tet tnpsc tamil 6 12 study materials
TRANSCRIPT
7/22/2019 Tet Tnpsc Tamil 6 12 Study Materials
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B\ôm Yálé .......................................................... 1
HZôm Yálé ........................................................... 19
GhPôm Yálé ......................................................... 71
JuTRôm Yálé ................................................... 126
TjRôm Yálé ....................................................... 198
T¾ù]ôWôm Yálé ...............................................232
TuÉùWiPôm Yálé ........................................ 242
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1
Mwhk; tFg;G
nra;As; -
tho;j;J jpUtUl;gh
1. ― fz;zpy;
f ye ; jhd; fUj;jpy;
fye;jhd;‖ vd;Dk;
tho;j;Jg; ghliy
vOjpatH ahH?
,uhkypq;f mbfshH
2. jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhH vd;Dk;
rpwg;Gg; ngaH ngw;wtH ahH?
,uhkypq;f mbfshH
3. MrpupaH Fwpg;G:- CH flY}H khtl;lk;
kUJ}u; ngw;NwhH ,uhikah>
rpd;dk;ikahH. E}y;
[PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;>
kDKiw fz;lthrfk;>
ghly; jpUtUl;gh
4. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH
grpj;JaH Nghf;fp
kf;fSf;F
cztspf;f ve;jr;
rhiyia mikj;jhH?
mwr;rhiyia 5. mwpTnewp tpsq;f ,uhkypq;f
mbfshH epWtpa rig vJ?
Qhdrig
6. fhyk; 5.10.1823 Kjy; 30.1.1874
tiu
jpUf;Fws; md;Gilik
7. jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpatH ahH?
jpUts;StH
8. jpUts;Stu; tho;e;j fhyk;?
fp.K. 31 vd;W $WtH
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2
9. jpUts;Stupd; NtW rpyngaHfs;
ahit?
nre;ehg;NghjhH> nja;tg;GytH>
ehadhH 10. jpUf;Fws; vj;jid tifahfg;
gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ?mit ahit?
%d;W gpupTfs;. mit
1. mwj;Jg;ghy; 2. nghUl;ghy;
3. ,d;gj;Jg;ghy;
11. jpUf;Fwspy; xt;NthH
mjpfhuj; jpw;Fk; 10 Fwl;ghf;fs; tPjk;
vj;jid Fwl;ghf;fs;
cs;sd?
1330 12. jpUf;Fwspy; vj;jid mjpfhuq;fs;
cs;sd?
133 13. jpUf;Fws; ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W
gjpndz;fPo;f;f zf;F
14. jpUf;Fwspd; NtW rpyngaHfs;
ahit?
Kg;ghy;> nghJkiw> jkpo;kiw 15. cyf kf;fshy; jpUf;Fws;
vt;thW Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ?
cyfg; nghJkiw
jpUts;StH Mz;L
fzf;fpLk; Kiw fpwpj;J Mz;L (fp.gp.) +31
= jpUts;StH
Mz;L (vLj;Jf;fhl;L) 2 0 1 0 + 3 1 (fp.gp.2010 =
jpUts;StH Mz;L
2041 vd;W $WNthk;
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3
16. nrhw;nghUs;
1. MHtyH - md;GilatH 2. Gd;fzPH - Jd;gk; fz;L
ngUFk; fz;zPH
3. g+ry;jUk; - ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;
4. vd;G - vYk;G (,q;F
cly;>nghUs;> Mtpiaf;
Fwpf;fpwJ)
5. <Dk; - jUk; 6. MHtk; - tpUg;gk;
7. tpUg;gk; vd;gjpd; nghUs;
ahJ? ntWg;ig ePf;fp
tpUg;gj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;
vd;gJ nghUs;
8. ez;G - el;G
9. itafk; - cyfk;
10. vd;g - vd;ghHfs; 11. kwk; - tPuk;
12. vd;gpyJ - vYk;gpy;yhjJ (GO)
13. md;gpyJ - md;gpy;yhj capHfs;
14. md;G + mfj;J + ,y;yh - md;G
cs;sj;jpy; ,y;yhj 15. td;ghw;fz; - td;ghy; +
fz; -
ghiyepyj;jpy;
16. jspHj;jw;W - jspHj;jJ Nghy17. tw;wy;kuk; - thba kuk;
18. Gwj;JWg;G - cly; cWg;Gfs;
19. vtd; nra;Ak; - vd;d gad;? 20. mfj;JWg;G - kdj;jpd; cWg;G
ciueil jkpo;j;jhj;jh
c.Nt.rh
17. jkpo; j ; jh j ; j h vd;W
ahiu miof;fpd;Nwhk;?
c.Nt.rh
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4
18. c.Nt.rhkpehjH Xiyr;
Rtbia ve;j Cupy; vLj;jhH?
<NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
nfhLKb
19. goq;fhyj;jpy; gidXiyapy; vij itj;J vOJthHfs;?
vOj;jhzp
20. goq;fhyj;jpy;
nra;As;>,yf;fzk; ve;jr;
Rtbapy; vOjg;gl;ld?
Xiyr;Rtbapy;
21. Xiyr;Rtb vOj;Jf;fspy; vJ
,Uf;fhJ? Gs;sp> xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf; nfhk;G NtWghL ,Uf;fhJ
22. vOj; jhzp nfhz;L vOJk; Xiyf;F vd;d ngaH?Xiyr;Rtb
23. ekf;fhfj; jhspy; vOjp>
mr;rpl;Lg; Gj;jfj;ij toq;fpatH ahH?
c.Nt.rhkpehja;aH 24. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vd;Dk; Rtbapy;
vj;jid tifahd g+f;fspd; ngaHfs; ,Ue;jd? njhz;Z}w;W xd;gJ
25. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L vd;Dk; E}ypd;
MrpupaH. fgpyH
26. Xiyr;Rtbfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; rpy
,lq;fs; ahit? 1. fPo;j;jpirf; Rtbfs; E}yfk;> nrd;id
2. muR Mtzf; fhg;gfk;>
nrd;id 3. cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;>nrd;id 4. ruRtjp kfhy;> jQ;rht+H
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3
27. c.Nt.rhkpehja;aH ve;j Cupy;
gpwe;jhH?
jpUth&H khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;scj;jkjhdGuk;
28. c.Nt.rhkpehja;aupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d?
Ntq;fluj;jpdk;
29. c.Nt.rh.tpd; MrpupaH ngaH ?
kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp
Re;juk; gps;is
30. MrpupaH c.Nt.rhkpehja;aUf;F
itj;j ngaH vJ?
rhkpehjd;
31. c.Nt.rh tpupj ;Jf ;
$Wf? cj;jkjhdGuk; Ntq;fl
Rg;igaH kfdhd rhkpehjd;.
32. c.Nt.rh.ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH. 19.2.1855
33. c.Nt.rh ve;j Mz;L
,aw;if va;jpdhH?
28.4.1942
34. jkpo;j;jhj;jhtpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpd
E}ypd; ngaH ahJ?
vd;rupjk; 35. c.Nt.rh tho;f;if tuyhw;iw
ve;j
,jopy; njhluhf vOjpdhH?
Mde;j tpfld;
c.Nt.rh. gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs;
1. vl;Lj;njhif 8 2. gj;Jg;ghl;L 10
3. rPtfrpe;jhkzp 1
4. rpyg;gjpfhuk; 1 5. kzpNkfiy 1
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4
6. Guhzq;fs; 12
7. cyh 9 8. Nfhit 6
9. J}J 6
10. ntz;gh E}y;fs; 13 11. me;jhjp 3
12. guzp 2
13. Kk;kzpf;Nfhit 2 14. ,ul;il kzpkhiy 2
15. ,jugpuge;jq;fs; 4
36. c.Nt.rh. E}y; epiyak; ve;j Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ?
1942 37. c.Nt.rh. E}y; epiyak; ve;j
efupy; njhlHe;J nray;gl;L
tUfpwJ? nrd;idapy;
cs;s
ngrd;l;efH
38. c.Nt.rh. mtHfspd;
jkpo;g; gzpfisg; ghuhl;ba
ntspehl;L mwpQHfs; ahH?
[p.A.Nghg;> #ypa]; tpd;Nrhd;
39. eLtz;
muR>c.Nt.rh.mtHfspd;
jkpo;j;njhz;bidg;
ngUikg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
______ Mk;
Mz;L mQ;ry; jiyntspapl;Lr; rpwg;gpj;J cs;sJ.
2006 Mk; Mz;L
Jizg;ghlk;
filrptiu ek;gpf;if
40. [g;ghdpy; ve;j ve;j
,uz;L
,lq;fspy; mnkupf;fh Fz;L
tPrpaJ?
1. `pNuhrpkh 2. ehfrhfp
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5
41. rlNfh ve;j ehl;Lr; rpWkp?
[g;ghd;
42. [g;ghdpaH tzq;Fk; gwit vJ?
nfhf;F
43. mutpe;j Fg;jh vOjpa E}y;.
nld; ypl;by; gpq;fH];
fhfpjj;jpy; cUtq;fs;
nra;Ak; fiyia
[g;ghdpaH xupfhkpvd;W $WtH
,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk
;
44. ,yf;fzk; vjw;Fj; Njitg;
gLfpwJ?ehk; NgRk; nkhopia>
vOJk; nkhopiar;
rupahfg; Gupe;J
nfhs;tjw;F
45. jkpopd; Kjy; vOj;J vJ?
m 46. ‗m‘ vd;Dk; vOj;J
vjidf; Fwpf;Fk;?kdpjd;
47. ‗q;‘ vd;w vOj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy;
tUk; ,d vOj;J vJ?
f
48. kQ;rs;> mQ;rhNj vd;Dk;
,t;tpuz;L nrhw;fspy; vit
el;G vOj;Jf;fs;? Q; r
49. ‗e;‘ kw;Wk; ‗d;‘ ,t;tpuz;Lk; vd;d vOj;Jfs;? nka;
50. ‗r;‘ vd;gJ nka;naOj;J ‗v‘ vd;gJ capnuOj;J ,t;tpuz;Lk; NrUk; NghJkhWtJ?
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6
Fwpy;51. ‗r;‘ vd;gJ nka;naOj;J
‗V‘ vd;gJ capnuOj;J ,t;tpuz;Lk; NrUk; NghJkhWtJ?
neby; 52. gpupj;J mwpjy;
1.jkf;FupaH - jkf;F +
cupaH 2. md;gPDk; - md;G +
<Dk; 3. epoyUik - epoy; + mUik
53. c.Nt.rh.tpd; ek;gpf;iff;Ff;
fhuzk; vd;d? mtUila MHtk;
54. ―Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk;‖vdf;
$wpatH. jpUts;StH
,ay;-2 nra;As;
- ehybahH 55. ―eha;f;fhy; rpWtpuy; Nghy;‖
vd;Dk; ehybahH ghliyg; ghbatH ahH? rkzKdptH
56. nrhw;nghUs; 1. eha;f;fhy; - ehapd;fhy; 2. <f;fhy; - <apd;fhy;
3. ed;fzpaH - ed;F +
mzpaH4. mzpaH - neUq;fp ,Ug;gtH 5. vd;dhk; - vd;d gad; 6. Nra; - J}uk; 7. nra; - tay;
57. ehybahH ve;j E}y;fSs; xd;W .
gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F
58. ehybahupy; vj;jid ghly;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ? 400
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59. ehybahupd; kw;nwhUrpwg;Gg;ngaH
vJ? ehyb ehD}W
60. ehybahiu ,aw;wpatH ahH? rkz KdptH
61. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F - tpsf;fk; rq;f E}y;fs; vdg;gLgit gj;Jg; ghl;Lk;
vl;Lj;njhifAk;.
gj;Jg; ghl;by; gj;J
E}y;fSk;> vl;Lj;njhifapy; vl;L E}y;fSk;
cs;sd. nkhj;jk; gjpndl;L
E}y;fs;. ,tw;iw Nky;fzf;F E}y;fs; vd;W $Wk; tof;fKk; cz;L. rq;f E}y;fSf;Fg;gpd; Njhd;wpa E}y;fspd; njhFg;G gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;njhFg;gpYk; gjpndl;L E}y;fs; cs;sd. gjpndz; vd;why; gjpndl;L vd;W nghUs;. ,e;E}y;fisf; fPo;f;
fzf;F E}y;fs; vd;Wk; $WtH.
gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdit mwE}y;fNs
ghuj Njrk;
62. ―MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y
fhfpjk;‖ vd;w ghujNjrk;
ghliyg; ghbatH ahH?
kfhftp ghujpahH
63. nrhw;nghUs; 1. jiyrhAjy; - Xa;e;J gLj;jy;
2. tz;ik - nfhil
3. cOgil- tptrhak; nra;ag;
gad;gLk; fUtpfs;
4. Nfhzp - rhf;F
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8
10. NkytH - NkNyhH
11. fPotH - fPNohH
12. kw;NwhH - gpwHf;F
NeHik mw;NwhH
5. eil - rhiyapy; nry;Yk;
tz;bfs; 6. gwg;G - gwf;Fk;
tpkhdk; Nghd;wit
7. Qhyk; - cyfk; 8. cte;J nra;Nthk; - tpUk;gpr;
nra;Nthk;
9. jkpo;kfs; - xsitahH
13. newpapdpd;W - mwnewpapy;
epd;W64. jkpo;ehl;bd;
Gfo;ngw;w ftpQH
ahH?
ghu jpahH 65. ghujpahH vt;thW
nfhz;lhlg; gl;ltH?
ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd; ghujp
66. Rje;jug; Nghuhl;l tPuH ahH?
kfhftp ghujpahH
67. kfhftp ghujpahH tho;e;j fhyk;?
11.12.1882 Kjy; 11.9.1921 tiu
ciueil gwitfs;
gytpjk;
68. ve; j Cupy; gl ; lhNr
ntbg;gjpy;iy?
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s rpwpa fpuhkk;
$e;jd;Fsk;
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69. gwitfs; Vd; ehL tpl;L ehL
gwe;J tUfpd;wd?
gUtepiy khWk; NghJ
70. gUtepiy vd;why; vd;d?
ntapy; kpfTk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;
71. gUtepiy ve;j khjj;jpy; Vw;gLk;?
Nk khjk;
72. gUtepiy khw;wk; vd;gJ?
ntapYk;> kioAk;> gdpAk;
khwp khwp tUtJ
73. gwitfs; ntapy; kw;Wk; gdp$Ljyhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ NtW
,lj;jpw;F nry;tjw;F vd;d ngaH?
tyir Nghjy;
74. gioafhyj;jpy; ek; Kd;NdhHfs;
,d;iwf;F kio tUk; vd;W
vg;gbf; $WtH?
gwitfs; ,lk; khWtij itj;J cyfk; KOtJk;
,Ue;J gy ehl;Lg;
gwitfs; te;J jq;fp ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fg; ngaH jhd;
gwitfs; ruzhyak;.
75. ek; ehl;by; vj;jid gwitfs;
cs;sd?
Vwj;jho ,uz;lhapuj;J ehD}W
76. gwitfis vj;jid tifahfg;
gpupf;fyhk;? mit ahit?
Ie;J tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;
1.Njidf; Fbj;J thOk; gwitfs;
2.goj;ij cz;L thOk; gwitfs;
3.g+r;rpiaj; jpd;W thOk; gwitfs;
4.Ntl;ilahb cz;Zk; gwitfs;
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1
5.,we;j cly;fis cz;L
thOk gwitfs;
77. rkntsp kuq;fspy; thOk; rpy
gwitfs; ahit?
kQ;rs; rpl;L> nrq;fhfk;>
Rliyf; Fapy;> gdq;fhil>
J}f;fzhq; FUtp.
78. ePHepiyfspy; thOk; gwitfs;
ahit?
nfhf;F> jhiof;Nfhop>
gtsf;fhyp> Mw;W cs;shd;> Kf;Fspg;ghd;> ehiu>
mupths; %f;fd;>
fuz;bthad;> Crpthy;thj;J.
79. kiyfspy; thOk; rpygwitfs;
ahit?
,Uthr;rp>
nre;jiyg;g+q;FUtp>kpd;rpl;L>
fUQ;rpd;dhd;>ePyfpup
nel; i l f ; fhyp>
nghd;KJF kuq;nfhj;jp>
rpd;df;FWthd; nfhz;il
cothud;> ,uhrhspg; gUe;J>
g+kd; Me;ij
80. $e;jd; Fsk; fpuhkj;J kf;fs; Vd; gl;lhR
ntbf;fhkYk; Nksk;
mbf;fhkYk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
gwitfs; gae;Jtplhky;
,Uf;f
jkpo; ehl;by; cs;s
gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs;
(Gfyplq;fs;): 1. Ntle;jhq;fy;
2. fupf;fpsp (fhQ;rpGuk;khtl;lk;)
3. fQ;rpuq;Fsk;
4. rpj;jpuq;Fb
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1
5. Nky;nry;tD}H (,uhkehjGuk;
khtl;lk;)
6. goNtw;fhL (jpUts;@H khtl;lk;)
7. cjakhHj;jhz;lk; (jpUth&H
khtl;lk;)
8. tLt+H (jQ;rht+H khtl;lk;)
9. fiuntl;b (nguk;gY}Hkhtl;lk;)
10. Ntl;lq;Fb (rptfq;if khtl;lk;)
11. nts;NshL (<NuhL khtl;lk;)
12. $e;jd; Fsk;
(jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;)
13. Nfhbaf;fiu (ehfg;gl;bdk;
khtl;lk;)
Jizg;ghlk;
ghk;Gfs;
81. ghk;Gg; gz;iz vq;F cs;sJ?
nrd;idf; fpz;b 82. ghk;Gfs; ve;j tifiar;
rhHe;jit?
CHtd tifia
83. cyfj;jpy; vj;jid tif
ghk;Gfs;
cs;sd?
,uz;lhapuj;J vOE}w;WIk;gJ
84. ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid tifahd
ghk;Gfs; cs;sd?
,UE}w;W ehw;gj;J ehd;F
85. ghk;Gtiffspy; vj;jid
ghk;GfSf;F kl;Lk;
er;Rj;jd;ik cz;L?
Ik;gj;jpuz;L
86. ghk;G tpOq;Ffpw vyp> jtisfs clk;gpy;
cs;s _____ mjw;F
g; NghJk;.
ePHr;rj;Nj.
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1
ghk;gpdk;>
cyfpy; kdpj
,dk;
Njhd;Wtjw;F
g; g j ; J f ; N f
h b
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng Njhd;wpaJ.
,e;jpahtpYs;s
,uh[ehfk; jhd;
cyfpNyNa kpf ePskhd
eQ;Rs;s ghk;G. 15mb
ePsKil aJ $Lfl;b thOk; xNu tifg; ghk;G
,J ,uh[ ehfk;> kw;w
ghk;GfisNa $l
czthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;.
ghk;Gfspd; gw;fs;
cs;Nehf;fp
tise;jpUf;Fk;
,iuiag; gpbj;jhy; jg;gtplhJ. ghk;Gfs;
,iuia nkd;W
jpd;gjpy; iy .
mg ;gbNa tpOq;fptpLfpd;wd
87. ghk;G vjw;fhf vr;rpypy; eQ;R
itj;jpUf;fpwJ?
,iuiaf; nfhy;yTk;> nrupkhdj;
jpw;fhfTk;>
88. ghk;G ve;j mjpHTfis
czHe;J Kd;ndr;rupf;ifahf
,Uf;fpwJ.. jiuapd;
89. ghk;G ahUf;F ez;gd;?
tptrhapfSf;F
xU ghk;igf; nfhd;why;>mjd;
,izg;ghk;G gop thq;Fk;
vd;W nrhy;tJz;L. ,J cz;ikad;W. nfhy;yg;gl;l
ghk;gpd; clk;gpypUe;J
ntspNaWk; xUtif
thridj; jputpak; kw;wg;
ghk;GfisAk; me;j
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,lk; Nehf;fp
tutiof;fpwJ.
gopthq;f> ghk;Gfs;
tUtjpy;iy ghk;G jd;ehf;if mbf;fb
ntspNa ePl;Lk;. Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd;
thridia mwpe;J
nfhs;sj;jhd; ghk;G mt;thW
nra;fpwJ.
ey;y ghk;gpd; eQ;R
Nfhg;uhf;rpd; (Cobrozin) vDk; typePf;fp kUe;J
jahupf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpa muR tdtpyq;Fg;
ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1972 ,d;
gb> NjhYf;fhfg; ghk;Gfs;
nfhy;yg;gLtijj; jLf;f
rl;lk; epiwNtw;wp cs;sJ. ,yf;fzKk;
nkhopj;jpwDk;
90. capHvOj;Jfs;vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit?
gd;dpuz;L. m> M> ,> <> c>
C> v> V> I> x> X> xs. 91. nka; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid?
mit ahit?
gjpndl;L. f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;>
e;> g;> k;> a;> H> y;> t;> o;> s;> w;> d;.
92. jkpopYs;s Kjy;
vOj;Jfs; nkhj;jk; vj;jid?
