkgbcgìd. Bcmjuro.

_ijir, ^. B., 3;0:< ^nbdkimcgg‛s Akrst Qkskt tf Cmirknc 3295-3293.Ncmjrkòi Mcss.



:59

Dkst fa akouris

3. Oiggc`kfs Dkjrcry Ctbigs 0

:. Crigtzig 1>. Miyirs OrfÖis Hfgvirsctkfgs-Dixkhfg 3;5; 3>

0. Bfiair 3?

9. Bit Ytrinbts crnbkia 32

1. @frë cg` Lirrfd` :3

?. I`wcr` Off`cdd :>

2. @frë cg` Lirrfd` :0

;. Nkty fa Dfg`fg Birktcoi-Kmcois :?

35. Zc`ndyaai :;

33. Off`yicr Crnbkvcd Nfddintkfg >3

3:. _kgsfr Ncstdi >>

3>. pbftfmusium.gd >?

30. Lcgkg, Ludis 320? Qfycoi `i Ucrks å dc Mir pcr Zfuig it

di Bcvri . Ucrks.

>;

39. Pbfmcs Cddfm 0:

31. Miyir‛s Ygkvirsum 3200 00

3?. Dc Gcturi , ̀iuxkâmi simistri 3220 09

32. D‛Kddustrctkfg Lfurgcd Ygkvirsid , scmi`k 32 lukddit 3201 02

3;. L.O. Ofitz 95

:5. Crigtzig 9:

:3. Oiggc`kus Dkjrcry 99

::. igodksbrusskc.nfm 92



:5?

Kgìx

Pbi kgìx riairs tf tbi wfr`s kg tbi Igodksb trcgsdctkfg. ̂ nbdkimcgg‛sspiddkgo bcs jiig pdcni` kg ktcdkns kg jrcnhits. Afr ixcmpdi< Mfsnfw( Mfsnfø).

Ccnbig ( Ckx dc Nbcpiddi ) 0;, 3:2, 3;1

Cjuacr (pdcy) 09, 3::, 3;5

Zfycd Cncìmy fa Muskn ( Cncìmki Zfycd ì Muskqui ) 33;, 32?

Carknc ( Carkqui ) 3:?, 3;9

Cdjirt, Urkgni :9, 35:, 3??

Cdixniaa, Idksi ( Cdixiiaa, I ) >>, 353, 35: Cdixniaa, acmkdy ( Cdixiiaa ) 10, 1?, ?0

Cdixniaa, U.^. ( Cdixiiaa ) 90, 1?, ?>, ?1

Cdixniaa, _dc`kmkr ( Cdixiiaa _.) 3?, 03, 90, 9?, 92, 10, ?:-?1, ?2, ?;, 20,;?, ;2, 352, 333, 33:, 300, 325

Cdokirs ( Cdoir ) 3:?, 3;9

Cdstir (rkvir) ?3, 300

Cmirknc 33, ?1, 2?, 39;

Cmirkncg Bftid (Cmstir`cm8 Cmirknckg bðtid ) ?;, 393

Cmstir`cm ?-3>, 31, 32, 3;, >5, >2, 05, 0;, 93, 9>-92, 15, 13, 10, 11-12,?3, ?:, ?0, ??-2:, 29, ;1, ;2, 35?, 3:0, 303, 395-39>, 39?, 31?

Cghirsbcoig 1, ?, 39, 3>0

Cgtwirp ( Cgvirs ) 0;, 90, 15, 353, 3:9, 3:1, 3;>, 3;0

D‛Crn ì Prkfmpbi ì d‛Itfkdi 33;, 32?

Crgbim 32, 9:, ??, ?2, 30;, 395

Cskc 2?, 395

Jcdtkn Nfaaibfusi 2:, 39>

Jcrry, Nbcrdis :1

Jcrry, I`wcr` Mk``ditfg :1

Jidokum (Jidokqui ) 01, 0?, 02, 0;, 31, 3:1, 3:?, 3;:, 3;0

Jirdkg 93, 91, 15, 13, ??, 29, 39?

