text pages: 76 (box), 466 (coconut), 502 ‑ 509, 631 ‑ 632, 637 ‑ 638 ben lockwood and charlie...
TRANSCRIPT
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Seed GerminationText Pages: 76 (Box), 466 (coconut), 502‑509,
631‑632, 637‑638
Ben Lockwood and Charlie Hartman
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Microbodies Imbition Dry seed germination Germination: external factors Phytochrome After-ripening Special requirements Roles of hormones
Objectives
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Single membrane-bound organelles0.5 – 1.5 mm diameter+/- crystalline body of protein
Microbodies
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Two types•Peroxisomes•Glyoxysomes
Microbodies
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Peroxisomes
Photorespiration (glycolic acid metabolism)
Common in green leaves
Text, Fig. 3-16, p. 45
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Site of b-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle
Stored lipids converted to carbs during seed/spore germination
Glyoxysomes
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Question for thought: What is imbition and why does it occur?
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Adsorption of water by a dry material resulting in its swelling (or onto internal surface)
Dry material (cellulose) has a very low (negative) water potential.
Imbibition
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Cellulose: ionic/polar (net - charge)Water: polar (partial + and - charge)
◦Thus, water adheres to cellulose, causing swelling.
Why does imbition occur?
Why?
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Question for thought: Is germination of dry seeds possible if the seed does not imbibe water?
Why or why not?
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Mature seeds are dry◦ only 5-20% water
Imbibition is necessary◦for metabolic activity, i.e., to activate enzyme activity
No, germination cannot occur in most seeds. Why?
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WaterOxygenTemperatureLight requirement◦phytochrome (red/far red response)
External Factors Aiding Seed Germination
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Activates metabolism (imbibition)◦Activates enzymes present◦Synthesis of other enzymes
Enzymes needed◦Digest and use stored nutrients◦Respiration for ATP production◦DNA/RNA/protein synthesis
Water
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Early stages of germination are entirely anaerobic
Becomes aerobic when seed coat ruptures
Why does respiration switch from anaerobic to aerobic when O2 becomes available?
Oxygen
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If soil is waterlogged◦Maybe insufficient oxygen available for aerobic respiration
◦Seed will either:fail to germinate, orfail to grow into a seedling
Oxygen con’t
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Wide range of germination◦ Min temp: 0-5oC◦ Max temp: 45-48oC◦ Opt range: 25-30oC
Temperature
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Phytochrome response Some need exposure to red light at 660 nm to
germinate Require light
◦ Small seeds of weeds, lettuce, grasses, etc.◦ Very little nutrient storage
Require absence of light◦ poppies and geraniums
Light Requirement
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Phytochrome
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Phytochrome (Pr) [Blue
Pigment]
Text, Fig. 28-19, p. 633
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Phytochrome
Text, Fig. 28-18, p. 633
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1 Red -- Far Red . . .2 Far Red -- Red . . .3 R -- FR -- R . . . .4 FR -- R -- FR -- R -- FR .5 FR -- FR -- FR -- FR -- R.
NoYesYesNoYes
Lettuce Seed Germination
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Data interpretation:
Why do small weed seeds not germinate on the floor of a dense temperate forest, but do germinate if several trees are removed?
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These plants require Pr to germinate. Red light (660 nanometers) does not reach the bottom of the forest, inhibiting the conversion of Pfr into Pr.
Answer
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Question for thought: even when external conditions
are favorable, some seeds will fail to germinate.
Why?
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The embryo is physiologically immature
Seed coat impermeable to H2O and O2
Two Most Common Reasons
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Must undergo a process called after-ripening before they will germinate.
Physiologically ImmatureSeeds (Embryo)
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Function (Adaptive Significance):◦Ensures seed will germinate under
favorable conditions: Not during winter Controlled hormones
Abscisic Acid -- inhibits Gibberellins -- stimulates
After-Ripening
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In our area◦Triggered by low temperature of winter
As temperatures increase in spring◦ABA breaks down◦GA is produced initiating after-ripening
After-Ripening con’t
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Special Requirements for Germination in
Some Seeds
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◦ Tambalacoque or Dodo tree (Sideroxylon grandiflorum, and the Dodo bird)
◦ Mulberry and coralberry
◦ Promotes wider dispersal of species
1) Digestion
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Turkeys Take Over
Today Sideroxylon grandiflorum seeds are encouraged to germinate by being fed to turkeys or by turning them in a gemstone polisher.