Kg;gJ 93. md;whl Ngr;rpYk;> vOj;jpYk;>
ve;j vOj;Jfs;
gad;gLfpd;wd? fp> rp> gp> b> jp> kp.
capnuOj;J 12
nka;naOj;J 18
capH nka; vOj;J
21
6 Ma;j vOj;J 1
nkhj;jk; 247 8
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94. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid mit ahit? Ie;J. m> ,> c> v> x
95. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; nka; vOj;Jf; fNshL NrUk; NghJ vOj;Jfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. capH nka;f;Fwpy;
96. neby; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid? mit ahit? M> <> C> V> I> X> xs
97. neby; vOj;Jfs;> nka;naOj;Jf; fNshL NrUk; NghJ vOj;Jfs;
cz;lhfpd;wd. capHnka;neby;
98. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L
thf;fpaq;fis mikf;fTk;. 1. fy; - rpw;gq;fs; fy;ypy;
nrJf;fg;gLk; 2. fhy; - Nrw;W epyj;jpy;
fhiy mOe;j Cd;wp nkJtha; elf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. Fil - ntapypypUe;Jk; kioapypUe;Jk; ek;ikf; fhg;gJ>Fil
4. $il - %q;fpy;fshy; $ilfs
Kilag;gLfpd;wd
99. NrHj;JvOJf
1. kzk; + cz;L =
kzKz;L
2. rpyH + mOthH = rpyuOthH
3. Gfo; + ,oe;Njd; =
Gfopoe;Njd;
100. gpupj;J vOJf
1. ,Uk;ghzpfs; - ,Uk;G +
Mzpfs;
2. nfhy;yUiy - nfhy;yH +
ciy
3. Ntwpy;iy - NtW +
,y;iy
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101. ey;y jkpo;r;nrhw;fis mwpNthk;
1. tha;f;fhy; - Mw;wpd; xU
rpWfpisNa tha;f;fhy; MFk;
2. nra; - ed;nra;
epyq;fspy; ney;Yk;
fUk;Gk;
kpFjpaha; tpisAk;
3. tz;ik - nghUs;
,y;yhjtHf;Ff nfhLf;Fk; tz;ikf;Fz
k; vy;yhUf;Fk;
Ntz;Lk;
4. Qhyk; - ,e;j Qhyj;jpy;
cs;NshH midtUk; ek; cwtpdNu
102. gpd;tUk; epfo;TfSf;fhd fhuzj;ijf fz;lwpe;J vOJf
1. kdpjHfs; ahidia
Ntl;il ahlf; fhuzk; -
je;jk;
2. cyfk; ntg;gkilaf; fhuzk;
- thfdg;Gif
3. MWfs; khrilaf; fhuzk; - njhopw;rhiyf; fopT
4. kio Fiwaf; fhuzk;
- fhLfs; mopg;G
vOj;Jf;fSk; cwTk;
103. jd; vOj;Jld; kl;Lk;
NrUk; vOj;Jfs;
cldpiynka;k; kaf;fk; v.fh
gf;fk;> mr;rk;
104. jd; vOj;J ld;NruhJ g p w
vOj;Jf;fSld; NrUk;
vOj;Jfs;. Ntw;W epiy
nka;k;kaf;fk;
v.fh. r hHG> tho;f;if
,ay; 3 nra;As; -
ehd;kzpf;fbif
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105. ―kidf;F tpsf;fk;
klths;‖ vd;Dk;
ehd;kzpf;fbifg; ghliy
ghbatH ahH?
tpsk;gpehfdhH106. nrhw;nghUs;
1. klths; - ngz;
2. jifrhy; - gz;gpy; rpwe;j
3. kdf;fpdpa - kdj;Jf;F ,dpa
4. fhjy; Gjy;tH - md;Gkf;fs;
5. Xjpd; - vJntd;W nrhy;Yk; NghJ
6. Gfo;rhy; - Gfioj;jUk;
7. czHT - ey;nyz;zk;
107. ehd;kzpf;fbif ve;j E}y;fSs;
xd;W.
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F
108. FLk;gj;jpd; tpsf;F ahH? ngz;
109. fbif vd;gJ
mzpfyd; ( eif) 110. ehd;kzpf;fbif vd;gjd;
nghUs;.
ehd;F kzpfs; nfhz;l mzpfyd
111. ehd;kzpf;fbifapd; MrpupaH ahH?
tpsk;gpehfdhH
112. tpsk;gp - CHg;ngaH@ ehfdhH
vd;gJ Gytupd; ,aw;ngaH
ciueil MuhNuh MupuNuh
113. vOj;J topahf tuhky; ghbg;ghb tha;topahfg; guTfpwghl;L vJ? ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghl;L
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114. Foe;ijiaj; jha; njhl;bypypl;Lg; ghLk;ghl;Lf;F ngaH vd;d?
jhyhl;Lg;ghly; 115. Kw;fhyj;jpy; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fis vt;thW $wpte;jhHfs;?
fpuhkpag; ghly;fs; 116. nrd;id Nghd;w ngU
efuq;fspy; kf;fs; ghLk;
$l ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;.
fhdhg;ghly; 117. flYf;Fr; nrd;W
kPd;gpbf;Fk; kPdtHfs;
vd;d ghl;L ghLthHfs;.
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;
118. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisf;
fPo;f; fhZk;
tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;:
jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs;
tpisahl;Lg;ghly;fs;
njhopy; ghly;fs;
rlq;Fg; ghly;fs;
nfhz;lhl;lg;
ghly;fs;
topghl;Lg;ghly;fs;
xg;ghupg; ghly;fs; 119. gpwe;j Foe;ijf;fhfg; ghLk;ghly;
vJ?
jhyhl;Lg; ghly;
120. nfhQ;rk; tsHe;j gps;isfs; ghLk;
ghly; vJ?
tpisahl;Lg;ghly;
121. fisg;G ePq;f> Ntiy nra;NthH
ghLtJ vJ? njhopy; ghly;
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122. jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gpw epfo;Tfspy;
ghLtJ vJ? rlq;Fg; ghly;> nfhz;lhl;lg;
ghly;f s;
123. rhkp Fk;gpLNthH ghLk; ghly; vJ?
topghl;Lg;ghly;
124. ,we;NjhUf;Fg; ghLk; ghly; vJ?
xg;ghupg;ghly;f s;
Jizg;ghlk;
tPur;rpWtd;
125. kf;fs; neUf;fk; kpFe;j efuk; vJ?
nfhy;fj;jh
vOj;jhsH
[hdfpkzhsd; vd;ghUila
mwpit tsHf;Fk; mw;Gjf;
fijfs; vd;Dk;
E } y p y p U e ; J
, r ; rpWfi j vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
126. tpy;ypypUe;J Gwg;gl;l
mk;igg; Nghyg; gha;e;J
rhiyf;F te;jtH ahH?
tpNtfhde;jH.
127. gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfk; Gfo caHe;j
Rthkp ahH? tpNtfhde;jH
128. tpNtfhde;jupd; kWngaH vd;d?
eNue;jpuehj;
,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk
; ehl;Lg;Gwj; jkpo; mwpNthk;
129. Nfhopaf; Nfl;lh Mdk; fhr;Rthq;f...? Mdk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? Fok;G
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130. msf;Fw ehopf;F mftpiy njupAkh? ehop vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? jhdpaq;fis
msf;Fk; gb 131. mftpiy vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
jhdpa tpiy 132. jpwe;j tPl;Lf;Fj; jpwTNfhy;
vJf;F? jpwTNfhy; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? rhtp
133. xw;W vdg;gLtJ ahJ?
nka;naOj;J
134. xw;nwOj;ijr; NrHj;J
vOJf ghliy+nrhd;Ndd; =
ghliyr; nrhd;Ndd;
flTis+fz;Nld; =
flTisf;
fz;Nld;
goj;ij+ jpd;Nwd; =
goj;ijj; jpd;Nwd; fz;zDf;F +nfhLj;Njd; =
fz;zDf;Ff;
nfhLj;Njd;
kJ iu f ;F +nry;Nthk; =
2. tpidr;nrhy;
3. ,ilr;nrhy; 4. cupr;nrhy; 137. nry;tp te;jhs; vd;w
nrhw;nwhlupy; ngaHr;nrhy; vJ?
tpidr;nrhy; vJ?
nry;tp vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhy;
te;jhs; vd;gJ tpidr;nrhy;
138. fPo;f;fhZk;
nrhw;nwhlHfspy; cs;s
ngaHr;nrhy;fisAk; tpidr
nrhw;fisAk; Rl;Lf. ngaHr;
nrhy;
tpidr;
nrhy;
1. kuk; MbaJ kuk; MbaJ
2. ,UtH ghbdH ,UtH ghbdH
3. nra;jp guTk; nra;jp guTk;
4. Fkud; Fkud; tUfpwhd;
139. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspd; nghUj;jkhd
ngaHr;nrhy;iy ,l;L epug;Gf.
kJiuf;Fr; nry;Nthk;
135. rupahd nrhw;fisj;
NjHe;njLj;Jr; nrhw;nwhliu epug;Gq;fs;.
1. 2.
3. ngw;wJ
J}q;fpdhd; g+j;jJ
fpupf;nfl;by; ntw;wp
1. ky;ypif tPrpaJ 4. mOjhs;
2. g+kpia tUNtd; tpil: 1. ghz;bad; 2)
ky;ypif> 3. gJq;fpg;ghAk;
4. Kfj;jpy; KWty; Ntz;Lk;
3) ,e;jpah 4) kzpNkfiy
140. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspy
;
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5. eha; epkpuhJ nghUj;jkhd tpidr;nrhy;iy
1. kzk;> 2. tyk;> 3. Gyp>
4. Gd;> 5.thy;
136. jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit?
jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;
1. ngaHr;nrhy;
,l;L epug;Gf.
1. $l;lk;
2. Me;ij 3. tpd;nrd;l; ghlk;
4. KfkJ jz;zPH
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tpil: 1.fiye;jJ 2. mywpaJ
3.gbj;jhd; 4.gUfpdhd;.141. tha;nkhopahf tpil
$Wf.(Mk; my;yJ ,y;iy)
eNue;jpuehj; Jzpr;ry;
kpf;ftd; (Mk;>
,y;iy)
Mk;
,ay; - 4 nra;As; - ,iraKJ
142. kioNa kioNa th th vd;w
,iraKJ vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH?
Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrd;
143. nrhw;nghUs; 1. thdg;Gdy; - thdj;J ePH
2. Gdy; - ePH
3. itaj;JmKJ - g+kpapd; mKjk;
4. itak; - cyfk;>g+kp
5. jfug;ge;jy; - jfuj;jpy; Nghlg;
gl;l ge;jy;
6. nghb - kfue;jg;nghb
7. jio - nrb 8. jioahntg;gk; - ngUFk;
ntg;gk Fiwahj ntg;gk;
vd;Wk; nghUs;
nfhs;syhk;
9. jiof;fTk; - FiwaTk; 144. ―Gul;rpf; ftpQH‖ vd;Wk;
ghNte;jH vd;Wk; Gfog;gLgtH
ahH? ghujpjhrd;
145. ghujpjhrd; vd;gtupd; ,aw;ngaH?
fdfRg;Guj;jpdk;
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146. ghujpapd; ftpij kPJ
nfhz;l fhjyhy;
jk;Kila ngaiu
khw;wpf;nfhz;ltH ahH?
ghujpjhrd;
147. fdf Rg;Guj;jpd ftpij E}y;fs;?
1. ghz;bad; gupR
2. mofpd;rpupg;G
3. FLk;gtpsf;F
148. Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrdpd; tho;e;j fhyk;.
29.4.1891 Kjy; 21.4.1964 tiu
gonkhop ehD}W
149. ―Mw;wTk; fw;whHmwpTilahH‖ vd;w gonkhop
ehD}W ghliy ghbatH ahH? Kd;Wiw miuadhH
150. Nghjpa E}y;fis epiwthff; fw;wtH ahH? mwpTilahH 151. mwpTilahupd; Gfo; ve;j
jpirfspy;
guTk;? ehd;F
jpirfspYk; 152. nrhw;nghUs;
1. Mw;wTk; - epiwthf 2. ehw;wpir - ehd;F+ jpir 3. jkNtahk; - jk;Kila
ehNl MFk;
4. Mw;Wzh - MW+czh 5. MW - top
6. czh - czT (topeilczT ,jidf; “fl;Lr;NrhW“ vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpy; nrhy;Nthk;)
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153. gonkhop ehD}W ve;j E}y;fSs;
xd;W. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F
E}y;fs;
154. ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;
vJ? gonkhop ehD}W
155. gonkhop ehD}W vd;Dk; ghlypy;
tUk; gonkhop Mw;Wzh Ntz;LtJ ,y; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
fw;wtDf;F f ;
f l;Lr;Nrh
W Ntz;lhk; 156. gonkhop ehD}w;wpd; MrpupaH ahH?
Kd;Wiw miuadhH 157. Kd;Wiw vd;gJ vd;d?
CHg;ngaH
1922 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1964
Mk; Mz;L tiu 42 Mz;Lfs;
fbjq;fs; vOjpdhH.164. NeU ntspehL nrd;w nghOJk;
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j nghOJk;
ahUf;Ff; fbjk; vOjpdhH?
kfs; ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F
165. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp ve;j fy;Y}upy;
NrUk; NghJ NeU fbjk;
vOjpdhH? jh$upd; tpRtghujp fy;Y}up
166. tpRtghujp ve;j ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ?
Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy;
167. NeU ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
gapd;whH?
158. miuad; vd;w nrhy;
muridf;
Fwpf;Fk;
Nfk;gpupl;[; 168. mw;Gjkhd Mq;fpyg;gilg;ghspfs;
159. Mw;Wzh - MW + czh
ciueil kfs;
,e;jpuhTf;FNeU vOjpa fbjk;
160. ekJ ,e;jpa ehl;bd;
tpLjiyf; fhfg; ghLgl;l
jiytHfspy; xUtH [tfHyhy;
NeU
161. ek; ehL tpLjiy ngw;wgpd; Kjy;
gpujkuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;wtHahH? [tfHyhy; NeU
162. [tfHyhy; NeUtpd; md;G kfs; ahH?
,e;jpuh fhe;jp
163. ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;Ff;
fbjq;f is vj;jid
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Mz;Lfs; NeU
vOjpf; nfhz;bUe;jhH?
ahH? Nrf;];gpaH> kpy;ld;
169. Gj;jfq;fisg; gw;wp NeU>
,e;jpuh fhe;jpaplk; $wpaJ?
gpNsl;Nlhtpd; Gj;jfq;fs; Ritah dit@ rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lgit
170. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp NeUtplk; ve;j
ehtiy thrpf;fg; Nghtjhfr;
nrhd;dhH? lhy;]; lhapd;
“N g h Uk ;
mikjpAk;”
171. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwe;j E}y;fSs; xd;W.
lhy;];lhapd; “NghUk;mikjpAk;”
172. ehk; Vd; Gj;jfk; thrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;? mwpT ngWtjw;fhf>
kfpo;r;rp miltjw;fhf.
173. Nfk;gpupl;[; -
,q;fpyhe;jpYs;
s
gy;fiyf;fofk
;
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174. Nrf;];gpaH Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH
175. kpy;ld; - Mq;fpyf;ftpQH
176. gpNsl;Nlh - fpNuf;fr; rpe;jidahsH
177. fhspjhrH - tlnkhop ehlf MrpupaH
178. lhy;];lha; - ,u\;a ehl;L vOj;jhsH
179. ngHdhHl;\h - Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH
180. ngl;uz;l; u];]y; - rpe;jidahsH:
fy;tpahsH 181. my;Nkhuh rpiw - cj;juhQ;ry;
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
182. fpUgshdp - tpRtghujpapy;
gzpGupe;j xU NguhrpupaH
,yf;fzKk;
nkhopj;jpwDk;
183. kuKk; jioAk; vd;w njhlupy;
xw;iwf;nfhk;G Jiz vOj;J Fwpy;
g; + x + ngh =
nghUs;
,ul;ilf; nfhk;G Jiz vOj;J
neby;
j; + X + Njh =
Njhy;tp
188. NeUtpd; JiztpahH ngaH vd;d?
fkyh NeU 189. ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F NeU ve;j
,lj;jpy;
,Ue;J fbjj;ij vOjpdhH.
NeU ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F>
my;Nkhuh khtl;lr;
rpiwr;rhiyapypUe;J
vOjpdhH.190. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp gbj;j
gy;fiyf;fofk;
vJ? mJ vq;Fs;sJ?
,e;jpuhfhe;jp Mf;];NghHL gy;fiyf;
jio vd;gJ
nrbnfhbiaf;
Fwpj;jJ
fofj;jpy; gbj;jhH>
,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;sJ.
184. MW vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj;jhd;
vj;jid
nghUs;fs;? MW -
XH vz;(6) MW -
ejp
MW - top
185. ,ul;ilf;fpstp vd;gJ vd;d?
,ul;il vd;why; ,uz;L
fpstp vd;why; nrhy;
186. ,ul;ilf;fpstpf;F v.fh
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jUf?
jz jz> fz fz 187. xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf;nfhk;G
fPNo fhz;Nghk;xw;iwf;nfhk;G Fwpy;
r; + v + nr = nrb
,ul;ilf;nfhk;G - neby; t; + V + Nt = Nty;
191. NeU ,e ; jpa j ;
jpUehl ;bd ; tpLjiyf;fhf>
ve;j
Mz;by; gy;NtW tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <Lgl;lhH?
1921 Mk; Mz;L
192. mz;zy; fhe;jpabfspd; jiyik apy; NeU ve;jg;
Nghuhl;lq;fspy; jPtpukha;g;
gq;Nfw;whH? mwg;Nghuhl;lk; 193. rpiwr;rhiyapy; NeUtpd;
ez;gdha ,Ue;jJ vJ?
Gj;jfk;
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,lk; Nehf;fp
tutiof;fpwJ.
gopthq;f> ghk;Gfs;
tUtjpy;iy ghk;G jd;ehf;if mbf;fb
ntspNa ePl;Lk;. Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd;
thridia mwpe;J
nfhs;sj;jhd; ghk;G mt;thW
nra;fpwJ.
ey;y ghk;gpd; eQ;R
Nfhg;uhf;rpd; (Cobrozin) vDk; typePf;fp kUe;J
jahupf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpa muR tdtpyq;Fg;
ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1972 ,d;
gb> NjhYf;fhfg; ghk;Gfs;
nfhy;yg;gLtijj; jLf;f
rl;lk; epiwNtw;wp cs;sJ. ,yf;fzKk;
nkhopj;jpwDk;
90. capHvOj;Jfs;vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit?
gd;dpuz;L. m> M> ,> <> c>
C> v> V> I> x> X> xs. 91. nka; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid?
mit ahit?
gjpndl;L. f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;>
e;> g;> k;> a;> H> y;> t;> o;> s;> w;> d;.
92. jkpopYs;s Kjy;
vOj;Jfs; nkhj;jk; vj;jid?
Kg;gJ 93. md;whl Ngr;rpYk;> vOj;jpYk;>
ve;j vOj;Jfs;
gad;gLfpd;wd? fp> rp> gp> b> jp> kp.
capnuOj;J 12
nka;naOj;J 18
capH nka; vOj;J
21
6 Ma;j vOj;J 1
nkhj;jk; 247 8
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94. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid mit ahit? Ie;J. m> ,> c> v> x
95. Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; nka; vOj;Jf; fNshL NrUk; NghJ vOj;Jfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. capH nka;f;Fwpy;
96. neby; vOj;Jfs; vj;jid? mit ahit? M> <> C> V> I> X> xs
97. neby; vOj;Jfs;> nka;naOj;Jf; fNshL NrUk; NghJ vOj;Jfs;
cz;lhfpd;wd. capHnka;neby;
98. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L
thf;fpaq;fis mikf;fTk;. 1. fy; - rpw;gq;fs; fy;ypy;
nrJf;fg;gLk; 2. fhy; - Nrw;W epyj;jpy;
fhiy mOe;j Cd;wp nkJtha; elf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. Fil - ntapypypUe;Jk; kioapypUe;Jk; ek;ikf; fhg;gJ>Fil
4. $il - %q;fpy;fshy; $ilfs
Kilag;gLfpd;wd
99. NrHj;JvOJf
1. kzk; + cz;L =
kzKz;L
2. rpyH + mOthH = rpyuOthH
3. Gfo; + ,oe;Njd; =
Gfopoe;Njd;
100. gpupj;J vOJf
1. ,Uk;ghzpfs; - ,Uk;G +
Mzpfs;
2. nfhy;yUiy - nfhy;yH +
ciy
3. Ntwpy;iy - NtW +
,y;iy
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101. ey;y jkpo;r;nrhw;fis mwpNthk;
1. tha;f;fhy; - Mw;wpd; xU
rpWfpisNa tha;f;fhy; MFk;
2. nra; - ed;nra;
epyq;fspy; ney;Yk;
fUk;Gk;
kpFjpaha; tpisAk;
3. tz;ik - nghUs;
,y;yhjtHf;Ff nfhLf;Fk; tz;ikf;Fz
k; vy;yhUf;Fk;
Ntz;Lk;
4. Qhyk; - ,e;j Qhyj;jpy;
cs;NshH midtUk; ek; cwtpdNu
102. gpd;tUk; epfo;TfSf;fhd fhuzj;ijf fz;lwpe;J vOJf
1. kdpjHfs; ahidia
Ntl;il ahlf; fhuzk; -
je;jk;
2. cyfk; ntg;gkilaf; fhuzk;
- thfdg;Gif
3. MWfs; khrilaf; fhuzk; - njhopw;rhiyf; fopT
4. kio Fiwaf; fhuzk;
- fhLfs; mopg;G
vOj;Jf;fSk; cwTk;
103. jd; vOj;Jld; kl;Lk;
NrUk; vOj;Jfs;
cldpiynka;k; kaf;fk; v.fh
gf;fk;> mr;rk;
104. jd; vOj;J ld;NruhJ g p w
vOj;Jf;fSld; NrUk;
vOj;Jfs;. Ntw;W epiy
nka;k;kaf;fk;
v.fh. r hHG> tho;f;if
,ay; 3 nra;As; -
ehd;kzpf;fbif
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105. ―kidf;F tpsf;fk;
klths;‖ vd;Dk;
ehd;kzpf;fbifg; ghliy
ghbatH ahH?
tpsk;gpehfdhH106. nrhw;nghUs;
1. klths; - ngz;
2. jifrhy; - gz;gpy; rpwe;j
3. kdf;fpdpa - kdj;Jf;F ,dpa
4. fhjy; Gjy;tH - md;Gkf;fs;
5. Xjpd; - vJntd;W nrhy;Yk; NghJ
6. Gfo;rhy; - Gfioj;jUk;
7. czHT - ey;nyz;zk;
107. ehd;kzpf;fbif ve;j E}y;fSs;
xd;W.
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F
108. FLk;gj;jpd; tpsf;F ahH? ngz;
109. fbif vd;gJ
mzpfyd; ( eif) 110. ehd;kzpf;fbif vd;gjd;
nghUs;.
ehd;F kzpfs; nfhz;l mzpfyd
111. ehd;kzpf;fbifapd; MrpupaH ahH?
tpsk;gpehfdhH
112. tpsk;gp - CHg;ngaH@ ehfdhH
vd;gJ Gytupd; ,aw;ngaH
ciueil MuhNuh MupuNuh
113. vOj;J topahf tuhky; ghbg;ghb tha;topahfg; guTfpwghl;L vJ? ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghl;L
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114. Foe;ijiaj; jha; njhl;bypypl;Lg; ghLk;ghl;Lf;F ngaH vd;d?
jhyhl;Lg;ghly; 115. Kw;fhyj;jpy; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fis vt;thW $wpte;jhHfs;?
fpuhkpag; ghly;fs; 116. nrd;id Nghd;w ngU
efuq;fspy; kf;fs; ghLk;
$l ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;.
fhdhg;ghly; 117. flYf;Fr; nrd;W
kPd;gpbf;Fk; kPdtHfs;
vd;d ghl;L ghLthHfs;.
