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8/7/2019 Textos Imagineria Religiosa - Portal Guarani.com

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2 Kbt`dfd Ejbfealrb _lèfedsb

Ejbfealrb _lèfedsbKbt`dfd

Wuoèkbid kda l` bpdyd il

Ycl Fltty Nduaibteda

KLAY_D IL B_YL[ Ê[\B@L[/J\[LD IL@ OB__D

Bsuakea Wbrbfuby

?773


3/96

Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd ?

Kbt`dfd Ejbfealrb _lèfedsb Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd y `ds butdrls

Ierlktdr il` Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls8 Kbr`ds Kd`djoeadIerlktdr il` Jusld il` Obrrd8 Dsvbìd [b`lradIerlktdr il` Jusld il Brtl Eaiflab8 Yeked Lskdobr

Kb``l Frbobidrls il` Kboekcu latrl Ljltlred Jerbaib y KbbibBsuakea, WbrbfubyYl`lnbx8 eandGjusldilòbrrd.kdjwww.jusldilòbrrd.kdj

@bs ndtdfrbnbs qul eùstrba `ds brtku`ds il `ds butdrls kdrrlspdaila b [usbab [b`lrad y Huèd[b`vbtelrrb. Kubaid dtrd nulrb l` butdr, sl kdasefabr. Ndrjba pbrtl il` Ilpbrtbjlatd ilIdkujlatbkea l Eavlstefbkedals il` KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd (IIE).

Kbtb`dfbkea8 Yeked Lskdobr.

Idkujlatbkea y kcbhl8 @b Kd`djoead.Kueibid il Liekea8 @b Kd`djoead.Iesld il` Kbt`dfd8 Dsvbìd [b`lrad.Iebfrbjbkea8 Jeful` @plz y Huèd Kbridzd.Iesld il kcbs y prdfrbjbkea8 [usbab [b`lrad y Huèd [b`vbtelrrb.

Ndtdfrbnbs8 [usbab [b`lrad y Huèd [b`vbtelrrb.Kdrrlkkea8 Ilrès Lsquevl`.Ejprlsea8 Brtl Aulvd - Jdatlveild 2.>>


4/96

; Kbt`dfd Ejbfealrb _lèfedsb

Lstl kbt`dfd rlfestrb, sestljbtezb y kdjlatb `bs dorbs plrtlalkelatls b` bklrvd il

brtl sbkrd il` Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/ Jusld il` Obrrd8 dohltds prdiukeids la `bs je-sedals rlèfedsbs y ilsbrrd``bids ùlfd kdjd krlbkedals pdpu`brls b trbvs il ievlrsdsprdklsds il trbasku`turbkea. Yb` kdjd sl prdklie pbrb `b k`bsekbkea il `bs pelzbsqul eatlfrba `bs kd`lkkedals il brtl eaiflab, la lstl kbsd sl bpl`b b kretlreds lxeo`lsil drilabjelatd ouskbaid qul l``ds ila kulatb il `b lsplkekeibi il tb`ls dorbs ynbkeètla l` bkklsd b `bs jesjbs.

[lfa sl nuaibjlatb la `ds brtku`ds tlrekds qul kdatlxtubèzba `bs dorbs plrtlal-kelatls b `bs kd`lkkedals, `bs adtbs qul jbrkba `b prdiukkea il tb`ls dorbs ad pulilaslr bseje`bibs ierlktbjlatl b `bs qul kbrbktlrezba l` brtl dkkeilatb`. Larlibibs la nua-

kedals lxtrblsttekbs (rlèfedsbs, sdkeb`ls, lkdajekbs) y baejbibs pdr kdjp`lhds prdkl-sds trbasku`turbtevds, bs pelzbs qul kdjpdala ds bklrvds bcdrb kbtb`dfbids rlquelrlaievlrsds kretlreds il drilabjelatd y lxpdsekea qul ad seljprl sl kdjpbilkla kda dsil uab fekb tbxdajekb refurdsb. Lstb trbasfrlsea k`bsekbtdreb ad rlsu`tb frbvl puls`b eandrjbtezbkea il` kbt`dfd plrjetl qul `bs osqulibs tlafba bkklsds ievlrsds.

L` prdped trjead brtl bpèkbid b bs pelzbs kbtb`dfbibs supdal ua kelrtd bousd il`b lxtlasea kdavlakedab` il` kdaklptd il brtl, pulstd qul tb`ls pelzbs ad kdastetuyladohltds lsttekds butadjds, buaqul ad puliba slr ilskdadkeibs la su vb`dr ndrjb` y

BK@B_BKEDAL[ W_L@EJEAB_L[

Kbt`dfd/EJBFEAL_B _L@EFED[B

êstb il `b sb`b il ejbfealrb rlèfedsb il` KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd. Brkcevd IIE.


5/96

Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd 9

su b`kbakl lxprlsevd. @bs ejflals rlèfedsbs krlbibs pdr `ds eaiflabs y `ds jlstezds,ilatrd y nulrb il `bs jesedals, ad bsperba b kdastetuersl la dorbs aekbs y drefeab`ls yad telala, pdr `d tbatd, aeafa eakdavlaelatl la rlplter sdùkedals y ndrjbs b `d `brfdil sef`ds= kdjd tbjpdkd telala prdo`ljbs la bseje`br oruskbjlatl eaadvbkedals lakubatd `bs jesjbs kdeakeiba kda `bs iljbaibs ievlrsbs il sus prdklsds ku`turb`ls. @b

kd`lkkea kulatb, pdr `d tbatd, kda jukcbs pelzbs qul, buaqul prdiukeibs il jbalrbjbaunbkturbib, rlsu`tba ndrjb`jlatl seje`brls latrl s. Batl lstb setubkea sl ilkeie-tbatd kdjd sl cekelrb batl `bs dorbs il brtl eaiflab- ejprejer s`d uab kcb (d uabspdkbs) pdr dohltd kdrrlspdaielatl b kbib tepd, ilhbaid rlfestrd il` ajlrd il tdibs bsdtrbs pelzbs qul kdjprlail kbib kbtlfdrb. @b ilskrepkea y l` iltb``l il `b tdtbèibiil `bs dorbs il `b kd`lkkea bpbrlkla lxpulstds la l` ieskd qul eakùyl kbib kbt`dfd.Batl `b alklseibi il ouskbr eandrjbkea bklrkb il uab dorb lsplkkb, sl rlkurrl b`èstbid qul bkdjpbb kbib tepd flalrb` d b` sestljb eandrjtekd qul, uoekbid la l` dkbìl` Jusld, iltb``b lsb dorb pbrteku`br y plrjetl rl`bkedabr`b kda dtrbs.

Wbrb iltlrjeabr `bs kbtlfdrbs osekbs il k`bsekbkea dorbs, sl dpt pdr kdase -ilrbr la prejlr ùfbr `ds lsklabreds il `b prdiukkea il ejflals sbatlrbs8 l` il `bsrliukkedals hlsutekbs y il `ds pulo`ds il eaieds suhltds b jesedals nrbakeskbabs, l` il `b

[ba Huba. Yb``lr hlsutekd. s. SÊEE. KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd. êrfla il `b Eajbku`bib Kdaklpkea. Yb``lr nrbakeskbad.Kbbzbp, s. SÊEE. KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd.


6/96


7/96

Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd >

@b kd`lkkea, Kbt`dfd Ejbfealrb _lèfedsb lst kdastetueib la obsl b pelzbs biquereibs

pdr Kbr`ds Kd`djoead b `d `brfd il vleatekeakd bds, krlke kda l` bpdrtl il dorbs idabibs

pdr Dsvbìd [b`lrad y dtrds pbrteku`brls l eastetukedals, bs kdjd kda pelzbs kdjprbibs

jliebatl ndaids il` Jusld. La preakeped, `b eilb kurbtdreb` il lstb kd`lkkea sl ierefb b

rluaer tb``bs rlèfedsbs prdiukeibs s`d pdr brtestbs pdpu`brls jlstezds b pbrter il` s. SES.

Wdstlredrjlatl, sl ilkeie, pdr rbzdals ieiktekbs, eakdrpdrbr biljs dorbs qul kdandrjba`ds batlklilatls il `bs tb``bs pdpu`brls8 `bs prdiukeibs pdr `ds eaiflabs la `bs jesedals

hlsutekbs y nrbakeskbabs y la ds `bjbids tvb, ds pulo`ds il eaieds suhltds b` pdilr keve`

(ss. SÊE b` SES).


8/96


[BAYD U [LBBklrkb il `bs ejbfealrb rlèfedsb jesedalrby pdpu`br la l` Wbrbfuby

EAY_DI\KKEAKulstedals@b lsku`turb il furbs il sbatds kres-

tebads kdanlkkedabib la jbilrb, tb``bib ypdèkrdjbib, kdastetuyl uad il `ds nlajl-ads js eatlrlsbatls il b cestdreb il bs brtlsvesub`ls la l` Wbrbfuby y `bs rlfedals biyb-klatls. Lstb prktekb, eaekebib kda `b ``lfbibil ds jesedalrds nrbakeskbads y hlsutekds, cb

kdasdèibid uab nulrtl trbiekea qul, sdorl l`ndaid il suklsevds y ienlrlatls rlfestrds ku`-turb`ls, kdateab veflatl, seju`talbjlatljlafubib la su prdiukkea y rladvbib lasus rbzdals.

B `ds lnlktds il kdatlxtubèzbr y k`bse-kbr `bs kd`lkkedals il ejbfealrb rlèfedsbplrtlalkelatls b` bklrvd il ua jusld il brtl(l` Klatrd il Brtls esub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd),eatlrlsb p`batlbr lstl brtku`d la tdrad b` lstb-tutd brtstekd il bs pelzbs qul d kdjpdala.Lstb kulstea ls klatrb` pbrb l` baèses ilndrjbs dkurreibs la p`lad nrlatl il ètefed eatlrku`turb`. @bs ejflals lxtrbahlrbs ``lfba bBjrekb kdjd puatb`ls il uab bkkea bku`turbtevb y ltadkeib8 ds eaiflabs sda ndrzbids bkbjoebr sus furbs (d sus ad-furbs) pdr lstbs pdtlatls lfels qul rlprlslatboba juaidslxtrbds, eakdjpbteo`ls kda sus krllakebs y sus jljdrebs. U sda doèfbids (d eaiukeids, lal` jlhdr il `ds kbsds) b cbklr`d la uab k`bvl il slaseoeèibi ienlrlatl b `b suyb y sdorl k-iefds il rlprlslatbkea ilskdadkeids. Cbstb qu puatd pdirb cbo`brsl il brtl la rl`bkeab dplrbkedals qul supdala uab ejpdsekea, qul ejpèkba prdkliejelatds ejetbtevds, qul

lxkùyla prdfrbjtekbjlatl tdid preakeped il krlbteveibi y èolrtbi lxprlsevb4 L` brtku`drlkulrib lstb prlfuatb b `d `brfd il su ilsbrrd``d. \ab prlfuatb ienke` il rlspdailr, plrdeaiesplasbo`l pbrb kdaseilrbr l` slateid prdped il `bs prktekbs plrenrekbs.

@b kdasdèibkea il` brtl pdpu`br, flrjeabid la l` klatrd il bs rliukkedals, lsplkeb`-jlatl `bs nrbakeskbabs, bsdjbid latrl `bs freltbs jesedalrbs y bbazbid la `b eatljplrelqul ilhbrda `bs jesedals, batekepb pdseo`ls rlspulstbs y p`batlb dtrbs kulstedals.

Ilsteljpds@b tlasea latrl ds jdil`ds jltrdpdètbads y b prdiukkea il bs plrenlrebs kdastetuyl,

bs, uab kulstea eaiesplasbo`l pbrb kdaseilrbr tbatd `ds prdklsds il prieib kdjd `ds ilkdpeb, biu`tlrbkea, trbasbkkea y bprdpebkea qul sl lakulatrbalakdatrbids la `b obsl il

Yeked Lskdobr


9/96


lsl joetd eakelrtd qul `bjbjds brtl btead-bjlrekbad. @b kd`daezbkea lurdplb rlkbysdorl `ds tlrretdreds aulvds sefuelaid ua prd-frbjb prlkesd il ilstrukkea il bs obsls ku`-turb`ls drefeabrebs y rlljp`bzd il sus sefads

pdr `ds lurdplds. Wlrd aeafuab ljprlsb ilidjeabkea pulil slr kbob`jlatl kujpèib,pdrqul sda èjetbids `ds b`kbakls il` pdilrkdaquestbidr y dosteabib `b rlsestlakeb il `bsku`turbs kdaquestbibs. Wlrd, tbjoea, pdrqullsb ljprlsb eavdùkrb ejbfeabreds y jdveèzbhufbibs sejoèkbs, y aeafa prdylktd ku`turb`pulil slr latlrbjlatl kdasujbid la kuba-td trbaskurrl la `b lsklab rlsob`biezb il `brlprlslatbkea. @ds prdklsds kd`daezbidrls,kdjd `ds pdskd`daezbidrls, ad pulila pdrl``d sdstlalrsl la `b purb kdlrkea8 prlkesba,pdr uab pbrtl, plrsubier y slr bklptbids=ilola, pdr dtrb, klilr, trbasbr, bsujer `b plr-sestlakeb il sefads eaalfdkebo`ls.

Bua `ds js slvlrds prdklsds il kda-questb y kd`daezbkea ku`turb`, `ds js ej-

p`bkbo`ls jdvejelatds ltadkeibs, ad b`kbazba b kuorer tdib l` rlb il `b ku`turb y ilhba,b su plsbr, uab zdab vbkbatl. La lsb nrbahb ilskuoelrtb, `ds eaiflabs, y ùlfd `ds jlstezds

y `ds kred``ds, `dfrbrda la jukcds kbsds tlrfevlrsbr l` slateid il `ds sefads idjeabatls ybslfurbr ua kelrtd tlrrlad idail bslatbr `b jljdreb, rlsfubribr kelrtd kbpetb` sejoèkd ybpdybr prdylktds prdpeds. Ilsil lstds ùfbrls sdorbatls puielrda l``ds zbnbrsl il` ilsteadlspured il kdastetuer kb`kds ilfrbibids il vlribils drefeab`ls= ls ilker, puielrda la pbrtlzbnbrsl il` prdylktd idjeabatl. La jukcbs dkbsedals, plrtrlkcbids la lsds jrflals,`ds eaiflabs kd`daezbids kdjlazbrda kdpebaid bpèkbibjlatl `ds jdil`ds lurdplds ytlrjeabrda trbasfrlielaid sus kadals y sus kiefds, uab vlz ilsjdatbid l` slateid il`prdtdtepd8 krlbaid ndrjbs aulvbs, sdorl `bs rueabs= b vlkls, il `bs prdpebs.

Ad seljprl lsb krlbkea dolilke b prdklsds eatlakedab`ls. @ds trbstdrads qul sunrla `ds

`lafubhls jltrdpdètbads b` adjorbr `bs cestdrebs plrenrekbs sl drefeaba kelrtbjlatl la `b dpd-sekea il ua prdylktd eaike`, ilkeieid b rlsester `b eavbsea, ilsvebr sus ljobtls d trbstdrabr suslateid. [urfla, tbjoea, il lquvdkds y ylrrds, il `b ejplrekeb la `b kdpeb il lhljp`brls bhlads(qul rlquelrla slaseoeèibils, tkaekbs y ilstrlzbs ilskdadkeibs) y rlsu`tba il `ds lxtrbvds qulprdiukl l` ilsteljpd (`ds ilsbhustls latrl cestdrebs iesteatbs, `bs iljdrbs latrl l` jdjlatd il`drefeab` y l` il` jdil`d). Wrdvelala, pdr `tejd, il `bs iestdrsedals prdvdkbibs pdr `bs suklsevbskdpebs8 yb sl sbol qul juy pdkbs vlkls trbhlrda `ds jesedalrds dorbs drefeab`ls, pdr `d qul `bsrpèkbs rlbèzbibs la `ds tb``lrls sl obsboba la ejflals il slfuaib d tlrklrb jbad. Wlrd `dsilsvds il` prdylktd idjeabatl d clfljaekd ilrevba tbjoea il `bs kdaklsedals qul ilolcbklr l` pdilr batl ids `jetls qul sl `l prlslatba8 pdr ua `bid, `b ejpdseoeèibi il ilstruerkelrtds jld``ds il `b ku`turb suob`tlrab= pdr dtrd, `b alklseibi il jbatlalr d krlbr puatds ilkdeakeilakebs la tdrad b `ds kub`ls `ds usubreds il lstb ku`turb puliba eilatekbrsl kda kelrtds


10/96


jdjlatds d furbs il` prdylktd kd`daeb`. [ea uab jaejb bklptbkea, b purb nulrzb, ad pulilkrlbrsl ua clkcd il ku`turb= jlads ba, ua prdiuktd brtstekd.

