Texas IndiansTexas Indians

Coastal Plains IndiansCoastal Plains Indians

KarankawaKarankawa- hunters - hunters and gatherersand gatherers who lived who lived in the area of Galveston in the area of Galveston to Corpus Christi to Corpus Christi (Southeast). They were nomads. They used dug-out canoes to fish, hunt sea turtles and collect shells. They also hunted deer and small animals. They lived in wigwams..

Cabeza de Vaca wroteabout Karankawa

The Karankawa did not need much clothing. Their clothes were made out of deerskin or grass. They painted themselves with bright colors. To keep the insects away they rubbed alligator fat and dirt into their skin. The Karankawa treated their children with kindness. They gave their children two names, one of which only their family knew.

CoahuiltecanCoahuiltecan- - hunted and hunted and gatheredgathered food in food in South Texas.South Texas. They were They were nomadicnomadic and and covered large distances covered large distances following following buffalobuffalo, , deer deer and and small animalssmall animals. The . The CoahuiltecanCoahuiltecan also also fished and fished and hunted for wild plantshunted for wild plants. Their . Their diets included diets included antsants, , eggseggs, , lizardslizards, , snakessnakes, , spiders, deer spiders, deer poo poo and and worms worms (ate bugs). (ate bugs). They did not build permanent They did not build permanent homes. Both homes. Both men and women men and women wore their hair longwore their hair long. They . They worked hard but they like to worked hard but they like to gather for feasting and gather for feasting and dancing. dancing.

The Southeastern Culture AreaThe Southeastern Culture Area CaddoCaddo-moved into -moved into Eastern Texas Eastern Texas from from

Arkansas, Louisiana and Oklahoma. Arkansas, Louisiana and Oklahoma. They built permanent villages, and They built permanent villages, and became expert farmers. They practiced became expert farmers. They practiced crop rotation. The crop rotation. The CaddoCaddo grew beans, grew beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds and corn, squash, sunflower seeds and tobacco. They organized their tribes into tobacco. They organized their tribes into three confederacies. The three confederacies. The CaddoCaddo built built mounds and temples for religious events. mounds and temples for religious events. In addition to a religious and political In addition to a religious and political structure, structure, organized government system organized government system led by a chief, women played important led by a chief, women played important roles, greeted European with the word roles, greeted European with the word Tejas Tejas the the CaddoCaddo had healers and had healers and craftspeople. craftspeople.

The Caddo was a matrilineal society. This means they traced their families through their mother’s side. Their houses were wooden poles covered with grass. Some may have plastered the outside walls with mud. Both men and women tattooed and painted their bodies.

dome shaped huts

The Wichita confederacy included four groups. They settled along the Red River. They lived along creeks and rivers. They grew crops beans, corn, melons and squash. The Wichita used horses to hunt buffalo and deer. They lived in permanent villages. Like the Caddo, the Wichita known for tattoos around their eyes known as “raccoon eyes”.

AtakapaAtakapa-between the -between the

CaddoCaddo and the Gulf of and the Gulf of Mexico lived the Mexico lived the

AtakapaAtakapa people. They people. They were farmers with corn were farmers with corn being their main crop. being their main crop. Not only did they farm Not only did they farm but they hunted wild but they hunted wild game and alligator. game and alligator. Little is known about Little is known about their houses but it is their houses but it is thought they lived in thought they lived in huts made from brush. huts made from brush.

Hunted small animals and fished in dugout canoes, and farmed some.

The Pueblo Culture AreaThe Pueblo Culture Area Jumano- made

permanent beautiful painted adobe houses. The Jumano lived along the Rio Grande River. They were able to grow corn and other crops because they settled near the river, meaning they farmed. They also hunted buffalo and gathered wild plants for food. The Jumano lived in large villages. They used bows and arrows and carried heavy clubs into battles.