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;
118. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisf;
fPo;f; fhZk;
tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;:
jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs;
tpisahl;Lg;ghly;fs;
njhopy; ghly;fs;
rlq;Fg; ghly;fs;
nfhz;lhl;lg;
ghly;fs;
topghl;Lg;ghly;fs;
xg;ghupg; ghly;fs; 119. gpwe;j Foe;ijf;fhfg; ghLk;ghly;
vJ?
jhyhl;Lg; ghly;
120. nfhQ;rk; tsHe;j gps;isfs; ghLk;
ghly; vJ?
tpisahl;Lg;ghly;
121. fisg;G ePq;f> Ntiy nra;NthH
ghLtJ vJ? njhopy; ghly;
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122. jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gpw epfo;Tfspy;
ghLtJ vJ? rlq;Fg; ghly;> nfhz;lhl;lg;
ghly;f s;
123. rhkp Fk;gpLNthH ghLk; ghly; vJ?
topghl;Lg;ghly;
124. ,we;NjhUf;Fg; ghLk; ghly; vJ?
xg;ghupg;ghly;f s;
Jizg;ghlk;
tPur;rpWtd;
125. kf;fs; neUf;fk; kpFe;j efuk; vJ?
nfhy;fj;jh
vOj;jhsH
[hdfpkzhsd; vd;ghUila
mwpit tsHf;Fk; mw;Gjf;
fijfs; vd;Dk;
E } y p y p U e ; J
, r ; rpWfi j vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
126. tpy;ypypUe;J Gwg;gl;l
mk;igg; Nghyg; gha;e;J
rhiyf;F te;jtH ahH?
tpNtfhde;jH.
127. gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfk; Gfo caHe;j
Rthkp ahH? tpNtfhde;jH
128. tpNtfhde;jupd; kWngaH vd;d?
eNue;jpuehj;
,yf;fzKk; nkhopj;jpwDk
; ehl;Lg;Gwj; jkpo; mwpNthk;
129. Nfhopaf; Nfl;lh Mdk; fhr;Rthq;f...? Mdk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? Fok;G
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130. msf;Fw ehopf;F mftpiy njupAkh? ehop vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? jhdpaq;fis
msf;Fk; gb 131. mftpiy vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
jhdpa tpiy 132. jpwe;j tPl;Lf;Fj; jpwTNfhy;
vJf;F? jpwTNfhy; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? rhtp
133. xw;W vdg;gLtJ ahJ?
nka;naOj;J
134. xw;nwOj;ijr; NrHj;J
vOJf ghliy+nrhd;Ndd; =
ghliyr; nrhd;Ndd;
flTis+fz;Nld; =
flTisf;
fz;Nld;
goj;ij+ jpd;Nwd; =
goj;ijj; jpd;Nwd; fz;zDf;F +nfhLj;Njd; =
fz;zDf;Ff;
nfhLj;Njd;
kJ iu f ;F +nry;Nthk; =
2. tpidr;nrhy;
3. ,ilr;nrhy; 4. cupr;nrhy; 137. nry;tp te;jhs; vd;w
nrhw;nwhlupy; ngaHr;nrhy; vJ?
tpidr;nrhy; vJ?
nry;tp vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhy;
te;jhs; vd;gJ tpidr;nrhy;
138. fPo;f;fhZk;
nrhw;nwhlHfspy; cs;s
ngaHr;nrhy;fisAk; tpidr
nrhw;fisAk; Rl;Lf. ngaHr;
nrhy;
tpidr;
nrhy;
1. kuk; MbaJ kuk; MbaJ
2. ,UtH ghbdH ,UtH ghbdH
3. nra;jp guTk; nra;jp guTk;
4. Fkud; Fkud; tUfpwhd;
139. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspd; nghUj;jkhd
ngaHr;nrhy;iy ,l;L epug;Gf.
kJiuf;Fr; nry;Nthk;
135. rupahd nrhw;fisj;
NjHe;njLj;Jr; nrhw;nwhliu epug;Gq;fs;.
1. 2.
3. ngw;wJ
J}q;fpdhd; g+j;jJ
fpupf;nfl;by; ntw;wp
1. ky;ypif tPrpaJ 4. mOjhs;
2. g+kpia tUNtd; tpil: 1. ghz;bad; 2)
ky;ypif> 3. gJq;fpg;ghAk;
4. Kfj;jpy; KWty; Ntz;Lk;
3) ,e;jpah 4) kzpNkfiy
140. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;nwhlHfspy
;
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5. eha; epkpuhJ nghUj;jkhd tpidr;nrhy;iy
1. kzk;> 2. tyk;> 3. Gyp>
4. Gd;> 5.thy;
136. jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit?
jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;
1. ngaHr;nrhy;
,l;L epug;Gf.
1. $l;lk;
2. Me;ij 3. tpd;nrd;l; ghlk;
4. KfkJ jz;zPH
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tpil: 1.fiye;jJ 2. mywpaJ
3.gbj;jhd; 4.gUfpdhd;.141. tha;nkhopahf tpil
$Wf.(Mk; my;yJ ,y;iy)
eNue;jpuehj; Jzpr;ry;
kpf;ftd; (Mk;>
,y;iy)
Mk;
,ay; - 4 nra;As; - ,iraKJ
142. kioNa kioNa th th vd;w
,iraKJ vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH?
Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrd;
143. nrhw;nghUs; 1. thdg;Gdy; - thdj;J ePH
2. Gdy; - ePH
3. itaj;JmKJ - g+kpapd; mKjk;
4. itak; - cyfk;>g+kp
5. jfug;ge;jy; - jfuj;jpy; Nghlg;
gl;l ge;jy;
6. nghb - kfue;jg;nghb
7. jio - nrb 8. jioahntg;gk; - ngUFk;
ntg;gk Fiwahj ntg;gk;
vd;Wk; nghUs;
nfhs;syhk;
9. jiof;fTk; - FiwaTk; 144. ―Gul;rpf; ftpQH‖ vd;Wk;
ghNte;jH vd;Wk; Gfog;gLgtH
ahH? ghujpjhrd;
145. ghujpjhrd; vd;gtupd; ,aw;ngaH?
fdfRg;Guj;jpdk;
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146. ghujpapd; ftpij kPJ
nfhz;l fhjyhy;
jk;Kila ngaiu
khw;wpf;nfhz;ltH ahH?
ghujpjhrd;
147. fdf Rg;Guj;jpd ftpij E}y;fs;?
1. ghz;bad; gupR
2. mofpd;rpupg;G
3. FLk;gtpsf;F
148. Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrdpd; tho;e;j fhyk;.
29.4.1891 Kjy; 21.4.1964 tiu
gonkhop ehD}W
149. ―Mw;wTk; fw;whHmwpTilahH‖ vd;w gonkhop
ehD}W ghliy ghbatH ahH? Kd;Wiw miuadhH
150. Nghjpa E}y;fis epiwthff; fw;wtH ahH? mwpTilahH 151. mwpTilahupd; Gfo; ve;j
jpirfspy;
guTk;? ehd;F
jpirfspYk; 152. nrhw;nghUs;
1. Mw;wTk; - epiwthf 2. ehw;wpir - ehd;F+ jpir 3. jkNtahk; - jk;Kila
ehNl MFk;
4. Mw;Wzh - MW+czh 5. MW - top
6. czh - czT (topeilczT ,jidf; “fl;Lr;NrhW“ vd;W ,f;fhyj;jpy; nrhy;Nthk;)
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153. gonkhop ehD}W ve;j E}y;fSs;
xd;W. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F
E}y;fs;
154. ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;
vJ? gonkhop ehD}W
155. gonkhop ehD}W vd;Dk; ghlypy;
tUk; gonkhop Mw;Wzh Ntz;LtJ ,y; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
fw;wtDf;F f ;
f l;Lr;Nrh
W Ntz;lhk; 156. gonkhop ehD}w;wpd; MrpupaH ahH?
Kd;Wiw miuadhH 157. Kd;Wiw vd;gJ vd;d?
CHg;ngaH
1922 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1964
Mk; Mz;L tiu 42 Mz;Lfs;
fbjq;fs; vOjpdhH.164. NeU ntspehL nrd;w nghOJk;
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j nghOJk;
ahUf;Ff; fbjk; vOjpdhH?
kfs; ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F
165. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp ve;j fy;Y}upy;
NrUk; NghJ NeU fbjk;
vOjpdhH? jh$upd; tpRtghujp fy;Y}up
166. tpRtghujp ve;j ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ?
Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy;
167. NeU ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
gapd;whH?
158. miuad; vd;w nrhy;
muridf;
Fwpf;Fk;
Nfk;gpupl;[; 168. mw;Gjkhd Mq;fpyg;gilg;ghspfs;
159. Mw;Wzh - MW + czh
ciueil kfs;
,e;jpuhTf;FNeU vOjpa fbjk;
160. ekJ ,e;jpa ehl;bd;
tpLjiyf; fhfg; ghLgl;l
jiytHfspy; xUtH [tfHyhy;
NeU
161. ek; ehL tpLjiy ngw;wgpd; Kjy;
gpujkuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;wtHahH? [tfHyhy; NeU
162. [tfHyhy; NeUtpd; md;G kfs; ahH?
,e;jpuh fhe;jp
163. ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;Ff;
fbjq;f is vj;jid
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Mz;Lfs; NeU
vOjpf; nfhz;bUe;jhH?
ahH? Nrf;];gpaH> kpy;ld;
169. Gj;jfq;fisg; gw;wp NeU>
,e;jpuh fhe;jpaplk; $wpaJ?
gpNsl;Nlhtpd; Gj;jfq;fs; Ritah dit@ rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lgit
170. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp NeUtplk; ve;j
ehtiy thrpf;fg; Nghtjhfr;
nrhd;dhH? lhy;]; lhapd;
“N g h Uk ;
mikjpAk;”
171. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwe;j E}y;fSs; xd;W.
lhy;];lhapd; “NghUk;mikjpAk;”
172. ehk; Vd; Gj;jfk; thrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;? mwpT ngWtjw;fhf>
kfpo;r;rp miltjw;fhf.
173. Nfk;gpupl;[; -
,q;fpyhe;jpYs;
s
gy;fiyf;fofk
;
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174. Nrf;];gpaH Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH
175. kpy;ld; - Mq;fpyf;ftpQH
176. gpNsl;Nlh - fpNuf;fr; rpe;jidahsH
177. fhspjhrH - tlnkhop ehlf MrpupaH
178. lhy;];lha; - ,u\;a ehl;L vOj;jhsH
179. ngHdhHl;\h - Mq;fpy ehlf MrpupaH
180. ngl;uz;l; u];]y; - rpe;jidahsH:
fy;tpahsH 181. my;Nkhuh rpiw - cj;juhQ;ry;
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
182. fpUgshdp - tpRtghujpapy;
gzpGupe;j xU NguhrpupaH
,yf;fzKk;
nkhopj;jpwDk;
183. kuKk; jioAk; vd;w njhlupy;
xw;iwf;nfhk;G Jiz vOj;J Fwpy;
g; + x + ngh =
nghUs;
,ul;ilf; nfhk;G Jiz vOj;J
neby;
j; + X + Njh =
Njhy;tp
188. NeUtpd; JiztpahH ngaH vd;d?
fkyh NeU 189. ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F NeU ve;j
,lj;jpy;
,Ue;J fbjj;ij vOjpdhH.
NeU ,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;F>
my;Nkhuh khtl;lr;
rpiwr;rhiyapypUe;J
vOjpdhH.190. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp gbj;j
gy;fiyf;fofk;
vJ? mJ vq;Fs;sJ?
,e;jpuhfhe;jp Mf;];NghHL gy;fiyf;
jio vd;gJ
nrbnfhbiaf;
Fwpj;jJ
fofj;jpy; gbj;jhH>
,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;sJ.
184. MW vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj;jhd;
vj;jid
nghUs;fs;? MW -
XH vz;(6) MW -
ejp
MW - top
185. ,ul;ilf;fpstp vd;gJ vd;d?
,ul;il vd;why; ,uz;L
fpstp vd;why; nrhy;
186. ,ul;ilf;fpstpf;F v.fh
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jUf?
jz jz> fz fz 187. xw;iwf;nfhk;G> ,ul;ilf;nfhk;G
fPNo fhz;Nghk;xw;iwf;nfhk;G Fwpy;
r; + v + nr = nrb
,ul;ilf;nfhk;G - neby; t; + V + Nt = Nty;
191. NeU ,e ; jpa j ;
jpUehl ;bd ; tpLjiyf;fhf>
ve;j
Mz;by; gy;NtW tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <Lgl;lhH?
1921 Mk; Mz;L
192. mz;zy; fhe;jpabfspd; jiyik apy; NeU ve;jg;
Nghuhl;lq;fspy; jPtpukha;g;
gq;Nfw;whH? mwg;Nghuhl;lk; 193. rpiwr;rhiyapy; NeUtpd;
ez;gdha ,Ue;jJ vJ?
Gj;jfk;
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17
,ay;-5nra;As; -
rpj;jH
ghly; 194. ―itNjhiu $l itahNj‖ vd;w
rpj;jH ghly; ghbatH ahH?
fLntspr;rpj;jH 195. nrhw;nghUs;
1.nta;a tpid - Jd;gk; jUk; nray; 2 Ntk;G - frg;ghdnrhw;fs;@ 3. tPwhg;G - ,Wkhg;G4. gyupy; - gyH + ,y;> gyUila tPLfs; 5. Gfy; xz;zhNj - nry;yhNj 6. rhw;Wk; - Gfo;r;rpahfg; NgRtJ@7. flk; - clk;G
200. ,uhkrhkpapd; ngw;Nwhu; ngaHvd;d? ntq; f lg ;gUf;Fk;- rpd;dj ; jhak;khs
201. nrhe;jkhfr; rpe;jpj;Jg; Gupe;J nfhs;s epidf;fpwtHahH? ,uhkrhkp
202. ,uhkrhkpapd; CH vJ? <NuhL
203. jkpofj;jpd; kpfg;nguparpe;jid ahsH ahH?
,uhkrhkp 204. ,uhkrhkp vd;w ngaiu vt;thW
miog;ghH?ngupahH <.nt.uh
205. ngupahH <.nt.uh. tho;e;j fhyk;
196. rpj;jHfs; vj;jid Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
jkpofj;jpd; fhL kiyfspy;
KOtJk; nfhLj;jhH. mwpTf;Nf
f;Nf Kjyplk;
tho;e;jtHfs;. RkhH ehD}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
197. rpj;jHfspd; fhuzg;ngaHfs; ahJ? ghk;ghl;br;rpj;jH>
Fjk;igr;rpj;jH> mOFzpr;rpj;jH.
198. cUt topghL nra;ahky; ntl;l
ntspiaNa flTshf topgl;ltH ahH? fLntspr;rpj;jH
199. vspa nrhw;fspd;
mwpTiufisr; nrhd;dtH ahH?
fLntspr;rpj;jH
ciueil
,sikapy; ngupahH Nfl;l Nfs;tp
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206. mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp vJ rup> vJ jtW vd;W rpe;jpj;Nj KbntLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dtH ahH? ngupahH
207. rhjp Vw;wj;jho;TfisAk; kj khWghl;ilAk; mfw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;wtH ahH? ngupahH
208. ngupahH xU rq;fKk;
mikj;jhH mjd; ngaH vd;d?
gFj;jwpthsH rq;fk;
209. ,sk; tajpNyNa ngupahH ahUld;
njhz;L Gupe;jtH?kfhj;kh fhe;jp
210. ngupahH ve;jf; fl;rpapy; NrHe;jhH?
fhq;fpu];fl;rp
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211. fs;Sf;fil kwpaypy; <Lgl;ltH ahH?
ngupahH
212. fs; ,wf;fhky; jLg;gjw;fhfj; jdJ
Njhg;gpypUe;j
midj;Jj; njd;id
kuq;fisAk; ntl;br;
rha;j;jtH ahH?
ngupahH
213. ngupahH gpwg;gpdhy; tUk;
ve;j rhjpNtWghLfis mfw;wpdhH.
fPo;r;rhjp- Nky;rhjp
214. kf;fs; midtUk; vd;Dk;
Xupdkhf vz;zNtz;Lnkd;whH.
kdpjrhjp
215. fjH mzpa Ntz;Lk; vd;W
gpur;rhuk; nra;jJld;> jdJ
Njhspy; fjHj; Jzpfisr;
Rke;J tpw;wtH ahH? ngupahH
216. Nfushtpy; ve;j Cupy;
jho;j;jg; gl;l kf;fs;
Nfhtpy; Rw;Wj;njUtpy;
elg;gjw;Fj; jil ,Ue;jJ.
itf;fk;
217. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhf itf;fk; vd;Dk; Cupy;
ngupahH Nghuhb ntw;wp
ngw;wjhy; kf;fs; vt;thW
mioj;jdH?
itf;fk; tPuH
218. ngupahH vy;yhUf;Fk; vJ
mtrpak;
vd;whH?
fy;tp
219. ngz;fSf;F vd;d Kf;fpak; vd;W
ngupahH $wpdhH?
mwpTk;> RakupahijAk;
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220. jha;khHfs; ,uhkrhkpf;F
vd;d gl;lk; toq;fpdhHfs;?
ngupahH
221. ―ngz; tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd;
ngz;fs; fy;tp
fw;fNtz;Lk; ‖
vd;W typAWj;jpatH ahH?
ngupahH
222. ngupahH ngz;fis
ve; j tpisahl;Lf;fisf;
fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;whH?
ky;Aj;jk;> Fj;Jr;rz;il
223. ngupahH ve;j murhq;fg;gzpapy;
ngz;fSk; NruNtz;Lk; vd;whH.
,uhZtk;> fhty;Jiw
224. ngupahH ve;j tajpYk; $lg; Gjpa rpe;jidfis
vLj;Jf;$wpdhH?
njhz;Z}w;iwe;J taJ
225. ngupahH ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH?
17.09.1879 ,y; gpwe;jhH.
226. ngupahH ve;j Mz;L kiwe;jhH?
24.12.1973
227. ngupahH jk; tho;ehspy;
8600 ehs;fs;> 13>12>000 fpNyh
kPl;lH J}uk; gazk;
nra;J> 10>700
$l;lq;fspy; 21>400 kzp
Neuk; kf;fSf;fhf
ciuahw;wpr; r%fj;
njhz;lhw;wpdhH.
228. 1970 Mk; Mz;L
r%fr;rPHjpUj;jr;
nray;ghLfSf;fhf
If;fpaehLfs; mitapy; ve;j
tpUJ ngupahUf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
“ And];Nfh tpUJ”
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229. ve; j Mz;L eLtz;
m u R ngupahupd; cUtk;
nghwpj;j mQ;ry; jiyia
ntspapl;Lr; rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ. 1978 Mk; Mz;L
,yf;fzk;
230. gpiofs;
1 ) xw;Wg;gpiofs;
flikia nra;@ gyidNfs;
kurhkhd;fs; thliff;F fpilf;Fk;
2) Fwpy; neby; gpiofs;
rhg;ghL jhahH
gs;spf;Flk; mUfpy; cs;sJ
3) JiznaOj;Jg; gpiofs;
(n> N> d;)
kUj;Jtkd ghFk; thop
,q;F gl;L rhy;ypj; jug;ghLk;
4 ) kaq;nfhypg; gpio
,Urf;fu thfdk; gYJ ghHf;fg;gLk;
jpdrup gfs; fhl;rp cz;L.
231. kWj;jy;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;G
1. kWj;jy; vd;gJ mfk;ghtk; ,y;iy
2. kWj;jy; vd;gJgzpahik md;W
3. jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis kWj;jhy;
jhd; ehk; tsu KbAk;
4. Jzpr;rypd; milahsk;
jtwhdtw;iw kWg;gJ
5. %lek;gpf;iffis
kWg;gJ Kd;Ndw;wk;
6. kWg;gJ ngz;Zf;Fg; ghJfhg;G
7. kWj;jy; miu Fiwahf
,Ue;J gad; ,y;iy@
cWjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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,ay;-6 nra;As; - GwehD}W
232. ―ehlhF xd;Nwh@ fhlhF xd;Nwh‖
vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghliy g; ghbatH ahH? xsitahH
233. nrhw;nghUs; 1. xd;Nwh - njhlUk; nrhy; 2. ehlhF xd;Nwh - ehlhf ,Ue;jhy vd;d my;yJ.... vdj; njhlUk;
3. mty; - gs;sk; 4. kpir - NkL5. ey;iy - ed;whf ,Ug;gha;@6. MltH - Mz;fs; (,q;F kdpjHfisg; nghJthff;
Fwpj;jJ) 234. GwehD}W- ,ijg; gpupj;J vOJf
Gwk; + ehd;F +
E}W 235. GwehD}W ve;j E}y;fSs;
xd;W?vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;
236. E}y;Fwpg;G,e;E}y; GytH gyH ,aw;wpa ghly;fspd; njhFg;G. vl;Lj;njhif Ak; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; rq;f E}y;fSk; rq;f ,yf;fpak; <uhapuk; Mz;Lfs; gioik cilaJ. jkpoHfspd; tuyhW>
gz;ghL Mfpatw;iw mwpacjTk; E}yhfg; GwehD}W
jpfo;fpwJ. 237. xsitahH ahH?
rq;fg;Gyt
H 238. xsitahupd; ez;gd; ahH?
mjpakhd;
239. xsitahH mupaney;ypf;fdpia ahuplk;ngw;wtH?mjpakhdplk
;
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240. MrpupaH Fwpg;G:-
rq;f fhyj;jpy; ngz; ftpQH gyH
,Ue;jdH mtHfSs; kpFjpahd ghly;fs; ghbatH
xsitahH. rq;fg;ghly; ghba
xsitahUk;> Mj;jp#b
ghba
xsitahUk; xUtH
my;yH@ NtW NtwhdtH.
GJf;ftpij jpz;izia
,bj;J j; njUthf;F!
241. cl;fhH ez;gh> eye;jhdh?
eP xJq;fp tho;tJ
rupjhdh? vd;w ghlypd;
MrpupaH ahH? jhuhghujp
242. ve;jf; ftpQH vOr;rpkpf;f ftpijfs;
vOJtjpy; ty;ytH?
ftpQH jhuhghujp243. jkpof murpd; ey;yhrpupaH tpUJ
ngw;wtH ahH?
jhuhghujp
244. jhuhghujp ftpijfs; ______ Kjypad ,tHjk;
E}y;fSs; rpy. Gjpa tpbay;fs;>
,J vq;fs; fpof;F
245. jhuhghujp tho;e;j fhyk;
26.02.1947 Kjy; 13.05.2000 tiu
ciueil
Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky;
246. mbikj;jis ePq;ff;
fz;zPUk;
nre;ePUk; rpe;jpNahH ahH?
jkpofj;jpy; Rg;gpukzpa rpth>
t>Nt.R. IaH> fg;gNyhl;ba
jkpod; t.crp.> thQ;rpehjd;>
jpUg;g+H
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Fkud;> KjypNahH
gRk;nghd;
Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH
247. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH ve;j
khtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jhH?