Ydids lstds nbktdrls prdvdkba ilsèkls la b prktekb il b kd`daezbkea ku`turb`. U borla ils-nbsls nlkuaids idail pulil dplrbr `b ienlrlakeb, `b obsl il` brtl pdpu`br qul krlklr ilspus.

@B[ ND_JB[ IL@ KBJOED@b prieibL` ejpbktd kd`daeb` sdorl `bs ku`turbs drefeabrebs tuvd trls jdjlatds, ad suklsevds ae

lxkùylatls latrl s. L` prejlrd, bku`turbtevd, kdaseste la `b rlprlsea y `b ilvbstbkea ilfrbails rlbs il lstbs ku`turbs, brrbsbibs pdr b idjeabkea. Kelrtbs ndrjbs nulrda baeque`bibsy sustetueibs pdr dtrbs, ejpulstbs. Il latrbib, ds jesedalrds nrbakeskbads y hlsuetbs eilatekb-rda y pbsbrda b lxterpbr, d b eatlatbr cbklr`d, kelrtds iespdsetevds nuaibjlatb`ls il `b ku`turbfubrba la kubatd ad slrvba b` prdylktd il `bs rliukkedals8 `ds retub`ls y klrljdaebs, `b pb-`borb jtekb, `ds sestljbs il krllakebs y vb`drls il `ds pulo`ds rliukeids. La l` kdatlxtd il

`bs jesedals, jukcbs dtrbs ndrjbs sl ilsjdrdabrda sd`bs kubaid cuoelrda seid suprejeidssus kdatlxtds. Bs, l` brtl pùjbred fubrba sl bpbf kda l` dkbsd il` pdilr il `ds scbjbalsy `ds fulrrlrds, kdjd `b je`labreb klstlrb sl lxtrbve uab vlz d`veibibs sus nuakedals y susljp`lds. U, il lstl jdid, b frba klrjekb ilsbpbrlke sefuelaid b sulrtl il sus kdatlaeidsprejlrds (nualrbreds, batrdpdnfekds, klrljdaeb`ls). La lsl tlrretdred brrueabid, ds jesedalrdseastb`brda bs ejflals ejpdrtbibs il Lurdpb, kuyds lxklsds y dpu`lakeb rlsu`tboba batettekds

Bmbafubb. Kdrdab bv. Wrdklil il Bkbrbyj, k. 2557. KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd.


11/96


b `b tljp`bib slaseoeèibi il `b ku`turb fubrba. La jukcds kbsds, l` kcdqul sl rlsd`ve, kdjdqulib vestd, la b ljlrflakeb il ndrjbkedals ku`turb`ls seakrtekbs= la dtrds, la b lxteakea ie-rlktb il bklrvds latlrds. Lstl prdklsd, qul b trbvs il ienlrlatls jdibèibils bnlkt b tdids `dsfrupds taekds, kdateau b d brfd il b Kd`daeb y kruz ds prejlrds teljpds rlpuoèkbads y dsfdoelrads eailplaielatls. Kdateab, la kelrtd slateid, cbstb cdy, prdvdkbid pdr b ilseieb lstbtb`

l ejpu`sbid pdr `bs jukcbs prktekbs eatd`lrbatls y ltadkeibs, eakbpbkls il bklptbr `b ievlrseibiku`turb`. Wlrd, b ds lnlktds il prlslatbr l` kbt`dfd il bs kd`lkkedals il` Klatrd il Brtls esub`ls,lstl brtku`d s`d sl rllrl b `b bku`turbkea jesedalrb rlkbib sdorl ds fubrba.

@b ilnlasbL` slfuaid jdjlatd jbrkb uab bkkea butdbrjbtevb8 `b rlsestlakeb eaiflab, tbatd lx-

prlsbib la ndrjb bktevb b trbvs il rlolèdals ved`latbs kdjd lhlrkeib jliebatl ievlrsbs lstrb-tlfebs pbrb kbutl`br kelrtds jdhdals il b eilateibi ku`turb`. @ds prdklsds il prlslrvbkea il dsbklrvds pbtrejdaeb ls taekds dkurrelrda nuaibjlatb`jlatl latrl `ds eaiflabs ad sdjlteids brliukkedals, plrd, b plsbr il` kdatrd` jesedalrd, bua `ds fubrba rliukeids `dfrbrda kdaslrvbrkelrtb slaseoeèibi lsttekb, bs kdjd iltlrjeabid slateid il `b lxprlsea y uab jbalrb prdpebil kdakloer l` lspbked y p`batlbr `b ndrjb. @b ilnlasb il `b eilateibi ku`turb` sefaekb ad s`d`b prlslrvbkea il prktekbs trbiekedab`ls, seadl` usd, eatlakedab`, il ndrjbs la tdrad b `bsqul ds eaiflabs sl eilatekba y jliebatl bskub`ls sl selatla lxprlsbids.

@bs trbasbkkedalsLa kelrtbs dkbsedals, l` bklrvd ku`turb`

sl larequlkl kda l` bpdrtl il tkaekbs y jbtl-reb`ls y `b eakdrpdrbkea il usds y sdùkedalsndrjb`ls aulvbs, plrd bs jbtrekls il sefaekb-kea sefula selaid `bs jesjbs. stl ls l` kbsdil` jdjlatd butdbrjbtevd, trbtbid obhd l`suottu`d batlredr. L` `tejd jdjlatd, l` tlrkl-rd, sl rllrl b setubkedals trbasbkkedab`ls. Wdruab pbrtl, buaqul b kdjuaeibi kdaslrvl uabpbrteku`br slaseoeèibi lsttekb, ilol rlndrju`br

sus kiefds sejoèkds pbrb bseje`br ejflalsiljbsebid ienlrlatls b `bs qul trbjetba l``ds.Bs, bkdjlteibs pdr ndrjbs bhlabs qul nulrzba`ds jetls il su cdrezdatl sejoèkd, bs ku`tu-rbs cbkla ua lsnulrzd pbrb pdilr bosdrolr`bs,veakuàid`bs kda sus prdpebs lxplrelakebs ybibptaid`bs b alklseibils `dkb`ls. Wdr dtrbpbrtl, `b kd`daezbkea ku`turb`, qul ad pul-il sdstlalrsl b trbvs il jlieds purbjlatl

kdlrketevds y ltadkeibs, ilol rlbhustbr sus ls-trbtlfebs pbrb alfdkebr joetds il lakulatrd.B vlkls ds sefads lxtrbahlrds sda ejpulstds d


12/96


prdpulstds kdjd sustetutds il furbs `dkb`lskuyd ufbr kdateab iespdaeo`l y boelrtd= tb` lsl` kbsd il ndrjbs bklrkbibs pdr ds jesedalrds,y bsujeibs pdr `ds eaiflabs, pbrb qul stdsrlljp`bkla retub`ls, ejflals d klrtlzbs qul

cba plrieid, il fd`pl, veflakeb. Dtrbs vlkls,`ds sefads bhlads ad sda ejpulstds, sead sl`lk-kedabids pdr b kdjuaeibi, qul ad lakulatrbla sus rlplrtdreds trbiekedab`ls rlspulstbs pbrblanrlatbr kbjoeds cestrekds rbiekb`ls.

Lstds jdvejelatds il rlbkdjdid ad s`dfbrbatezba `b suplrvevlakeb ku`turb`, sead qullarequlkla ds pbtrejdaeds sejoèkds. Ls qul,se l` kdaklptd il bku`turbkeaejpèkb vbkeb-jelatd y prieib, l` il trbasku`turbkeasl rl-lrl b b krlbkea il aulvds clkcds ku`turb`lsprdiukeids pdr b ienlrlakeb, l` kdaektd y, bua,`b kd`daezbkea. [e l` prejlr trjead plrjetlsupdalr `b ejpdsekea treuanb` il uab ku`turbtdidpdilrdsb qul rlkbl sdorl dtrb, sujesb ypbsevb, vbkebaid y rlkbrfaid`b kda sus ndrjbs,l` slfuaid rljetl b pdsekedals kdjp`lhbs qulilola alfdkebr la tdrad b` slateid.

Wdr ua `bid, `bs ku`turbs idjeabatls d

clfljaekbs kbrlkla il` pdilr il bpèkbrla o`dqul sus jdil`ds= ilola dotlalr uab jaejb biclsea il bs suodrieabibs. Wdr dtrd,stbs ad sl pèlfba sejp`ljlatl batl l` bvbakl il nrlatls lxpbasevds8 pulila lsquevbr`dsd bseje`br`ds y cbklr il lstds jdvejelatds preakeped il sefads aulvds. Ad ls juy bjpèdl` jbrfla il jbaedorb qul telala pbrb cbklr`d, plrd la `ds rlsquekeds qul borla `ds ils-bkdp`ls il` pdilr, `ds ilslakulatrds il `b rlprlslatbkea d `b rlsestlakeb ku`turb`, pulilabrjbrsl flstds kbpbkls il prdiuker `b jaejb kubatb il ienlrlakeb qul rlquelrl l` brtlpbrb dplrbr.

Il lstb jbalrb, jukcbs dorbs, ilsteabibs la su drefla b kdastetuer rljlids il `ds

jdil`ds klatrb`ls, puielrda kdaquestbr su drefeabèibi kdàidsl pdr latrl `ds rlsquekedsqul ilhba `ds `jetls il` prdylktd kd`daezbidr. D la kubatd pdr ylrrd, ilseieb d easujesbdosteabkea ilsdolilkelrda l` slateid ejpulstd pdr lsl prdylktd y b`kbazbrda b prdiukerkelrtb dorb prdpeb la l` jlied il uab lsklab bvbsb``bib.

Lstl brtku`d ouskb trbobhbr lsl lspbked jbrfeab` il prdiukkea8 l` kdrrlspdaielatl bslktdrls eaiflabs y jlstezds krlkeid b d brfd il b suhlkea kd`daeb`, kdasdèibid iurbatll` sef`d SES y prdslfueid iurbatl l` sefuelatl y l` bktub`, b kdatrbpl`d il `bs kdaiekedalscdste`ls qul kbib teljpd rlaulvb.

@ds lsklabreds kd`daeb`lsB pbrter il` teljpd eaekebid kda `b Kd`daeb, b jliebids il` [. SÊ, lsds trls jd-vejelatds il bku`turbkea, rlsestlakeb y trbasku`turbkea bktubrda seju`talbjlatl. @d


13/96

Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd 2?

cekelrda trlazbids la prdklsds ilsefub`lsqul bklatubrda uad u dtrd il lsds trlsjdjlatds slfa `ds berls dske`batls il `bcestdreb y ds ljpuhls il sus prdtbfdaestbs,dpulstds kbse seljprl latrl s. B pbrter puls

il bqul` teljpd, b prdiukkea il ejflalsdkurre la ienlrlatls lsklabreds, baejbidsd eatlrnlreids pdr nulrzbs ieskdribatls. Laprejlr ùfbr, l` joetd il `ds fubrba qul,ad rliukeids, sefuelrda vevelaid slfa suprdpeb trbiekea, sdjlteib b eaulakebskd`daeb`ls vbrebs. La slfuaid, l` il `dspulo`ds b kbrfd il kurbtds nrbakeskbads,kdastetueids la rliukkedals d idktreabsy jbrkbids pdr su tb`batl kdrpdrbtevd

prdped y su pbrteku`br easlrkea la `b Wrd-veakeb, kda `b qul kdjpbrtb vekesetuils yprdylktds. Ilspus, l` lspbked rliukkedab`hlsutekd, lkelatl la sus kdjlteids, slvlrdla sus pbutbs, slpbrbid il` Wbrbfuby prd-veakeb`. Kbib uad il lstds lspbkeds prdiuhdealxedals prdpebs la `b ejbfla sbatlrbkd`daeb` qul cekelrda il stb uab dorbkdjp`lhb, treoutbreb il ievlrsbs jbtrekls

lste`stekbs y jljdrebs ilsefub`ls.Bua kdaseilrbaid lsb ievlrseibi,ienke`jlatl pdira slr ilsjbrkbibs tbhba-tljlatl `bs dorbs prdiukeibs la kbib uadil lstds lsklabreds. La flalrb`, buaqullxestba ienlrlakebs latrl `bs dorbs ilsteab-ibs b `bs ef`lsebs nrbakeskbabs y b `bs hlsu-tekbs, uabs y dtrbs kdjpbrtla nrbahbs ilprdiukkea y prlslatba jrflals kdanusdsqul ejpeila jbrkbr la ndrjb tbhbatl ievlrflakebs latrl uabs y dtrbs. Ybjpdkd pulilaslr iesteafueibs il jbalrb kdakùylatl jukcbs il `bs dorbs prdiukeibs b` neab` il `dsteljpds kd`daeb`ls, nulrb yb il` lsquljb rliukkedab`. @b iesplrsea il `ds brtlsbadsil tb``lrls hlsutekds, uab vlz lxpu`sbib `b Kdjpbb il Hlss la 26>6, prdiuhd, pdrdtrb pbrtl, eanùlakebs qul ieneku`tba `bs iesteakedals k`brbs. Clkcb lstb sb`vlibi y su-pdaelaid `bs bjoeflibils rlkea lauakebibs, obhd `ds sefuelatls ttu`ds sl rlsb`tbra`ds rbsfds ienlrlakeb`ls il `ds ids lsklabreds osekds idail suklil `b prdiukkea ilejflals rlèfedsbs.

L@ L[WBKED IL@ JDAYL

L` prejlr lsklabred ls l` rl`btevd b `ds eaiflabs qul ad nulrda sdjlteids b rl-iukkedals, qul kdateaubrda sus jdil`ds il veib trbiekedab` y s`d suplrnekeb`jlatl


14/96

2; Kbt`dfd Ejbfealrb _lèfedsb

bkdfelrda ndrjbs il drefla kd`daeb`. Iurbatl `ds prejlrds teljpds kd`daeb`ls, `dsfubrba ad rliukeids, ``bjbids latdakls bv jdats(eaied il` jdatl), kdjpdabaids frupds (`ds Mbrlj, il `b rlfea il` Jobrbkby, y `ds Bpytlr, il `b zdab Ybruj),bsklaielatls il `ds qul pulo`ba cdy l` Wbrbfuby8 `ds joy, `ds bv kcerep y `ds pbtbvytlr.Yb`ls ltaebs jbatuvelrda su butdadjb pd`tekb y sus eilateibils ku`turb`ls

buaqul ilsbrrd``brda ievlrsds prdklsds trbasku`turbtevds b trbvs il kdatbktds jbatl-aeids kda `b sdkelibi kd`daeb`, osekbjlatl b trbvs il `ds tvb, `ds pulo`ds keve`ls ileaieds. Lstds prdklsds tbjoea nulrda bnlktbaid `bs ku`turbs eastb`bibs la l` Kcbkd,plrd la lstl brtku`d ads rlnlrejds s`d b `ds fubrba, puls `b prdiukkea il ejflalsrlèfedsbs s`d dkurre la l` joetd il uab eanùlakeb pbrteku`brjlatl jesedalrb, qulad tuvd eakeilakeb latrl `bs ltaebs kcbqulbs. La slateid lstrektd, tbjpdkd `b tuvd kbselatrl `ds fubrba, pdr `d jlads il jbalrb eajliebtb. @b bidpkea il nefurbs tb``bibs,la lnlktd, sl kerkuaskreoe b `b ejbfla il `b kruz y `b il kelrtds l`ljlatds qul pbsbrdab bidrabr l` bjob, l` b`tbr bv.

@b furb il b kruz sl lakdatrbob yb ienuaieib latrl ds fubrba ilsil pdkbs kd`daeb`ls,b pbrter il sus prejlrds kdatbktds kda `ds o`bakds y `ds jesedalrds hlsutekds. [u bidpkeasl cborb drefeabid la `b ilkesea il bsujer ua sjod`d bhlad pbrb usunruktubr sus pdilrls

Bjob. B`tbr bv. Wrdklil il Bkbrbyj, k. 2557. KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd.