Tiguas – Known for their beautiful pottery

Besides farming, they hunted, traded and lived in beautiful painted adobe homes

The Plains Culture AreaThe Plains Culture Area The Great Plains The Great Plains

stretches from Canada stretches from Canada into Southern Texas. into Southern Texas. Many Native Many Native American groups American groups lived along the edges lived along the edges of the plains to farm of the plains to farm and entered the plains and entered the plains to hunt buffalo. With to hunt buffalo. With the arrival of the the arrival of the Spanish came the Spanish came the arrival of horses. arrival of horses. Many Plains Indians Many Plains Indians became excellent became excellent horsemen. Most lived horsemen. Most lived in tepeesin tepees..

Nomadic, dependent on the buffalo, and were fierce warriors.

Buffalo-some Buffalo-some weighed up to 1,600 weighed up to 1,600 pounds and were 6 pounds and were 6 feet tall at the feet tall at the shoulder and 10 feet shoulder and 10 feet long. Indians used a long. Indians used a variety of techniques variety of techniques to hunt buffalo. to hunt buffalo.

The TonkawaThe Tonkawa Lived on the north-central Lived on the north-central

plains and on the plains and on the southeastern edge of the southeastern edge of the Edwards Plateau. They Edwards Plateau. They depended on the buffalo depended on the buffalo for food, clothing and for food, clothing and shelter. They were shelter. They were considered hunters-considered hunters-gatherers. The gatherers. The Tonkawa Tonkawa were driven from their were driven from their hunting grounds by the hunting grounds by the ApacheApache. .

The ApacheThe Apache The The ApacheApache culture originated culture originated

in Canada but migrated to the in Canada but migrated to the Great Plains . Two Great Plains . Two Apache Apache groups settled in Texas. These groups settled in Texas. These are the are the LipanLipan and and MescaleroMescalero. . ApachesApaches were organized into were organized into bands that traveled, hunted bands that traveled, hunted and fought together. The and fought together. The ApachesApaches were skilled were skilled horsemen and often teamed up horsemen and often teamed up when hunting buffalo. when hunting buffalo. Lipan Lipan ApachesApaches were also farmers were also farmers which was very unusual for which was very unusual for ApachesApaches. .

Used buffalo hide to protect themselves from the harsh landscape. For part of the year they lived in farming communities along rivers and streams called Rancherias

Most Most Lipan ApacheLipan Apache men cut their hair very short on men cut their hair very short on the left side but allowed the hair on the right to hang the left side but allowed the hair on the right to hang long. They tied feathers and other decorations to their long. They tied feathers and other decorations to their hair. The men had no facial hair and the women wore hair. The men had no facial hair and the women wore earrings. earrings. ApachesApaches were feared throughout Texas. were feared throughout Texas.

ComancheComanche The The ComancheComanche originally originally lived in the Western Part lived in the Western Part of the United States. They of the United States. They eventually moved into the eventually moved into the Great Plains once they Great Plains once they acquired horses. The acquired horses. The ComancheComanche lived in bands lived in bands headed by a peace chief. If headed by a peace chief. If you were the best fighter you were the best fighter and rider you were the war and rider you were the war chief. The chief. The ComancheComanche were skilled buffalo were skilled buffalo hunters. Because of their hunters. Because of their skills they soon controlled skills they soon controlled much of the plains much of the plains including west and including west and northern Texas. northern Texas.

Used every part of the buffalo, lived in tipis, domesticated animals before they were introduced to the horse by the Europeans

KiowaKiowa The The KiowaKiowa were the last were the last

plains group to arrive in plains group to arrive in Texas. They hunted buffalo, Texas. They hunted buffalo, and gathered berries, fruits and gathered berries, fruits and nuts. They traded with and nuts. They traded with other groups for what they other groups for what they did not have. The hair of the did not have. The hair of the KiowaKiowa men was long but men was long but over the right ear it was over the right ear it was short. The short. The KiowaKiowa and the and the ComancheComanche were allies. were allies.

Recorded their oral histories on their tipis, made beautiful crafts, developed a calendar, and most feared group on the plains

REVIEWREVIEW

Gulf Coast – Nomadic and hunters/gatherers

Plains – Nomadic, dependent on the buffalo, and fierce warriors

Puebloan – Sedentary, farmers, and lived in houses made of adobe

Southeastern Texas – Sedentary food-rich environment and complex social systems