,uhkehjGuk; 248. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njtupd; CH?
gRk;nghd;
249. Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;j Mz;L>
ehspy; gpwe;jhH?
1908 Mk; Mz;L mf;NlhgHj; jpq;fs; 30 Mk; ehs; 250. Kj;Juhkypq;fj;Njtupd; ngw;NwhH
ahH?
jpU. cf;fpughz;bj;NjtH>
jpUkjp. ,e;jpuhzp mk;ikahH.
251. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njtupd;
MrpupaH ahH?
Fiwtw thrpj;jhd; gps;is
252. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH njhlf;ff; fy;tpia _____
fKjpapYs;s
njhlf;fg; gs;spapy; ngw;whH.
fpwpj;Jtg;
ghjpupahHfsplk;253. Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH ve;j ve;jg;
gs;spfspy; gbj;jhH?
1. caHepiyg;gs;sp gRkiyapy;
gapd;whH.2. If;fpaf; fpwpj;Jtg;
gs;spapy;
3. ,uhkehjGuk; muR caHepiyg;
gs;spapy; gj;jhk; tFg;Gg; gbj;jhH.
254. ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; gbj;Jf;
nfhz;b Uf;Fk; NghJ ve;j Neha; gutp Kj;Juhkypq;fj;
NjtH fy;tp epd;wJ.
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gpNsf; Neha;
255. ,uhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;jg;
gl;lwpit kpFjpahfg; ngw;whH?
gs;spg;gbg;Gepd;whYk; Nfs;tp
awpitAk; gl;lwpitAk;
256. Kj;Juhkypq;fj;NjtH ve;j ,U
nkhopfspy; ty;yik ngw;wtH?
jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; 257. jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; nkhopfspy;
jpwd; ngw;wtH.nrhw;nghopthw;Wk; jpwd;
258. ,uhkypq;fj; NjtH vjid
fw;wwpe;jhH?
rpyk;gk;> FjpiuVw;wk;>
Jg;ghf;fpr; RLjy;> Nrhjplk;>
kUj;Jtk;.
3) jpU.tp.f vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk;
vd;d? jpUth&h;
tpUj;jhrydhh; kfdhh;
fypahzRe;judhh;. 4) jpU.tp.f tpd; ngw;Nwhh; ngah;vd;d?
tpUj;jhrydhh; - rpd;dk;ikahh;
5) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; gpwe;j
Ch; vJ?
fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s Js;sk;. 6) Js;sk; jw;nghOJ vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ? jz;lyk; (,t;t+h; nrd;idia mLj;Js;s Ngh&Uf;F Nkw;Nf cs;sJ.)
7) jpU.tp.f tpd; rpwg;G: ,th; njhopyhsh; eyDf;Fk;
259. ,sikapNyNa
nfhz;lhH.
murpaypy;
MHtq;
ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; mauhJ ghLgl;lhh;. Nkilj;
jkpOf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jhh;. ,thpd
jkpo; 260. ,sik Kjw;nfhz;Nl
nghJj; njhz;by; <LghL
cilatH ahH?
Kj;Juhkypq;fj; NjtH
Vohk; tFg;G ,ay; xd;W nra;As; -
tho;j;J
1) gz;zpid ,aw;if itj;j vdg;
njhlq;Fk; tho;j;Jg; ghliy
,aw;wpath; ahh;? jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh;
2) nrhw;nghUs;:-
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m) gz; - ,ir
M) tz;ik - nfhilj;jd;ik
,) Nghw;wp - tho;j;JfpNwd;
<) ,Uf;if - Mrdk;
eiliag; Nghw;wpj;― jkpo;j; njd;wy;‖ vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
8) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh;
gilg;Gfs; ahit? 1) . kdpj tho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpabfSk;> 2). ngz;zpd; ngUik> 3 ) . jkpo;j;njd;wy;> 4).chpik Ntl;if> 5).
KUfd; my;yJ moF> 6) . rPh;jpUj;jk; my;yJ ,sik tpUe;J> 7) . nghJik Ntl;ly;.
9) jpU.tp.f mth;fs; tho;e;j fhyk; vd;d?
26.08.1883 - 17.09.1953 10) jpU.tp.f ,aw;wpa tho;j;Jg;
ghly; ve;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? nghJik
Ntl;ly;
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23
11) nghJik Ntl;ly; vd;Dk;
E}y; ve;j j ; j iyg;gpy;
,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?
Nghw;wp 12) nghJik Ntl;ly; vjidf;
fle;J cyfj;ij xU
FLk;gkhff; fUJfpwJ? ehL> kjk;>
,dk;> nkhop> epwk;
13) nja;tepr;rak; Kjyhfg; Nghw;wp
<whfvj;jid jiyg;Gfspy;
cs;sJ? ehw;gj;J ehd;F
14) nghJik Ntl;ly; vj;jid
ghf;fshy; MdJ?
ehD}w;W Kg;gJ
15) nrd; idapy; cs;s
ve;jg; gs;spapy; jkpohrphpauhf
jpU.tp.f. mth;fs;
gzpahw;wpdhh;?,uhag;Ngl;il nt];yp gs;spapy;
16) ,iwtd; caphpy; itj;jJ vjid?
,iwtd;
nfhilj;jd;ikia
caphpy; itj;jhh;.
17) ,iwtdpd; ,Uf;if ahJ? ,iwtdpd; ,Uf;if cz;ik.
jpUf;Fws;
18) jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpath; ahh;?
jpUts;Sth;
19) jpUts;Sthpd; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;? jhapd; ngah; -
Mjp je;ijapd;
ngah; - gftd; 20) jpUts;Sth; ve;j Chpy;gpwe;jhh;?
kapyhg;g+h; (kJiu vd;Wk; $Wth;)
21) jpUts;Sth; ahuhy;tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;?
ts;Std; xUtdhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;.
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22) ts;Sth; vd;why; nghUs; ahJ?
murUf;F me;juq;f MNyhrid $Wk; Xh; cah;e;j mYtyh;
23) jpUts;Sthpd; kidtpapd; ngah;
vd;d? thRfp
24) thRfp ahUila kfs;?
khh;f;frfhah; vd;Dk; Ntshshpd; kfs;
25) jpUts;Sth; nra;j njhopy; vd;d?
nerTj; njhopy; 26) jpUts;Sthpd; NtW ngah;fs;
vd;d? ehadhh;> Njth;> Kjw;ghtyh;> nja;tg; Gyth;> ehd;Kfd;> khjhDgq;fp> nre;ehg; Nghjhh;> ngUehtyh;> ngha;apy; Gyth;
vd;gd 27) jpUts;Sth; fhyk; vJ?
fp.K. 31 28) kdpjd; kdpjdhf tho> kdpjd;
kdpjDf;Ff; $wpa mwpTiujhd; ------------- MFk;.
jpUf;Fws;
29) -------------- vd;Dk; milnkhopiag; ngw;Wj; jpUf;Fws; vd toq;fg;
ngWfpwJ. jpU
30) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid gphpTfisf;
nfhz;lJ? mit ahit?
%d;W gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
mit:- m.
mwj;Jg;gh
y; M. nghUl;ghy;
,. ,d;gj;Jg;ghy;
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25
31) ,e;E}y; jpUf;Fws; vd;W vjdhy;
ngah;ngw;wJ?
jpU + Fws;. Nkd;ikahd Fws;
ntz;ghf;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhy;
,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.
32) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid
mjpfhuq;fis cilaJ.
133 mjpfhuq;fs;
33) jpUf;Fws; xt;nthU mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;
vj;jid ghly;fis nfhz;lJ?
1 0
34) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid
Fwl;ghf;fshy; MdJ? Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;WKg;gJ
35) jpUf;Fws; -------------- E}y;fSs; xd;W
gjpndz;fPof;;f zf;F
36) jpUf;Fws; Vd; ―cyfg;
nghJkiw‖ vd;W toq;fg; ngWfpwJ?
cyfk; Vw;Fk;
fUj;Jfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,t;thW
toq;fg; ngWfpwJ.
37) jpUf;Fws; vj;jid
nkhopfspy;
nkhopngah;f;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ?
E}w;NwO nkhopfspy; (107)
38) jpUf;Fwspd; NtW ngah;fs; vd;d?
Kg;ghy;> cj;juNtjk;>
nja;tE}y;> jpUts;Sth;>
ngha;ahnkhop> thAiw
tho;j;J> jkpo;kiw>
nghJkiw vd;gd.
39) nrhw;nghUs;:-
1. Giu - Fw;wk;
2. gaf;Fk; - jUk;
3. RLk; - tUj;Jk;
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4. md;d - mit Nghy; td 5. va;ahik - tUe;jhky; 6. mfk; - cs;sk; 7. mikAk; - cz;lhFk;
40) jpUf;Fws; E}ypd; gad; ahJ?
jpUf;Fws; fw;gjdhy; kdpjtho;f;if nrk;ikAWk;. gz;Gfs; tsUk;.
cynfyhk; xd;nwDk; cah;Fzk;Njhd;Wk;> kdpjh;fspilNa NtWghLfs; kiwAk;>vy;yh caphpl j ;Jk; md;G jiof;Fk;.
41) cliy ePH J}a;ik nra;Ak;: -----
--------- cs;sj; J}a;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jk;. tha;ik
42) tha;ik vd;why; vd;d?kw;wth;fSf;Fj;
jPq;F juhjnrhw;fisg; NgRjy;. 43) gphpj;J vOJf:-
1. ahnjdpd; - ahJ + vdpd; 2. ngha;ahnjhOfpd; - ngha;ahJ + xOfpd; 44) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr;
nrhw;nwhlhpy;
mikf;f 1: ,aw;if Fw;whyj;jpy; cs;s ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs; cs;sj;ijf; fth;fpd;wd.
2: ngz;ik ghujpahh; ngz;ikiag; Nghw;wpg;
ghbAs;shh; 3: tha;ik tha;ikNa nty;Yk; vd;w njhlh;
jkpof murpd; rpd;dj;jpy;
cs;sJ. 4. cs;sk; Foe;ijapd; cs;sk; fs;sk; Gfh,lkhFk;.
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nrk;nkhopj; jkpo;
45) cyfj;jpy; vj;jidf;F Nkw;gl;l nkhopfs; cs;sd?
Mwhapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfs; cs;sd.
46) ts;syhh; ve;j nkhopia vspjpy; NgrTk;> vspjpy; ghly; ,aw;wTk; ,aw;ifahf mike;J cs;sJ
vd;W $Wfpwhh;?njd;nkhopahfpa jkpo; xd;Nw
47) mwpQh;fs; vjidcyf nkhopfspy; rpwe;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;fs;? jkpo; nkhopNa48) ------------------ nghUe;jpa
nkhopfs; nrk;nkhopfs; vdg;gLk;.
jpUe;jpa nrt;tpay;Gfs;
49) nkhopapay; mwpQh; r.mfj;jpa ypq; fk; vtw; iw vy;yhk; nrk;nkhopfs; vdg;gl;baypLfpwhh;? fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;>rkw;fpUjk;> rPdk;> vgpNuak;>muG> <g;U
50) ,d;W Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,y;yhj nkhopfs; vit? fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> rkw;fpUjk;
51) cyfpy; ,d;W toq;Fk;
nkhopfs; Njhd;Wt jw;F Kd;ghfNt jkpo;nkhop ------------------
tsq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf
tpsq;fpaJ? vz;zw;w ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tsq; fisf; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;fpaJ.
52) jkpior; nrk;nkhop vd epiyehl;L tjw;F chpa rhd;Wfshf vit jpfo;fpd;wd? njhy;fhg;gpak;> gj;Jg;ghl;L>
vl;Lj; njhif> gjpndz;fPo;f; fzf;F>
rpyg;gjpfhuk;>kzpNkfiy> Kj;njhs;shapuk;>
,iwadhh;
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mfg;nghUs; Mfpa nrt;tpay;
,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;.
53) gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;fpy;
xd;whd -- ------------------- ,izahd NtW E}y;
cyfpy; ,y;iy.
jpUf;FwSf;F
54) jkpo;nkhop mofhd rpj;jpu
Ntiyg; ghlike;j
nts;spj;jl;L: jpUf;Fws;mjpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
jq;f Mg;gps;:
jkpo; vd;id
<h;j;jJ: FwNsh vd;id
,Oj;jJ vd;W
$wpath; ahh;?
lhf;lh; fpnusy;
55) cyfpd; kpfg;goikahd epyg;gFjp
------------------- MFk;.
Fkhpf;fz;lk;
56) Fkhpf;fz;lk; gw;wpa Fwpg;G
ahJ ,e;epyg;gFjp f ly;Nfhshy;
%o;fptpl;lJ. me;j
njhd;dpyj; jpy; jhd; jkpo; Njhd;wpanjdj;
jz ;bayq; fhu
Nkw;Nfhs; nra;As;
$WfpwJ.
57) cyf Kjd;nkhopaha;j; Njhd;wpAk;>
,d ;Wk; ,sik
khwhky; fd;dpj;jkpoha; _____ ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. jkpo; nkhop
58) ngw;Nwhiuf; Fwpf;Fk; ----------
vd;Wk; nrhy; ehQ;rpy; ehl;by;
,d;Wk; cs;sJ. mk;ik>
mg;gd;
59) --------------- ,y;yhj cyfg; ngUnkhop ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;iy
jkpo;r; nrhy;
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60) fhy;Lnty; jkpo; nkhopia vt;thW
$Wfpwhh;? “
jkpo; gpwnkhopj;Jizapd;wpj; jdpj;J
,aq;FtJ kl;Lkd;wpj;
jioj;Njhq;fTk; nra;Ak;”
vd;W $wpdhh;.
61) nkhopf;F ----------------- tuk;Gk;>
nrhw;fSf;Fj; ------------ tbTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
,yf;fz> jpUe;jpa
62) jkpopy; cs;sJ Nghy;>
NtW vk;nkhopapYk;fhz
,ayhJ. Mjyhy; jkpo; --------------
vdg;gl;lJ. nre;jkpo; 63) njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;gh vd;gJ
vd;d? vy;yhr;
nrhy;Yk;
nghUs; Fwpj;jdNt
64) jkpopy; ------------ ngah;fs;
kpfTk; FiwT.
,LFwpg
; 65) jkpo; kw;Wk; tlnkhopapy;
vj;jid vz;fs; cs;sd?
mit ahit? jkpopy; ,uz;L
tif vz; cz;L. mit:- xUik>gd;ik
66) tl nkhopapy; %tif vz;
cs;sd. mit: xUik> ,Uik> gd;ik
67) jkpopy; vjw;Fg;ghy;NtWghL
cz;L? vjw;Fg; ghy;NtWghL
,y;iy?
caph;fSf;F g;
ghy;NtWghL cz;L .
nghUs; fSf ;Fg;
ghy;NtWghL ,y;iy
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68) jkpo; nkhopapy; cs;s ------------
gpw gpwnkhopfspy; ,y;iy. gFg;G Kiw 69) vy;yh nkhopfSk;vjw;F
,yf;fzk;
$Wk;?vOj;Jf;Fk;> nrhy;Yf;Fk;
70) tho;tpaYf;fhd
,yf;fzkh
f vijj; jkpo; nkhop $WfpwJ?nghUspyf;fzj;ij 71) nghUspyf;fzk;vj;jid
tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit? ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: 1. mfk; 2. Gwk;
72) -------------- nra;As; tiffs; NtW
vk;nkhopapYk; ,y;iy. fypg;gh
73) Gyth;fs; nra;ASf;Fr;
rpwg;Gr; Nrh;f;f --------------> ---------> Kjypa E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd mzpfisg;
gad;gLj;jpdh;. ctik> cUtfk;
CUk; NgUk; (Jizg;ghlk;)
74) jkpo; kf;fs; jk; FbapUg;Gg; gFjpfis -----------
vd;w ngauhy; Fwpj;jdh;.
Ch;
75) ghgpNyhd; mUNf ------------
vd;Dk; ngahpy; xU efUk;> ------
---- vd;Dk; CUk; cs;sjhk;
Ch;> Cu;ek;K
76) kf;fs; ehsiltpy;
gy;NtW Ch;fs; cUthf
epytiff;Nfw;g vt;thW
ngahpl;ldh;?
kiya+h;> fhl;^u;> kUJ}u;>
flY}h vd kf;fs;
ngahpl;ldh;.
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fhd;g+h;> Nfhyhyk;g+h;>rpq;fg;g+h;>
kzpg;g+h;> [df;g+h;> n[a;g;g+h;>N[hj;g+h;
77) kiyapd; mUNf cs;s
Ch;fSf;F vt;thW kf;fs;
ngahpl;ldh;? Midkiy>
rpWkiy> jpUtz;zh kiy>
ehfkiy>
ts;spkiy> tpuhypkiy
vdg; ngahpl;ldh;.
78) Xq;fpAah;e;j epyg;gFjpia ---------- vdf; $wpdh;?
kiy
79) kiyapd; cauj;jpy; Fiwe;jjidf;
vdf; $wpdh;.
Fd;
W 80) Fd;wpYk; cauj;jpy; Fiwe;jjidf;
--------- vdTk;> ---------------- vdTk;
ngahpl;Lmioj;jdh;?
fuL> ghiw
81) Fd;iw mLj;Js;s Ch;fs; vt;thW
miof;fg;gl;ld?
Fd;W}h;> Fd;wj;J}h;>
Fd;wf;Fb vd
miof;fg;gl;ld.
82) ghiwfs; vd;W $Wk; Ch;g;
ngah;fs; ahit?
Fl;lg;ghiw> rpg;gpg;ghiw>
g+k;ghiw> kl;lg;ghiw> kzg;ghiw> thy;ghiw
Mfpait.
83) tlnrhy;ypy;> kiyia ------------
vd;W $Wth;?
f php
84) kiyianahl;b vOe;j
Ch;g; ngah;fs; ahit?
fpU\;zfphp> Nfhj;jfphp> rptfphp>
ePyfphp vd;gd MFk;.
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85) FwpQ;rp epykf;fs; kiyapypUe;J gpw ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W jq;fpa
NghJk; jq;fs; epyg;ngaiu kwthJ vt;thW
ngah; itj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. Mo;thh;Fwpr;rp>fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rp> Fwpr;rp> fs;sf;Fwpr;rp> nkhlf;
Fwpr;rp vd;W ngah; itj;jdh;.
86) kuq;fs; ngahpy; cUthd Ch;fs;:- mj;jp (Mh;) kuq;fs;
#o;e;j Ch; - ------------- vd mioj;jdh;. Mh;f;fhL
87) My kuq;fs; epiwe;j Ch; -------- ----- vd mioj;jdh;.
Myq;fhL 88) fshr; nrbfs; epiwe;j
gFjpia vt;thW mioj;jdh;? fshf;fhL
89) khkuq;fs; nropj;jpUe;j ,lj;ij
------------------- vd
mioj;jdh;. khq;fhL
90) gidkuq;fs; epiwe;jpUe;j Ch; ---
---------------- vdg; ngah;ngw;wJ.gidaGuk; 91) gl;b> ghb vd;w ,g;ngah;
Ch;fSf;F
vt;thW te;jd? fhl;bd; eLtpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; mq;Fj; jphpAk;tpyq;Ffshy; jkf;Fk;> jk;
fhy;eilfSf;Fk; CW Neuhtz;zk; Ntyp fl;bg;
ghJfhj;jdh;. mt;t+h;fs; gl;b> ghb vd;wiof;fg; ngw;wd.ML khLfs; milf;fg;gLk; ,lk; gl;b
vdg;gLk;.
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92) jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s rpygl;bfs; Ch;fisf; $Wf?Ml;ilahk;gl;b>
fhspg;gl;b>Nfhtpy;gl;b> rpW$ly;gl;b>rpd;d nfhy;yg;gl;b> nghpanfhy;yg;gl;b Kjypa E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd gl;bfs; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;sd.
93) epytsKk;> ePh;tsKk; gaph;tsKk;
nrwpe;j kUjepyf; FbapUg;Gk;---- ----------- vd toq;fg;gl;lJ. Ch;
94) MWfs; ghAk; ,lq;fspy; ------
----- vd toq;Fk;
Ch;fs; jtwhky; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
Mw;W}u;95) Mw;W}u; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Ngr;R tof;fpy; ----------------
vd kUtp toq;FfpwJ. Mj;J}h;
96) flk;gkuk; #o;e;j gFjpia vt;thW
mioj;jdh;. flk;g+h;> flk;gj;J}u;
97) njd;id #o;e;j gFjpia vt;thW
$wpdh;?njq;$h;
98) Gspakuq;fs; mlh;e;j gFjpia
vt;thW ngahpl;Lmioj;jdh;? Gspaq;Fb>GspaQ;Nrhiy> Gspak;gl;b
vd mioj;jdh;.
99) Fsk;> Vhp> CUzp Kjypa ePH epiy fis cUthf;fp mtw;NwhL Ch;g;
ngah; f is vt ; thW ,izj;jdh;? rPtyg;Nghp> Gspaq;Fsk;> Nguht+uzp>khq;Fsk;> N t g ; N g h p vd;gd , t ; t h W N jhd ;wpa Ch;g;
ngau;fs;.
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100) goq;fhyj;jpy;
flw;fiuapy; cUthd
Ng&u;fs; --------------- vd
miof;fg;gl;ld.
gl;bdk;
101) rpw;W}h;fs; --------------- vdTk; ngah;
ngw;wpUe;jd.
ghf;fk;
102) gujth; tho;e;j Ch;fs;
vt;thW ngah;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.
fPof;fiu> Nfhbaf;fiu> ePyhq;fiu
103) kPdth; thOkplq;fspd; ngah;fs;
-------------- vd;Dk; ngaiur;
Nrh;j;Jg; gy;fpg; ngUfptUfpd;wd.
Fg;gk;
104) ngUNte;jUk; FWepy
kd;dUk; vij mikj;J
kf;fisf; fhj;jdh;?
muz;fs; 105) muz;fSs; ----------------- xd;W MFk;.
Nfhl;ilAk;
106) Nfhl;il #otpUe;j Ch;fs; vt;thW
toq;fyhapd?
fe;ju;tf;Nfhl;il> Nfhl;il>
Njtf Nfhl;il> ehl;lurd;
Nfhl;il> epyf;Nfhl;il>
gl;Lf; Nfhl;il>
GJf;Nfhl;il vd
toq;fyhapd.