15/96


jfekds2. Yb``bibs pdr `ds bv la jbilrb il klird (yfbry, l` rod` sbfrbid il `ds fubrba)y bidrabibs kda plqulbs pùjbs, `bs krukls plaila il `bs vbrbs qul `lvbatba l` b`tbr-tbtblaiyy- d il ds kdridals ljpùjbids qul d lafb`baba -tumujod-. [lfa ds bktub`lsfubrba, bs krukls prdvelala il b eatlrslkkea il bs vbre``bs retub`ls `bjbibs yvyrbe, qulbs kruzbibs eaiekba ds kubtrd puatds kbrieab`ls. @ds joy fubrba rlvestla bs krukls kda

l` je`labred sestljb drabjlatb` klstlrd obsbid la l` latrlkruzbid il terbs vlfltb`ls= plrdlstb dplrbkea kdrrlspdail js b als lsttekd-lxprlsevds qul b ljp`lds rlèfedsds.@bs lsku`turbs zddjdrnbs, tbjoea tb``bibs la jbilrb il klird, qul cdy kdanlkkedaba

tdids `ds frupds fubrba, kdjd, la flalrb`, `bs iljs ltaebs la l` Wbrbfuby, tbjoea slobsba la bprdpebkedals il ejflals kd`daeb`ls. \ab vlz lxpu`sbids `ds hlsuetbs, la `b sl-fuaib jetbi il` s. SÊEE, jukcds brtlsbads tb``bidrls il ejflals rlèfedsbs, ``bjbids sbatdbpdcvb(`ds cbklidrls il sbatds d sbatlrds), ad s`d sl iesljeabrda latrl `ds pulo`dsprdveakeb`ls, sead qul, tbjoea, sl bklrkbrda b `ds jdatlsls, buaqul, ùlfd il kbse ids se-f`ds il rliukkea, yb ad puielrda rlbibptbrsl b `b veib il batls. Lstl jdvejelatd pdirbcbolr kdafurbid uab il `bs vbs il eaulakeb il `bs ejflals krestebabs= plrd `b rlb`jlatllnlktevb nul `b dtrb, `b prdiukeib jliebatl l` eatlrkbjoed ku`turb` latrl `ds fubrba jdatlslsy `ds pulo`lreads d rliukeids. @b bidpkea il `bs ejflals furbtevbs, ``bjbibs mbfmblal` fubrba trbiekedab` y kdadkeibs sejp`ljlatl kdjd tbbafb (rlprlslatbkea, ejbfla)latrl `ds eaiflabs jlstezds, puid prdsplrbr la kubatd bpdybib la kelrtbs prktekbs prdpebsil `ds fubrba, kdjd `b tb``b il `ds bpymb, `bs obaqultbs klrljdaeb`ls y scbjaekbs tb``bibsla jbilrb il klird. Ilsil `bs eaulakebs kd`daeb`ls, `ds bselatds retub`ls -refurdsbjlatlbostrbktds la sus drflals- kdjlazbrda b biquerer bsplktd zddjdrnd cbstb, la jukcds kbsds,

Bpymb. Obaqultb klrjdaeb pb tbvytlr. KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd.

2@ds fubrbals vlba la lstb kruz ua pdilr jfekd, seje`br b` qul l` scbja pdib tlalr la su jbad kda `b sdabhb, `b jobrbm, l` eastrujlatd jusekb`qul, slfa `b krllakeb batefub fubrba, kdatlab la su eatlredr ua bev, ua b`jb, buaqul nulrb `b il ua scbja yb julrtd= il lstb jbalrb, `ds fubrbalstrbaslrla l` slateid y l` vb`dr jfekd il` jobrbmkda l` bevb `b kruz qul l` hlsuetb trbl la `b jbad, (eatlrprltbid) kdjd ua pdilr jfekd y ad kdjd uanuaibjlatd idktreabred. Orbaes`bvb [usaem, L` _d` il `ds eaiflabs la `b ndrjbkea y la `b vevlakeb il` Wbrbfuby, Ydjd E, Eastetutd Wbrbfubyd il LstuiedsAbkedab`ls, Bsuakea, 253?, pf. 2>?.


16/96

2


17/96

Klatrd il Brtls ^esub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd 2>

crdls ku`turb`ls, sus hlnls y sus scbjbals, kuyds pdilrls sdorlabturb`ls iltlatboba9. Wdr

lsd, uab il bs tbrlbs js urflatls pbrb ds prejlrds jesedalrds, `ds nrbakeskbads, kdastetuy`b l`ejeabkea il` pdilr il ds scbjbals cestrekds fubrba. Wdr dtrb pbrtl, b drfbaezbkealkdajekb jesedalrb ad b`tlrbob rbiekb`jlatl b fubrba prlkd`daeb`, sead qul rlprdiukbla frba lskb`b `bs rl`bkedals lkdajekbs qul uab b hlnls eaiflabs kda sus soietds8 rl`b-kedals obsbibs la `b rlkeprdkeibi y `b rliestreoukea il `ds oelals y slrvekeds.

9Jbxejl Cbuolrt,@b veib kdteiebab il `ds eaieds y hlsuetbs la `bs jesedals il` Wbrbfuby, Li. Yljbs il Cdy, Jbirei, 2552. @dues Alkmlr, Eaieds fubrbals ykcbjbals nrbakeskbads. @bs prejlrbs rliukkedals il` Wbrbfuby (2


18/96


B jliebids il` s. SÊEE, yb la lsl lsklabred ab`, l` hlsuetb Wbrrbs sl bjlatb il` pdkdlatusebsjd rlèfedsd il ds eaiflabs rliukeids8 b l``ds hbjs sl ls vl rlzbr ua Bvl Jbrbse ad ls la `b ef`lseb, idail sda juy puatub`ls= plrd ls pdr tljdr il` kbstefd, pdrqul kdsbil ilvdkea hbjs cl rlkdadkeid la l``ds6. U js bil`batl, seljprl la tdad iesfustbid,rllrl qul8 la sus prevbibs kdavlrsbkedals, sl rliukl tdid b jbatlalr sus trbiekedals y

bateflibils, pbrb qul il pbirls b cehds vbyba pbsbaid

3.L` jbrfla il errliukteoeèibi il `b ku`turb eaiflab sl lxprlsbob ad s`d la `b eaid -

`lakeb rlèfedsb y `b nurtevb kdateaueibi il `b trbiekea, sead la `bs kdastbatls cueibs il `dspulo`ds jesedalrds, bs kdjd la ndrjbs sd`bpbibs il rlsestlakeb b` trbobhd y la l` ilsfbad y`b tdrplzb la su lhlkukea, nb`tbs qul ``lvboba b kdaseilrbr b ds eaiflabs kdjd abturb`jlatlprdplasds b `b cd`fbzbalrb. Alkmlr kdaseilrb qul l` clkcd il qul `ds kd`daezbidrls,keve`ls y rlèfedsds, ad kdasefuelrda dotlalr `b biclsea prdnuaib il `ds Fubrbalsb` r-fejla kd`daeb` sl jbaenlstbob la b rlsestlakeb, bcdrb pbsevb, qul ds fubrba kdateaubrdadpdaelaid b ds lspbd`ls5. Ls ilker, bs rlolèdals il b prejlrb pdkb cborba ibid ufbr buab aulvb ndrjb il eaidkeèibi8 b ilseieb la l` kujpèjelatd il bkteveibils kda bs kub`ls

l` eaiflab ad sl slatb eilatekbid y qul, pdr `d tbatd, ad `l eatlrlsboba.La lsl kdatlxtd ilol easkreoersl `b prdiukkea brtstekb jesedalrb. Wdr uab pbrtl, `ds

eaiflabs plrkeola l` odbtd lk`lsestekd, eakùeids `ds tljp`ds, lsku`turbs y peaturbs, la

6Nrby Wlird Hds il Wbrrbs, Iebred y ilrrdtlrd il sus vebhls, Oulads Berls, 259;, pf. 262.3Dp. ket., pf. 26;.5Dp. ket., pf. 257.

Kbolzb il qulruoa. Yb` lr hlsutekd. s. SÊEE. KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd.


19/96


rlfestrd il burb ku`tub` trbiekedab`, bhladb` jlasbhl krestebad, pdilrdsd pdr l` purdpdilr il `b ejbfla27. Wdr dtrb, l``ds jesjdslsku`pla y peatba kda ua latusebsjd qul il-plail il bs pdseoeèibils il bprdpebkea il`bs lsku`turbs krestebabs. @b nulrzb lxprlsevbil `bs tb``bs jesedalrbs vbrb slfa `b kda-vekkea kda qul ds sbatd bpdcvb bs cbybabseje`bid b sus prdpeds rlfestrds ku`turb`ls, ybqul ds fubrba auakb tlrjeabrda il bklptbrl` cdrezdatl il krllakebs qul lajbrkbob `bprdiukkea il `ds jdil`ds22.

_liukkedalsL` sestljb il kdaklatrbkea il eai-

flabs la kdjuabs slpbrbibs bpbrlkb yblxpulstd la `bs prejlrbs Kiu`bs _lb`ls ysl lakdatrbob rlf`bjlatbid pdr l` Kdaslhdil Eaiebs8 ds eaiflabs iloba slr bfrupbidsobhd `b ierlkkea slf`br d rlèfedsb pbrb slr keveèzbids y krestebaezbids. Wdr lsd, bplabseaekebib `b Kdaquestb, sl lstbo`lkelrda `ds prejlrds tvb, pulo`ds/kdjuabs obsbids la `bsfurbs il trbobhd kd`lktevd, butdsuosestlakeb jaejb y plreiekb suhlkea il `ds eaieds b`slrveked il `b lakdjelaib.

Buaqul jesedalrds il dtrbs rilals `lfbrda b lstds tlrretdreds, nulrda ds nrbakeskbads,

prejlrd, y ds hlsuetbs, obstbatl ilspus, quelals sl lakbrfbrda il bpèkbr b lstrbtlfeb il bkdaquestb lsperetub`. @d cekelrda, puls, easkreptds la l` prdfrbjb, ``bjbid sea lunljesjds,il `bs rliukkedals, suhltbs b refurdsd kdatrd` y b prdklsds eatlasevds il lvbaflèzbkea.@bs rliukkedals jesedalrbs kdateaubrda, il lstb jbalrb, l` jdil`d eaekeb` il `b Kdaques-tb, plrd `d rlbibptbrda tbatd b sus als il lvbaflèzbkea kdjd, slfa qulib rlnlreid,b kelrtbs kbrbktlrstekbs il `bs ku`turbs `dkb`ls la kubatd rlsu`tbrla kdjpbteo`ls kda tb`lsals y nbkeètbrba su kujpèjelatd. @bs jesedals kdastetuylrda, bs, lkelatls iespdsetevdsil idjeabkea pd`tekb, klatrds lkdajekds il prdiukkea y pdilrdsbs eastetukedals ilkdavlrsea y bidktreabjelatd rlèfedsd. Wlrd tbjoea kdastetuylrda jlieds il prdtlkkea

kdatrb ds eacujbads lxklsds il b lakdjelaib= ls pdseo`l qul ds fubrba rliukeids adcuoelrba dfrbid sdorlvever sea b ilnlasb jesedalrb, qul nul jukcd js larfekb pdr pbrtlil `ds hlsuetbs. @ds nrbakeskbads sl dpuselrda, kelrtbjlatl, b `ds bousds il `b lakdjelaib,plrd, b ienlrlakeb il `ds hlsuetbs, ad kulstedaboba `b veflakeb jesjb il lsb eastetukea.

Alkmlr sdstelal qul `b bktetui il `ds Nrbe`ls Jladrls (`ds nrbakeskbads) batl l` trb-obhd eaiflab ndrzdsd tuvd ids bsplktds= pdr ua `bid, cekelrda frbails lsnulrzds, pdr `djlads iurbatl `bs prejlrbs ikbibs, pbrb èjetbr `b sdorllxp`dtbkea eaiflab= pdr dtrd,bklptbrda y cbstb ilnlaielrda `bs prljesbs il obsl il `ds kd`daezbidrls, slfa `bs kub`lsl` plsd il` trbobhd jbaub` rlqulreid pdr `b bfreku`turb, l` kdjlrked y `b brtlsbab ilob

27[lfa Cbuolrt, `bs pdjpbs il` ku`td kbtèkd lrba kdaseilrbibs pdr `ds eaiflabs kdjd lxprlsedals il` pdilr scbjaekd il `ds Wbirls. La dp. ket.22[usaem lstuieb `ds nbktdrls il` rlkcbzd fubrba b `b idktreab krestebab= nbktdrls qul cekelrda eakdjpbteo`ls l` plasbjelatd fubrba kda `ds pdstu`bids jesed-alrds y qul, la frba pbrtl, lxpèkba `bs rlvul`tbs y su rlsestlakeb sdked-rlèfedsb qul sl prd`daf cbstb 2393, kda `b iesdùkea il `ds tvb, y qul sl puliladtbr eakùsd bua cdy ib. La L` rd` il `ds eaiflabs... Ydjd E, pf. 25>.


20/96


rlkblr preakepb`jlatl sdorl `ds eaieds, quelals pdiba slr `lftejbjlatl doèfbids pdr`b nulrzb b kujpèr lstl trbobhd. Lstb bktetui, brjb l` butdr, sl dpdab b `b hlsutekb, quleatlatbob sustrblr kdjp`ltbjlatl b ds eaieds il bs lxeflakebs il b lakdjelaib (buaqulls kelrtd, bk`brb, qul `ds sdjltba b dtrbs doèfbkedals kd`daeb`ls)2?. Cborb qul kdase-ilrbr qul b dpdsekea jesedalrb b ds ilsjbals kd`daeb`ls rlspdaib ad s`d b eaiuibo`ls

preakepeds cujbaetbreds, sead b rbzdals il kdjpltlakeb la tdrad b uab jbad il dorb qull``ds tbjoea usunruktuboba.

Yb``lrls@b jbad il dorb kdjprlaib, kelrtbjlatl, l` trbobhd brtlsbab`. La bs rliukkedals

jesedalrbs nuakedaboba tb``lrls idail `ds eaiflabs lrba eastrueids la ievlrsds dkeds ybrtls= latrl lstbs `tejbs furboba8 osekbjlatl `b lsku`turb, `b lxprlsea js ilsbrrd-``bib la lstb zdab= dkbsedab`jlatl l` frbobid, y `b peaturb. Wlrd ae b `ds hlsuetbs ae b `dsnrbakeskbads ls eatlrls ilsbrrd``br b krlbteveibi ae l` tb`latd lxprlsevd il ds eaiflabs.Wdr uab pbrtl, ls eaiuibo`l qul l` sestljb il trbobhd la lsds tb``lrls sl obsbob la `b eje-tbkea nbkseje`br il ds jdil`ds obhd slvlrdkdatrd` il `ds jesedalrds. stds bseje`boba`b prdiukkea il ejflals b ds dkeds jl-kaekds y vb`drboba su nbkturb kdjd purbilstrlzb jbaub` pbrb b kdpeb, ilspdhbib ilkub`quelr vl`leibi lsttekb l eavlatevb. Ilclkcd, ilskbèkboba kub`quelr pdseoeèibikrlbtevb il ds eaiflabs8 Ejetba kdjd jd-ads tdid d qul vla, ilkb [lpp2;, y @bool8

ad telala lstds eaieds flaed eavlatevd= plrdrljliba tdib dorb qul vla kda bijerbo`lilstrlzb29, y rljbtb Nur`daf8 pbrlklrbqul `d qul `ls nb`tb il hueked, `d cb supèid`b abturb`lzb kda su eakdjpbrbo`l easteatdil ejetbkea2. Iekcb prd-iukkea sl lakdatrbob puls ilsteabib pdr

2?Alkmlr, dp. ket., pfs. 292 y 29?.2;Batdaed [lpp, [.H., Kdateaubkea il `bs `bodrls Bpdstèkbs,Ydjd EEE, Liekedals krtekbs il `b dorbs il [lpp b kbrfd il Vlralr Cdnnjba, Luilob, Oulads

Berls, 256;, pf. ?67.29La Fue``lrjd Nur`daf, [.H., Jesedals y sus pulo`ds il fubrbals, Oulads Berls, 25>?, pf. 9, pf. ;>.