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Symphoricarpos orbiculatus -- Coralberry
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Scarification Many seeds are sealed within a tightly sealed
endocarp or the seed coat is extremely hard and covered with a thick waxy coat
Such seed germinate only after the seed coat is scratched or cracked
2) Mechanical Cracking of Seed Coat
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Tumbling along in the rushing water of a gravelly stream
Bacterial or fungal action Freeze-thaw cycles Abrasive handling by squirrels or other animals Passing through digestive system of some animals
How does the seed coat becomes scratched?
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Especially of desert species Ensures the seed will germinate
only during those rare intervals when desert rainfall provides sufficient water
Ex: Artemisia spp., Aloe sp.
3) Excessive Rain to Leach Growth Inhibitors out of the Seed Coat
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Aloe ferox
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/schoepke/alo_fe_1.jpg
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4) Fire (Intense Heat)
Plants of the California chaparral community
Manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida)
Many pines◦Jack pine
Text Fig. 22-9, p. 505
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Manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida)
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Pinus banksiana -- Jack Pine Serotinous cones (cones remaining
closed until the occurrence of high temperatures such as created by a fire)
http://web2.uqat.uquebec.ca/ferld/recherches/Jackpine.htm
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Jack Pine con’t
Maturing seed cones at the end of their second season of development (September)
http://www.unbf.ca/forestry/species/pinusbnk.htm
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Jack Pine con’t
Seed cones open on a burnt branch after passage of a fire - a normal way in which seed-shedding becomes possible and the species regenerates
http://www.unbf.ca/forestry/species/pinusbnk.htm
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Selective Advantage:Favors survival of the seedling
because competitors have been killed by the fire
Fire (Intense Heat) con’t
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Moisture content of most seeds drops to 5-20%
Selective Advantage?
5) Seeds Must Dry Before They Will Germinate
Prevents the seeds from germinating while they are inside the moist fruit of the parent plant
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Examples:Fleshy fruits such as apples, pears,
etc.
Seeds Must Dry con’t
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Low temperature stimulates after-ripening
Also necessary for the breakdown of ABA present in the seed
6) Exposure to Cold
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Horticultural practice that mimics exposure to cold
Expose seeds to 5oC for 100 daysUsed by horticulturists to germinate
seeds of many ornamental plants and fruit trees
Stratification
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Seeds and Seed Germination Eastern Connecticut State University http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/plants_human/seedg
erm.html
Seed Germination Web Site
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-Dormancy is extremely valuable, because it allows for plants to survive by going dormant (non active) over periods of coldness.
Dormancy
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Gibberellic acid (GA)Abscisic acid (ABA)
Plant Hormones in Germination
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Role of ABA ABA = Abscisic Acid (plant hormone)
Text Fig. 27-12, p. 613
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Initiates dormancy and prevents germination
Does this (presumably) by preventing synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes
ABA is antagonistic to GA
Role of ABA con’t
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Role of GA GA = Gibberellic Acid (plant hormone)
Text Fig. 27-14, p. 614
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To overcome seed dormancyImbibition stimulates the embryo to
release GAGA causes:
◦Cellular elongation of embryo◦Synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes (such as
amylase, etc.)
Role of GA con’t
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Role of GA con’t
Barley Seed (Hordeum vulgare)
Text Fig. 27-16, p. 615
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Compare and contrast the floral characteristics of wind-pollinated and animal-pollinated flowers.
Speculate why it is that animal pollination is more common in the desert.
Thought Questions
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Eichhorn, Evert, Raven. Biology of Plants. Seventh ed. 2005. W.H. Freeman and
Co. Publishers.
Citations