Jkrmkgobcm :5, >;, 9>, 2;, 313

Jdcnhwcdd ^tctkfg 9>, 23, 39:



:52

Jihdimksnbfaa (Mr.) 33>, 32:

Jrchistfgi (Mr.) 29, 39?

Jrimig ;, 3?, 93, 9:, ?9-??, 23, 30;

Jrkobtfg 9>, 359, 3?9

Jrffhs, ^bkrdiy :1

Jrktksnb Musium :2, :;, >3, 03, 9>, 9;, ;2, 31;

Jrussids (Jruxiddis ) >2, 01, 0?, 0;, 93, 90, 91, 15, 3:9-3:?, 3;:, 3;0

Jurhi, _kddkcm >0

Jushig Buit, Nfgrc` 0:, 0>, 3:3

Nbcmjir fa Bfrrfrs (nbcmjri `‛bfrriur ) >>, 35>, 3?:

Nbcmpfddkfg, Arcgïfks 0>

Nbcmps-Idysiis (Nbcmps-Idksëis )332, 32?, 322

Nbcrkgo Nrfss ;5, ;3, 31:

Nkrnus (nkrqui ) 90, 92, 3>5, 3;2

Nkty Idjiraid` (kgg) ?2, 395

Ndcrh, I`wcr` B. :0

Nfdfogi 95, 93, 90, 3:2, 3:;, 3;1

Nfdfssium (Dfg`fg) >0, >9

Nfgstcgtkgfpdi (Nfgstcgtkgfpid ) ?2, 395Nfttfg ::, :1, >1, ?9, 20, 29, 22, ;2, 359, 399, 39;

Nfvigt Ocrìg >1, 9>, ;1, 31?

Nrfgstc`t (Nrffgstc`t ) 9:, 12, 1;, 303, 30:

Nuscgni, Jictrkni ì (Urkgnissi ì Ncgtrinrfkx) >:, >>, 35:

Nuvkir, Oifroi >5, >3

@cdi ^triit (Dkvirpffd) 2>, 399

@cgtfg, (Mr.) 35>,3?>@crwkg, Nbcrdis >3

@kippi >?, 9>, 359, 3?9

@rury Dcgi (Pbictri Dfg`fg) >9, ;:, 31>

@unks, Arcgïfks 09

@ynh, Qcg (pckgtir, @iyh, @yh ) >:, >>, 35:, 3?3

Ioypt (Ioypti ) >3, ;;, 330, 31;, 3?5, 32>

Ibrigjriktstikg, ncstdi 95



:5;

Idjc (Idji ) 352, 3??

Idji (rkvir) ?0, 30?

Idji, pcvkdkfg ?>, 301

Idjiua 90, 352, 35;, 3?2

Idokg Mcrjdis >:, >0

Igoids, Arki`rknb ::

Igodcg` ( Cgoditirri ) 39, 3;, :5, ::, :0, :9, :?, >1, 0>, 00, 12, 25, 2:-20,21-22, ;9, 359, 351, 335, 303, 390-315, 31?, 3?1, 3??, 3?;

Iurfpi, bftid (Idjiua ) 35?, 35;, 3?1, 3?2

Afgtckgi, Dc (giwspcpir) 33?, 321

Arcgni ::, >1->2, 05, 0>, 351-335, 33>, 3::, 3:>, 3:9, 3:?, 3:2, 30:,3?1-3?;, 32:, 3;5, 3;3, 3;9, 3;1

Arfdfaa & Pimighfaa 1?

Afud`, (Mr.) 333, 33:, 3::, 325, 323, 3;5

Aôrstigjiro ?, 33

Ocggirfg, B. 352, 3::, 3??, 3;5

Oifroi bftid 2>, 399

Oifroi KKK (stctui) 35:, 3?:

Oirmcgy 31, ::, 95, 91, 21, 3:9, 39?

Okvcof, ^. 2

Oftbdcg` (Oftdcg` ) 9:, 1;, 30:

Orcg` Pfur 33

Orcviscg` 23, 39:

Oriigwknb 23, ;?, 39:, 31?