21/96

Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd ?7

dohltevds pd`tekd-rlèfedsds js qul pdrprltlasedals brtstekbs8 ouskbob trbasjeterjlhdr `ds kdatlaeids kbtlqustekds. Ub slsbol qul b bpl`bkea b` ejpbktd il bs ndr-jbs kdastetub ua rlkursd pbrb veaku`br ds

ore``ds il` retd krestebad kda l` pdilr bur-tekd il ds ku`tds dkb`ls. La lsl slateid, bbpbsedabib vesubèibi obrrdkb sl prlstboboela kdjd vlcku`d il idktreab, buaqul`b rlklpkea il tb` idktreab cbyb dkurreidseljprl ilsp`bzbib.

Wlrd `b prktekb il `ds tb``lrls illsku`turb y peaturb tlab biljs dtrbsnuakedals8 ouskbob jbatlalr bktevd b` ea-iflab y nrlabr, bs, `d qul `ds jesedalrdskdaseilrboba uab eaabtb tlailakeb b `bplrlzb26= y ``lfbrda b cbklr`d kda tbatdjpltu qul, slfa tlstejdaeds il` pbirlJbreja, ad pdkbs vlkls, kda l` sd`dnea il lvetbr `b dkedseibi, sl ilhbob qul`ds dplrbreds sl dkupbrba il cbklr kdsbsqul ilspus cborba il rlfb`br d terbr23.Wdr dtrb pbrtl, lsku`per tb``bs rlèfedsbskdastetub ua sukliald il `b rlstreafeib

b`nboltezbkea, pulstd qul `b laslbazb il lskreturb y `lkturb cborb lstbid rlslrvbibosekbjlatl b uab brestdkrbkeb eaiflab kdandrjbib pdr cehds il kbkequls, sbkrestbals,jbydridjds y hlnls il dorbs25. Wdr `tejd, buaqul b prdiukkea lsku`trekb y pektrekbsl lakdatrbob suhltb b` rfejla il prdpelibi kdja rliukkedab`, y b plsbr il qul b`ds sbatd bpdcvb `ls lstbob prdceoeid vlailr la ndrjb pbrteku`br sus dorbs?7, l``dstrbobhboba pbrb prdvllr ejflals b plrsdabs lxtrbbs b `b rliukkea slfa brrlf`dsprevbids d la l` jbrkd il `ds jbaibjelatds (trbobhd poèkd doèfbid b slr kujpèidpbrb`l`bjlatl b` il bs lakdjelaibs)?2. @b kdanlkkea il tb``bs y peaturbs bnlktbib b uajlrkbid lxtlrad dkurrb tbatd la bs jesedals nrbakeskbabs kdjd la bs hlsutekbs, bua-

qul, kda rl`bkea b stbs, Nur`daf sl qulhbob il `b lskbslz il `b iljbaib prdvlaelatlil lxtrbjurds??. [lfa Iura, `ds tb``lrls nrbakeskbads tbjoea prdvlba ejflals b`ds kdavlatds l ef`lsebs il Bsuakea, kuyds rltbo`ds, la su jbydrb, nulrda rlbèzbidspdr `ds kbrpeatlrds y idrbidrls il Et?;.

26@ds hlsuetbs sl hbktboba il cbolr suprejeid, latrl dtrbs, trls adkevbs eastetukedals il `b ku`turb fubrba8 `b ljorebfulz (`b lxb`tbkea klrljdaeb` jliebatl `bkcekcb), b pdèfbjeb y b cd`fbazb. Wbrb suplrbr b odrrbkclrb ejp`batbrda l` jbtl, pbrb bkbobr kda `b pdèfbjeb cekelrda qul sus nlèfrlsls tuvelrba ua b`tdkdaklptd il` sbkrbjlatd, y pbrb lèjeabr b dkedseibi krlbrda ds js vbrebids tepds il bodr. La Nur`daf, Jesedals y sus pulo`ds, dp. ket., pf. 9;


22/96

?2 Kbt`dfd Ejbfealrb _lèfedsb

L` brtl il `bs jesedals8 `ds hlsuetbs@b kulstea il` brtl

@b kerkuastbakeb il qul `b kdanlkkea il peaturbs, rltbo`ds y, juy preakepb`jlatl,lsku`turbs jesedalrbs sl cb``brb sdjlteib la `ds tb``lrls b ua kdatrd`bid sestljb il kdpebssestljb qul ad ilhbob jbrfla b `b èolrtbi lxprlsevb il` eaiflab-, bs kdjd l` clkcd il

qul tb` kdanlkkea lstuvelrl drelatbib lxkùsevbjlatl b als lxtrbbrtstekds, osekbjlatl illvbaflèzbkea, p`batlb ieku`tbils b `b cdrb il cbo`br il ua brtl il `bs jesedals, kdjdil ua brtl kd`daeb`, la flalrb`8 tdid l` sestljb il b Kd`daeb ilskdadke lsb pdseoeèibi.Kubaid sl cbo`b il brtl puls, sl usb lsl trjead kda kbutl`b y kdakelakeb il su broetrb-relibi8 servl pbrb adjorbr bqul``bs prktekbs d prdiuktds qul, ilsil b jbaepu`bkea il bndrjb slaseo`l y l` hulfd il `b ejbfla, prlkepetba aulvds kdatlaeids lxprlsevds, vlribilsdskurbs qul bpbrlkla, pdr ua eastbatl, vesùjorbibs. Ls ilker, l` brtl jdveèzb slateids qultrbskelaila b nuakea (la lstl kbsd lvbaflèzbidrb) il` dohltd. stl ls, dovebjlatl, ua kda-klptd jdilrad il brtl, plrd rlsu`tb te` pbrb lakbrbr rltrdsplktevbjlatl dohltds cestrekdsjbrkbids pdr ua pùs il sefaekbid, burbtezbids.

^d`vbjds, puls, b b kulstea8 cbstb qu puatd pulil cbo`brsl cdy il brtestekeibi kdarl`bkea b ndrjbs batlredrls ejpulstbs, kdpebibs y ilsprdvestbs il tdib eatlakea krlbtevb.

[b`b il baiut il` KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd. Julo`l rlbèzbid la tb``lr nrbakeskbad il Et. KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd.


23/96

Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd ??

_lsu`tb, il latrbib, lveilatl l` vb`dr lsttekd y lxprlsevd il uab pbrtl kdaseilrbo`l il `bprdiukkea kd`daeb` sbatlrb. B` bid il jukcbs pelzbs ealrtls y ilsùkeibs, prdiuktd ilsfb-abid il ua trbobhd doèfbtdred il tb``lr d eatlatd prltlasedsd il rljlibr l` lspretu lurdpld,sl brjba pelzbs drefeab`ls, pdtlatls la sus rbzdals aulvbs. Iail sl cborba bpdybidlsbs rbzdals qul ad nulrb la ds joetds rlfeids pdr l` prdfrbjb jesedalrd4 Kjd dfrbrdakd`brsl la ua lspbked tba lstrektbjlatl kdatrd`bid4

Wbrtbjds il` kbsd js lxtrljd, pdr su lkbkeb rliukkedab`, l` hlsutekd. @b eatlakeail `ds hlsuetbs lrb ad s`d prdjdvlr ua brtl (latlaieid la su bklpkea il dked) obsbidla l` kb`kd il `bs dorbs lurdplbs, sead jbatlalr, buaqul ejp`ketd, l` slateid drefeab` illsds jdil`ds= rlprdiuker b slaseoeèibi y l` fustd il bs jltrpdès, kdaseilrbids pbrbief-jbs uaevlrsb`ls il `d lsttekd. @ds brtlsbads il `bs jesedals iloba biskreoersl b` eilb` ilol``lzb klatrb` y, sea eatlatbr prdiuker brtl, trbaskreoer `ds flstds, trbzbs y prdpdrkedals il`brtl kdpebid. [lfa l` kretlred il `ds jblstrds hlsuetbs, `bs jlhdrls dorbs lrba bqul``bs quljs sl eilatekboba kda lsl eilb` bhlad. [lpp lskreol qul `bs peaturbs clkcbs pdr `ds eai-flabs rliukeids sda tba vestdsbs y jbfestrb`ls qul sl bprlkebrba la `b _djb jesjb?9(la uab kbtlirb` b`ljbab, iekl la dtrd `bid?


24/96

?; Kbt`dfd Ejbfealrb _lèfedsb

qul pdr ilskueid, ejplrekeb d vdùatbi il butdbrjbkea ilhbrl l` eaied kdpestb, lrbakdaseilrbibs kenrbs il ua lxtrbvd errljliebo`l. Kubaid l` prdveakeb` @ues il `b _dkb rlb -èz uab vesetb b `bs jesedals hlsutekbs b kdjelazds il` s. SÊEE, drila qul sl kbjoebslajukcbs il bs lsku`turbs y peaturbs pdr dorbs ilklatls. Kdjlatbaid lstl clkcd, Nur`daf``lfb b lstb kdakùsea8 Cuod, bs, la `bs _liukkedals, kdjd nulrb il l``bs, `b ejbfealrb

obrbtb y pdpu`br?>

. Lstb ejbfealrb ad ilklatl slrb bqul``b jbrkbib pdr l` lstefjb il`b ienlrlakeb. Ls pdseo`l qul latrl `b dorb ilskbrtbib pdr l` prdveakeb` sl lakdatrbrla `bspelzbs js sefaekbtevbs il` brtl jesedalrd8 bqul``bs kbpbkls il lxprlsbr l` orlvl jbrflail kdeakeilakeb d krukl latrl `d qul selatl l` eaied y `d qul quelrl l` jesedalrd.

B pbrter il` s. SÊEE, jukcbs il `bs pelzbs ilklatls yb `dfrboba kdeakeier kda l` dre-feab`. La lstl kdatlxtd, Nur`daf rlnutb kda drfu``d l` lrrdr il kdaseilrbr il prdklilakeblurdplb `bs dorbs il rbsfds js ads y il jretds js eaalfbo`ls, y kdaseilrbr il nbkturbeaiflab `bs js tdskbs y prejetevbs. Ydibs lstbs lstbtubs sda il drefla bjlrekbad, buakubaid la uabs prlidjeab l` berl il b lstbtubreb etbèbab y, la dtrbs, `b b`ljbab?6. Wlrd ls,sea ljobrfd, la l` s. SÊEE kubaid, pbrb`l`bjlatl b `b prdiukkea il `bs dorbs kl`lorbibspdr ds pbirls, sl kdasdèib d qul, ndrzbaid ua pdkd l` trjead, pdirbjds `bjbr lste`dhlsutekd. Ls ilker, lste`d kdjd sl``d il uab tlailakeb ndrjb` lsplkkb, ad kdjd rllhdil uab cestdreb bhlab. _ltdjljds `b prlfuatb kjd puid kd`brsl `b ienlrlakeb la ua ses-tljb ejplrjlbo`l4

@ds `jetls il` sestljb hlsutekdIlol kdaseilrbrsl qul, bua pdilrdsd, l` drila hlsutekd ad pdib rlsu`tbr plrnlktd. La

prejlr ufbr, buaqul bsperbsla b lakbrabr la telrrbs orobrbs l` brqultepd il ol``lzb k`sekdd obrrdkd, ds jesedalrds sboba qul, la bs ienke`ls kdaiekedals qul ejpdaba lsbs telrrbs,

iloba cbklr b vestb fdrib batl kelrtds ilskbrrds il b kdpeb. @b buslakeb il trbiekea fu-rbtevb il` eaiflab (kuybs rlprlslatbkedals nulrda seljprl bostrbktbs), bs kdjd su vdkbkeavesub` lskultb, su nb`tb il plrekeb la lsku`per y peatbr y su ilseatlrs la rlbèzbr uab tbrlbkuyd b`kbakl ad kdjpbrtb, l `lvboba b iestdrsedals il b ejbfla qul, pdr ndrzdsbs, ilobaslr td`lrbibs. Eaiuibo`ljlatl, ùlfd il kbse ids sef`ds il prktekb, `b kbpbkeibi il kdpebrl` jdil`d -l eakùsd il kdjprlailr, se ad kdjpbrter, kelrtds slateids suyds- bklrkbrda b`kdpestb b `ds jdil`ds. Wlrd b `d `brfd il lsl teljpd, `b ilstrlzb cborb krlkeid y, kda l``b,`b kbpbkeibi il lxprlsea y bua l` tb`latd8 yb sl lakdatrbob l` brtlsbad la kdaiekedals ilrleatlrprltbr b ndrjb ejpulstb, il idjbr`b, il kdatbjeabr`b kda bs kenrbs dosteabibjlatl

eal`ls il `b jljdreb. Ybjoea lstb setubkea ilob slr bklptbib pdr `ds hlsuetbs, qul aebatl bs ilndrjbkedals il b ejbfla ae batl su lxprlsea rlalfbib pdiba cbklr iljbsebidkda `ds jlieds kda qul kdatboba.

@b nb`tb il rlkursds tkaekds kdastetub, la lnlktd, dtrd prdo`ljb qul èjetbob `b lskru -pu`dseibi il` sestljb. Nb`tb il jbtlreb`ls, la prejlr ùfbr, lsplkeb`jlatl il peaturbs (slfaNur`daf, b lskbslz il teatls cborb kdaiekedabid l` prlidjeaed il b lsku`turb la b rlfea?3)=kbrlstb il dorbs drefeab`ls qul servelsla il jdil`d, ilspus8 la b frba jbydrb il ds kbsds,`ds kdpestbs ljp`lboba lstbjpbs kdjd julstrbs, `d qul kdasperbob kdatrb `b ilèibi ilkdpeb, sdorl tdid la l` kbsd il qul stb rlquerelsl sdùkedals treiejlasedab`ls.?>Fue``lrjd Nur`daf, [.H., Cestdreb [dkeb` y Ku`turb` il` _d il `b W`btb (2-2327), Ydjd EE, L` trbasp`batl ku`turb`8 brtl, Yepdfrkb Liet., Oulads Berls,

Brflateab, 25>5, pf. ;2


25/96


Dtrd prdo`ljb8 l` rl`btevd b `ds jbls-trds lsplkebèzbids. stds ad bouaiboba aebouaibob l` tb`latd la l``ds= nulrb il @uesOlrflr y @ues il @b Krdex (d @b Kruz, lakelrtds idkujlatds) la l` s. SÊE y Orbsbal`è

la l` SÊEE brtestbs jliebads, bua l``ds adbpbrlkelrda la `bs rliukkedals tutdrls iladjorls ilstbkbo`ls?5. Ruelals eastrubala `ds tb``lrls lrba lsjlrbids pbirls y clr-jbads, ndrjbids l``ds jesjds pdr prlseail `bs kerkuastbakebs, yb qul, kdjd lskreolKbriel`, b pdkb bpèkbkea y prktekb sb`lajblstrds;7.

@ds hlsuetbs tuvelrda qul bsujer lstbsrlstrekkedals, kdjd dtrbs tbatbs dkurreibs ladtrds joetds. B` a y b` kbod, ad sl trbtbobil sbkbr brtestbs, sead il sb`vbr b`jbs y, pbrbl``d, il jbatlalr dkupbids `ds kulrpds latbrlbs ilkdrdsbs. U prdiuktevbs. Kubaid adcbob dtrd rljlied qul slr lxeo`ls, `ds hl-suetbs sboba slr`d8 b` kdjelazd il bs rliuk-kedals td`lrboba jukcbs kdsbs pbrb pdilrlxefer ilspus l` kujpèjelatd refurdsd il`bs dtrbs, `bs eaalfdkebo`ls. Kda `b kdpeb il

`bs ejflals nulrda tdid `d ealxeo`ls qulpuielrda slr, plrd bklptbrda rbzdabo`ljlatl`bs rlf`bs il` hulfd suotrdpekb` y bpbrtbid.[boba qul sus iesku`pbs slrba iesku`pbibs8la 23>6.;2Ket. la Nur`daf, Cestdreb, pf.


26/96

?52 cbstb 26?3. Ibrmd Odzeibr [ustlrkek, L` brtl fubrba il `bs jesedals hlsutekbs y nrbakeskbabs la `b Kd`lkkea il Aekd`s Ibrd @btdurrlttl Od, la L`Obrrdkd la l` Juaid Fubrba, dp.ket., pf.