107) ehw;wpirg; ngah;fSk;
Cu;fSld; Fwpg;gpLf?
fpof;Nf vOe;j
Ch;g;gFjpiaf; fPOu;
vdTk;> Nkw;Nf mike;j
Cu;g;gFjpia NkY}u;
vdTk;> njw;Nf cs;sJ
njd;goQ;rpah fTk;> tlf;Nf cs;sJ tlgoQ;rp ahfTk;
ngah; ngw;wd.
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108) ehaf;f kd;du;fs;
jkpofj;ij vj;jid
ghisaq;fshfg; gphpj;jdh;?
72 ghisaq;fshfg; gphpj;jdh;.109) ehaf;f kd;du;fs; Cu;g;
ngau; fSld;
ghisaj;ijr;
Nrh;j;J vt;thWtoq;fpdhh;fs;?Mug;ghisak;> ,uhrghisak;>
fzf;fk;ghisak;> Fkhughisak;>
N f h g p r ; n r l ; b g ; g h i s a k ;
> Nfhhpg;ghisak;> Nkl;Lg;ghisak; vdg; gythFk;.
110) fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; --------- kUijahfp ,d;W -----
------ ahf khwpAs;sJ. kjpiu 111) ------------ vd;Dk; ngah;
NfhaKj;J}h; Mfp> ,d;W Nfhitahf kUtpAs;sJ.
Nfhtd;Gj;J}h;
,yf;fzk;
rhh;ngOj;Jfspd; tiffs
;
112) vtw;iw KjnyOj;Jfs; vd;fpNwhk;? caph; vOj;Jfs; gd;dpuz;Lk;>nka;naOj;Jfs; gjpndl;Lk; jdpj;J
,aq;fp Kjd;ik ngw;Wtpsq;Ft jhy ;
mtw; iw KjnyOj;Jfs; vd;fpNwhk;.
113) KjnyOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;JtUk; vOj;Jfisr; ----
------------ vd;fpNwhk;.rhh;ngOj;Jfs;
114) rhh;ngOj;Jfs;vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit? 10 tifg;gLk;. mit:
1. caph;nka;> 2. Ma;jk;> 3. capusngil> 4. xw;wsngil> 5. Fw;wpaypfuk;>6. Fw;wpaYfuk;> 7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk;>
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8. Xsfhuf;FWf;fk;> 9. kfuf; FWf;fk;> 10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; Mfpait MFk;.
115) Ma;jk; ------------- vOj;J tifiar;
rhh;e;jJ.
rhh;ngOj;J
116) KjnyOj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if --------
3 0
117) ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jfs; vit?
f;> r;> j;> g;
118) m>,>c vd;gd vd;d vOj;Jfs;?
Rl;nlOj;Jf s;
119) vjid ty;nyhw;W kpFjy; vd;gh;? vOj;Jfspd;
Kd; ty;ypd
vOj;Jfis Kjyhf cila
nrhy; te;J Nrh;e;jhy;
,ilapy; mt;ntOj;jpd;
nka;naOj;Jj;
Njhd;Wk;. ,jid ty;nyhw;W
kpFjy; vd;gh;. 120) ------------- vd;Dk;
Rl;nlOj;jhdJ jw;nghOJ
tof;fj;jpy; ,y;iy. c
121) ―v‖ vd;Dk; tpdh
vOj;Jf;FKd; ty;ypd
vOj;ij Kjyhf cila
nrhw;fs; te;jhYk; --------
kpFk;. ty;ypdk;
(v.fh) v + Flk; = vf;Flk;> v +
rl;il =
vr;rl;il
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jkpo; vz;fis mwpNthk;
vspjhf Qhgfk; itj;Jf; nfhs;s rpwpa Nahrid
fliy cUz;il vq;qdk; Ritj;J Urpj;J rhg;gpl;lhd;
vd;W mtd; $wpdhd;.
122) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis
KjnyOj;ijf; nfhz;L
mfuthpirapy; mikf;f. Vzp><ry;> vyp> xd;W> xsit>
Cl;b> mz;zd;> ,y;yk;>
ML> Xlk;> Ie;J> cil.
tpil:
mz;zd;> ML> ,y;yk;>
<ry;> cil> Cl;b> vyp> Vzp>
Ie;J> xd;W> Xlk;> xsit. 123) ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fj;
njd;dfj; jpypUe;J me;epaiu
vjpu;j;j rpwe;j tPud; ahh;?
Gypj;Njtd;
,ay; ,uz;
L nra;As; - GwehD}W
124) ney;Yk; capud;Nw: ePUk;
capud;Nw: vd njhlq;Fk;
GwehD}W ghliyg; ghbath;
ahh;?
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125) NkhrpfPudhu; tho;e;j Ch; vJ? njd;ghz;b ehl;bYs;s Nkhrp
126) --------------- vd;gJ Fbg;ngauhff;Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
fPud; 127) muRf;Fhpa KuRf;
fl;bypy; cwq;fpa NghJve;j kd;duhy; fthptPrg;
ngw;w ngUikf;Fhpath;?Nrukhd; ngUQ;Nruy;,Uk;nghiw
128) nrhw; nghUs;:-1. mwpif - mwpjy; Ntz;Lk; 2. jhid - gil 3. flNd - flik 4. kyh;jiy cyfk; - gue;j
,lkfd;w cyfk; 129) GwehD}W ----------- E}y;fSs; xd;W.
vl;Lj; njhif 130) GwehD}W ------------- ghly;fspd;
njhFg;G. Gwk;gw;wpa ehD}W
NkhrpfPudhh;27
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131) NkhrpfPudhh; ghba ghly;fs; NtW ve;j E}y;fspy; cs;sJ?mfehD}W> FWe;njhif> ew;wpiz Mfpatw;Ws;
cs;sd. 132) gz;ila jkpof kd;dh;fspd;
mw czh;T> tPuk;> nfhil> Ml;rpr; rpwg;G> fy;tpg; ngUik Kjypa tw;iw vtw;wpd; %yk; mwpayhk;GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; %yk;
133) GwehD}W ghly; fs; %yk; Gyth;fspd; -------------> kf;fSila -------> -------> Kjypatw;iwAk; mwpayhk;.ngUkpjk;> kf;fSila ehfupfk;>
gz;ghL 134) muridf; Fwpf;Fk; NtW ngah;fs;
ahit? Nfh> kd;dd;> Nte;jd;. 135) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr;
nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikf;fTk;:- 1. ney;
jQ;ir> jkpofj;jpd; ney; fsQ;rp akha;j; jpfo;fpwJ. 2. caph;. Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; tlf;fpUe;J caph; ePj;jhh;. 3. ePu;
fly; ePh; Nkfkhfp kioaha;g; nga;fpwJ. 4. Nte;jd;. Nte;jd; eLepiy jtwhJ Ml;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
KJnkhopf;fhQ;r p
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136) rpwe;jnjdf; $wg;gLk; gj;Jg;
nghUisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUg;gJ
------------------- MFk;.
rpwe;j gj;J
137) ―KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp‖ vd;w E}iy
,aw;wpath; ahh;?
kJiuf; $lY}h;fpohh;
138) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. Mu;fyp - epiwe;j
XirAila fly;
2. fhjy; - md;G>tpUg;gk;
3. Nkij - mwpTEl;gk;
4. tz;ik - <if>
nfhil 5. gpzp - Neha; 6. nka; - clk;G
7. ehzk; - nra;af; $lhjjidr;
nra;a mr;rg;gLjy;
8. rpwe;jd;W - rpwe;jJ
9. topgLjy; - Nghw;wp tzq;Fjy;
10. jw;nra;if - jd;idr;
nry;tk; Kjypatw;wpy;
Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
139) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-
ngah; : kJiuf; $lY}h;
fpohh;
gpwe;j Cu; : $lY}u;
rpwg;G : ,th;jk;
ghly;fis er;rpdhh;f;fpdpau;
Kjypa ey;Yiu ahrpupah;fs;Nkw;Nfhs;fshff;
ifahz;Ls;shh;fs;. fhyk; : rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; tho;e;jth;.
140) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp vd;gJ --------
--- JiwfSs; xd;W.
fhQ;rpj;jpizapd;
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141) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp ----------- vdTk;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
mwTiuf; Nfhit 142) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rpapy;
vj;ji
d mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd?
1 0
143) KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp --------
ghly;fshy; MdJ. E}W
144) ,sikiaf; fhl;bYk; --------------rpwe;jJ.
Nehaw;w tho;Nt
145) fw;wiytplTk; rpwe;jJ
xOf;fKilik
146) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy;
mikf;f
1. kf;fs;: kf;fs;midtUk; fy;tp ngw;wtuha
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. xOf;fk;: xOf;fk; caphpDk; NkyhdJ.
3. topgLjy;:
,iwtid kdk;> nkhop> nka;>
Mfpatw;why; topgLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
kfhtpj;Jthd;
kPdhl;rpRe;judhh; (ciueil)
147) ahh; fhg;ghu; vd;W
jkpod;id Vq;fpa NghJ ehd; fhg;Ngd; vd;W vOe;jth; ahh;? c.Nt.rhkpehjh;
148) gpd;dhspy; c.Nt.rhkpehjh; midt uhYk; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? jkpo;j;
jhj;jh
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149) c.Nt. rhkpehjh; mth;fspd; Mrphpah ngah; vd;d? kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;
150) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; vg;NghJ
gpwe;jhh;?1815 Mk; Mz;L vg;uy;
jpq;fs; Mwhk; ehsd;W gpwe;jhh;.
151) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; gpwe;j Ch; vJ? jpUr;rp khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j vz;nza;f;
fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.152) kPdhl;rpRe;judhhpd; ngw;Nwhu; ngah;
vd;d? rpjk;guk; -- md;dj;jhr;rpahh;
153) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; ,sikapy;
ahhplk; jkpo; fw;whh;?
jkJ je;ijahhplk;
154) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; rpWtajpNyNa
------------- ,aw;Wk; Mw;wy; iftug;
ngw;whh;. nra;As;
155) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;
jpUkzk;
nra;Jnfhz;L FLk;gj;Jld;
ve;j Chpy; tho;e;J te;jhh;?
jphprpuGuj;jpy;
(jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp)
156) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; jphprpuGuj;jpy;
tho;e;j jhy; mth; vt;thW
miof;fg;gl;lhh;? jphprpuGuk ;
kPdhl;rpRe;judh
h;
157) kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; jkpopy;
ve;j E}y;fspy; Mu;tk;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;? irt rka
E}y;fs;
158) kPdhl;rp Re;judhhpd;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khzth;fs; ahh;?
Fyhk;fhjh; ehtyh;>
rtupuhaY> jpahfuhru;>
rhkpehjh; MfpNahh; Mth;.
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159) kPdhl;rpRe;judhh; ve;j
Chpy;
tho;e;j NghJ c.Nt.
rhkpehjUf;F Mrphpauhf,Ue;jhu;? jpUthtLJiwapy;
160) kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhu;
vj;jidf;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis
,aw;wpAs;shu;?
vz;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fs;
161) kfhtpj;Jthd;
kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; gy;NtW
Nfhtpy;fSf;F
eilg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L
mf;Nfhtpy; fisg; gw;wp ----gy
,aw;wpAs;shh;. jyGuhzq;fs; 162) Fk;gNfhzj;jpYs;s
Rz;zhk;Gf; fuhd; njUit
vt;thW toq;Fth;?
ePw;Wf;fhuj; njU
163) ePw;Wf;fhuj; njUit ,g;gbAk;
miof;fyhk; vd;W kPdhl;rp
Re;judhu; $wpdhh;?
%d;whtJ njU 164) %d;whtJ vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;Fk;
xU nrhy;?
Rz;zhk;G
165) Neha;f;F vJ kUe;J vd;W
kPdhl;rp
Re;judhh; $Wfpwhh;?
,yf;fpak;
166) kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; kiwe;j Mz;L
vJ?
01.02.1876 167) ―ehis vd; jha;nkhop rhFkhdhy;‖
,d;Nw ehd; ,we;J tpLNtd; vd;W
$wpa ftpQd; ahh;?U\;af; ftpQd; u#y; fk;rNjt;
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168) ―njhg;Gs; nfhb cwTfs;‖
vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly; ve;j
E}ypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;lJ.
nrhy;yj; Jbf;FJ kdR
Nfht+h; fpohu; (Jizg;ghlk;)
169) Nfht+h;fpohu; vq;F gpwe;jhu;?ciwa+Uf;F mUfpYs;s Nfht+hpy; gpwe;jhh;
170) ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> GwehD}W> jpUts;St khiy Mfpatw;wpy; Nfht+h;fpohupd; --
----------- ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. gjpndl;Lg; ghly;fs;
171) Nfht+h;fpohiu mitf;fsj;
jiytu Mf;fpf; nfhz;l
kd;dd; ahh;? eyq;fps;sp
172) eyq;fps;spf;Fk;> neLq;fps;spf;Fk;
,Ue;j gifia ePf;fpath; ahu;?
Nfht+h;fpohu;173) gdk;g+ khiyazpe;j kd;dd;
ahh;?
Nrud;
174) Ntg;gk;g+khiyazpe;j kd;dd; ahh;?
ghz;bad; 175) Mj;jpg+ khiy ahUf;F
cilaJ?
NrhoUf;FhpaJ
176) filNaO ts;sy;fSs; xUth;
ahh;?
kiyakhd; jpUKbf;fhhp
177) ve;jg; Gytiuf;
Nfht+u;fpohu; neLq;fps;sp
rpiwapy;
,Ue;J tpLtpj;jhh;?
,se;jj;jdhh;
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178) tpiue;J njhopy; Nfl;Fk;
vdj; njhlq;Fk; jpUf;Fws;
vj;jidahtJ Fwsps;
mike;Js;sJ? 648
capu;nka;> Ma;jk
;
179) f>fh>fp Mfpait ve;j vOj;Jfs;?
caph;nka; vOj;Jfs; 180) ve;nje;j vOj;Jfs;
Nrh;e;jhy;caph;nka; vOj;Jj;
Njhd;Wk;? capnuOj;Jk;>
nka;naOj;Jk; 181) caph;nka; vOj;J capiuAk;
nka;iaAk; rhh;e;jpUg;gjhy; -------- ------- vd;fpNwhk;.rhh;ngOj;J
182) / vd;why; vd;d?
m/Nfdk;
m/Nfdj;jpy; / vDk; ,t;ntOj;J
%d;W Gs;spfisg; ngw;Ws;sjhy;
,jid vt;thW
Fwpg;gpLthh;fs;. Kg;Gs;sp>
Kg;ghw; Gs;sp
183) / vDk; vOj;J capNuhLk;
nka;NahLk; Nruhky; jdpj;Nj
,Ug;gjhy; ,jid vt;thW $Wth;?
jdp epiy
184) jw;fhg;G MAjj;jpy; (Nflak;) fhzg;gLk; %d;W
Fkpo;g; Gs;spfs; Nghd;W
,Ug;gjhy; /
vDk; vOj;ij ---------
-- vdTk; $Wth;. Ma;jk;
185) -------------- fiuj;jhy; fy;Yk; fiuAk;.
fiug;ghu;
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186) capu;nka; vOj;Jfs; --------
----- tifapy; mlq;Fk;.
rhh;ngOj;J
187) md;G> mlf;fk; v/F -
,r;nrhw; fspYs;s
rhh;ngOj;Jfsp
d; mbapy; NfhbLf:-
md;G
188) Nghh; nra;ag; Gwg;gLtjw;F
Kd;ghf murd;> jd;
muz;kidapy; tPuu;fSf;F
mspf;Fk; ngUtpUe;jpd; ngah;vd;d?
ngUQ;NrhWmspj;jy;
ty;ypdk; kpFk;,lq;fs;
189) ----------- Kd; f;>r;>j;>g;
nka;naOj;J fspd; tUf;f vOj;Jr; nrhw;fs; (tpidr;
nrhw;fs;) tUkhapd; chpa
ty;nyOj;Jfs; Njhd;Wk;.
Mfu <w;W tpidnar;rq;fSf;F
(v.L)Xl + fhj;jpUf;fpwhd; =
Xlf; fhj;jpUf;fpwhd;
ghl + Nfl;Nld; = ghlf; Nfl;Nld;
190) <w;W tpidnar;rr; nrhw;fspd;
gpd; ty;ypd capu;nka;
vOj;Jr; nrhw;fs; (
tpidr;nrhw;fs;) te;jhy;
---------
kpFk;.
ty;nyhw;
W (v.fh)
ehb + nrd;whd; = ehbr; nrd;whd; Ngrp + gofpdhd; =
Ngrpg; gofpdhd;
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,ay; %d;W nra;As; -
jdpg;ghly;
,ul;Lw nkhopjy; 191) ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; vd;w ghliyg;
ghbath; ahh;?
fhsNkfg; Gyth;
192) nrhw;nghUs;:-
1. Rop --- cly; kPJ cs;s
Rop> ePu;r;Rop
2. Jd;dyh; -- gifth;> mofpa kyh;
3. guptha; -- md;gha;
4. rhLk; -- jhf;Fk;> ,Of;Fk;
5. MLghp - MLfpd;w Fjpiu
193) fhs Nkfg;Gyth; vq;Fg; gpwe;jhh;?
Fk;gNfhzj ; jpw;F
mUfpy; ee;jpf;fpuhkk;
vdTk;> tpOg;Guk;
khtl;lj;jpYs;s vz;zhapuk; vdTk; $Wth;
194) fhsNkfg;Gythpd; ,aw;ngah
;
vd;d?
tujd
;
195) ve;jf;Nfhtpy;
kilg;gs;spapy;
fhsNkfg; Gyth;gzpGhpe;jhh;? jpUtuq;ff;
Nfhtpy;
196) itzt rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;J
ve;j rkaj;jpw;Ff;
fhsNkfg;Gyth; khwpdhu;?
irt rkaj;jpw;F
197) fhsNkfg;Gyth; vijg; Nghd;W ftpij nghopAk; Mw;wy;
ngw;wpUe;jhh;? fhh;Nkfk;
Nghy;
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206) fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; cs;s ve;jg; gs;spapy;
,uhkhD[k; gbj;jhh;?
jpz;izg; gs;spapy;
207) ,uhkhD[k; jkJ rpWtaJ KjNy ------------- ghlj;jpy; kpFe;j Mu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
fzpjg;ghlj;jpy; 208) vjw;F kjpg;Gcz;L vd
,uhkhD[k; jdJ Mrpupahplk;$wpdhh;? Ropaj;jpw;F (0)
209) Ma;yuhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; ,uhkhD[d; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU INfhgp vd;W $wpath; ahh;?ypl;by;
Tl;L 210) Ma;th; ve;j ehl;ilr;
Nrh;e;jth;? Rtpl;rh;yhe;i jr;
211) Ma;th; -------------- Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
,izaw;w fzpjNkij Mthh;? 1 8 212) IhNfhgp ve;j ehl;by;
tho;e;jhu;? n[h;kdpapy;
213) IhNfhgp ve;j E}w;whz;bd; fzpjNkij
19 Mk;
214) fzpjj; jpwikahy;
tpQ;Qhd cyfpidg; gpukpf;fr;
nra;J tuyhw;wpy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
Xh;
,lj;ijg; ngw;w gpwtpf;fzpj
Nkij vd;W $wpath;
ahh;?,e;jpuh fhe;jp
215) 1880 Mk; Mz;L ,yz;ldpypUe;j
------- vd;gth; gjpide;jhk; tajpNyNa ahh;fzpjj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;?
fhu;
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216) ,uhkhD[k ; jdJ je;i j rPdthrdpd; Kaw;rpahy; nrd;idj;
JiwKfj;jpy; vg;gzpapy; Nrh;e;jhh;? vOj;jh;
217) ,uhkhD[k; jhd; fz;Lgpbj;j Njw;wq;fisAk; vLNfhs;fisAk;
Nfs;tpfshfj; njhFj;J ve;j gj;jpupiff;F mDg;gpdhh;?,e;jpaf; fzpjf; fofg; gj;jpupif
218) jdJ fz;Lgpbg;Gfis ,e;jpaf;
fzpjf; fofg; gj;jpupiff;F ,uhkhD[k; ahh; %yk; mDg;gpdhu;?/ gpuhd;rp]; ];gphpq;
219) ------------- vDk; jiyg;gpy; ntspahd
,uhkhD[j;jpd; fl;Liu fzpj
ty ;Yeh; fspi lNa kpFe; jtuNtw;igg; ngw;wJ.ngu;ndsyp]; vz;fs;
220) ,uhkhD[k; ve;jg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Muha;r;rp khztuhfr;
Nrh;e;jhh;?nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
221) ,uhkhD[k; jdJ fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Muha;r;rpfs; Mfpatw;iw tptukhf vOjp
,q;fpyhe;jpYs;s
ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofg;
Nguhrphpau; --------- vd;gtUf;F
fbjkhf mDg;gpdhu;.
Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf;fofg;
Nguhrphpah; `hh;b
222) ,yz;ld; Nfk;gpupl;];
gy;fiyf; fofj;Jld;
,ize;Js;s fy;Y}hpd; ngah;
vd;d?
jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hp
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223) jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hpapd;
Nguhrphpah; ahh; nrd;idg;
gy;fiyf;fofj; jpw;Fr;
nrhw;nghopthw;w te;jhh;? <.vr;. netpy;
224) ,uhkhD[k; ve; j Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fg; Gwg;gl;lh;?
1914 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; 17 Mk; ehs;
225) jphpdpl;b fy;Y}upapy;
Muha;r;rp khztuhf ve;j
Mz;L ,uhkhD[k; Nrh;e;jhh;?18.04.1914
226) fpq;]; fy;Y}hpapd;
fzpj g ; Nguhrphpah ahh;?
Mu;jh; ngu;rp227) ,uhkhD[j;jpd;
topKiwfis E}yhf
ntspapl;L
mtUf;Fg; ngUik
Nrh;e;jth; ahh;?`hu;b 228) `hu;b -------------- vd;Dk;
jiyg;gpy; ,uhkhD[j;jpd; topKiwfis E}yhf ntspapl;lhh;? Nuhru;];
,uhkhD[d; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; 229) ,q;fpyhe;Jg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
cWg;gpduhf ,uhkhD[k; ve;j Mz;L Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhu;? 1918
230) ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gy;fiyf;fof
k; ,uhkhD[j;jpw;F ------------- gl;lk; toq;fpaJ. v/g;.Mu;.v];
231) v/g;.Mu;.v]; gl;lk; ngw;w ,uhkhD[j;ij; ve;jf;
fy;Y}up
ghuhl;br; rpwg;gpj;jJ?
jpupdpl;b fy;Y}hp
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232) jpupdpl;b fy;Y}upapd; fy;tpf; FOtpd; rpwg;G cWg;gpduhfTk; ,uhkhD[j;ijj; Njh;e;njLj;J
Mz;LNjhWk; vj;jid gTz;Lj; njhifia MWMz;LfSf;F toq;fTk; Vw;ghL nra;jJ?