Orikaa & Nf ;2, 31;

Orfgkgoig (tbi Gitbirdcg`s) 9

Oukddcumi, d‛Çdi `i (ct ^t Uitirsjuro) 19, 3>;

Ouycrc, Dc ?

Oytshfaa, Mr. 10, 3>2

Bcmjuro ?, ;, 35, 31-32, 0;, 93, 9:, 91, 15, 10, ?3-??, 23, 2:, 20, 352,3>5, 39>, 399

Bcmptfg pdcni ;?, 31?

Bcri, _kddkcm >0

Bcvri, Di ;. 3?, >?->;, 93, 9>, 351-352, 3::, 3?1, 3??, 3;5



:35

Bipgir, _. ?

Bkirfodypbs (byrfodkvis, byrfodypbis ) 0>, ;;, 355, 330, 339, 3?5, 3?3, 32:,32>

Bfddcg` 11, ?1, ?2, 355, 305, 395, 3?5

Bfrgir, Pbfmcs >0

Bfu`kg, Zfjirt 09, 01, 339-33?, 32>-329

Bfusis fa Ucrdkcmigt ( pcdcks ì/ù pcrdimigt ) :1, ;3, ;?, 31:, 312

Bôdmcgg, Arcgïfks (Budmcg) 05, 03 33:, 323

Byì Ucrh :1, ;3, 31>

Kg`kof ;, 91, 11, 1?, 350, 359, 352, 305, 3?0, 3??

Kgùstrkcd Zivfdutkfg :5-::

Kgvcdkìs, Bftid ìs 3::, 3;5Ktcdy 33

Kvcgfvktsl, Qcskdk ( Кеувивл Вкензквяф) 2:, 359

Hgfx, Zfjirt >0

Hfjdigz (Nfjdigtz) 95, 93, 90, 3:2, 3:;, 3;1, 3;?

Hfig‛s ^tcoinfcnb 3;, 25, 393

Hfgstcgtkgfvktsl, Qcdigtkg ( Кеийнъвнь Мзнуъенъвнзквяф) 2:, 35:

Hfrris, O.^P. 13Hriaid` (Nriaid` ) 93, 90, ;2, 31;

Dcycr`, Custkg :5

Dicìgbcdd ^triit (Dfg`fg) 23, 39>

Dirfy (Mr.) 352, 333, 33:, 3:3, 3::, 3?2, 325, 323, 3;5

Difpfd`, Hkgo (fa Jidokum) 39

Dkâoi 3:?, 3:2, 3;9

Dkgìgbfa (bftid kg Jrimig) ?9, 30?

Dkvirpffd :>, 93, 9>, ?>, ?0, ??, 2:-22, ;5, ;2, 359, 301, 30;, 39>-391,392, 39;, 313, 31;, 3?0

Dfg`fg (Dfg`ri ) 39, 3;, :5, :0, :9, :?, :2, >0->1, 93, 9>-9?, 15, 13,11, ?:-?0, ??, ?;, 23-29, 2;, ;5, ;>, ;9-;;, 353, 35:, 350, 351, 335,333, 3:2, 300, 301, 302, 30;, 393, 39>-391, 313-312, 3?3, 3?:, 3?0,3?9, 325, 3;1

Dfg`fg jrkòi 3;, ;?, 31?

Dfuvri 03-0>, 9;, 352, 33>, 3:3, 32:, 32;



:33

Dôjinh 93, 9:, 1?, ?5, ?>, 305, 303, 30>, 309

Du`wko, I. ;, 9;-13, 22, 352

Dyfg 333, 323

Mcìdikgi, nburnb 3:5, 322

Mcìdikgi, striit (Jrussids) 3:9, 3;:

Mcbs, Cdixcgìr 31, 11, ?0, 20, 21-22

Mcbs, bfusi fa 11

Mcbs, Gknfdcus ?0, 2:, 20, 399, 392

Mcbs, Zfskgc 31, ?0

Mcbs, ^ 359

Mcbs, Pbfmcs ?0, 2:, 20, 399

Mckìg‛s _cdh ( Lugoairstkio ) 3?, ?3, 300

Mcdutkg, (B) 11, 1?, 355

Mcdutkg Jrftbirs 3>-39, 359

Mcgnbistir ::, :>, :9, 9>, 2>-29, 22, 2;, 390, 391, 39;-313

Mcggihi Uks (stctui) 3:9, 3;>

Mcrtyrs squcri (Jrussids, pdcni ì Mcrtyris ) 3:1, 3;0

Mctviliv, Orkofrk Alf`frfvktsl ( Охвозхь Рйахзквяф Деъквйкь) 2:

Mcrx, Hcrd ::Minhdigjuro ( Minhdigjurob) 1-2, 35, 95, 9:, 91, 15, 13, ?5, 30>

Mi`kncd ^nbffd I`kgjurob >0

Mikgnhi, Mkggc 35, 15, 13

Miusi (rkvir) 25, 39:

Miyir, I 9;-13, ?3

Mfgrf, Cdixcgìr >0

Mfroui, Dc 00Mfsnfw ( Mfsnfu, Mfsnfø) 3:, 39, 3?, >>, 93, 9:, 90, 91, 9?, 10-12, ?3,

?:, ?9-?;, 2:, 2;, ;9, ;?-355, 35:, 3:5, 3::, 3>5, 3>2, 3>;, 303,300, 30?-393, 39>, 39;, 311, 312-3?3, 3?2, 322, 3;5, 3;?

Mfgit, Ndcuì >2

Mfgumigt afr tbi Acddig 0;

Mummy (mummkis, mumkis ) >:, ;;, 3?5

Mushitiirs, Pbi Pbrii (dis trfks Musquitkirs ) 3:2, 3;2



:3:

Mynigci 9, :1

Gcpfdifg, Impfrir 0>, 02, 35>, 352, 33;, 3:3, 3::, 3?>, 3??, 32;, 3;5

Gcsdi`gkh (gcmi fa c jfct, Неуифанвм) 12, 303

Gidsfg, Dfr` (Bfrctkf) :?, 2;, ;5, ;1, 35:, 313, 31:, 31?, 3?:

Gifhdc`gfaa (Mr.) 11

Gitbirdcg`s, tbi 39, 31, 32, 02-95, 25

Giu ^tridktz (Oirmcgy) 1, ?

Givc (Gijc ) 355, 3?3

Gknbfdcs K, tscr 39, :0, 3>5

Gkhfdcivknb, Cdihscg`r :0

Gfrmcg`y, bftid (Gfrmcg`ki )351, 352, 3?1, 3?2

Gfrtbirg Zckdwcy 02

Gkgi Iidms (Dfg`fg, Gkgiidms ) ;?, 31?

Fjidksh (Pukdirkis, fjidksqui ) 0>, 33>-339, 332, 32>, 321

Fisctliv, G.K. 2:, 355

Fdympkn Nkrnus (Mfsnfw8 nkrqui fdkmpkqui ) 3>5, 3;?

Fxafr`striit 35>, 3?>

Fzcggi (Mr., Fscggi ) >2, 35?-35;, 3?2, 3?;

Ucdcks Zfycd (Ucrks) 09, 33:, 339, 3::, 3?3, 32:, 3;5, 3;:Ucgfrcmc (fa Dfg`fg) >:, >0, 35>, 350, 3?>, 3?0

Ucgtbifg 3::, 3;5

Ucrks 2, >?, >2, 05-0?, 93, 90, 91, 9?, 9;, 15, 2:, 355, 35>-359, 352, 35;,333-33>, 33;-3:3, 3:9, 3:2, 390, 3?0-323, 32?-32;, 3;>, 3;?