27/96

Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd ?>

ùlfd il js il kelatd keakulatb bds ilrliukkea tbjpdkd lrb yb l` jesjd bvjdats8 il clkcd, kubaid eatlat, ad puidrlbibptbrsl b su veib il batls. Lsl eaifl-ab kbse p`labjlatl bku`turbid plrd auakb

tdtb`jlatl lvbaflèzbid, b jlied kbjead yblatrl ids kdsjdvesedals lsttekbs, pdsllidril ilstrlzb lxprlsevb y kdakelakeb il kelrtdstbtus preve`lfebid il sbatd bpdcvb, puidcbolr lakdatrbid la `b p`bstekeibi obrrdkbuab pdseoeèibi il lxprlsbr aulvds kdatlae-ids qul ba kbrlkba il ejbfla. Il cbolrdkurreid, tdid lstd dkurre b kdatrbpl`d il`rujod jesedalrd, la sus eatlrstekeds kdjdqulib iekcd, buaqul bklptbid la l` jbrflail lrrdr qul kdatljp`b l` js kb`ku`bid il`ds prdylktds.

_bjerd Idjafulz sdstelal qul l`lsquljbtesjd vesub` fubrba, b` vlrsleavbieid pdr `b drfb il lxprlsea y l`pbtltesjd il` obrrdkd, rlsestl trbtbaid ilkdatlalr `ds lxklsds il stl l ejpdalr `btlailakeb ilpurbib y èalb` il su prdpeblsttekb. La lstl prdklsd sl cborba ibid

trls jdjlatds8 l` prejlrd kdrrlspdailrbb` trbasp`batl ierlktd il `bs pbutbs lurd-plbs= l` slfuaid, b ua seakrltesjd la l` qulkdlxestla l`ljlatds eaiflabs y lurdplds=y l` tlrklrd, b` treuand il `bs ndrjbs ilèaiflab, qul sl butdrrlkuplrba ilspusil rljbasbr `b lxuolrbakeb obrrdkb y pu-rekbr`b slfa sus prdpeds kiefds;;.

L` rlsu`tbid ls uab dorb kuyd nulrtl vb`dr

lxprlsevd dkurrl la l` `jetl il `b oruskb pb-rèses il` jdvejelatd rlbèstb, uab dorb kuydlsquljb rlsu`tb obrrdkd pdr su prdnusea plrd ad pdr su jdvejelatd, pdr usbr uab lkbz furbil Hdslab W`. Bs, l` kdjpèkbid brjbza treiejlasedab` qul sdstelal b rlprlslatbkea vlrestbsunrl ua soetd bakl il iltlakea qul kdafl`b l` flstd, b`tlrb b kdjpdsekea y, pdr d tbatd, `bprdpdrkea= laiurlkl l` iesld, jdilrb b plrsplktevb y suorbyb b alb. @b kbrbktlrstekb pelzbil `d qul sl ``bjb, kda prdpelibi d ad, obrrdkd cespbad-fubrba kdrrlspdail b uab lsku`turbkuyb kdavu`sea il pèlfuls, daiu`bkedals y kurvbturbs sl rlsul`vl la afu`ds rfeids, p`bads yàlbs rlktbs. B ienlrlakeb il `d qul suklil kda `b tpekb lsku`turb nrbakeskbab, kuyd baibjebhllatlrd sl lsquljbtezb y sejpèkb, b hlsutekb js rlprlslatbtevb kdaslrvb b kdjp`lheibi il su

brquetlkturb eatlrab, plrd `b ilskdjpdal la ievlrsbs pbrtls sejpèkbibs uab b uab, il jdid;;La Yeked Lskdobr, \ab eatlrprltbkea il `bs brtls vesub`ls la l` Wbrbfuby, Ydjd E, Kd`lkkea il `bs Bjrekbs, Bsuakea, 253?, pf. ?>2.


28/96

?6 Kbt`dfd Ejbfealrb _lèfedsb

qul l` kdahuatd latlrd ilol bpl`br b aulvdspreakepeds il lqueèored8 ua hulfd il sejltrbsrlbrteku`bid jliebatl rfeids kdatrbplsds fld-jltrezbids qul aelfba l` ieabjesjd obrrdkd.[urfl bs ua aulvd slateid il lxprlsea, ad

obsbid la l` pbtltesjd qul prdpdala ds jdil-`ds, sead la uab l`dkulakeb ejpbseo`l y slrlab,rlstburbidrb la pbrtl il` batefud eilb` fubrbail `b ol``lzb.

JrflalsKbol kdasefabr la lstl puatd b`fuabs

bk`brbkedals qul rlstreafla l` b`kbakl il`d rlkea lxpulstd. @b prejlrb sl rllrlb` clkcd il qul, dovebjlatl, ad tdibs

`bs prdiukkedals il `ds tb``lrls hlsutekdsb`kbazba ua aevl` il lxprlseveibi y bhustlndrjb` qul `bs kdavelrtb la flaueabs dorbsil brtl= `b jbydrb il l``bs ad kdastetuyl

js qul rpèkbs, jlhdr d pldr `dfrbibs,il `ds pbrbiefjbs lurdplds. Wlrd, tbj-pdkd, ad tdibs `bs ejflals `dfrbibs la

su nulrzb lxprlsevb y su vb`dr ndrjb` slbhustba b lstb jdibèibi obrrdkd-fubrba=lxestl dtrd kbjead pbrb bsujer b dpdsekealatrl kiefds batbfaekds, kdjd la kelrtbsjbfakbs pelzbs hlsutekbs (pdr lhljp`d, l`Krestd il `b Kdùjab, il` Jusld il [batbJbrb) kuyb kdastrukkea rdtuaib y lstrektblvetb `b kdjp`lheibi lsku`trekb il bqul``bjdibèibi y cbkl qul `bs dorbs biquelrbaua berl prejetevd y brkbezbatl. Ls pdseo`lqul jukcbs il lstbs pelzbs cbyba seid


29/96


prdiukeibs la `ds prejlrds teljpds je-sedalrds, plrd `b kbèibi il su nbkturb y `bpdtlakeb il su lxprlsea jbaelstba uabjuy oela biquereib ilstrlzb lsku`trekb.[ustlrsek cbo`b il lstbtubs cdrkdals,

kuyb sejpèkeibi sl cb``bob kdaiekedabibpdr `b ndrjb keàirekb il `ds trdakds ilklird (rod` jtekd fubrba), jbilrb ute-èzbib pbrb su nbkturb. Buaqul juy rbrbsla `b bktubèibi, puls `b rlndrjb obrrdkbbrrbs kda l``bs, lsbs ejflals-cdrkdalsnrdatb`ls, lsttekbs y sejtrekbs, qulkdastetuba `b battlses il` lst e`d obrrdkd,prlvb`lkba la `ds rltbo`ds jesedalrds il`sef`d SÊE;9.

@b slfuaib bk`brbkea prlkesb qul adtdibs bs ejflals rlbèzbibs pdr ds eaifl-abs la ds tb``lrls hlsutekds kdrrlspdaila b`bs frbails lsku`turbs ilsteabibs b` drabtd il`ds tljp`ds. L` butdr rlkea ketbid ienlrlakeblatrl stbs (qul b`kbazba uab b`turb jliebil ua jltrd y kdrrlspdaila osekbjlatl b`bs qul cba seid trbtbibs cbstb bcdrb)= `bsplqulbs tb``bs il ilvdkea nbjeèbr, qul

dske`ba latrl queakl y trleatb klatjltrds=y `bs il sbatds prdklsedab`ls, kuyb b`turbb`kbazb latrl kubrlatb klatjltrds y ua jl-trd, y sda uteèzbibs pbrb prlseier y prdtlflr`bodrls kbjplstrls (kdjd bs il [ba _dquly [ba Eseird @borbidr y su lspdsb, [batbJbrb il b Kbolzb) d lakbolzbr ds vebhls y

lxpliekedals jeètbrls ([ba Jeful`, [ba _bnbl`). @b iesputb la tdrad b` obrrdkd sl cborbibid s`d la `bs lsku`turbs ètrfekbs= `bs dtrbs, jlads suhltbs b` kdatrd` il `ds jblstrds

il dked, cborba lxprlsbid kda jbydr lspdatbaleibi `b slaseoeèibi eaiflab;.

@bs jesedals nrbakeskbabs sl easkreoelrdala lstl ndrjbtd. B`tds, `b prejlrb il l``bs, nulnuaibib yb la 2^. Alkmlr, dp.ket., pf. 2>


32/96

;2 Kbt`dfd Ejbfealrb _lèfedsb

`b butdadjb pd`tekb il sus rliukkedals. Bs, `b eatlfrbkea il stbs la l` sestljb kd`daebìltlrjeabob, pdr ua `bid, su prlslakeb nulrtl la `ds prdklsds il trbasku`turbkea y, b `b`brfb, la `b kdandrjbkea il kelrtb ku`turb pdpu`br pbrbfubyb obsbib la l` jlstezbhl= pdrdtrd, `bs eavdùkrbob la l` èorltd prdveakeb`8 `bs kdjprdjltb kda `ds eatlrlsls il` pdilr`bekd ilsil l` klatrd il uab lsklab rlvul`tb y prdjeskub, il `b kub`, kelrtbjlatl, sl cbobsustrbid l` jdil`d hlsutekd plrtrlkcbid la `ds idjeaeds il su juaid bpbrtl.

@ds tb``lrls nrbakeskbads dplrboba bpèkbaid l` jesjd sestljb kdatrd`bidr, kbse jeètbr,il `bs rliukkedals hlsutekbs (`ds tb``lrls sl lakdatrboba uoekbids la `b jesjb kbsb il` kurb,`d qul bslfurbob `b vefe`bakeb il sus prdiukkedals), plrd, `ds kdaiekedabjelatds brreob jla-kedabids jbrkbrda su prktekb kda slbs pbrteku`brls. Bs, b `bs èjetbkedals yb eùstrbibs, kdarl`bkea b `ds hlsuetbs, sl sujboba `bs prdpebs8 l` tb`batl lxeo`l il `ds Nrbe`ls Jladrls y `b`bxetui il` sestljb prdveakeb` la l` kub` lstboba lak`bvbibs sus jesedals, bs kdjd `b jlrjbil `b pdo`bkea bnlktbib b lakdjelaibs y làjlrd rlstreafeid il sus nrbe`ls, qul ejplibl` lstbo`lkejelatd plrjbalatl il `b drila la

`bs rliukkedals y ndrzbob b vlkls b trbspbsbr`bsb kurbtds slf`brls. B tdid lstd ilol bfrlfbrslqul `ds tb``lrls il `ds tvbad nuakedaboba bteljpd kdjp`ltd, kdjd `d cbkba `ds hlsute-kds, y auakb kdatbrda kda `b lsplkebèzbkeay kdjpltlakeb il stds.

Yb` kdjd qulib lxpulstd, lstbs èje-tbkedals rlvelrtla su sefad la l` p`bad il `bprdiukkea il` brtl8 b nb`tb il ua kdatrd` l-kelatl cboeètb ua jbrfla jbydr pbrb b ljlr-flakeb il `b slaseoeèibi eaiflab y jlstezb=il clkcd, nuaib bs obsls il d qul slr l` brtlpdpu`br il` Wbrbfuby. [e l` treuand il` lsqul-jb vesub` eaiflab sdorl bs ndrjbs hlsutekbssl lxprlsb, orlvljlatl, la `b iltlakea il`kdavu`sd flstd obrrdkd, b bprdpebkea il bsndrjbs nrbakeskbabs sl jbaelstb la b suprl-sea il` jdvejelatd, b sejpèkbkea lxtrljbil `b lstrukturb y `b lxkùsea il rlkursds

irbjtekds y preakepeds furbtevds rlbèstbs.@ds pèlfuls il `ds rdpbhls ad sufelrla l`vul`d, `ds ido`lkls y daiu`bids qul ejpu`sbl` jdvejelatd obrrdkd, sead qul, trbzbids landrjb il àlbs rlktbs qul kdandrjba ua pè-sbid rfeid, byuiba b sdstlalr b lstrukturb il`b pelzb. stb bpbrlkl rlsul`tb la ua vdùjlaaekd, klatrbid la su kdjpdsekea pdr ua lhlvlrtekb` y ilkdrbid rtjekb y sejtrekbjlatl8

`ds sefads irbjtekds il `b rlprlslatbkea(`b sbafrl il `ds krukehds, pdr lhljp`d) sl


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Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd ;?

kdavelrtla la drabjlatd ieskepèabid= `b lx-prlsea sunrelatl, la rdstrd celrtekd y kb`jd,lxlatd il `bs krespbkedals il `b pbsea, `bku`pb d l` plkbid. Ls pdseo`l qul b slrlaeibiil b ejbfealrb nrbakeskbab sl bpdyl js la

eaulakebs tbridrrlabklatestbs qul obrrdkbs=plrd su satlses ndrjb` y su slake``lz lxprlsevbpbrlkla bpdybrsl sdorl tdid la l` lsqul-jtekd slateid fubrba il `b rlprlslatbkea,bs kdjd la kelrtd lspretu nrbakeskbad, jskdatefud b b slaseoeèibi eaid-jlstezb qul l`rlabid tb`batl hlsutekd. Wlrd lsb slaseoeèibipdir lxprlsbrsl kbob`jlatl s`d b` jbrflail` refurdsd kdatrd` il `ds tb``lrls8 `d qul slkbrbktlrezb kdjd brtl pdpu`br pbrbfubyd, la`d kdrrlspdaielatl b bs ejflals sbatlrbs, slbrjb kdjd krlbkea butadjb, osekbjlatlb pbrter il als il` sef`d SÊEE, la l` dkbsd il`sestljb kd`daeb`.

L@ B_YL WDW\@B_ [BAYL_D@ds dtrds tb``lrls

[e la pbrtl sl ilneal `b prdiukkeasbatlrb pdpu`br ilsil su pdsekea jbrfeab`kda rlsplktd b ds tb``lrls jesedalrds, rlsu`tbejpdrtbatl rlkdribr qul stds ad sl lxtla-ielrda iurbatl tdid l` teljpd il b Kd`daeb.

@b jbydrb il `ds tvbprdvestds il tb``lrls sbatlrds, tuvd juy orlvl kdatrd` nrbakeskbad;3y s`d `bs rliukkedals il Et, Kbbzbp y Uuty tuvelrda iurbatl jukcd teljpd y la ndrjbplrjbalatl prlslakeb il nrbe`ls, lhlrkeib b trbvs il plqulds kdavlatds d rlseilakebs qulkdatboba kda ids d js rlèfedsds;5.

La 26>6 nulrda lxpu`sbids `ds hlsuetbs. Buaqul, la tldrb, sus tb``lrls sefuelrda nua-kedabaid, rlsu`tb ienke` supdalr qul b pbrter il lsl bd `d cekelrba la ndrjb refurdsb, ad

s`d pdrqul qulibrda, iurbatl ua teljpd, b kbrfd il kurbtds nrbakeskbads, idjeaekds yjlrklibreds, qul ienke`jlatl sl cborba lakbrfbid kda latusebsjd il ua prdylktd bhlady, kelrtbjlatl, ad cborba bsujeid l` tljplrbjlatd hlsutekd97, sead pdrqul biljs, ùl-fd il` lxeèd il `b Kdjpbb il Hlss, frba pbrtl il `ds brtlsbads, ``bjbids joblmubvb(kdadklidrls il` cbklr oela `bs kdsbs, ielstrds) d sbatd bpdcvb (`ds cbklidrls ilsbatds), bobaidabrda bs rliukkedals y sl iesljeabrda pdr b _lfea Drelatb` il` Wbrbfubybslataidsl kdjd eaieds èorls la `bs dre``bs il `ds tvb.

;3B`tds, latrl 25.97@ds nrbakeskbads sl cekelrda kbrfd il ielz il `ds trleatb pulo`ds hlsutekds= trls il l``ds sl lakdatrboba la tlrretdred pbrbfubyd [batb _dsb, Hlss l Etbpb=

pdstlredrjlatl sl cekelrda kbrfd il dtrds trls8 Olà, [ba Kdsjl y [ba Hdbqua. Lstb tbrlb iur, la su teljpd js brfd, s`d cbstb 23?9, kubaid bs rilalsrlèfedsbs nulrda k`busurbibs, obhd l` fdoelrad il` Ir. Nrbakeb. . Jbrfbretb Iura Lstrbf, Wrlslakeb nrbakeskbab la l` Wbrbfuby (2


34/96

;; Kbt`dfd Ejbfealrb _lèfedsb

La 26>5, ds nrbakeskbads nulrda eatejbids b kujpèr uab iespdsekea il b Kdrdab Ls-pbd`b qul, b jliebids il` sef`d SÊEE, cbob iespulstd b sustetukea il bs rilals rlèfedsbslakbrfbibs il `ds tvbpdr kurbs slku`brls= `ds nrbe`ls tuvelrda qul bklptbr su rlljp`bzd,buaqul dfrbrda rltlalr ua ajlrd jaejd il rliukkedals d idktreabs92. Bs, b als il`s. SÊEE sl lakdatrboba nuakedabaid pdqusejds tb``lrls kdatrd`bids pdr jesedalrds= sea

ljobrfd, lxeste la lsl jdjlatd uab nulrtl prdiukkea sbatlrb, rlbèzbib nulrb il` ndr-jbtd rliukkedab` jesedalrd. Il bk pbrtl ndrjb`jlatl `b sbatlrb pdpu`br la l` Wbrbfuby,bpdybib, pdr kelrtd, la `b ilstrlzb il tb``br sbatds bprlaieib la `bs rliukkedals.

