Thai Small Island Electrification

Stakeholder Consultation Roundtable

TGCP-Energy

30 April 2019

Outline

1. Island Status Report: Background & Objectives

2. Electricity Access

3. Thailand National Electrification

4. Thai Island Electrification: Overview

5. Thai Small Island Status

6. Microgrid Feasibility Studies

1. Island Status Report: Background & Objectives

Island Status Report: Introduction

Communities are not connected to the national grid have limited access to electricity.

‘the last mile problem’ – electrifying the final percent is hardest and costliest

Availability

ReliabilityAffordability

GIZ Past Projects

Project Development Programme (PDP)2016 – Koh Jik, Chanthaburi community microgrid development

Renewable Energy Hybrid Grid Systems for Thai Islands2017 - Feasibility study of PV/Diesel hybrid grid for 2 islands – Koh Mak Noi, Koh Bulon Don

Thai-German Climate Programme: Energy (TGCP-Energy) 2019 - project to support Thailand in reducing GHG emission from the energy sector

Island Status Report: Objective

“To develop status report and bring out policy recommendations for climate friendly electrification of Thai islands”

Publications:

1. Status Report

2. Policy Recommendation

2. Defining Electricity Access

“What does it mean to have access to electricity?”

Access is not a not a matter of yes or no….

… quantity and quality of electricity should also be taken into account

“How do we measure electricity access?”

-Multi-tier framework

proposed by ESMAP

Improved Electricity

Supply

1

Source: Energy Access Redefined, ESMAP, 2015 [1]

Multi-tier Matrix for measuring household electricity

access

Aim: Tier 4 & Tier 5

3. Thailand National Electrification

Recap of Rural Electrification Policy

1960’s – PEA’s establishment - rural electricity access rate stood at 2%, for people living outside Bangkok Metropolitan Area

1972 – 10% electrification rate - 45,000 villages located in 68 provinces

1973 – Approval of National Plan for Thailand Accelerated Rural Electrification, target to electrify 50,000 villages in 15 (25) years.

Source: Auther’s illustration with 1960-2011 data adapted from PEA

presentation [2] & 2017 data from PEA annual report 2017 [3]

Scheme for last mile electrification..

Policy: Solar Home System Schemes, 2004-2006

• Total budget: 5,625.282 million THB

• Target: 203,000 households in 73 provinces

• SHS Components:• 120 W PV

• 150 W inverter/charge controller

• 125 Ah, 12 V lead acid battery

• Light bulbs

Inverter Battery

PV Panel

Current National Electrification Status

PEA Status (2017) No. %

#Total Villages 74,304 100%

#Unelectrified Villages 7 0.01%

#Electrified Villages 74,297 99.99%

PEA Status (2017) No. %

# Total Households 21,460,000 100%

#Unelectrified

Households

49,472 0.23%

#Electrified

Households

21,509,472 99.77%

Source: PEA Annual Report 2017 [3]

IEA, 2017 [4]

2016 – IEA Regional Snapshot

4. Thai Islands: Overview

936Total Number of Islands

Phang-ngaProvince with most

islands

>200Inhabited Islands

>20Islands with submarine

cable connection

Source: Author’s Illustration, based on DMRC [4]

Summary of Electrification Options

Island Electrification

Grid-Connected Islands

Overhead cable Submarine cable

Island Microgrids

Diesel microgrids/centralized gensets

Renewable Energy Microgrids

Stand-Alone Systems

Personal gensets Solar home systems

Stand-alone systems

Household Use Commercial Use

• Personal Gensets

• Solar Home Systems

Household Use Commercial Use

Island Microgrids/Centralized Gensets

Three models of depending on operator

1) Utility Operated (PEA):

E.g. Koh Nok Pao

2) Governmental Operated (SAO):

E.g. Koh Bulon Don, Koh Mai Phai, Koh Panyee

3) Privately Operated:

E.g. Koh Mak Noi, Koh Lipeh, Koh Phayam

Case Study: Koh Jik, Chanthaburi- Community Microgrid

Renewable Energy Microgrid

5. Thai Small Islands

List of non-grid connected islandsNo. Island Name Province

No. of

HouseholdsPopulation Electricity Source

1 Koh Kham Yai เกาะขามใหญ่ Chonburi 55 203 Personal Genset

2 Koh Jik เกาะจกิ Chanthaburi 141 489 RE-Microgrid

3 Koh Sin Hai เกาะสินไห Ranong 305 1,116 RE-Microgrid

4 Koh Lao เกาะเหลา Ranong 108 212 Personal Genset

5 Koh Phayam เกาะพยาม Ranong 280 521 Private Microgrid

6 Koh Chang เกาะช้าง Ranong 145 313 Personal Genset

7 Koh Nok Thapao เกาะนกเภา Surat Thani 86 171 Centralised Genset (PEA)

8 Koh Taen เกาะแตน Surat Thani 30 126 Personal Genset

9 Koh Phaluay เกาะพลวย Surat Thani 180 438 DEDE RE Sources

10 Koh Lon เกาะโหลน Phuket 73 238 Personal Genset

11 Koh Mak Noi เกาะหมากน้อย Phang-nga 250 1,400 Private Microgrid

12 Koh Mai Phai เกาะไม่ไผ่ Phang-nga 164 696 Centralised Genset (SAO)

13 Koh Por เกาะปอ Krabi 120 200 Centralised Genset

14 Koh Hung เกาะฮั่ง Krabi 154 500 Personal Genset/SHS

15 Koh Lipeh เกาะหลีเป๊ะ Satun 900 1,300 Centralised Powerplant

16 Koh Bulon Lae เกาะบูโหลน เล Satun 79 170 Personal Genset

17 Koh Bulon Don เกาะบูโหลน ดอน Satun 81 300 Centralised/Personal Genset

Previous Site Assessments by GIZKoh Jik,

Chanthaburi

Koh Bulon Don,

Satun

Koh Bulon

Lae, Satun

Koh Mak Noi,

Phang-nga

Koh Lon,

Phuket

6. Microgrid Feasibility Studies (2019)

Koh Nok Pao, Surat Thani

Koh Por, Krabi

Koh Mai-Phai, Phang-nga

Microgrid Feasibility Studies: Approach

1. Load Profile Forecast

2. Techno-economic assumptions

3. Sizing 2-phase optimization with HOMER Pro

Scope:

- PV/ESS/Diesel Hybrid Microgrid

24-hour Load Profile Forecast

Koh Por, Krabi Province, forecasted load profile year 1

Koh Por Key Facts

Population 200

Households 113

Homestay 1

Island Area 2.24 km2

Distance from

Shore3 km

Electricity SourceCentralised Diesel

Genset

Techno-economic AssumptionsConstraints Parameter Value

Economic Constraints

Nominal Discount Rate 6%

Inflation Rate 2%

Diesel Price Escalation 3.1%

Project Lifetime 30

Technical Constraints

Load in Current Time Step 10%

Annual Peak Load 20%

Minimum Renewable Fraction 50%

Solar power output reserve 100%

Annual capacity shortage 0%

Parameters Values Parameters Values

Diesel Generator Battery

Technology Prime Power Oil Cooled

Battery Technology Li Ion

Minimum Load 70% Round-trip Efficiency 90%

Lifetime 20000 hours Battery Lifetime 10 years

Fuel Curve Intercept: 0.0417 l/hr Slope: 0.28 l/hr/kW

Initial SOC 100%

Capital Cost 400 USD/kW Minimum SOC 10%

Replacement Cost 280 USD/kW Capital Cost 500 USD/kWh

O&M 0.11 USD/hour Replacement Cost 350 USD/kWh

Diesel Fuel Price (2019)

0.88 USD/litre O&M 12.5$/kWh/year

Solar PV Battery Inverter

Module Size 330 Wp (STC) Inverter Efficiency 95.8

Derating Factor 80%

Lifetime 30 years Capital Cost Included in battery cost

Capital Cost 960 USD/kW Replacement Cost

Replacement Cost 960 USD/kW O&M

O&M (PV & Inverter) 20 USD/kW/year Battery Lifetime 10 years

PV Inverter Dispatch Strategy

Efficiency 98% Strategy Load Following

Lifetime 10 years

Capital Cost included in PV costs

Replacement Cost 135 USD/kW

Optimization Results: Kor Por

Phase 1 Phase 2

▪ Total capacity: ▪ Inverter type:

170 kWp

String inverter

360 kWp

String inverter

▪ Technology: ▪ Total capacity: ▪ Battery inverter:

Li-ion (LiFePO4)

400 kWh

120 kW

Li-ion (LiFePO4)

750 kWh

300 kW

▪ Total capacity: 3 x 40 kW 3 x 75 kW

Phase 1 Phase 2

Parameters Unit Year 1 Year 10 Year 20 Year 30

Total Electricity Production kWh/year 198,054 342,755 547,703 616,043

Electricity generation from diesel generators

kWh/year 3,276 115,067 101,220 191,389

Electricity generation from PV and battery kWh/year 194,778 227,688 446,483 424,654

Excess PV energy % 29.7 7.06 15.3 8.85

Total diesel operating hours hours/year 72 2055 964 1823

Total diesel consumption L/year 1112 39,073 34,371 64,990

Renewable fraction % 97.4 60.8 76 62.8

Cost Breakdown: Koh Por

LCOE Comparison – 30 Year Project Lifetime

LCOE (RE Microgrid) LCOE (100% Diesel)

Koh Nok Pao 11.467 THB/kWh 40.2 THB/kWh

0.362 USD/kWh 1.27 USD/kWh

Koh Por 12.267 THB/kWh 41.46 THB/kWh

0.388 USD/kWh 1.31 USD/kWh

Koh Mai Phai 11.58 THB/kWh 44.31 THB/kWh

0.366 USD/kWh 1.4 USD/kWh

*Li-ion ESS (incl. battery inverter) cost reduction from 750 USD/kWh in previous

study (2017) to average cost of 500 USD/kWh (2019)

References

[1] Bhatia, Mikul; Angelou, Niki. (2015). Beyond Connections : Energy Access Redefined. ESMAP Technical Report;008/15. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24368 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”

[2] Vechasart, R., & Suttisom, S. (2014). Rural Electrification in Thailand : Policy and Implementation. In Rural Electrification in Thailand: Policy and Implementation. Retrieved from https://www.iitk.ac.in/ime/anoops/for14/PPTs/Day - 5 Bangkok/RE in Thailand -Policy and Implementation - Mr. Reungvith Vechasart.pdf

[3] PEA. (2017). PEA Annual Report 2017. Retrieved from http://www.pea.co.th/Portals/0/Document/AnnualReport/PEA Annual Report 2017[S].pdf

[4] IEA. (2017). Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2017: World Energy Outloook Special Report. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12926

[5] DMCR. (2013). Central Database System and Data Standard for Marine and Coastal Resources. Retrieved April 3, 2019, from https://km.dmcr.go.th/th/c_52/d_7147