233) ahUila ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofKk; 250 gTz;Lj;
njh i f ia Ie;J Mz;Lf;Fk; nfhLf;f Kd;te;jJ. `hu;bapd;
234) ,uhkhD[k; ---------------- gTz;ilj; jk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk;----------- gTz;il Vio vspa khzth;fSf;Fk; toq;fp tUkhW fbjk; vOjpdhh;.50 gTz;ilj; jk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk;200 gTz; i l V io vspa khzth;fSf;Fk;
235) ,uhkhD[j;ijg; ghh;f;f te;j `hu;b ----------- vd;w vz; nfhz;l thlif kfpOe;jpy;
te;Njd; vdf; $wpdhh;? 1729
236) ,e;jpahtpw;F ,uhkhD[k; vg;NghJ
jpUk;gpte;jhh;? 1919 khu;r;
27
237) ,uhkhD[k; kiwe;j Mz;L vJ?
1920 Vg;uy;26
238) ,uhkhD[k; rhjhuz
kdpjuy;yh; mth; ,iwtd; je;j ghpR vd;W $wpath; ahh;?Nguh <.b ngy;
239) ,uhkhD[d; Kjy;jukhd fzpj Nkij vd;W $wpath; ahh;? Nguhrphpah; #ypad;
ff;Ryp
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240) 1962 jprk;gh; 22 Mk; ehsd;W ,uhkhD[j;jpd; -------------- MtJ gpwe;j ehs; MFk;.
7 5 241) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; 75 MtJ gpwe;j ehis Kd;dpl;L eLtzuR gjpide;J fhR mQ;ry;jiy ------ ---------- ,yl;rk; ntspapl;lJ. ,Ugj;ije;J
242) Nguhrphpah; ,uhkhD[k;
midj;Jyf epidTf ;FO ve; j
Mz;L nrd;idapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1971
243) nrd;idapy; 1972 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 3 Mk; ehs; md;iwa Kjyikr;ruhy;
---------------- epWtdk; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uhkhD[k; fzpj mwptpay;
244) nrd;idj; JiwKfk; rhh;gpy; Gjpjhf thq;fpa FbePu;f;fg;gYf;F> -------------- vdg; ngau; #l;lg;gl;lJ.
rPdpthr ,uhkhD[k; 245) upr;ru;l;Lk; M];NfAk;
,ize;J -
---------- Mz;by; ,uhkhD[j;jpd;
khu;gsT ntz;fyr; rpiyia
,e;jpahtpw;Ff;
nfhz;L te;J
toq;fpdu;? 1984 Mk;
246) fzpjf; Fwpg;Gfs;
mlq;fpa vj;jid
Fwpg;NgLfisAk; Muha;r;rpf
fl;LiufisAk;
,uhkhD[k
; tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;shu;.
3
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37
247) ,uhkhD[j;jpd; Fwpg;NgLfspy; --
----------- Kjy; ------------------ Njw;wq;fs;
,Ue;jd.
3000 Kjy; 4000 248) 1957 Mk; Mz;L --------------
mbg;gil Muha;r;rp epiyak;
,uhkhD[j;jpd; Njw;wq;fis
xspg;glk;
vLj;J E}yhf
ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
lhlh ed;wpg;ghpR
(Jizg;ghlk;)
249) grp ----------- mwpahJ.
U rp
250) kUJ ghz;bf;Fr; rhg;gpl
fpotp vd;d nfhLj;jhs;?
gioa NrhW
251) gioa Nrhw;Wf;fhff;
fpotpf;F kUJghz;b vd;d ghpR
toq;fpdhu;? mts; trpj;j
Cu;
252) fpotpf;Fg; ghprhff; fpilj;j
me;j Chpd; ngah; vd;d?
goQ;Nrhw;Wf; FUehjNde;jy; 253) goQ;Nrhw;Wf;
FUehjNde;jy; vd;Dk;
Cu; ve;j
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ?
rptfq;if
ehy;tifr;
nrhw;fs
; ,yf;fz
k;
254) ngaiuf; Fwpj;J te;jhy; ----
------ vd;W ngah;.ngau;r; nrhw;fs;
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255) xUnghUspd; nraiy (,af;fj;ijf;) Fwpg;gjhy;
,r;nrhy; -------------
--- MFk;. tpidr;nrhy;
256) jk;gp +ck; ,jpYs;s‗ck;‘vd;gJ
,izg;Gr; nrhy;yhf tUfpwJ. ,jid --------- vd;gh;.
,ilr;nrhy;
257) ,ilr;nrhy; vjidr; rhh;e;J tUk;?
ngau;r nrhw;fs;> tpidr; nrhw;fs;
258) gytifg;gl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;L ngau;r; nrhw;fs;> tpidr; nrhw;fis tpl;L ePq;fhJ nra;ASf;Nf chpikngw;W tUtd -------- MFk;.
chpr;nrhw;fs; 259) nghUj;Jf:-
1. ngau;r;nrhy; --- m.te;jhd; 2. tpidr;nrhy; -- M. Ie;Jk; MWk;
3. ,ilr;nrhy; -- ,. jtr;rpwpJ 4. chpr;nrhy; -- <. Ntyd; tpil:- 1-<> 2-m> 3-M> 4-,
260) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;: vl;L> gj;J Mfpa
vz;Zg; ngau;fspy; gpd;kl;Lk; ty;ypd tUf;fr;
nrhw;fs; te;jhy; --------- kpFk;.
ty;nyhw;W
(v.fh) vl;L + fhy; =
vl;Lf;fhy; gj;J + Ngu; =
gj;Jg;Ngu; gj;J + rl;il =
gj;Jr;rl;il gj;J +
Njhg;G = gj;Jj;Njhg;G vl;L
+ $il = vl;Lf;$il
vl;L + Njh; =
vl;Lj;Njh;
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261) ghlhj> Nfshj> Mlhj> nra;ahj>
nrhy;yhj vd;gd vjpu;kiwg; nghUspy; tUtjhy; --------------
MFk;. vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fs;
262) nrhw;fspYs;s <w;nwOj;jhdJ nfl;Lg;
ghlh> Nfsh> Mlh>nra;ah> nrhy;yh vd;WtUtjid -------- nganur;rk; vd;gh;.
<Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk;. <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rj; jpy; kpFk;ty;ypdk; (v.fh) ghlh + Fapy; =
ghlhf;Fapy; Nfsh + nrtp =
Nfshr;nrtp
263) ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs;:- tpidr; nrhw;fs; ngaiuf; nfhz;L Kw;Wg; ngWk;.,r;nrhw;fisg; --- ----------- vd;gu;. nganur;rk; (v.fh) te;j + Foe;ij = te;j Foe;ij cile;j + gyif =
cile;jgyifnra;j +
jr;rd; = nra;j jr;rd; ghba + ftpij =
ghba ftpij fhj;j + rpWkp =fhj;j rpWkp ntbj;j + gQ;R =
ntbj;j gQ;R264) ngaur;rr; nrhw;fs;Kd; ---------- kpfhJ.
ty;nyhw;W 265) Rth; ,Ue;jhy; jhNd ----------
--- tiua KbAk;. rpj;jpuk;
36
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37
,ay; ehd;F nra;As; - jphpfLfk;
266) jphpfLfk; vd;w E}iy
,aw;wpath; ahh;?ey;yhjdhu;
267) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. cz;nghOJ - cz;Zk;nghOJ 2. ngwpDk; -- ngw;whYk;3. ghy;gw;wp - xUgf;fr; rhu;G
4. Njhy;tw;wp - Njhy; RUq;fp5. rhapDk; -- mopapDk;6 . rhd;whz; ik - m w p T xOf;fq;fspy; epiyj;J epw;wy;7. Fd;whik - FiwahJ ,Ue;jy; 8. J} cak; -- J}a;ik cilNahu;
mwTzh;T cilahuplj;J cs;sit
268) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. <Ak; - mspf;Fk; 2. epy;yhik - epiyahik 3. newp - top 4. J}a;ik - J}a jd;ik 5. khe;jh; -- kf;fs;
Gjupy; tpijj;j tpij
269) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. epiw xOf;fk; -- Nkyhd xOf;fk; 2. Njw;whjhd; -- filg;gpbf;fhjtd; 3. tdg;G -- moF 4. J}W -- Gjh;
5. tpj;J - tpij
270) ey;yhjdhu; ve;j Cupy;
gpwe;jhu;? jpUney;Ntyp
khtl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j jpUj;J vd;Dk; Cu;
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271) nrU mLNjhs; ey;yhjd; vd
ghapuk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahh;?
ey;yhjdhu;
272) jphpfLfk; ------------ E}y;fSs; xd;W
gjpndz;fPo;f;f zf;F
273) jphpfLfk; vj;jid
ntz;ghf;fis cilaJ?
E}W
274) jphpfLfg; ghlypYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s
%d;W mwf;fUj;Jfs;
fw;ghupd; kdj; jpYs;s - - - - - -
Nehia g Nghf;FfpwJ?
mwpahik
275) cupa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:-
m) ghy;gw;wpr; nrhy;yh tpLjYk;
-- ,t;tbapy; ghy;gw;wpvd;gjd;
nghUs;. xUgf;fr; rhh;Ggw;wp
M) ―epy;yhik As;Sk; newpg;ghLk;‖
,t;tbapy; top vd;Dk; nghUs;
jUk; nrhy;
newp
,) tdg;G vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs
moF
fhe;jpabfs; fbjk;
ciueil
276) fhe;jpabfs; ------------
khepyj;jpy; Mw;wpa ciuiaf;
Foe;ijfSf;Fk
$wpdhu;.
F[uhj;
277) xUnkhopapd; jd; ik - - - - - - - - - jd;ikiag; nghUj;Nj mikAk;. kf;fspd;
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39
278) Ntiy njhpahj njhopyhsp jd; fUtpapd; kPJ ---------- nfhz;lhdhk;. rPw;wk;
279) 1917 Mk; Mz;L ---------- efupy; eilngw;w ,uz;lhtJ fy;tp
khehl;by; fhe;jpbfs; epfo;j;jpa jiyik ciu> khzth;fSf;F Vw;w tz;zk; fbj
tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
GNuhr;chpaJ
(Jizg;ghlk;)
280) Kdpth; mjpfkhf ahiu ntWg;gtu;?
ngha; nrhy;thiu 281) Kdptu; ngha; nrhy;thu;
kidapy; ---------------- khl;lhu;? czT cz;z
282) nghpatupd; ------------- ew;Fzq;fisf; fz;L Kdptu; Kfk; kyu;e;J. md;G>
mlf;fk;> gzpT 283) kf; fs; Kdptuplk;
me;j g ; nghpatUf;F vj;jid kfd;;fs; cz;L vd;W $wpdhh;?ehd;F
284) nghpatupd; ehd;F kfd;fspd; ngah;fs; vd;d? eluh[h> Nty;rhkp> rptrhkp> fe;jrhkp
285) fe;jrhkp xbte;J je;ijiaAk; KdptiuAk; njhOJ rhkpf;F vd;d
nfhz;L tul;Lk;vdf; Nfl;ldhd;? ghy;> gok;
286) ----------- nra;j gzk; vdf;F chpaJ.
jUkk;.
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287) vd; fUj;ij Vw;W elf;fpd;wtNd
--------- kfd;.
vdf;F chpa
288) ------------- nra;j NeuNk vdf;F
chpaJ vd;W nghpath; $wpdhh;.
,iwj;njhz;L
289) njhd;ik kpf;f cyf
nkhopfs; vdj; njhlq;Fk;
ghliy vOjpath; ahh;?
NjtNeag; ghthzu;
,LFwpg; ngaUk;
fhuzg; ngaUk; 290) xU nghUSf;Ff; FwpaPlhf
,l;l ngaNu ------- MFk;. ,LFwpg;ngau;
291) fhuzk; fUjp ,lg;gl;l ngau;fs;
------------- vdg;gLk;.
fhuzg;ngau;fs; (v.fh) gwit> tisay;> nrq;fy;
292) jkpopy; ------------- kpFjpahf cs;sd.
fhuzg;ngah;fNs
293) gpwnkhopfspy; ---------------- kpFjpahf
cs;sd.
,LFwpg;ngau;fNs 294) kiy> fhL> khL
,itnay;yhk;
------------- ngau;fs; MFk;. ,LFwpg;
295) midj;Jf;Fk; nghJthf tUk;
,LFwpg;ngau;fis -------- vdf;
$Wtu;.
,LFwpg; nghJg;ngau;
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296) ―njd;id‖ vd;Dk; nrhy;
xU fhuzKk;> ,d;wp ,LFwpg;
ngauha; epd;W> xU nghUSf;Nf
(njd;id kuk;) rpwg;gha;tUtjhy; ------------- ngauhapw;W.,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg;
297) fhfk;> Fapy;> Gwh> fpsp
Mfpa midj;ijAk;
gwit vd;Dk;
nghJr;nrhy;yhy;
miof;fpNwhk;.
mjdhy;> ,jidf; ------------------
vd;fpNwhk;.
fhuzg; nghJg; ngau;
298) tisay;NghyNt rpynghUs;
tise;J tl;lkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,Ug;gpDk; mitnay;yhk;
tisay vd
miof;fg;gLtJ
,y;iy.
,Ug;gpDk; ,r;nrhy;
ifapy; mzpAk;
tisaiy kl;LNk
Fwpg;gjhy; -------------- Mapw;W.
fhuzr; rpwg;Gg; ngau;
299) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;J
vOJf:-
1. ngl;b vd;gJ --------------- MFk;.
,LFwpg;ngah;
2. rpj;jpiu khjj;jpy; gpwe;jjhy; -
------------- vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;.
rpj;jpiuahd;
3. fhuzg; nghJg; ngah; ------------- MFk;.
mzp
300) nghUj;Jf:-
1. ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngah;
-- m. kuq;nfhj;jp
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2. ,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg; ngah; --- M. gwit
3. fhuzg; nghJg; ngau; ---,. fhL
4. fhuzr; rpwg;Gg; ngah; --
<.gid tpil: 1.,> 2.<> 3.M> 4.m
301) rpyg;gjpfhuk; je;j ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
--------- vd kioiag; Ngw;wp
tzq;fpj; jk; fhg;gpaj;ij
njhlq;fpdhu;. khkio
Nghw;WJk; khkio
Nghw;WJk;
302) --------- vd;gd Nghd;wKJnkhopfSk; rpwg;Gfis ekf;F
czh;j;Jfpd;wd. khhpay;yJ
fhupak; ,y;iy. 303) xU nrhw;nwhlupYs;s vOtha; mjd;
gadpiyNahL --------------- ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhf mika Ntz;Lk;. jpiz> ghy;> vz; (v.fh) jpizg; nghUj;jk;:Nfhykapy; xapyhf MbaJ.
(Nfhykapy; -- m/wpiz
vOtha;: MbaJ - m/wpizg; gadpiy) ghy; nghUj;jk;: tz;Lfs; Njd; Fbj;jd
(tz;Lfs; -- gytpd;ghy; vOtha; Fbj;jd - gytpd;ghy; gadpiy)
vz;nghUj;jk;: tpz;fyq;fs; tpz;zpy;
gwe;jd (tpz;fyq;fs; -- vOtha;g; gd;ik gwe;jd - gd;ikg; gadpiy) ,lg; nghUj;jk;: mtd; ghlk; gbj;jhd;
(mtd; -- glu;f;if vOtha;>
gbj;jhd; -- glu;f;ifg; gadpiy)
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rpwg;Gg;nghUj;jk;:-
ghNte;ju;> ghujpiag;
Gfo;e;J ghbdhu;. ghNte;ju; vd;Dk; ngau; ghujpjhridNa
Fwpf;Fk; vd;gjdhy;> mJ
rpwg;Gg; ngauhapw;W. rpwg;Gg;nghUj;jk;
cau;Tkl;Lky;yhJ
,opT fUjpAk;
tUk;. (v.fh)
KjiyAk; %u;f;fDk; nfhz;lJ
tplh.
,ay; Ie;J - nra;As;
jpUth&u; ehd;kzpkhiy
304) jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy
vd;Dk; E}iyia ,aw;wpath; ahh;? FkuFUguu;
305) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. vd;gzpe;j (vd;G +
mzpe;j) - vYk;ig khiyahf
mzpe;j
2. njd;fkiy - njw;fpy;
cs;s jpUth&u;
3. g+q;Nfhapy; -- jpUth&h;f;Nfhapypd;
ngah;
4. Gz;zpadhu; - ,iwtu;
5. kz; Rke;jhu; -- te;jpf;fhf
,iwtd; kz;Rke;jhu;.
6. cUFthu; -- tUe;Jthu;
306) FkuFUghupd; ngw;Nwhu; ngah;
vd;d?
rz;Kfrpfhkzpf; ftpuhau; --
rptfhkRe;jup mk;ikahu;.
307) FkuFUguu; gpwe;j Cu; vJ?
jpUitFz;l
k;
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308) ePjpnewp tpsf;fk; Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp
gps;isj;jkpo;> fe;ju;fyp ntz;gh> kPdhl;rpak;ik
gps;isj;jkpo;
> kJiuf;fyk;gfk; Mfpa E}y;fis ,aw;wpath; ahh;?FkuFUguu;
309) FkuFUguu; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ?
fp.gp gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;L 310) jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy
gphpj;J vOJf? jpUth&u; + ehd;F + kzpkhiy
311) -------- vOe;jUspAs;s jpahfuhrh;kPJ ghlg;ngw;w ehd;kzpkhiyvdg; nghUs;gLk; jpUth&hpy;
312) ehd;kzpkhiy vd;gJ jkpopy; toq;Fk; --------------- rpw;wpyf;fpaq; fSs; xd;W njhz;Z}w;whW
313) ehy;tifahd ghly;fshy; vjdhy; Md ehw;gJnra;As;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
ntz;gh> fl;lisf;
fypj;Jiw> Mrphpa tpUj;jk;> Mrphpag;gh.
314) jpUth&h; jpahfuhrg; ngUkhidg;
gw;wpa ngUikfis ve;j E}ypd;%yk; mwpe;J ,d;Gwyhk;.
jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy
315) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1. vd;gzpe;j njd;fkiy -- ,t;tbapy; njd;fkiy czh;j;Jk; nghUs; --------
njw;fpy; cs;s jpUth&h; 2. kz;Rke;jhu; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth; ---------
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rptngUkhd;
3. ------------- vd;Dk;
ngaUila fpotpf;fhf kz;
Rke;J ghz;badplk; ,iwtd; (rptngUkhd;) mbg;gl;lhu;.
te;jp
316) gphpj;J vOJf:-
m. g+q;Nfhtpy; -- g+ + Nfhtpy;
M. Gilj;njd;dhu; -- Gilj;J+
vd;dhh;
,. vd;WUFthu; - vd;W +cUFthh; <) vd;gzpe;j - vd;G + mzpe;j
317) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy;
mikj;J vOJf:-
1. gzpT: nghpNahhplk; ehk;
gzpTld ele;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. 2. Nfhtpy;: jQ;irg; nghpaNfhtpy;
,uhruhrdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
3. md;G: ghpR ngw;wkfidj;
jha md;Gld; mize;Jf;
nfhz;lhs;.
4. kz;: Fatd; fspkz;
nfhz;l kl;ghz;lk; nra;jhd;
nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp
318) nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp vd;Dk; E}iy
,aw;wpath; ahh;?
thzpjhrd;
319) nrhw;nghUs;:-
1. gJik - cUtk;
2. nka;g;nghUs; - epiyahd nghUs;
3. fzf;fhau; - Mrphpah;.
320) thzpjhrd; vd;gthpd; ,aw;ngah;
vd;d?
vj;jpuhrY (v) muq;frhkp
321) thzpjhrd; gpwe;j Ch; vJ?
GJitia mLj;j tpy;ypaD}u;
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322) thzpjhrdpd; ngw;Nwhu; ahh;?
muq;f jpUf;fhK - Jsrpak;khs;
323) thzpjhrd; ---------> -------------- vd;Dk;
gl;lq;fs; ngw;Ws;shu;.ftpQNuW> ghtyu;kzp
324) jkpofj;jpd; ---------- vd thzp
jhrid j; jkpOyfk;
Gfo;fpwJ. Ntu;l;];
nthu;j; 325) --------->----------- Kjypa nkhopfspy;
,th; ghly;fs; nkhopngau;f;fg;
gl;Ls;sd. cUrpak;> Mq;fpyk;
326) thzpjhrd; tho;e;j fhyf;fl;lk;
vJ? 22.07.1915 Kjy; 07.08.1974 tiu
327) nka;g;nghUs; fy;tp vd;Dk; ghly; ftpQh; thzpjhrd; jkpo;
cyfpw;Fg; Gide;J
mspj;Js;s -------------- vd;Dk;
ghly;
njhFg;gpypUe;J ghlg;gFjpahf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Foe;ij
,yf;fpak;
328) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:-
m.jq;fg; gJikahk; Njhou;fNshL - ,t;tbapy; gJik vd;Dk; nrhy; czh;j;Jk; nghUs;. cUtk;
329) gphpj;J vOJf:-
1. mOf;fpy;yh - mOf;F +
,y;yh 2. mzptjhyy;yNth - mzptjhy; + my;yNth 3. nrt;tpjo; -- nrk;ik +
,jo; 4. mwpTz;lhk; -- mwpT +
cz;lhk; 5. clw;Fz;lhk; - clw;F +
cz;lhk;
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330)gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhlhpy;
mikj;J vOJf:- 1. gs;sp: vk; gs;spapy; Mapuk;khzth;fs; gapy;fpd;wdh;.2. gJik: ghlk; Nfl;Fk; khzth; Xtpaj;jpy; cs;s gJikNghy; mirtpd;wp mkh;e;J ghlj;ijf; Nfl;f
Ntz;Lk;. 3. Njhoh;: xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gk; Vw;gLk;nghOJ mijj; jPh;g;gtNu rpwe;j Njhoh; Mthh;. 4. fy;tp: fy;tp fw;wth;fis vy;yhUk; Nghw;Wth;.