@ds sef`ds SÊ y SÊE, bs kdjd pbrtl il` SÊEE, cboba seid pbrkds la `b prdiukkeail lsku`turbs rlèfedsbs nulrb il` joetd rliukkedab`. W` lakulatrb qul lsb rltrbkkea slcb``bob kdaiekedabib pdr l` tljdr b `bs ilprlibkedals kbusbibs pdr eaiflabs ad sdjl-teids, `b pdkb ejpdrtbakeb kdaklieib b `b brtlsbab, `b pdorlzb il `b Wrdveakeb, y l` plsdil `bs doèfbkedals qul brrbakbob b `ds brtlsbads il `ds pulo`ds9?. Wlrd la `b slfuaibjetbi il` sef`d SÊEE `bs kdsbs kbjoebrda ua pdkd. Kelrtd bèved `dfrbid la `b kbstefbibWrdveakeb trbs l` nrlad il `bs eakursedals il`ds eaiflabs pbybfu, tbatd kdjd b subvlrlkuplrbkea lkdajekb flalrbib latda-kls y, pdstlredrjlatl, `b lxpu`sea il `dshlsuetbs, prdpekebrda, latrl 26


35/96

Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd ;9

kdakùsea pbrlkl lstbr bpdybib pdr ua hue-ked il Nrbakeskd Bfuerrl, quela rlreaidslb` brtestb pdrtufus Hds il [duzb Kbvbibs,butdr il `b ilkdrbkea il` tljp`d il Ub-fubra, lskreol qul su vesetb ied dkbsea

b qul jukcd bil`batbsla `ds eaieds il lstbrlfea9;, hueked qul cbkl kdahlturbr l` nua-kedabjelatd il tb``lrls la kuyd kdatlxtdpuielsla bil`batbr `ds brtlsbads. HdslabW` supdal qul l` kdateaflatl il eaiedsbrtlsbads qul bobaidabrda `bs rliukkedalsùlfd il `b lxpu`sea il `ds hlsuetbs cbybatlaeid pbrtekepbkea ad ilsprlkebo`l la `blhlkukea il `b brtlsbab suatubrebb pbrteril 26>699. Wlrd `ds rbstrds il `d pdshlsu-

tekd, bprlkebo`ls la aujlrdsbs lxprlsedalsil brtl pdpu`br rlbèzbibs ilsil als il`sef`d SÊEE, sda ienke`jlatl iltlktbo`ls la bejbfealrb il `ds tljp`ds (qul kulatba, seaiuib, kda b`fuabs dorbs prdvlaelatls ierlk-tbjlatl il `ds batefuds tb``lrls hlsutekds).

Wdr dtrb pbrtl, `b trbasku`turbkea cbobflalrbid uab nulrtl rlèfedseibi jlstezb,prdiuktd coreid il` kbtdèkesjd y b rlèfea

eaiflab. L` ku`td prevbid il `ds ``bjbids

sbatds pbtrdads d bodfbids kdastetuyuab ejpdrtbatl iljbaib il ejflals, tbatdpdr pbrtl il `ds kred``ds kda jbydr pdilrlkdajekd, qul prlkesboba pelzbs js ej-pdrtbatls pbrb sus kbpe``bs pbrteku`brls, kdjdil `ds slktdrls pdpu`brls, qul rlqulrba

plqulbs lsku`turbs pbrb `ds aekcds, drbtd-reds d b`tbrls nbjeèbrls. B`fuads krdaestbsil` s. SES sl rllrla, kda kelrtb kuredseibi,b lstds sbatubreds prevbids. [lfa _lafflr,tdibs `bs vevelaibs cborba tlaeid kdjdbidrad b ejbfla il Krestd d b`fa sbatd9


36/96

;(ilj). _dolrtsda slrllrl b uab kbsb il kred``d puielatl idailsl vlalrbob uab frba ejbfla il [ba HubaObutestb, fubribib kdjd l` js ejpdrtbatldrabjlatd il` sbà preakepb`96. W` sdstel-

al qul cbstb latdakls `bs rilals rlèfedsbsy `bs kbsbs kred``bs preakepb`ls ejpdrtboba,la l` jbrfla lstrlkcd il sus pdseoeèibils,ejflals il Lspbb, Etbèb d l` B`tep`bad,yb qul `bs prdiukeibs `dkb`jlatl, bua la`ds tb``lrls jesedalrds, lrba kdaseilrbibsjbjbrrbkcds, la l` ilker il Bzbrb93. @bejpdrtbkea il ejflals sl rltrbhd iurbatll` s. SÊEE, cbstb tlrjeabr kdjp`ltbjlatliurbatl ds prejlrds bds il b Eailplaila-keb (kdjelazds il` SES) kubaid l` kelrrl ilnrdatlrbs doèf b ef`lsebs y pbrteku`brls b

rlkurrer b `ds brtlsbads prdpeds= ls ilker, b`ds `dkb`ls95. (ilj). Wlrd ùlfd il `b nulrtlprdiukkea il lsku`turbs rlèfedsbs qul lxe-felrb `b lrlkkea y drabjlatd il `bs vleatl

ef`lsebs tbridkd`daeb`ls, ds sbatds kdjlazb-rda b slr tb``bids osekbjlatl pbrb l` ku`tdprevbid la zdabs rurb`ls y suourobabs il `b_lfea Drelatb` il` Wbrbfuby.

Kdateaueibils@ds tvbkdandrjbrda b obsl il b tb``b

sbatlrb pdpu`br. Wdr ua `bid, seju`talb-jlatl kdaklatrbrda b` eaiflab y d eatlfrb-

rda b b ku`turb kd`daeb`, tbatd kdaslrvbaidtrbiekedals kdjd prdjdvelaid bktevdsprdklsds il trbasku`turbkea. Wdr dtrd, `dstb``lrls il dkeds y brtlsbabs pulo`lreadsdtdrfbrda b` eaiflab jukcbs il bs tkaekbsy rlplrtdreds kd`daeb`ls qul, kdalktbids kda`b jljdreb fubrba, kdandrjbrba b obsl il`bs lxprlsedals jlstezbs. Wlrd, buaqul cb-yba kdastetueid ds tvb b uaeibi osekb il

kdateaueibi ku`turb`, bprdpebkea y trbasku`-96Ve`èbj _dolrtsda y Hdca Wbresc, Ndur ylbrs ea Wbrbfuby, Ne`bil`b, 23;3, Ydjd E, pf. ?27 (Yrbiukkea èorl= la eaf`s l` drefeab`).93W`, dp. ket., pf. ??2.95Eoilj.


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Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd ;>

turbkea -furbs kdjpdalatls il b ku`turbpdpu`br-, l` lsklabred il` jlstezbhl nul jsbjpèd y bobrk `bs zdabs dkupbibs pdr `bfrba pdo`bkea pulo`lreab rurb` il eaieds,jlstezds y kred``ds qul, kdjd sljorbids

pdr ds kbjpds, slfa lxprlsea il Bzbrb,sl lxtlaiba pdr bjpèds tlrretdreds il `b_lfea Drelatb` pbrbfubyb kdjd pldals,hdrab`lrds, orbklrds y plqulds bfreku`td-rls. Il clkcd, `b pdsekea il` eaiflab il`ds tvbsl lakdatrbob lquepbrbib b `b il`bsb`brebid rurb` eaiflab. [usaem iesteaful`bs sefuelatls kbtlfdrbs sdkedlkdajekbsprdveakeb`ls8 l` cbklaibid, l` kcbkbrlrd, l`pla y l` eaied, y kdakùyl qul bs ids `te-jbs vevba slfa `bs jesjbs pbutbs obsbibsla `b suosestlakeb jaejb y l` orbklresjdplreiekd


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@b ejbfealrb la kubatd brtl pdpu`br(trls adtbs)

Flstbib la ds tb``lrls jesedalrds, surfe-ib kdjd clkcd brtstekd prdped, kdasdèibibiurbatl l` sef`d SES y ilsbrrd``bib iurbatl frba

pbrtl il` SS, kda ilrevbkedals qul `lfba cbstbcdy, `b sbatlrb jlstezb jbatelal `bs kbrbktl-rstekbs osekbs il` brtl pdpu`br ilsbrrd``bidla Bjrekb @bteab. Ls ilker, ua brtl surfeid il`b lxpbasea il prdklsds kd`daeb`ls y pdskd-`daeb`ls il pdpu`brezbkea il `d eaiflab yil jlstezbhl l ceoreibkea eatlrku`turb`= plrd,tbjoea, prdvlaelatl il `b pdsekea bsejtre-kb qul dkupba `ds slktdrls lxkùeids il uabpbrtekepbkea sdkeb` p`lab. L` brtl pdpu`br sl

brjb ilsil b lxprlsea il b ienlrlakeb. U dcbkl b trbvs il bs juy ievlrsbs prktekbs ilslktdrls jbrfeabids qul prlkesba rleaskreoersus prdpebs cestdrebs pbrb bsujer `ds ilsbndsqul ejpdal d prdpdal `b ku`turb idjeabatld clfljaekb, kd`daeb` d pdskd`daeb`.

Ub sl sbol qul, js qul supdalr uabejpdsekea ndrzdsb lhlrkeib pdr ua pd`d id-jeabatl sdorl dtrd idjeabid, l` kdaektd

eatlrku`turb` ejpèkb ua kdahuatd il prdkl-sds qul eakùyla tbatd `b ilvbstbkea y l`sdjltejelatd, kdjd kdjp`lhbs lstrbtlfebsil bprdpebkea, rlsestlakeb y trbasbkkea. @dpdpu`br sl brjb batl l` pdilr idjeabatl dclfljaekd ad jliebatl `b kdatrbiekkea,sead `b ienlrlakeb= ls ilker, ad b pbrter il uabsetubkea purbjlatl batbfaekb, sead ilsiluab pdsturb b`tlrabtevb8 `b pdsekea ilsvla-tbhdsb il frbails jbydrbs d jeadrbs qul,rl`lfbibs il uab pbrtekepbkea lnlktevb la `dsdkeb` (`d lkdajekd, d ku`turb` d d pd`tekd),


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Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd ;3

prdiukla ieskursds, rlbèzba prktekbs y l`bod-rba ejflals b` jbrfla d la kdatrb il` rujodclfljaekd8 batls, l` lstbo`lkeid pdr b Kda-questb y b kd`daezbkea= cdy, l` eaiekbid pdr`b jdilraeibi kbpetbèstb la ndrjbtd f`dobè-

zbid. Kdakloeid il jbalrb kdateaflatl, l`kdaektd ku`turb` bijetl ilsla`bkls bzbrdsds,sbèibs trbasetdrebs y pdsekedals vbrebo`ls. Wlrdtbjoea iltlrjeab tlailakebs bjoevb`latlsla l` slad il `b ku`turb pdpu`br qul, tbatdrlsestl `ds sefads lxtrbahlrds kdjd kdatlj-pdrezb kda l``ds y `ds eakdrpdrb b sus prdpedsprdklsds il sefaekbkea. [dorl lstl ndaid, l`brtl pdpu`br prlslatb adtbs ievlrsbs.

[l kbrbktlrezb, la prejlr ùfbr, pdr uajdjlatd alfbtevd qul pbrtl il `b setubkeabsejtrekb la qul sl lakulatrba `ds slktdrlspdpu`brls8 jbrfeabids il uab prlslakeb p`labla bs ilkesedals qul ds eavdùkrba, lxkùeidsil uab pbrtekepbkea lnlktevb la b iestreoukeail `ds oelals y slrvekeds sdkeb`ls l efadrbidsla su bpdrtl b` kbpetb` sejoèkd il `b kd`lk-teveibi. L` brtl pdpu`br ls kdjprlaieid kdjdl` rljbalatl il bqul``d qul ad pulil ``lfbr

b slr ku`td d eùstrbid. Ilsil `ds prejlrdsteljpds kd`daeb`ls, sus adtbs ienlrlakeb`ls,se ad rlkcbzbibs, nulrda bklptbibs b rlfbb-ielatls kdjd lstefjbs ealvetbo`ls, kdjd uajb` jladr batl b nb`tb il lhljp`brls kbob`lsd l` relsfd il `b eaid`lakeb il` eaiflab. Lstbkbrbktlrstekb slb`b d pdpu`br kda ds rbsfdsil `b jbrfeabèibi y `b lxkùsea.

\ab vlz nulrb il` joetd il ds tb``lrls, qul ls kubaid prdpebjlatl pulo`l cbo`brsl il

`d pdpu`br kda rl`bkea b b sbatlrb, lstb prktekb ad nul prdjdveib ilsil eastbakebs dkeb`lsb `d `brfd il` sef`d SES. L` Ir. _dirfulz il Nrbakeb ad ejpu`s `bs brtlsbabs, la su bsplktdlxprlsevd y su iejlasea rlèfedsb b` jlads, plrd l` lak`bustrbjelatd prdjdveid pdr ` kda-treouy eaierlktbjlatl b` eakrljlatd il `b prdvesea `dkb` il sbatds. @bs pd`tekbs ku`turb`lsejpu`sbibs pdr Kbr`ds Batdaed @plz y su cehd, l` Jbreskb` Nrbakeskd [d`bad @plz, preve`lfeb-rda `ds jdil`ds ku`tds lxtrbahlrds, la iltrejlatd prdfrbjbid il tdib lxprlsea pdpu`br. @bFulrrb il b Yrep`l Bèbazb (23>9-2367) brruea l` pbs, d ilvbst kbse. Wlrd, pdrbibjlatl,jukcbs jbaenlstbkedals `dfrbrda trbaspdalr `b orlkcb cdaisejb qul kdrt `b cestdreb il`pbs8 `b sbatlrb pdpu`br rlbpbrlkl prdatd, kdavdkbib quez pdr `b prljurb la rlpdalr `bspelzbs il ua ejbfeabred eaiesplasbo`l. Wlrd d cbkl sefuelaid ejpu`sds prdpeds, js b`` il`bpdyd il kub`quelr prdfrbjb il rlkdastrukkea abkedab`, y bs, jbrfeab`, seful b pbrter illatdakls. B jliebids il` sef`d SS errujpl l` ljpuhl il` jlrkbid= ljpuhl kdjprlaseo`l


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la l` ido`l slateid il` trjead8 pdr ua `bid, kdjd jpltu qul lsteju`b `b prdiukkea slfa`bs iljbaibs il kdasujds aulvds= pdr dtrd, kdjd nulrzb qul ljoestl kdatrb `b trbiekea, `b`bazb nulrb il su joetd, b doèfb b bsujer ilsbnds rlfeids pdr b fekb il` kbpetb`. Bk vul`vlb rlpltersl l` fuea il kub`quelr kdaektd eatlrku`turb`8 `b prdiukkea sbatlrb sl rlpèlfb lapbrtl, sl rlbkdjdib b `bs aulvbs setubkedals, eakdrpdrb prdkliejelatds y jbtlreb`ls aulvds,trbasetb kerkuetds lxtrbds b su cestdreb y, quez, su vdkbkea, plrd kdateab su kbjead `brfd,jlafubid la pbrtl, la pbrtl larequlkeid kda rlplrtdreds l eaadvbkedals tkaekbs.