Ucud, J.D. 333, 325

Ucygi, Zfjirt 13

Uirtfaa (Mr.) ?1, 302

Uiyrâri, Ksccn Dc >5, >3

Uknhirkgo, Nbcrdis 2:, 20, 391

Ufppi, Bikgrknb 31, 90, 11, 12

Ufrtdcg` Qcsi >:

Ufst, B.F. 23, 2:, 20, ;?, 39>, 399, 312

Udftgkhfaa (Mr.) 1?, 359, 3?9

Urkgnis, bftid `is (Ucrks) 335, 3?;



:3>

Urusskc (Urussi ) 0;, 3:9, 3:2, 30;, 3;>, 3;1

Uugnb (giwspcpir) :1, ;3, 31>

Sucnh, I`. 91

Suiig‛s tbictri (Mcgnbistir) :9, 2;, 315

Suiig Idkzcjitb‛s crmfury ;0, 319

Suiig Idkzcjitb°s stctui 23, 39>

Sukig, A.N. ?, 2

Zckgjfw sticmir ?;, 39:

Zimjrcg`t (pckgtir) 0;, 353, 3:1, 3;0

Zbkgi, Zkvir (Zbkg) 95, 3:;, 3;?

Zknbirs, Arki`rknb 35

Zfjispkirri 35>, 3?>

Zfjkgsfg, I`wcr` :5

Zfmi ;0, 319

Zfsittc ^tfgi >:

Zfsskgk 09

Zftbirbktbi :?

Zfttir`cm 3;, 93, 9>, 91, 11, 1?, ?;, 25, 393

Zftbsbkid`, jcrfg (Zftbsnbkd` ) ;:, 310Zfuig >2, 90, 9;, 352-335, 3?2, 3?;

Zfycd Kgstktuti fa Crnbktints :1

Zujjir ( ofmmi) 352, 3??

Zuoig 9:, ?5, 30>

Zumafr` pdcni 20, 399

Zusskc (Zusski ) 2, ;, 3>, 39, ::, :0, :9, >5, >:, 10-11, 12, ?3-?9, ?;, 2>,20, 2;, 359, 35?, 3:5, 3:3, 3:2, 3>;-303, 300-30;, 393, 399, 315,

3?:, 3?9, 322, 32;, 3;1

^nbid`t (Isncut/^nbidì ) 3:1, 3;0

^nbkddkgo Okfggir & Zftbirmug` ?1, 302

^nbdkimcgg, Du`wko 2, 3;, ?2, ?;

^nbrñìr, Cgtfg (Cgtb. ^nbrñìr & Nk Di Bcvri) >?, >2, 35?, 352

^nbrñìr, Jirgbcr` Bkgrknb (J.B. ^nbrñìr & Nf. Cmstir`cm) 2-35, 3:,3>, 31, 05, 90, 9?, 15, 11, ?:, ?2, ?;, ;2.



:30

^nbrñìr, jrftbirs (^nbrñìr Oijrôìr & Nf. Bcmjuro) ;, 15, ?:-?0,3>5, 300

^nbrñìr Orfup (acmkdy cg` akrm) 2, 31, 10,

^nbrñìr, Ofttarki` Bikgrknb & Uitir @cgkid (Jrimig) ?1

^nbrñìr, Birjirt Igoidjirt 31

^nbrñìr, Lfbcg Bikgrknb (Lfbg Bigry) (L.B ^nbrñìr & Nf Bcmjuro, L.By ̂ nbrñìr & Nf. Dfg`fg cg` Dkvirpffd) 90, 15, ?>, ?0, ?;, 23, 2:,20, ;5, ;2, 350, 359, 390

^nbrñìr, Lfbcg Zu`fdpb ?:

^nbrñìr, L. _. 3>5

^nftdcg` 21, 39?

îcsknhgiss 31, 1;, ?>, 25, 359, 35;, 30:, 39>

îkgi 351, 35;, 335, 3?1, 3?2, 3?2

^bcrp Jrftbirs 29, 392

^kdh (îrois ) 3;, >1, ?9, 20, ;2, 333, 331, 3:>, 30?, 399

^biaakid` 2>, 390

^dfuob stctkfg 335, 3?3

^fpbki, Suiig fa tbi Gitbirdcg`s 39

^futb-_istig Zckdwcy 353, 3?3

^t Bidigc (Bidigi ) 35>, 3?>

^t Mcrtig‛s wff` (Jfks ^ckgti Mcrtbi ) ;, 3:-39, 91, 92, 11, 3>;

