thalamus hypothalamus gaj.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
Diencephalon:Thalamus and Hypothalamus
January 13, 2009
Diencephalon
• Relay between the brainstem & cerebral cortex• Dorsal-posterior structures
– Epithalamus• Habenular nuclei – integrate smell & emotions• Pineal gland – monitors diurnal / nocturnal rhythm
– Thalamus– Metathalamus
• Medial geniculate body – auditory relay• Lateral geniculate body – visual relay
• Ventral-anterior structure– Hypothalamus
Function of the Thalamus• Sensory relay
– ALL sensory information (except smell)
• Motor integration– Input from cortex, cerebellum
and basal ganglia• Arousal
– Part of reticular activating system
• Pain modulation– All nociceptive information
• Memory & behavior– Lesions are disruptive
Input to the Thalamus
Input to the Thalamus
Metathalamus Vision and Hearing
Input to the Thalamus
Sensory relay - Ventral posterior group all sensation from body and head, including pain
Input to the Thalamus
Motor control and integration
Input to the Thalamus
Behavior and emotion connection with hypothalamus
Projections from the Thalamus
Metathalamus Vision and Hearing
Proyecciones desde el Tálamo
Sensory relay Ventral posterior group
all sensation from body and head, including pain.
Projections from the Thalamus
Motor control and integration
Projections from the Thalamus
Behavior and emotion connection with hypothalamus
Thalamus: axial view
Descending upper motor neurons
Cerebral peduncles Internal capsule
Thalamus: axial view
Thalamus: sagittal view
Pons
Thalamus: sagittal view
Thalamus: coronal view
Thalamus: coronal view
3rd ventricle
Thalamus: coronal view
Internal capsule
Thalamus: coronal view
Internal capsule
Cerebral peduncles
Thalamus: coronal view
Mediodorsal nucleus Internal capsule
Dorsomedial nucleus has reciprocal connections to prefrontal cortex.
Concerned with judgment, decision making, memory and behavior.
Thalamus
Mediodorsal nucleus Internal capsule
Ventral lateral nucleus
VL nucleus has reciprocal connections with primary motor cortex. It receives input from cerebellar nuclei.
With VA nucleus (which receives input from basal ganglia) contributes to planning and control of movement.
Thalamus: blood supply
Hypothalamus
Located ventral-anterior to thalamus.
(Subthalamus, located ventral to thalamus, will be discussed with basal ganglia.)
Hypothalamus
Coronal view
Hypothalamus
Sagittal view
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasm
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Mammillary body: termination of fornix
Hypothalamus
Fornix: part of the limbic system
Hypothalamus
Fornix to mammillary bodies
Coronal view
Lateral view
Hypothalamus: sagittal view
Hypothalamus: sagittal view
Hypothalamus: sagittal view
Hypothalamus: sagittal view
Connects temporal lobes, sharing olfactory and audiovisual information
Hypothalamus: coronal view(rostral to caudal)
PRE-OPTIC
SUPRACHIASMATIC
TUBERAL
MAMMILLARY
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Gonadotropic releasing hormone
Sexual arousal, appetite, reproduction
Pre-Optic Region
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Secrete ADH, oxytocin
Transported via axons to posterior pituitary (hypophysis)
Suprachiasmic Region
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Regulates thirst
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Body temperature
Circadian rhythms
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Satiety
Tuberal Region
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Regulates prolactin and growth hormone
β endorphin for pain
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Limbic system
Mammillary region
Hypothalamus: coronal view
Hypocretin (orexin)
Narcolepsy, reward
Hypothalamus
Relationship to Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamic Connections
Anterior pituitary
From Pre-optic nucleus
Tubero-infundibular tract to Median eminence, then via Portal veins
Gonadotropic releasing hormone
Hypothalamic Connections
Posterior pituitary
Supraoptic-hypophyseal tract
ADH / Vasopressin (supraoptic nuclei)
Oxytocin (paraventricular nuclei)
Function of the Pituitary
Weds
Basal ganglia