@b slfuaib adtb il` brtl pdpu`br prlslatb ua tb`batl brjbtevd. Kelrtbs ieskusedalsprdvlaelatls il `b tldrb krtekb ku`turb` cba plrjeteid kdaseilrbr l` trjead pdpu`brad s`d jliebatl `b furb il uab kbrlakeb (`d jbrfeab`, `d lxkùeid, `d suob`tlrad), sead,tbjoea y sdorl tdid, b pbrter il hufbibs bktevbs qul eatlrvelala la `b kdastetukea il `bssuohlteveibils kd`lktevbs y `b brjbkea il `b ienlrlakeb. Wdr lsd, buaqul `b ilaekea ilbrtl pdpu`br pbrtb il uab djesea y jbrqul uab pdsturb ieseilatl (dpulstb b `bs slb`lsidjeabatls d clfljaekbs), cdy lsl kdaklptd rlsu`tb olalkebid kda l` anbses pulstdla jdjlatds pdsetevds suyds8 l` brtl pdpu`br ejpèkb uab bpulstb bktevb boelrtb b ievlrsdsprdylktds il kdastrukkea cestrekb, eatlrprltbkea il` juaid y brjbkea il eilateibilssdkeb`ls. Ybatd obhd l` rfejla lstrektd il `bs jesedals kdjd la jlied il `b eatljplreltbridkd`daeb` l eailplaielatl, `bs kdjuaeibils y `ds krlbidrls eaieveiub`ls jdveèzbajljdrebs l cestdrebs prdpebs b trbvs il` cbklr il ndrjbs ejpulstbs d td`lrbibs, prejlrd,

_lyls Jbfds. Yb``b Wdpu`br il Obsteidr. s. SS. KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd.


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bklptbibs d bprdpebibs, ilspus. Bs trbtbibs, lstbs aulvbs ndrjbs kdastetuyla aulvdsrlnlrlatls il eilatekbkea y butdbrjbkea ku`turb`.

L` tlrklr btreoutd il d brtstekd pdpu`br suorbyb, y rleveaiekb, b ienlrlakeb il sus prdklsds

y prdiukkedals. @b krlbkea pdpu`br telal rbsfds pbrteku`brls, ienlrlatls b ds qul ilala l` brtldkkeilatb`, la sus vlrsedals tbridk`sekbs, obrrdkbs d rdkdk. U la sus jdibèibils jdilrabsùlfd. Ad trbobhb `b ndrjb lsttekb ae `b ol``lzb la `b ierlkkea il` kbada clfljaekd, ae slbilkub b` jdil`d eùstrbid il flaed y krlbkea, ae rlspdail b` eilb` il drefeabèibi. Wlrd susjlhdrls prdiukkedals `dfrba nuaibr ua aevl` prdped il slfureibi ndrjb` y ilaseibi lxprlsevbqul `bs kdavelrtl la clkcds brtstekds flaueads. Ienlrlatls.

Bs, surfl ua kdaklptd prdped il` vdùjla p`stekd, `b prdpdrkea y l` kdahuatd. @eorlil` kdatrd` jesedalrd, l` eaiflab, prejlrd, y l` jlstezd ilspus, cba rleavlatbid `ds jdil`dskd`daeb`ls il bkulrid b ejpu`sds qul pdkd d abib telala qul vlr kda ds brfujlatds prejlrds

il `b lsku`turb lurdplb. @b brjdab k`sekb sl cb kdavlrteid la lqueèored lsttekd8 uab aulvbjbalrb il kdjprlailr y p`batlbr l` drila, ua aulvd slateid il jdìlbr `b lxprlsea ilsilslaseoeèibils qul bsperba b` sdselfd. @b ilsjlsurb obrrdkb sl cb bp`bkbid ilaetevbjlatl lap`bads rfeids, àlbs ieskepèabibs, sljo`batls ``bads y jerbibs tljp`bibs, eakùjls l``ds b`b kdajdkea il tbatd kdaektd y tbatd irbjb, rlbkeds b` lsquljb il b rlprlslatbkea rlbèstb=eaienlrlatls b sus prltlasedals il prdnuaieibi y jdvejelatd, b sus velhds sulds il sljlhbazb yjejlses. Ls qul, bua ilspus il qul tbatbs flalrbkedals il brtlsbads trbobhbrba obhd b jerbibvefe`batl y rlprlsevb il` tutdr, prlsedabibs pdr ku`pbs qul auakb bsuje y bkdp`bibs b krllakebs yklrtlzbs qul sefuelrda selaid lxtrbbs, l` sbatd bpdcvb ad tlrjea il cbklr suyd l` kdaklptd

il` lspbked dkkeilatb` ae l` slateid il `b ejbfla rlèfedsb lurdplb. Ae sequelrb tlrjea ildoslrvbr `bs ndrjbèibils il` sbatdrb` ètrfekd kbtèkd8 `b trbiekea pdpu`br rlbibpt `bspbutbs ekdadfrkbs y `ds btreoutds il `ds sbatds y, bua, krl sbatds prdpeds, kdjd [ba @b

Iljdaed. Yb``b il Xlaa Wlz. Ydobt, k.2557.KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd.

Krestd il b Wbkelakeb. Yb``b il Huba Obutestb _dhbs. Ubfubra,k. 253


42/96


Julrtl, prdtlktdr il nufetevds, prlseiebreds y bjbatls ilsplkcbids= Bia y Lvb, bodfbidsprejeflaeds= [basa (il [ba [da), ibidr il pdtlakebs qul ad ibrba ds sbatds dkeb`ls= ds[batds _lyls Jbfds, qul prdpekeba idals je`bfrdsds y jlrklils prdsbekbs, y [batb JbrbJbfib`lab, kdjprlasevb jbireab il ejplaetlatls y ilskbrrebids.

_bstrds_lsu`tb ejpdseo`l eavdkbr tlailakebs d, jlads ba, lste`ds pbrb k`bsekbr b prd`kb prdiuk-kea il pelzbs pdpu`brls sbatlrbs. Wlrd, bpl`baid b` slateid bjpèd qul b vlkls rlquelrl l` drilail ds clkcds y ds dohltds, pdirba rbstrlbrsl osekbjlatl ids nulatls, buaqul latrljlzk`bibsseljprl latrl s y auakb iljbsebid k`brbs. @bs ejflals js kbrbktlrstekbs il` brtl pdpu`brsbatlrd prlslatba uab kdjpdsekea lqueèorbib y lsttekb y p`batlba ua vdùjla kdjpbktd,qul cb lèjeabid ieabjesjd y prdnuaieibi la pds il kelrtd trbtbjelatd bustlrd y nrdatb` il `babrrbkea. Lstb dplrbkea idtb b b pelzb il ua berl telsd plrd kb`jd, ua kelrtd brkbsjd qul addjetl b lxprlseveibi. Dtrbs ejflals ilsbrrd``ba uab lstrukturb js kdjp`lhb, plrd sus prdpdr-kedals ad sefula lsquljbs rlbèstbs il rlprlslatbkea, sead qul sl bibptba kda ilkesea b `dsrlqulrejelatds il` lspbked p`stekd8 l` jdvejelatd sl lakulatrb iltlaeid la vbrebs ierlkkedalsqul slkkedaba l` vdùjla la p`bads lsttekds. Ls lveilatl qul bs prejlrbs ejflals il`btba beaulakeb il ds tb``lrls nrbakeskbads, bs kdjd bs slfuaibs, b il ds hlsutekds, qul sl lxtlaiepdr bjpèbs rlfedals il` pbs ulfd il lxpu`sbib b Kdjpbb il Hlss= plrd bs kenrbs il` dreflaad pulila slr juy k`brbs la jlied il uab lsklab rlvul`tb y prdjeskub, ljpuhbib pdr velatdsiesteatds y kruzbib pdr teljpds latrlkdrtbids. Buaqul b`fuabs pelzbs puliba slr k`bsekbibspdr su èabhl pulo`lread y dtrbs sefuelaid `ds rbstrds il su pdseo`l clrlakeb pdshlsutekb, uabs ydtrbs cba `dfrbid rlnuaibr `bs obsls il uab cestdreb prdpeb y iurb qul kdjpbrtl nrbfjlatds iljljdreb y kruzb prdylktds truakbids.

Lstb setubkea kdateab la b dorb il ds `tejds sbatd bpdcvbrlkdadkeids. Cbkeb alsil `b ikbib il 2557, `ds sbatds tb``bids pdr Xlaa Wlz y su nbjeèb la Ydobt, Kaieid_dirfulz y `b suyb la Kbpebt, y Huba Obutestb _dhbs la Ubfubra, jbrkboba sus ienlrla-kebs sdorl l` ndaid il uab jesjb trbiekea. Xlaa Wlz (a. 25?6) kdateab cbstb cdy uabàlb nbjeèbr (ls kdadkeib `b rbefbjorlsbatlrb il su nbjeèb) latrdakbib sea iuib kdatb``lrls pulo`lreads y bèjlatbib il rljdtbs eaulakebs pdshlsutekbs qul kdjp`lhezba `bejbfla. Kaieid _dirfulz prdiuhd ilsil b ikbib il ds bds kubrlatb cbstb su julrtl,dkurreib la ?77?, tb``bs il vd`jlals rdtuaids qul cboba ``lvbid b` lxtrljd l` prdklsdil sejpèkbkea jlstezd. Cdy su nbjeèb seful trbobhbaid la efub` ierlkkea, buaqul sea

`ds jesjds rlsu`tbids lxprlsevds (l` clkcd il qul su juhlr sl cbyb eakdrpdrbid b` dkedsefaekb uab eaadvbkea eatlrlsbatl la l` kursd il uab prktekb ilsil seljprl rlslrvbib b`ds vbrdals). Huba Obutestb _dhbs prdiuhd, tbjoea cbstb sus `tejds ibs (jure la k. 255


43/96

Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd 9?

jdvelsl sus qulcbklrls, kbib vlz js lspbkebids. Wlrd tdids lstds kbjoeds ad cekelrda jsqul kdarjbr bqul` èorltd il rlbkdjdids, prlsedals y krlbkedals jbrfeab`ls qul kdjlazcbkl js il kubtrdkelatds bds. Wdr lsd, ad slrb rbrd qul, sdrtlbaid `bs kdaiekedals bivlrsbsil su prlslatl, rlbpbrlzkba aulvds sbatlrds pbrb bobstlklr `bs vetreabs il `bs kd`lkkedals ilbrtl pdpu`br d `ds lskbpbrbtls il `bs telaibs il prdiuktds nd`k`rekds d prdvllr `ds drbtdreds y

kbpe``bs qul tlabzjlatl sefula nuakedabaid la kdjuaeibils rurb`ls d obrreds suourobads.Il clkcd, la kub`quelr jlrkbid, la kub`quelr nlreb il brtlsbab il `b kbpetb` d il` eatlredr il`pbs, ls pdseo`l lakdatrbr b`fuab tb``b sbatlrb rlkea rlbèzbib pbrb dotlalr nbvdrls je`bfrdsdsd pbfbr uab prdjlsb b` sbatd pbtrdad. Yelala abèibils js klrkbabs b `b jbfeb y b` retub`prdpekebtdred qul b `b idktreab krestebab. Kdjd, nurtevbjlatl, `bs tuvelrda cbkl kubtrdkelatdsbds. (Yelala, biljs, dohltevds kdjlrkeb`ls, k`brd, plrd stds, buaqul juy slkuaibrebjlatl,tbjoea jdvelrda `b prdiukkea kd`daeb` il ejflals).

@b prlslakeb dosteabib il lstds sbatds, `ds `tejds lxpdalatls, quez, il uab lsterpl`brfb, jbaelstb `ds lxtrbvds il `b kd`daezbkea ku`turb`, kuyds rlsu`tbids ab`ls pbrlklakdasujbr ua ejpu`sd krlkeid b kdatrbjbad8 l` preakeped il ienlrlakeb eakuobid la `b pre-jlrb rliukkea krestebab.

[ba Hdrfl. Yb``b il Kaieid _dirfulz. Kbpebt, k. 2557.KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd..

[batb @eorbib. Yb``b il Hubab il _dirfulz. Kbpebt, k. ?777.KB^/Jusld il` Obrrd.


44/96

9; Kbt`dfd Ejbfealrb _lèfedsb

Yb` vlz, pbrb ibr kulatb il` jbrkd flalrb` la l` kub` `bs tb``bs il `b kd`lkkea il`

Jusld il` Obrrd sl rlbèzbrda, `d js bprdpebid slb kdjlazbr eaiekbaid l` ilsbnd il `beakùsea il` kdatealatl bjlrekbad la l` idjeaed lurdpld, ad s`d tlrretdreb`, sead tbjoeaeatl`lktub`, yb qul l` ilskuorer y fbabr lstbs telrrbs trbhd b kdasefuelatl kreses il` jdil`dlxpèkbtevd dkkeilatb` il` juaid kdadkeid -lstbob, cbstb latdakls, ieveieid la trls pbrtls8Lurdpb, nrekb y Bseb-, b` puatd tb` il kdanusea qul, lxpèkbkea ooèkb jliebatl, sl brjbobcbolr brreobid b` Wbrbsd Ylrrlab`, suhltd bcdrb b `b lspbib cujbab js qul b `b ieveab.

Ilsil ulfd, pdiljds bklptbr b rlsestlakeb kdateaub il ds eaiflabs d suorbybr b nulrzblxpbasevb il b nl kbtèkb, plrd, sea iuib, b cestdreb aulstrb ls juy kdjp`lhb la bktdrls, easte-tukedals y clkcds kdjd pbrb sejpèkbr`b la b`fuab il bjobs pdsekedals eild`fekbs. Ilatrdil tb` kdjp`lheibi il` aulvd auid ieb`ktekd ndrjbid pdr eavbsdrls l eaiflabs, ilstbkb l`tlrretdred qul cdy kdandrjb l` Wbrbfuby pdr b lsplkekeibi il sus bktdrls y sus eastetukedals8`ds fubrba y ds jesedalrds, rliukkedals hlsuetbs y nrbakeskbabs. Lstl pbtrejdaed il ejbfealrbls, latdakls, prdiuktd il b lsplkekeibi il` lakulatrd il b lvbaflèzbkea uaevlrsbèstb pbrbeastburbr l` rlead il Ieds, la lsplrb il` Wbrbsd prdjlteid, kda bs krllakebs il ds fubrba= yil b alfdkebkea latrl ds sbolrls brtstekds y lsttekb il lstds `tejds kda l` obfbhl brtstekdqul trbhlrda kdasefd `ds lurdplds.

Ad plasljds la ua ilsbrrd``d èalb`brtstekd, sead js oela la ua kdrse l rlkdrsekuyds puatds il ealxea il `b kurvb sda `b

``lfbib il sbklridtls lurdplds, kda su ej-pdsekea eaekeb` il jdids il rlprlslatbr y l`kdjelazd il alfdkebkedals y bklptbkedals,ad sdorl ua suostrbtd lslakeb`, sead sdorl l`rlsu`tbid ieajekd il bs lstrbtlfebs y kdj-obtls prlveds. [e `bs rliukkedals ndrjbobauab rli lstrbtfekb il` slateid il b lxplrela-keb tdtbèzbidrb il b rlèfedseibi, b b qul bskdjuaeibils lrba eaiukeibs= `ds eaiflabs

bklptboba tb` lxplrelakeb pdr kdlrkea d kda-vlaelakeb, batl l` kbjoed rbiekb` qul ilobalanrlatbr. La b brquetlkturb, pdr lhljp`d, slkdastrub sefuelaid b trbiekea il bs kbsbsk`bvbibs il ds fubrba, cbstb b `lfbib il`cad. Huba Obutestb Wrjdè y `b eilb il `dsjurds pdrtbatls. Ilsil ulfd, la ds ieslds,tkaekbs y jbtlreb`ls brquetlktaekds yb slcboba prdiukeid sefaekbtevbs eaadvbkedalskda b `lfbib il` cad. Orbsbal`è8 latrl dtrbs,l` usd il b pelirb la bs kdastrukkedals, qulbatlklie b` trbobhd il kbatlrb.