^t Ucud‛s Nctbi`rcd (Nctbi`rcdi ù ^ckgt Ucud ) >0, 23, ;0, ;?, 39>, 319

^t Ucud‛s Nburnbycr` 23

^t Ucud‛s Nfaaibfusi 23, 39>

^t Uitirsjuro (^t. Uitirsjfuro ) 2-3:, 39, 31, >?, 03, 02, 93, 9:, 90, 91-92,15, 1>-12, ?0, ?1-?2, 2:, 20, 29, ;2, 355, 3:0, 3>;, 302-39>, 39>,399, 3;:

^t Uitir‛s Nctbi`rcd (Nctbi`rcdi ì ^t. Ukirri , Zfmi) ;0, 319

^tikgacgo (gcmi fa c jfct) ?0, 301

^tfdd, Bikgrknb, Cdixcgìr 13, ;;

^trikts, bftid ?3, ?>, 300, 309

ûâì, bftid ì (Jrussids) 3:0, 3;:

Pidd, _kddkcm(pdcy, Oukddcumi ) 09, 33;, 322

Pixid (tbi Gitbirdcg`s) ?, 33, 31, >?



:39

Pbcmis, Zkvir 3;, :?, 25, ;:, ;?, 350, 39:, 310, 31?, 312

Pbcmis, Puggid :?, :2, ;:, ;>, 310

Pburgiyssig (Mr.) 333, 3::, 325, 3;5

Pkdoi (bftid ^t Uitirsjuro) 3>;

Pfwir fa Dfg`fg >5, ;>, 310

Pfur ì Jiurri (Zfuig) >2

Prcvimôgì 9:, ?5, 300

Prkcgfg, pcdcni 3:3, 32;

Prffst, Cjrcbcm 29, 22, 391, 39?, 39;

Prfy 9, 1, :2, >:

Pukdirkis, (Ucdcni cg` ocrìg) 0>, 330, 332, 32>, 321

Pwkst :?, 22, 2;, 350, 39;, 315

Qcuxbcdd Jrkòi ;3, 31:

Qirsckddis 00, 90, 3:5, 3:3, 322, 32;

Qig`ðmi, Udcni (Zusskcg cmjcssy) 3::, 3;5

Qirvkirs 0;, 3:?, 3;9

Qkntfrkc, Suiig 39, :0

Qfodir, _kdbidm 3?, ?9, 30?

Qkloig`cm (striit kg Cmstir`cm) ?2, 395 _cppkgo :?

_cxwfrhs (Pusscu`‛s Musium Dfg`fg8 nkri ) >>, 35:, 3?:

_iddkgotfg, @uhi fa :1, :?, ;5-;:, 31>

_ig`t, L.A. ?, ?>, 309

_isir (rkvir) ??, 30;

_istirg Zckdrfc` 2:, 390

_istmkgstir Cjjiy ;3, ;?, 31:, 312 _bkspirkgo ocddiry (_kspirkgo ) ;9, 319

_kddkcm K, Hkgo 02

_kg`sfr Ncstdi >:, >>, 9>, 353, 35:, 3?3

_kstdir, Mclfr Oifroi _. 39

_ffdwknb :0, 23, 39:

Qcd`cy Mfugtckgs (_cd`cu) 19, 3>;

Qfdoc (_fdoc ) 2?, 392



Bikgrknb ̂ nbdkimcgg (32::-32;5), c sbriw` trcìr cg` dctir kg dkai

fgi fa tbi jist hgfwg crnbcifdfoksts fa tbi 3;tb nigtury, mcìmcgy trcvids crfug` tbi wfrd`. Bi rinfrì` bks ixpirkignis kg

sivircd `kcrkis. Pbks pujdknctkfg ks c trcgsnrkptkfg cg` trcgsdctkfg

fa ^nbdkimcgg‛s akrst trcvid `kcry< bks Iurfpicg lfurgiy kg tbi

wkgtir fa 3201/0?.

Pbk l bk ak k d ` ` b b bk

_ktbfut bcvkgo siig tbi Suiig

thanos_arentzen 2012 - without having seen the queen. the 1846 european travel journal of heinrich...

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