tg1+ +hardware

8/2/2019 TG1+ +Hardware

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Introduction

Hardware refers to the physical equipmentused for the input, processing, output andstorage activities of a computer system.


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Hardware consists of:

o Central processing unit (CPU)o Primary storageo Secondary storageo Input technologieso Output technologieso Communication technologies


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The Central Processing Unit

l Central processing unit (CPU)performsthe actual computation or numbercrunching inside any computer.

l Microprocessorl Control unit

l Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

l Registers


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Central Processing Unit (CPU)(continued)


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How the CPU Works (continued)


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Fetch, Decode and Execute

l Intel demonstrations
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Advances in MicroprocessorDesign

Moores Law: microprocessor complexitywould double every two years.
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Factors affecting chip speed

l Word length

l

Clock speed (Megahertz and Gigahertz)

l Data bus line

l Data bus width
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Evolution of ComputerPower/Cost
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Computer Memory

Two basic categories of computer memory:l Primary Storage

l Secondary Storage
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Memory Capacity

l Bit

l Byte

In this picture, one byte,

01001000, representsthe letter H

Kilobyte (KB): approximately one thousand bytes.Megabyte (MB): approximately one million bytes(1,048,576 bytes, or 1,024 x 1,024).Gigabyte (GB): actually 1,073,741,824 bytes (1,024x 1,024 x 1,024 bytes).Terabyte: One trillion bytes.Petabyte: One thousand terabytes.Exabyte: One thousand petabytes.Zettabyte: one thousand exabytes.
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Primary Storage

Primary storageormain memorystores three types of information forvery brief periods of time: Data to be processed by the CPU Instructions for the CPU as to how to

process the data Operating system programs that manage

various aspects of the computers

operation Primary storage takes place in chips

mounted on the computers maincircuit board, called the motherboard.
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Main Types of Primary Storage

l Registers

l Random access memory (RAM)

l Cache memory

l Read-only memory (ROM)
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Primary Storage

Register

RAM

Cache

MRAM
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Internal workings of personalcomputer

RAM

Harddiskdrive

Floppydiskdrive

CPUboard

withfan
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Primary versus SecondaryMemory


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Secondary Storage

Memory capacity that can store very largeamounts of data for extended periods oftime.

l Magnetic tape (sequential access)l Magnetic disks (direct access)

l Solid-state drive (SSD), sometimes called asolid-state disk or electronic disk, is a data

storage device that uses solid-state memory tostore data
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Magnetic Tape

Magnetic tape reel

Magnetic tape cartridge
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Hard Drive (Magnetic Disks)


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Hard Drive


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Optical Storage Devices

l Optical storage devices: A form ofsecondary storage in which a laser readsthe surface of a reflective plastic platter.l

Compact Disk, Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)l Digital Video Disk (DVD), Blue Ray Disk
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Flash Memory Devices

Flash memory

Flash memory devices

Thumb drive
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Flash Memory Devices


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Thumb Drive


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Sony Microvault Tiny Drive


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Evolution of Man and Storage

Paper Computer Card

Red Room, Computer ScienceUniversity of Waterloo, circa 1976

Paper Computer card reader (IBM)and operator
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Evolution of Man and Storage,Contd.


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Computer Hierarchy

l Supercomputersl Mainframe Computers

l Midrange Computers

l Workstationsl Notebooks and Desktop Computers

l Ultra-mobile PCs

l Computing devices
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NASA Supercomputer


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Mainframes and Mid-rangecomputers

IBM System Zmainframe

IBM iSeriesmidrangecomputer


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Desktops, Laptops, Notebooks

Delldesktop

HP notebook

IBM Thinkpadlaptop (nowLenovo)


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Ultramobile PC


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Tablet PC

l Typically have a touch screen or pen-enabledinterface, runs an adpated version of adesktop operating system

Asus Eee Pad Transformer 2

Apple IPad3?


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Input and Output Technologies

l Input technologiesallow people and othertechnologies to put data into a computer. The two maintypes of input devices are:l human data-entrydevices include keyboards, mouse,

trackball, joystick, touchscreen, stylus, and voicerecognition

l source-data automationdevices input data withminimal human intervention (e.g. barcode reader)

l Speed up data collection

l Reduce errorsl Gather data at the source of a transaction or other

event
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Input and Output Technologies(continued)

l Output generated by a computer can betransmitted to the user over several outputdevices and media, which include:l

Monitorsl Printers

l Plotters

l Voice
http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/


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Weve come a long way!

Keypunchmachine

Punch card
http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/


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The Multitouch Screen

Jeff Han presents the multitouch screenat the TED talks.
http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://www97.intel.com/en/TheJourneyInside/ExploreTheCurriculum/EC_Microprocessors/MPLesson2/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7623755146597949445&q=%22Jeff+Han%22+%22TED%22&total=87&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=2http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7623755146597949445&q=%22Jeff+Han%22+%22TED%22&total=87&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=2


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Microsoft Seadragon

Microsoft Seadragon is a very interestinginterface. See a demonstration here.
http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/129http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/129


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The Maltron Keyboard


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Innovations in HardwareUtilization

l Server Farms

l Grid computing (SETI@Home,volunteer computing

l Utility computingl Nanotechnology (see these slides)
http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distributed_computing_projectshttp://www.auburn.edu/~rainerk/nano.ppthttp://www.auburn.edu/~rainerk/nano.ppthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distributed_computing_projectshttp://setiathome.berkeley.edu/


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Strategic Hardware Issues

l How do organizations keep up with the rapidprice and performance advancements inhardware?

l

How often should an organization upgrade itscomputers and storage systems?

l Will upgrades increase personal andorganizational productivity?

l How can organizations measure suchincrease?


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Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rightsreserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond thatpermitted by Access Copyright (the Canadian copyright licensingagency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be

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