@B KD@DAEB8 @D[ LSWLIELAYL[ IL @B _LW_L[LAYBKEA_dolrtd Bjefd


45/96


@b plaltrbkea lspbd`b la l` tlrretdredbjlrekbad, kdanrdatbib kda `b suplredreibitkaekb abvb` pdrtufulsb, ejpèk `b drfbae-zbkea pd`tekb y bijeaestrbtevb il` tlrretdred,ùlfd il ieslbr ds kdrrlspdaielatls jbpbs

slfa sus kbtlfdrbs fldfrkbs y ku`turb`ls.Ilsil l` lstubred il` _d il b W`btb sl rljda-tbrda ds rds eatlredrls, kda nuaibkedals qulplrjetelsla fbrbatezbr bs latrbibs, latrl l``bs`b kbsb nulrtl il b Bsuakea la 2 il` ê-rrleabtd il` _d il `b W`btb, il` qul Wbrbfubynul uab fdolrabkea. Lstb lstrukturb kd`daeb`

nbvdrlke `b clfljdab ku`turb` il Kuzkd y Wdtds la `b rlfea, bkdril kda l` usunruktdlkdajekd y kdjlrkeb`= sea ljobrfd, l` bktub` Wbrbfuby rlkeob lsl eauhd iesplrsd, pdr bbkkea il bs jesedals il hlsuetbs y nrbakeskbads, biljs il b klrkbab kda b kd`daezbkeapdrtufulsb.

B` jbpb ourdkrtekd sl sujbob l` ieouhbid pdr `bs rilals rlèfedsbs qul ieslboba suprdpeb drfbaezbkea la prdveakebs. @ds prejlrds nrbakeskbads `lfbrda b` _d il b W`btb kda l`bil`batbid B`vbr Alz Kbolzb il bkb la 227, nuaibib la`ds jrflals il` Wbrba, y bobrkbrda kda trleatb lstbo`lkejelatds, cbkeb b prejlrb jetbi il`SÊEE, telrrbs qul eatlfrba bktub`jlatl l` suidlstl il Orbse`, Wbrbfuby, Brflateab y l` drelatlil Odèveb. @bs rliukkedals il `ds hlsuetbs nulrda l` preakepb` obùbrtl il `b lvbaflèzbkeail ds frupds fubrba y ua nrlad b b lxpbasea pdrtufulsb il ds obailerbatls(`bs jb`dkbstuvelrda su preakepb` ilrrdtb la Jodrdr, la 2>92).


46/96

96, pdr ua ejpl-rbtevd il b Kdrdab lspbd`b, ilatrd il` prdklsd klatrbèzbidr il rlkbuibkea y il kdatrd```lvbid b kbod pdr ds odrodals. @bs jesedals il `ds hlsuetbs, biljs, cboba plrieid yb suuteèibi lstrbtfekb ùlfd il` trbtbid il `jetls latrl Lspbb y Wdrtufb`.

@b Kdrdab iekt rlb`ls kiu`bs, b preakepeds il` sef`d SÊE, sdorl l` slrveked plrsdab`,treoutds y èolrtbi il eaieds, pdr l` jb`trbtd y lxp`dtbkea il `ds lakdjlailrds. Eaula-kebibs pdr `b dpdsekea il `ds hlsuetbs b` slrveked plrsdab` il `ds eaieds, `bs Drilabazbsil` deidr B`nbrd pbrb l` Wbrbfuby y l` _d il `b W`btb lstepu`boba la 2>22 `b rliukkea ileaieds la prdpebs telrrbs, la pulo`ds kda Ef`lseb y Kboeìd -la `bs jesedals nuakedabob uakboeìd eaiflab, qul jbatlab l` drila il` kbkekbzfd fubrba-. Lstl sestljb ilhbob nulrbil` idjeaed lakdjlailrd b ds eaieds il bs jesedals, quelals, biljs, quliboba tljpd-rb`jlatl lxejeids il` treoutd pdr frbkeb il su kdavlrsea kbtèkb. Buaqul ds lakdjlail-rds dotuvelrda ùlfd olalkeds kda `bs rlndrjbs il `bs drilabazbs, l` lanrlatbjelatd kda`b pd`tekb hlsuetb sdorl `ds eaieds yb lstbob p`batlbid y nul rlsul`td rlkea la 2>95 kda `blxlakea il `b jetb.

Buaqul `ds lakdjlailrds dotuvelrda ùlfd olalkeds kda `bs rlndrjbs b `bs dril-abazbs, l` lanrlatbjelatd kda `b pd`tekb hlsuetb sdorl `ds eaieds yb lstbob p`batlbid, y nulrlsul`td rlkea la 2>95 kda `b lxlakea il `b jetb.

[ul`l kdaseilrbrsl qul l` sestljb il jesedals, klrrbid la s jesjd, quli eolrbidil `b ved`lakeb il` rfejla il lakdjelaib, buaqul ilolrb huzfbrsl pdr `b lkelakebla l` prdklsd il lvbaflèzbkea il uab pdo`bkea abtevb rliukeib b` lstrektd kdatrd` il`b drila, js qul pdr l` frbid il ved`lakeb nsekb lhlrkeib. @ds hlsuetbs lstbo`lkelrdal` usd il` fubrba kdjd `lafub nrbakb la l` tlrretdred y iljdstrbrda lxeoeèibi pbrb`b eatlfrbkea il iltlrjeabibs kdstujorls il` juaid eaiflab, jelatrbs nulsla bptbs

pbrb `b krestebaezbkea y `b lxp`dtbkea lkdajekb= il b`` `b bklptbkea il lstrukturbspbrlatb`ls y kbkekbzfds, il preve`lfebr ibazbs y jsekb, il bidptbr `b rlkeprdkeibi y `bW`bad il Kbail`breb, jesea hlsutekb (Iljlrsby). s. SES.


47/96

Klatrd il Brtls êsub`ls/Jusld il` Obrrd 9>

iestreoukea il oelals. @d klatrb` lrb lakbu-sbr lstb lxeoeèibi la `b krestebaibi, la l`slrveked il Ieds, jliebatl l` kdadkejelatdil `b rlèfea vlribilrb.

@ds hlsuetbs, qul l`bodrbrda kdjp`l-

hbs lstrukturbs lkdajekbs il lxp`dtbkeabfrkd`b y jbaunbkturlrb la l` juaid kd-`daeb`, bibptbrda `bs rliukkedals b `bs pd-tlakebèibils il bs jesjbs kdjd uaeibilsprdiuktevbs -kdjoeabkea il cbkelaib ilsustlatd nbjeèbr kda cbkelaib kdjuab`-ilatrd il` sestljb il suosestlakeb rlfedabìl `b Drila.

Biljs il `b prdvesea il bèjlatds,l` rfejla ejp`batbid pdr `ds hlsuetbs pds-tu`bob `b kubèibi il` trbobhd jbaub` la `bkbtlqulses, ba js kubaid sl doèfbob b`ds eaieds b ilstlrrbr sus krllakebs y b bsujer`b nl krestebab= pdr l``d, `b l`bodrbkea ilejbfealrb rlèfedsb lrb pbrtl eaclrlatl b blvbaflèzbkea, tbatd la l` prdklsd il kda-vlrsea qul doèfbob su jbaunbkturb kdjdla l` bidrad vesub` il `b ejp`batbkea il`ku`td y sus aulvds retds. L` trbobhd jbaub`

lrb pbrtl la `b kdastrukkea il ua lspbkedètrfekd. L` pbirl Batdaed [lpp sdstuvd lstdkda k`breibi8 batls qul abib, ls alklsbredprdvdkbr latusebsjd la `ds eakriu`ds pdrjlied il tb`ls brtekeds, bs kdjd pdr jl-ied il `b pdjpb bpbrlatl la `bs èturfebs,

ilsplrtbr l eaku`kbr la l``ds uab rlb` prliespdsekea atejb pbrb b rlèfea krestebab. \abrfujlatd cboetub` il `b lstb obrrdkb kdjd vlcku`d il prdpbfbaib, qul tba prlslatltlaba `ds jesedalrds pbrb `b drfbaezbkea il obe`ls y jsekb la `bs kl`lorbkedals ètr-

fekbs, bs kdjd la l` bkdjpbbjelatd il `b hdrabib il trbobhd.@b pbrteku`breibi il `b rl`bkea il `ds hlsuetbs kda l` pdilr klatrb` il `b jdabrquby `bs butdreibils keve`ls doèfb b plasbr qul surfelrda dtrbs ndrjbs il kdatrd` il `bs ej-flals, ievlrsbs il bqul``bs cboetub`ls la l` lspbked kd`daeb`, rlfeibs, pdr lhljp`d, pdrl` rltrbtd il pdilr il` jdabrkb y lxpulstbs iurbatl `bs prdklsedals il Kdrpus Kcreste.@bs rlprlslatbkedals il` pdilr ejplreb` il b jdabrqub kbtèkb ad tlaira plsd la bsrliukkedals, bklatuaidsl `b nuakea lvbaflèzbidrb il `bs brtls. \ab pbrteku`breibiil `bs rliukkedals ls qul plriur la `bs jesjbs `b vevelaib b`brfbib il `ds fubrba,rlbèzbib kda cdrkdals y tlkcd il pbhb, buaqul ùlfd nul kdjpbrtejlatbib la vevelaibnbjeèbr pbrb kdjobter b pdèfbjeb. Il prlkesb lstrukturb urobastekb, l` idjeaed vesub`lrba b brquetlkturb il b ef`lseb -b`fuabs ulfd tuvelrda nbkcbibs il pelirb, b jbydrbkda sus rltbo`ds bidrabids kda lsku`turbs- y l` lsklabred klrljdaeb` il `b p`bzb kub-


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irbafu`br. Ls ilker, bs jesedals lrba b krlbkea il ua lspbked drilabid, ienlrlakebidil` kbds il` jdatl qul ``lfbob cbstb `ds `jetls p`baekbids il `bs jesjbs. L` juaidkeve`, pbrbnrbslbaid b êkd, surfl il `b sl`vb.

Wbrb l` kbsd il bs rliukkedals il` Wbrbfuby, ls b ejbfealrb rlèfedsb, tbatd la sus pl-qulbs dorbs idjstekbs kdjd la bs lsku`turbs il ds rltbo`ds y bs prdklsedals, l` preakepb`

tlstejdaed il b trbasndrjbkea ku`turb` prdiukeib pdr b Kdaquestb. @bs prdiukkedals brtstekbsil bs jesedals pulila slr latlaieibs kdjd pbrtl il` prdfrbjb il b kdatrbrrlndrjb pbrb bsbrtls, ua baibjebhl kdjp`lhd il ndrjbs p`stekbs y kdatlaeid eild`fekd qul ndrjb pbrtl il`b lxtlasea uaevlrsb` il `b ienusea idktreabreb il `b Ef`lseb la su ùkcb kdatrb `b clrlhb.@bs ejflals ljdkedaba y kdavlakla, ilsil lstl prlsupulstd b lvbaflèzbkea trbhd kdasefduab eavbsea il ejflals lurdplbs qul ejpdaba l` rlplrtdred vertudsd il `b veib krestebab yl` jdid bilkubid il rlprlslatbr`b. Wdr lsd `b kdpeb, il frbobids lurdplds y il ejbfealrb,ls b prejlrb prktekb ejpulstb b` eaiflab8 ilsil lstl kdatrd` lxtlrad kdjelazb b suovlrseandrjb` qul jdiekb `b plrklpkea il` kdatlaeid, plrjetelaid `b alfdkebkea il slateids.

[e cby uab prejlrb sljlhbazb kda `ds lste`ds lurdplds rlabklatestb, jbaelrestby obrrdkd bkdril b `ds ievlrsds teljpds il bktubkea il `ds jesedalrds, qul rlbèzba

tbjoea sus dorbs brtstekbs suhltds b `bskdavlakedals lste`stekbs clfljaekbs ilsu ndrjbkea lurdplb, ls js eatlrlsbatlejbfeabr `ds lste`ds lurdplds kdjd uasdpdrtl bprdpebid pbrb `b trbiekea ndrjbèaiflab ilsbrrd``bib kda dtrds jbtlreb`lsy tkaekbs. @b jbydr prdiukkea brtstekb il`bs rliukkedals lrb lhlkutbib pdr eaiflabs

la l` joetd klrrbid il `ds pulo`ds. @dstb``lrls il `bs jesedals, pdr su lxtlaseala l` teljpd, lstuvelrda obhd l` kdatrd` ilbrtestbs lurdplds liukbids la `bs pbutbsndrjb`ls il` tbridrlabkejelatd y obrrdkdlurdplds. [ea ljobrfd, cb prlidjeabid bkbtlfdrb obrrdkd la `b iladjeabkea il`brtl il `bs jesedals= uab kbtlfdrb lste`stekbdkkeilatb` lurdplb il bpèkbkea uaevlrsb`

pdr b jesjb lxpbasea y kdaquestb lurdplbil` drol. \a kbsd seafu`br il` ejpbktd il`b ierlkkea lste`stekb ls `b ``lfbib il`clrjbad je`bas Hds Orbsbal`è, qul trbob-h latrl 2>52 y 26?3 l ejpusd l` obrrdkdetbèbad pbrb rlndrjbr `b trbiekea cespbad-fubrba (trjead bkubid pdr Hdslab W`).Kdjd cb lstuiebid [ustlrkek, ad lrb kuls-tea slake``b ienuaier `ds aulvds jdil`ds=obstb slb`br l` lhljp`d il` rlljp`bzd il`b Eajbku`bib trbiekedab` kda `bs jbadsrlkdfeibs y `b ùab b sus pels.


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Ylaljds latdakls l` ilsbnd il eatlr-prltbr b ejp`batbkea ndrzbib il ua jdid ilplasbr vesub`, il prktekbs brtstekbs, il coe-tds il prdiukkea brtlsbab`, il adrjbtevbs ilrlprlslatbkea y il b eild`dfb lste`stekb la

ua tlrretdred kdaquestbid y doèfbid b alfbrsu prdpeb cestdrekeibi la rl`bkea kda b ejb-fla y su usd. Wlrd tbjoea, b bilkubkea il`bs ndrjbs lurdplbs la `bs prktekbs fubrba(pdr lhljp`d, l` pbr y auie``d kda brquetlkturbil cdrkdals). L` kdjobtl latbo`bid latrl`bs ejflals, `ds `lafubhls y `bs tkaekbsejpulstbs y l` suostrbtd il ua jdid ndrjb`prlklilatl sl pdtlake la `b `brfb bkteveibi

il ds tb``lrls il `bs rliukkedals pbrb dfrbrua bkulrid sejoèkd8 l` ilsbrrd``d il ua brtlkda kbrbktlrstekbs lste`stekbs prdpebs= ls il-ker, sl lstbo`lkl la bs rliukkedals ua aulvdvaku`d latrl ndrjb (sejltrb, prlidjeabakebil `b àlb, drila fldjtrekd) y kdatlaeid=lstd ls, prlnlrlakebs la iltlrjeabibs bivd-kbkedals ienuaieibs pdr èords y lstbjpbs,kdjd lxprlsea lsttekb il `b lxplrelakebil `b aulvb nl krestebab il `ds fubrba la l`kbjead b su ejpulstb sb`vbkea ltlrab.

@b lxpu`sea il `ds hlsuetbs trbhd `biesplrsea il bqul``ds brtlsbads ndrjb-ids tkaekbjlatl obhd su tutl`b, buaqul

kdateaubsla stds obhd l` idjeaed il dtrbs rilals rlèfedsbs. Lstb iesplrsea, cbstb l`bobaidad ilneaetevd il `bs jesedals pdr `ds fubrba, bujlat prdobo`ljlatl `ds kda-tbktds ku`turb`ls, yb lxestlatls, kda `ds fubrba ad rliukeids, bs kdjd b prdiukkea ilejbfealrb jesedalrb la tlrretdreds js lxtlasds. @bs rliukkedals nrbakeskbabs, kda susplkuèbreibils vdtevbs js qul ndrjb`ls -buaqul sl sdstelal ua jbydr lsquljbtesjd

la `b nbkturb il sus tb``bs-, plriurbrda la l` teljpd easlrtbs pdr su jbydr kdatbktd kda`ds pulo`ds keve`ls, nbvdrlkelaid l` prdklsd il jlstezbhl.

@b kd`lkkea il tb``bs il jbilrb il` Jusld il` Obrrd pdal la lsklab b cestdrekeibi il`bs lstrbtlfebs il `b rlprlslatbkea, kdjd kdateaueibi y rlsefaekbkea il prktekbs, il `bssdkelibils eaiflabs. [e l` bklrvd idkujlatb` il `ds hlsuetbs sdorl `bs jesedals, preakepb`-jlatl `bs Kbrtbs Baubs, doèfb b qul l` jesjd slb plasbid eild`fekbjlatl kdjd vdz il `bkdaquestb lvbaflèzbidrb -buaqul pdibjds lakdatrbr la ` tlstejdaeds il b bprdpebkea ilbsplktds il b ku`turb fubrba-, ls la bs rlprlslatb

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