J}q;fh efu;
331) jkpofj;jpYs;s ―J}q;fh efh;‖vJ?
kJiu 332) Mz;bd; vy;yh ehspYk;
tpohf;fs; nfhz;lhba gb ,Ug;gjhy; -------- -------- vd;Dk; ngUik ngw;wefh; kJiu. jpUtpohefu;
333) ehw;wpirapYk; fiyaoF nghUj;jpa khngUq;
NfhGuq;fNshL vl;Lr;
rpwpa NfhGuq;fisAk;
nfhz;L vopy;kpFrpw;gf;fiyf; $lkhf
tpsf;Fk; Cu; vJ? Nfhtpy; khefu; (kJiu)
334) gok; ngUk; jkpou;jk; ehfupfj; njhl;byhfj; jpfo;e;j kJiu ------ ----- vdg; Gfo;g;ngw;w efu; MFk;. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Vnjd;];
335) ghz;b ehl;bd; gioikahd jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ vJ?
kJiu
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336) kJiu vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F ------ vd;gJ nghUs;. ,dpik
337) -------------- vdg; GwehD}W Nghw;wpaJ jkpo;nfO $ly;
338) neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Xq;FrPu;
kJiu> kJiu %J}u;khefh; njd; jkpo;ed;dhl;Lj; jPJjPu;
kJiu> khz;Gil kugpd;
kJiu> thdth; ciwAk;
kJiu> gjpnaOtwpaha; gz;G Nkk;gl;l kJiu
%J}u; vdg; gw;gy mil
nkhopfshy; kJiuf;Fg;
Gfo;khiy #l;b kfpo;e;jth; ahh;?,sq;Nfhtbfs;
339) Nru ehL NtoKilj;J>
NrhoehL NrhWilj;J> ghz;baehL Kj;Jilj;J>njhz;ilehL -----
------ cilj;J vd;gd jkpofj;jpd; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jk;.
rhd;Nwhu;.340) kJiuf;Ff; ------ vdTk; ------
vdTk; NtW ngah;fs; cs;sd.
$ly;> Mytha; 341) ---------- >----------->--------->-------- Mfpa
ehd;F jpUf;Nfhtpy;fs; Nrh;e;jike; jjhy;
ehd;khlf; $ly;
vd;Dk; ngah;toq;fyhapw;W. j pU t hy tha; >
j pUes ;shW >
jpUKlq;if> jpUeLt+u;342) ve;j ehd;F
jpUf;Nfhtpy;fs; kJiuf;Ff fhtyhf mike;Js;sJ?
fd;dpNfhtpy;> fhpakhy; Nfhtpy;> fhspNfhtpy;>Mytha;f; Nfhtpy; Mfpait
MFk;.
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343) tUzd; kJiuia
mopf;f vj;jid Nkfq;fis
mDg;gpdhd;? VO
344) ,iwtdplk; ghz;bad; Kiwapl
,iwtd; -----------
Nkfq;fis
kJiuiaf; fhf;f
mDg;gpdhh;. ehd;F
345) ehd;F khlq;fshff; $b
kJiuiaf; fhj;jikahy;
ehd;khlf;$ly; vd;dk; ngah;
Vw;gl;ljhff; $wpaJ ahh;?
guQ;Nrhjpahu;
346) rq;fk; itj;Jr; nre;jkpio
tsh;f;f> Gyth; vy;yhUk;
$bajhy; ------------- vd;Dk;
ngah;
Vw;gl;ljhfTk; mwpQh;
$Wth;?
$ly;
347) kJiuapy; vOe;jUspa
<rd; Myku epoypy;
tPw;wpUe;jjhy; -----
-------- vd;Dk; ngah;
vw;gl;ljhfTk; $Wth;.
Mytha;
348) kUj kuq;fs; mlh;e;j gFjpahf
,Ue;jikahy; ------ vd toq;fpa
, lk; fhyNghf; fpy; kJiu
vd;whfpajhk;. kUij
349) fy;ntl;by; --------- vd;w ngah;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
kjpiu Fwpg;G:-
rq;fg;Gytu;fSs; fzf;fhadhu;
kfdhu; ef;fPudhu;>Fkudhu;>
43
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ey;ye;Jtdhu;> kUjdps ehfdhu;>
,se; jpUkhwd;>
rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhu;>
ngUq;nfhy;ydhu;>
fz;zfdhu;>
fjq;fz;zhfdhu;>
Nre;jk;g+jdhu;
KjypNahu; md;iwa kJiuapy;
tho;e;Njhuhth;.
350) kJiuapy; Milfs; tpw;Fk;
filg;gFjpf;Fg; ngah; vd;d?
mWit tPjp 351) kJiu tPjpfspd; ngah;:-
1. $ytPjp - jhdpaf;fil
2. nghd;tPjp - nghw;filfs;
3. kd;dth; tPjp - kd;du;thOk; gFjp
4. kiwath; tPjp - me;jzu; tPjp 352) mupkh;j;jd ghz;baDf;F
mikr;ruh f j; jpfo;e;jth; ahu;? khzpf;fthrfh;
353) $d;ghz;bad; fhyj;jpy; kJiuapy; kq;ifau;f;furp>
Fyr;rpiwahu;
cjtpAld; irtj;ijf;fhj;jtu; ahh;?
jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; 354) jpUkiy ehaf;fu; vijj; jiy efuhff; nfhz;L Mz;lhh;.? kJiuia
355) Nfhil tpLjpahd jKf;fKk;>
Fsph;g+e;jlhfkhfpa nghpa
njg;gf; FsKk;> fiy eaj;jpy;
jh[;kfhiy nahj;j ------------ mikj;J kJiuia
moFgLj;jpdhu;. jpUkiy ehf;fu; kfhiyAk;
356) kJiuiaj; jpUkiy ehaf;fu; ---
--- efukhf tpsf;fKwr; nra;jhu;.
tpohky;F
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357) -------------- mikj;j
rj;jpuq;fSk; rhiyfSk;
kJiuf;Fg; ngUik
Nrh;g;gdthf ,d;Wk; jpfo;fpd;wd.
,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
358) guQ;Nrhjpahupd;
jpUtpisahlw;
Guhzk; jUkpf;F ,iwtd; ------
---- ghly; je;jik gw;wpf;
$WfpwJ? jz;lkpo;g; 359) kJiuiar; Rw;wpAs;skiyfspy;
tho;e;j rkz Kdptu;fshy; -------
--- ,aw;wg; ngw;wJ.
ehybahu;
360) kPdhl;rpak;ikNa rpWkpahfte;J Kj;Jkzp khiyia
ahUf;Fg; ghprspj;jJ?
FkuFUguUf;F
361) rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpaj;
jiytd; Nfhtyd;
nfhiyf;fsg;gl;l ,lk;
---- vd;Dk; ngaUld; ,d;Wk; mg;gFjp kf;fsplk;
toq;fg;gLfpwj. Nfhtyd;
nghl;ly;
362) goq;fhy kjpypd; vQ;rpa
xU rpWgFjp --------- tPjpapy;
khefuhl;rpj; njd;kz;ly
mYtykhf ,aq;fp tUfpwJ.
Nkyntsp 363) fPothry; Nkythry; njw;Fthry;
tlf;Fthry; vd toq;fg;gLk;
,lq;fs;---------- kjpy; thapy;fs;
,Ue;j ,lq;fhsf mwpag;gLfpd;wd.
Nfhl;ilapd;
364) ifapw; rpyk;Gld; cl;fhu;e;jpUf;Fk;
cUtr;rpiy mike;j Nfhtpy; ---
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45
------ Nfhtpyhf ,d;Wk; kf;fshy;
topglg;gLfpwJ. nry;yj;jk;kd;
365) kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhtpypd;
ehd;F NfhGuq;fSs;
gioikahdJ vJ? fpof;Ff;
NfhGuk;
366) kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhtpypd;caukhd
NfhGuk; vJ?
njw;Ff; NfhGuk;
Fwpg;G:- njw;Ff; NfhGuk; 160.9 mb cauKk;>
1511 Rij cUtq;fSk; cilaJ.
367) fp.gp ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;by;
vOe;j rpyg;gjpfhuk; kJiu ------
---- vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
%J}u; 368) kuk; gad;gLj;jhky; fl;lg;gl;lJ
vJ?
ehaf;fu; kfhy;
Fwpg;G:- ehaf;fu; kfhypy; cs;s
xt;nthU J}Zk; 82
mb cauKk; 19 Rw;wsTk; nfhz;lJ.
369) ghz;ba ehL vjw;Fg; ngah;ngw;wJ.
Kj;J
370) NrhoehL vjw;Fg; ngah; ngw;wJ?
NrhW
371) kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpio
,aw;wpatu; ahh;?
FkuFUguu;
372) ehd;fhk; jkpo;r; rq;fj;ijj;
Njhw;wptpj;jth; ahh;?ghz;bj;Jiuahu;
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mwpT El;gk; (Jizg; ghlk;) mWtifg; ngah;r;nrhw;fs;
373) Mly;> ghly;> tl;lk;> moF
MfpadTk; ---------- MFk;.ngau;r;nrhw;fs;
374) ngau;r;nrhw;fis ,yf;fz E}yhh;
vj;jid tifg;gLj;Jth;?
mit ahit?
MW tifg;gLk;
mit:
1. nghUl; ngau;> ---------------- 2. ,lg; ngau;> ----------------
3. fhyg; ngau;> ----------------
4. rpidg; ngau;> ---------------- 5. Fzg; ngau;> ----------------
6. njhopw; ngau;> ----------------
375) nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; -----
---- MFk;. nghUl; ngah;
376) nghUl; ngau; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit?
nghUl;ngah; ,Utifg;gLk;
mit:-
capUs;s nghUs;> capuw;w
nghUs; 377) Fkud;> kyh;f;nfhb>
njd;id> nrk;gUj;jp> nts;shL> Xzhd;
Kjypad vt;tifg; nghUs;
MFk;. capUs;s
nghUs;fs;
378) ehw;fhyp> mLg;G> jl;L>
vz;nza;> kz;> ePu;> fhw;W
Kjypad vt;tifg; nghUs;
MFk;.
capuw;w nghUs;fs;
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2. g+q;nfhb g+g; gwpf;fpwhs; .
,j;njhlhpYs;s g+ vd;gJ -----
---- ngah;.
m) nghUl;ngah;> M) rpidg;ngah;>
,) njhopw;ngah;tpil: rpidg;ngah;
3. rJuk; ,J --------- ngah;
m) nghUl;ngah; M) fhyg;ngah;
,) Fzg;ngah;
tpil: Fzg;ngah; 386) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; Vw;w
ngah;r;
nrhw;fis vOJf:-
1. ---------- g+ir elf;fpwJ.
2. ----------- mirfpwJ. 3. ---------- gs;spf;F tpLKiw.
4. ---------- cile;J tpl;lJ.
5. ---------- %d;W Nfhzq;fis cilaJ.
6. --------- ty;ytd; ,uhkd;.
tpil: 1. Nfhtpypy;> 2. nfhb>3. ehis> 4. ghid> 5. Kf;Nfhzk;>
6. tpy;tpj;ijapy;.
387) ftpauR fz;zjhrd; vq;F
vg;NghJgpwe;jhh;?
rpW$ly;gl;b vd;Dk; rpw;W}upy;
1927
388) fz;zjhrdpd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d?
Kj;ijah
389) fhiuKj;Jg; Gyth;>
tzq;fhKb> ghh;tjpehjd;>
MNuhf;fpehjd;
> fkfg;gphpah vdg; gyGidg;ngah;fs; ahUf;F
cz;L? fz;zjhrd;
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390) ftpauR fz;zjhrd; ----------Nkw;gl;l jpiug;glg; ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. Iahapuj;jpw;Fk;
391) fz;zjhrd; kiwe;j Mz;L vJ?
1981 392) ehk; nra;jpfisAk;
fUj;JfisAk; gpwhplk; $Wk;nghOJ Ritglf; $Wtjw;fhf xNu nghUs;jUk; ,Unrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ
-- --------- vdg;gLk;. Neh; ,izr; nrhw;fs; (v.fh) 1. fhNthp fz;Zq;fUj;Jkhfg
gbg;ghs;. 2. tstdpd; je;ij
NgUk;GfOk kpf;fth;. 393) vjpuhd fUj;ijf; $Wk;nghOJ
vjph;g;nghUs; jUk;
nrhw;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; -----------
vdg;gLk;. vjph; ,izr;
nrhw;fs; (v.fh)
1. Nfhghyd; cau;Tjho;tpd;wpmidthplKk; goFk; gz;ghsu;. 2. kyu;f;nfhbapd; je;ij my;Yk; gfYk; mauhJ cioj;jtu;.
394) chpa ,izr;nrhw;fis
vLj;Jf; Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; epug;Gf: (,uTgfy;> Vw;wj;jho;T> fw;NwhUk; kw;NwhUk;> mbj;Jg;gpbj;J
> gj;jpgj;jpahf)
1. mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh; rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; -----
-------- fisf; fisag; ghLgl;lhu;. Vw;wj;jho;T
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2. fl;Liu vOJk; NghJ ----------
--- vOj Ntz;Lk;.
gj;jpgj;jpahf
3. cyfk;> #hpaidr; Rw;Wtjhy;
-------------- Njhd;WfpwJ.
,uTgfy;
4. NgUe;jpy; ,lk; gpbf;f ------
----- VwpNdd;.
mbj;Jg;gpbj;J
5. NeUtpd; mwpthw;wiyf; -------
--- Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;jdh;. fw;NwhUk;> kw;NwhUk;
395) f;>q;>r;>Q; ------- Mfpa gjpndl;L nka;naOj;JfSk;
caph;
vOj; ijNah>
capu;nka;naOj;ijNah
njhlh;e;J ----------- thpirahf
tUk;. nka;naOj;J 396) n[h;kdp ehl;bd;
nfhLq;Nfhyuhff;
fUjg;gl;lth; ahh;?
`pl;yu;
397) `pl;yUf;F vjpuhfj;
jpwikahf thjhb> vOj;J
%yk; `pl;yiu kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;fr; nra;jth; ahh;?
nrz;gfuhkd;
,ay; MW nra;As; - Vu;Kid
398) Vu;Kid vd;w ghliy vOjpath;
ahh;?
kUjfhrp 399)
nrhw;nghUs;:- 1. khup - kio 2. Nrkk; - eyk;
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3. Njrk; - ehL4. Kl;L - Ftpay; 5. nej;jp - new;wp
400) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- ngah; : m. kUjfhrp
gpwe;j Cu; : jpUr;rpkhtl;lj;jpYs;s Nkyf;FbfhL ngw;Nwhu; : ma;ak;ngUkhs;> kpsfhap mk;khs; rpwg;G : jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk; fhyk; : 13.02.1920 - 29.11.1989
401) ---- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;
jpiuf; fijfSf;F vOjpa ghly;fs;
njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk;
m.kUjfhrp
ghly;fs; 402) ---------- vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo;
,lk;
ngw;Ws;s ghly;> ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. r%fk;
403) Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf:-
1. epfuw;w njhopy; -------- tpil: coTj; njhopy; 2. coth;fs; nry;tkhff;
fUJtJ ------ tpil: ney;kzpfis 3. ney;iy ----------- Ftpg;gh;.tpil: Kl;LKl;lha; 4. coth;fs; tpah;itia ------
----- rpe;jpdh;.tpil: Kj;JKj;jha;
404) gphpj;J vOJf:-
1. Neupq;Nf - Neh; + ,q;Nf
2. NrkKw - Nrkk; + cw
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3. Njrnky;yhk; - Njrk; +
vy;yhk; 4. gUtg;ngz; - gUtk; +ngz;
nghq;fy; topghL
405) nrhw;nghUs;:-
1. jpU - nry;tk; 2. fdfk; - nghd;
3. Nfh - murd;
4. epNtjdk; - gilayKJ 5. Gutp - Fjpiu
6. fLfp - tpiue;J
406) nghq;fy; topghL vd;w
ghliy vOjpath; ahh;?
e.gpr;r%u;j;jp
407) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d?
e.Ntq;fl kfhypq;fk;
408) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; gpwe;j Cu; vJ? jQ;rht+u;
khtl;lj; jpYs
;s Fk;gNfhzk;
409) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp nra;J te;j njhopy;
vd;d? 1924 - 1938 tiu
tof;FiuQh; 1938 - 1954 tiu Nfhtpy; epUthf
mYtyh; 410) e. gpr;r%u;j;jp vOjpa
E}y;fspd;
ngah; vd;d?
fijfs;> kuGf;ftpijfs;>
GJf;
ftpijfs;> Xuq;f ehlfq;fs;
411) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp tho;e;j fhyk; vJ?
15.08.1900 - 04.12.1976 412) e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd; ftpij
E}y;fs;
--------- E}w;whz;bd; jw;fhy
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,yf;fpaj; Jiwf;Fk; Gjpa
rpwg;Gfisr;
Nrh;e;jpUf;fpd;wd.
,Ugjhk;
413) e.gpr;r%u;j;jp ftpijfs; vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;s ----------- ftpijfspy;
xd;W ,g;nghq;fy;
topghL vd;Dk; ftpij.
vz;gj;J %d;W
414) gphpj;J vOJf:- 1. new;fjpu; --- ney; + fjpH
2. epyTKz;Nlh - epyTk; +cz;Nlh 3. kz;Zz;Nlh - kz; +
cz;Nlh 4. epd;db - epd; + mb
5. xspAz;Nlh - xsp + cz;Nlh
415) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr; nrhw;nwhupy;
mikj;J vOJf: 1. fdp -
2. fjpu; --
3. fjputd; ---
4. fUk;G -
5. capu; --
jhq;fNs Kaw;rp nra;f.
nerT (ciuahly;) ciueil
416) Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha; ----------- cjthJ.
fwpf;F
417) mr;Rkuk;> gilkuk;>
tpOJfk;G> Fj;Jf;fk;gp>
Xlk;>
CilFoy;>
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49
ghT ,itnay;yhk; ---------- gad;gLk;
fUtpfs;.
jwp nea;ag; 418) jpU.tp.f tpw;Fg; gpbj;j g+ vJ?
gUj;jpg; g+
419) E}y; vz; 10> vz; 20> vz;
60> vz; 80> vz; 100> vz;
120 vd mjd; nkd;ikj;
jd;ikf;F Vw;g vjidg;
ngahpl;L miof;fpd;Nwhk;.
gQ;rpypUe;J E}w;fg;gLk; E}iy
420) fhQ;rp> Muzp> kJiu> Nfhit>
gukf;Fb> rpd;dhsg;gl;b>
<NuhL> nrd;dpkiy> ciwa+u;>
jpUg;Gtdk; Kjypa Cu;fspy;
------- ,d;Dk; eilngWfpwJ.
ifj;jwp nerT
421) efh;g;Gwq;fspy; ----------- nerT
eilngWfpwJ.
,ae;jpu
422) jpUg;g+u; ------- Milf;Fg; ngah;
ngw;wJ.
gpd;dyhil
423) Rq;Fbg;Glitfs; ve;j Cupy;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
kJiuapy;
424) ciwa+u; ngau; ngw;wNriyfs;
vJ?
fz;lhq;fpr;
425) gl;lhilfs; vq;F jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; 426) gl;lhilfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJ
vJ? gl;Lg;GO
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427) mz;zy; fhe;jpabfs;
ngUe;jiytu; fhkuhru;> je;ij
nghpahu;> NguwpQu; mz;zh
KjypNahu; - - - - - - - - -
Milfis mzpe;jdu;.
ifj;jwp
428) Fsphpy; thba kapYf;Fg; Nghh;it
Nghh;j;jpaJ ahh;?
ts;sy; Ngfd;
429) Milapy;yh kdpjd; ---------
-- kdpjd;.
miu 430) Ms; ghjp: ------- ghjp
vd;Dk; gonkhopfs;
Milapd; rpwg;igf;
Fwpf;fpd;wd. Mil
431) nra;Ak; njhopypy; rPu; J}f;fpd; --
---- njhopYf;F epfhpy;iy vd;Dk;
tof;fhWk; cz;L.
nea;Ak;
432) cyfpNyNa ifj;jwp
nertpd; Kd;Ndhb ------ MFk;.
jkpofk;
433) kq;if jd; gpwe;j ehs;
ghprhfj; je;ijaplk; Nfl;l Mil vJ? ifj;jwp Mil
434) nghUj;Jf:-
1. fhQ;rp - m. Rq;Fbg; Glitfs;
2. jpUg;g+u; - M. fz;lhq;fpr; Nriyfs;
3. kJiu - ,. Nghu;itfs;
4. ciwa+u; - <. gpd;dhilfs;
5. nrd;dpkiy - c. gl;lhilfs;
tpilfs;:-
1 - c> 2 - <> 3 - m> 4- M> 5 - ,
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51
jkpo; ehlf Kd;Ndhbfs;
(Jizg;ghlk;)
435) fz;Zf;Fk; fhJf;Fk; kdj;Jf;Fk;
,d;gk; gaf;Fk; fiy vJ?
ehlf;fiy
436) Ma fiyfs; ----- cz;L.
mWgj;J
ehd;F 437) rq;f fhyj;jpy;fpilj;j ehlf
,yf;fz E}y;fs; vj;jid?
mit ahit? ehd;F E}y;fs;
fpilj;jd. mit:
rae;jk;> KWty;> kjpthzd;>
ehlfj;jkpo;>
nrapw;wpak;438) kf;fspilNa eilngw;w
ehlfq;fs;
vit?
gs;S> FwtQ; rp>nehz;b ehlfq;fs;>
fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs;
MFk;.
439) ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ehlfj; jkpOf;Fg;
Gj;Japu; Cl;l
Xu; vOr;rpiaj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jth;fs; ahu;?
gupjpkhw; fiyQu;>
rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;>
gk;ky;
rk;ge;jdhu; MfpNahu;
Mtu;.
440) ----------- vd;Dk; jk; ngaiuj; J}a jkpopy; ghpjpkhw;
fiyQd; vd khw;wp
mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
#hpa ehuhaz rh];jpup
441) ---------- gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;Nl
ehlfj; njhz;lhw;wpath;
ghpjpkhw; fiyQd;. jkpo;g;
Nguhrphpauha;g;
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52
442) ghpjpkhw; fiyQu; ----------
eilapy; ehlfq;fis ,aw;wp
muq;Nfw;wpdhu;. nrk;khe;j
rPhpa nre;jkpo;
443) jkpofj;jpy; ahiug; Nghd;W ehlfhrpupah;fs; Njhd;w
Ntz;Lk; vdg; nghpJk;
tpioe;jth; ghpjpkhw; fiyQu;?
Nkiy ehl;L ehlf Mrphpau;fshd
Nrf;];gpau;> vg;rd;> Nkhypau;
444) ghpjpkhw; fiyQupd; ehlfq;fs; vit?
&ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak; 445) tlnkhop> Nkdhl;L kuGfisj;
jkpo;ehlf kuNghL ,izj;J -----
--- vd;Dk; E}iyg; ghpjpkhw; fiyQu; gilj;jhu;.
ehlftpay;
446) --------- ehlfk;> fstop ehw;gJ
vd;Dk; ,yf;fpaj;ij
mbg;gil ahff; nfhz;L
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. khdtp[ak;
447) ehlfj;jkpo; cyfpd;
,kakiy vdg; ghuhl;lg;gLth; ahh;? rq;fujhR
Rthkpfs; 448) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; ts;sp
jpUkzk;>
Nfhtyd; rhpj;jpuk;> rjp RNyhrdh>
,ytFrh> gf;jpg;
gpufyhjh> ey;yjq;fhs;> rjp
mDRah> tPu mgpkd;A>
gtsf;nfhb Kjypa --
----- ehlfq;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
ehw;g
J449) Jbg;gpUf;Fk; rq;fujhR
vOj;jpy;
vy;yhk; Ritnrhl;Lk; re;jeak;
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51
Njha;e; jpUf;Fk; vd;W
ahu; rq;fujhR Rthkpfisg;
Gfo;fpd;whu;? Gj;jNdup
Rg;ukzpak; 450) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; ,aw;wpa --
---
----- ehlfk; kJiuapy; muq;NfwpaJ.
Nfhty rhpj;jpuk;
451) khghtpNahu; $b thOk; khefUf;F
kd;dh NghfhjPu;
,e;jg; ghlypy; kh> gh> tp Mfpa
,t;ntOj;J vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ
vd;W Rthkpfs; $wpdhu;?
kh vd;gJ miyfs;
gh vd;gJ fiykfs;
t p vd;gJ
kiykf isAk;
Fwpf;fpwJ.
452) vkd;> ,uhtzd;>
,uzpad; Kjypa Ntlq;fs; Gide;jJ ahu;? Rq;fujhR
Rthkpfs;
453) Rthkpfs; vOj;Jj; jpwikNahL -
------ jpwikAk; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
ebg;G j;
454) rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;
tho;e;j fhyf;fl;lk; vJ? 1867 - 1920
455) 1891 Mk; Mz;L jdJ
gjpndl;lhk; tajpy;
RFztpyhr
rigiaj; njhlq;fpj;
jkpo; kf;fspd;
rpe;jidia ehlff;fiy
Nehf;fpj; jpir jpUg;gpath;ahh;?gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;
456) ebfu;fshy; -------- vd kjpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;
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51
457) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; vq;F g ;
gzpahw;wpath;?ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
458) rk;ge;jdhu; ----------
ehlfq;fisj;
jkpod;idf;Fg;
gilj;jspj;jhu;.
njhz;Z}w;W ehd;F
459) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;
jkp;od;idf;Fg;
gilj;jspj;j njhz;Z}w;W
ehd;F ehlfq;fspy;
rpytw;iwf; $Wf. kNdhfuh>aahjp> rpWj;njhz;ld;>
fu;zd;> rghgjp>
nghd;tpyq;F vd;gd
MFk;.
460) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu; Nrf;];gpaupd;
ehlfq;fisj; jOtp ------> -----------
> ---------> Kjypa jkpo; ehlfq;fisg;
gilj;jhu;. thzpGuj;J tzpfd;> tpUk;gpa
tpjNk> mkyhjpj;jpad;.
461) rpwe;j ehlf
,af;FeuhfTk;
jpwikahd ebfuhfTk;mwpTkpf;f MrphpauhfTk;tpsq;fpath; ahu;? gk;ky;
rk;ge;jdhu;
462) ------- vd;w tifapidAk;
ehlf ieahz;bapidAk;
jkpo; ehlf
cyFf;F
mwpKfg;gLj;jpat
h; gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;. Nfspf;if ehlfk;
463) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhupd; gilg;ghd
----- ehlfg; ghj;jpuk; ,d;wsTk;
kwf;f Kbahj eifr;Ritg;
ghj;jpukhFk;. rghgjp
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464) rghgjp jkpopy; ----- vd;Dk;
jiyg;gpy fl;Liu vOjpdhu;.
,dpa gazk;
465) ------> -----> -----> Mfpa %d;WfiyQu;fSk; jk;
vOj;Jj; jpwikahYk;
ebg ;ghw;whY
k ; ehlfj;jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;fhf
cioj;j rhd;Nwhu; Mtu;.
ghpjpkhw; fiyQh;>
rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;>
gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhu;
466) gupjpkhw; fiyQiuj; -------
vd;W Nghw;Wth;?
jkpo; ehlfg; Nguhrphpah;
467) rq;fujhR Rthkpfisj; -------
vd;Wk; Nghw;Wth;?
jkpo ehlfj; jiyik Mrphpau; 468) gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhiuj; -----
vd;W ehlf cyfk; Nghw;wp
tzq;FfpwJ. jkpo; ehlfj;
je;ij
tpidKw;W> nganur;rk;
> tpidnar;rk
;
469) tUfpd;whd;> tUthd; vd
nray; Kbe;jijf; Fwpf;Fk;
nrhy;Ny ---
-- MFk;.
tpidKw;W
470) gOj;j vd;Dk; nrhy; ------ vdg;gLk;.
Kw;Wg;ngwhj tpidr;nrhy;
471) xU ngaiuf; nfhz;L
KbAk; Kw;Wg; ngwhj
tpidr;nrhy;Ny -- ------- MFk;.
nganur;rk;
52
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(v.fh) 1. gok; vd;Dk; ngau;r;
nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L KbT ngWfpwJ.472) ―vLj;J‖ vd;Dk; nrhy; ------ tpidr;
nrhy; MFk;.
KbTngwhj 473) tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rk;
------- vdg;gLk;.
tpidnar;rk; 474) tpidnar;rk; ---------- fhyj;ijAk;
czh;j;Jk;.
%d;W 475) ―vLj;J te;jhd;‖ - ,/J --------
- tpidnar;rk; MFk;.
,we;jfhy 476) ―vLj;J tUfpd;whd;‖ vd;gJ -------
--- tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;.
epfo;fhy tpidnar;rk;
477)―vLj;J tUthd;‖ ve;j tpidnar;rk MFk;.
vjph;fhy 478) ml;ltizia epug;Gf:-
t.vz; tpidKw;W
nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk; 1
2
3 4 gbj;jhd
---------------
fz;lhd;
;
-------------------- ----------
te;j
----------------
Nfl;l gbj;J
te;J
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53
fz;L
---------------------
479) ek; Kd;Ndhh; vg;nghUis
vr;nrhy; yhy; Fwpj;J toq;fpdhu;fNsh
mg;nghUis
mr;nrhy;yhy;
Fwpg;gNj -------- vdg;gLk;.
k u G
480) kuGr; nrhw;fisg;
gad;glj;jhky; NtW
nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ -----
vdg;gLk;.
kuGg;gpio
481) kuGr; nrhy;Yf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf
ahidf;fd;W
482) kuGg;gpiof;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf
ahidf;Fl;b
483) capu;fisg;gypapl Ntz;lhk;
vd;W kd;du; gpk;gprhuu;f;FmwpTiu
$wpath; ahu;?
nfsjk; Gj;ju;
,ay; VOnra;As; -
jpUf;Fws;
484) nrhw;nghUs; :-
1. frL -- Fw;wk;
2. epw;f --- fw;wthW elf;f
3. vz; -- vz;fs;> fzpjk;
4. vOj;J -- ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs;
5. ctg;g - kfpo
6. jiyf;$b - xd;W Nrh;e;J 7. cilahu; -- nry;tk; cilahu;
8. ,y;yhu; -- nry;tk; ,y;yhjtu;
9. Vf;fw;W - ftiyg;gl;L
10. filau; -- jho;e;jtu; 11. njhl;lidj;J - Njhz;Lk;
msT
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54
12. khe;jh; --- kf;fs;
13. rhe;JizAk; -- rhFk; tiuapYk;
14. Vkhg;G - ghJfhg;G
15. fhKWth; -- tpUk;Gth;
16. tpOr;nry;tk; - rpwe;j nry;tk;
17. khL - nry;tk;
485) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1. ctg;gj; jiyf;$b -------- gphpjy;
midj;Nj Gyth; njhopy;.
tpil: cs;sg;
2. xUikf;fhz; jhd;fw;w -
----- xUtw;F vOikAk; Vkhg;G
cilj;J. tpil: fy;tp
3. Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk;
fy;tp xUtw;F khly;y
kw;iw ------- tpil: ahit
486) gphpj;J vOJf:
1. frlw - frL + mb 2. vOj;njd;g - vOe;J +vd;g 3. kzw;Nfzp - kzy; + Nfzp 4. fw;wwpe;jhu; - fw;W +
mwpe;jhH5. khly;y - khL + my;y
487) gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisr;
nrhw;nwhlhpy;mikf;f:
m) vOj;J
- M) Kfk; -
-- ,) Gyth; --
<) mwpT -
,tw;wpw;F tpilfhz Kaw;rp
nra;f
Kf;$lw; gs;S
488) Ckj;jk; g+it tpUk;gpr; #Lk;
,iwtd; ahu;?rptngUkhd;
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489) kUJ}hpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtd;
ahh;?
rptngUkhd;
490) kUJ}hpy; cs;s kf;fs; nra;Ak;
njhopy; vJ?
cNyhfj; njhopy;
491)nrhw;nghUs; jUf:
1.jj;Jk; Gdy; -- miynawpAk; ePUk;
2. Kj;jk; milf;Fk; -
Kj;Jfs; kpf;Fg; ngUfp
,ilNa milj;Jf; nfhz;L
fplf;Fk;
3. fypg;G Ntiy - fUkhu;>nfhy;yu;>
j l ; lhu; KjypNahu; nra;Ak;
njhopy;f s;
4. rpj;uk; -- rpwg;ghdfhl;rpfs;
5. kNjhd; kj;jh; --
ngUk;gpj;jdhfpa rptngUkhd;
492) Kf;$lw;gs;S vd;Dk; E}iy
ehlfg; ghq;fpy; mikj;J ,aw;wpath;
ahh;?
vd;dapdhg; Gyth;
493) Kf;$lw;gs;S ----------
mike;j
ghf;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;
MFk;. re;jeak;
494) ePh; epiwe;j gs;skhd Nrw;W epyj;jpy; coTj;
njhopy; nra;J thOk; ghku
kf;fshfpa gs;su; fspd;
tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jhpj;Jf;
$Wtjhf mike;j E}y; vJ?
gs;
S 495) tha;f;fhy; ePiu milj;jJ vJ?
Kj;Jf s;
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496) jpUney;Ntypf;Fr; rw;W tlfpof;fpy;
---------> ----------> ---------> vd %d;W
MWfs; $Lfpd;wd?
j z ;nghUie> r p w ; w h W >
Nfhjz;luhk MW
497) %d;W MWfs; $Lk; ,lj;jpw;F
-------vd;W ngah;?
Kf;$ly;
498) Kf;$ lYf ;F - - - - - - vd;Dk;
ngaUKz;L. M#h; tlfiu ehL
499) Kf;$lYf;F j; njd;ghy;
cs;s gFjp ------- vd toq;fg;
ngWfpd;wJ. rPtykq;ifj;
njd;fiuehL
500) ,U kidtpfs; kze;J jpz;lhLk;
gs;sdpd; tho;f;if
tsj;ij tbj;Jiug;gJ
Nghyg; ghlg;gl;l E}y; vJ?
Kf;$lw;gs;S
501) mf;fhy kf;fspd;
coTj;njhopy;> fhisfspd;
gy;NtWngah;fs;> tpijfspd; ngah;fs;>
kPd; tiffs; vd kUj
epytsk; gw;wp mwpa cjTk;
E}y; vJ?
Kf;$lw;gs;S
502). xd;gJ kzpfs;
Kj;J> gtsk;> kufjk;>
khzpf;fk;> Gl;guhfk;>
,uj;jpdk;> ituk;>
it^hpak;> NfhNkjk;
,aw;if Ntshz;ik (ciueil)
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55
503) Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk; vq;F
cs;sJ?
Nfhit
504) Nfhitapy; eilngWk;
Ntshz;ikg gy;fiyf;fof
fz;fhl;rpf;Fr;
nry ;y KFe ; jD ld ;
ahh; tUtjhff; $wpAs;shh;?
fay;tpo
p 505) Ntshz;ikg;
gy;fiyf;foj;j
py; ahUila khkh neLkhwd;
Nguhrphpa uhfg; gzpahw;wp
tUfpwhh;? Ntyd;
506) KFe;jd;> Ntyd;> fay;tpop Mfpa
%tUk; ---- nrd;W Ntshz; fz;fhl;rpiag;
ghu;j;J kfpo;fpd;wdh;?
Nfhitf;Fr;
507) Ntshz;ikj; Jiwapy;
nraw;if cuq;fs;
g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ------> ---------> -
---- ---- Kjypa tho;thjhuq;fs;
nghpJk;ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
epyk;> ePu;> fhw;W>Mfhak;
508) ----- vd;Dk; KJnkhopia
ek; Ntshz; ngUkf;fs;
gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
tUKd; fhg;Nghk;
509) ,aw;if Ntshz;ik
rhd;wspg;Gf; Fwpj;J ahh;
Ntyd;> KFe;jd;> fay;tpop
,k;%tUf;Fk; Gjpa
fUj;Jfisf; $wpdhh;?
Ntshz; mYtyh;
rpth
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56
510) cOjy;> tpijj;jy;> njhO
cukpLjy;>ePh; gha;r;Rjy;>
fis vLj;jy;> fhj;jy;
Kjypait ---------- $Wfs; MFk;.
,aw;if Ntshz;ikf;
511) ts;Sth; epyj;ij vg;gb co
Ntz;Lk vd;W jkJ Fwspy;
$Wfpwhh;? mfy cOtijtpl
Mo cOjy; ed;W
512) epyj;jpd; ,Utiffs; vd;d?
ed;nra;> Gd;nra;
513) ed;nra; epyk; ------- tskpf;fJ.
ePu;514) ePu;tsk; Fiwe;j gFjp vJ?
Gd;nra;
515) Gd;nra; epyj;ij ------ vd
ek; Ntshz; kf;fs; $Wth;?
thdk; ghh;j;j g+kp
516) ney;> fUk;G> thio
Kjyhd gaph;fs; -----------
epyj;jpy; tpisAk;? ed;nra;
517) Gd;nra; epyj;jpy; tpisAk; gaph;fs;
vJ? fk;G> Nfo;tuF> jpid> tuF>
rhik> Jtiu> nfhs;S> fhuhkzp
518) gUtj;Nj gaph; nra;>
Mbg;gl;lk; Njb ------ vd;gJ gonkhop.
tpij
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57
gaph;fs; ,ilntsp
ney;Yf;F ez;Nlhl
fUk;Gf;F VNuhl
thiof;F tz;bNahl
njd;idf;F
NjNuhl
519) ve;nje;jg; gapu;f;F vt;tsT
,ilntsp Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf;
$Wf:
520) ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; ---------
cuq;fisNa gad;gLj;jpj; jukhd tpisr;riyf;
fz;ldh;. njhO
521) ,iy jiofs;> Ml;LvU>
khl;L vU> fliyg;
gpz;zhf;F> Ntg;gk;
gpz;zhf;F> ,Yg;gk;
gpz;zhf;F vdg; gy -------- cuq;fs; MFk;.
,aw;if
522) nraw;if cuk;> g+r;rp -
g+Q;rhzf; nfhy;yp
kUe;Jfisg; gapu;fSf;Fg
gad;gLj;jhky; czT
cw;gj;jp nra;tJ -------------- MFk;.
mq;ff Ntshz;ik
523) gQ;r ft;tpak; vjdplk;
,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; Ie;J
nghUs;fs; MFk;? mit
ahit?
gRtplkpUe;J mit:
Nfhkak;> rhzk;> ghy;> japu;>nea;
524) rzg;G> mThp> nfhSQ;rp>
jf;ifg; g+z;L Kjypad ------
cuk; MFk;. jio
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58
525) gaphpYk; Ntz;lhj Gy;
g+z;Lfs; tsUk;. mij
coth;fs; fise;J tpLth;.
mjw;Ff; --------- vd;W ngah;.
fisnaLj;jy;
526) fhg;G vd;why; vd;d?
fhj;jy;
527) ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; Nfl;fhj flDk;
ghh;f;fhj gapUk; ------ vd;gh;.
gho;
528) ----------- kUe;J: ----------- czT
vd;gJ KJnkhopahFk;. czNt> kUe;Nj
529) Ntshz;njhopypy; cs;s $Wfs;
vj;jid? ,uz;L
530) nghUj;Jf:-
1. ney; -- m. tz;bNahl
2. fUk;G - M. ez;Nlhl 3. thio -- ,. NjNuhl
4. njd;id -- <.
VNuhl tpil:
1.M> 2.<> 3.m> 4.,
epiyj;j nry;tk;
fy;tpr; nry;tk;(Jizg;ghlk;)
531) eif tzpfh; vijr; rpwe;j nry;tk;
vdf; $wpdhh;?
jq;fk;> ituk;
532) Gyth; vijr; rpwe;j nry;tk; vdf;
$wpdhh;
fy;tpr; nry;tk;
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57
533) fy;tpr; nry;tj;ij
ahuhYk; ---- nra;a
KbahJ vdg; Gyth;
$wpdhh;? fsthl
534) jpUlh;fs;eiffis ahUf;Fg;
ghprhfj; je;jdh;?
Gyth;f;F
535) jpUlh;fis vt;thW rk;ghjpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd Gyth; $wpdhh;?cioj;J
536) tzpfh; ve;jr; nry;tk; epiyj;j nry;tk; vdf;
$wpdhh;?
fy;tpr;
nry;tk; Ntw;Wik> milnkhop
537) ngah;r ;nrhy;ypd;
nghUis
NtWgLj;JtJ> -------- vdg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wik
538) ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; mike;J
nghUs; NtWghl;ilr; nra;Ak;
cUGfis ------- vd;gh;.
Ntw;Wik cUGfs;
539) ngaiu NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;Lk; cUGfs; ----
-- vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wik
(v.fh) 1. ,uhkd;
fz;lhd;
2. ,uhkidf; fz;lhd;
540) Fwpg;G:
Kjy; Ntw;Wik>
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik>
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik>
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik>
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik> Mwhk;Ntw;Wik> Vohk; Ntw;Wik>
vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik vd vz;
tifg;gLk;.
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58
541) ,ay;ghd ngah; (vOtha;)
gadp iyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ
---------- vdTk;> ----------- vdTk;
toq;fg;gLk;. Kjy;
Ntw;Wik>
vOtha; Ntw;Wik 542) vOtha; Ntw;Wikf;F vdj; --------
,y;iy.
jdp cUG
543) ---------- cUG I vd;gjhFk;.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
544) ngah;r;nrhy;ypdJ nghUisr;
nrag;gL nghUshf NtWgLj;JtJ
---------- MFk;.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik (v.fh) 1. tstd; nra;Aisg; gbj;jhd;.
545) My;> Md;> xL> XL> cld; Mfpad ---------- cUGfs; MFk;. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik (v.fh) 1. ehw;fhyp jr;rdhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 2. J}q;Fifahd; Xq;Feil
546) ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG --------MFk;. F (v.fh) ee;jpdpf;Fg; ghpR toq;fpdhh;.
547) Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ------->
-------------> vd;gd MFk;. ,y;> ,d;
(v.fh) nfhilapy; rpwe;jth; ghup
548) nrhw;fSld; ,y;> ,d;
vd;Dk; cUGfs;
Nrh;e;J nghUis
NtWgLj;JtJ ---------- vdg;gLk;. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik
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59
549) Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUG -----------
MFk;.
mJ
(v.fh) ,uhkdJ tPL 550) ngah;r;nrhw;fSld; mJ
vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG
Nrh;e;J nghUis
NtWgLj;JtJ -----------
vdg;gLk;. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik
551) Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; -----------> ------
-------> ------------------> vd;gd cUGfshk;.
fz;> cs;> Nky;> fPo; (v.fh)
1. ngl;bf;Fs; gzk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
2. $iuapd; Nky; Nrty; cs;sJ.
552) vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;F ----------- ,y;iy.
cUG
553) vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikia NtW vt;thW
miog;gh;?
tpsp Ntw;Wik
554) fe;jd; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy;
,Wjp (d;) vOj;jhdJ nfl;L> mjd; may; vOj;J (j -
jh - vd) ePz;L
mioj;jw; nghUisj;
jUfpwJ. ,t;thW
ngah;r;nrhy; rpy
khw;wq;fSld; mioj;jw;
nghUspy; tUtij ---------------
vd;gh;. tpsp Ntw;Wik
555) jpq;fs; vd;why; vd;d nghUs;?
epyT> khjk;
556) epyit ------ vd;Wk; miog;ghh;fs;?
ntz;zpyT
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60
557) ntz;ik vd;Dk; nrhy; epyTf;f
------------- ahf te;Js;sJ. Milahf
558) nghUs;fis
,dk;gphpj;jwpa cjTk;
milnkhopfs; ---------------
vdg;gLk;.
,dKs;s milnkhop
559) ntz;zpyT> fUq;fhf;if> nrq;
fjpNuhd; ,tw;Wf;nfy;yhk; ,dkhff
$w Ntz;Lkhdhy; fUepyT>ntz;fhf;if> fUq;fjpNuhd; vdf;
$wNtz;Lk;. mt;thW xd;W
,y;yhjjhy; ,it Nghd;wtw;iw
----------- vdf; $Wth;.
,dkpy;yh milnkhopfs;
560) gpw nkhopr;nrhy; jkpo;r; nrhy;
mDkjp ,irT
Mjtd; flTs;
Muk;gk;
njhlf;f
k; M];jp nrhj;J
,k;ir Jd;gk;
,Ujak; neQ;rfk; <rd; ,iwtd;
cgrhpj;jy; tpUe;Njhk;gy;
cgak;
jpUg;gzpahsu
;
nfhil
c\hh;
vr;rupf;
if vjhh;j;jk; ,ay;G
Ijpfk; cyf tof;F
fhfpjk; jhs; fphPlk;
kzpKb
FNgud;
ngUQ;nry;t
k;
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61
561) jkpnoz; $l;liyg; nghUj;J
$l;ly; $Ljy;
1. f + f = m) 10 2. + U = M) 8
3. c + = ,) 2
4. $ + f = <) 5
5. U + = c) 9
tpil: 1-,> 2-c> 3-<> 4-M> 5-m
562) Vio khztu;f;F ez;gfy;
,yta czT toq;Fk;
jpl;lj;ijr; nray;gLj;jpj; njhlq;fpath; ahh;? Nt%u;
eurpk;ku;
563) Nt%u; eurpk;ku; nghUSjtp
ngw ahiuia mZfpdhh;.
kUj;Jt khNkij FUrhkp
564) FUrhkp vq;F tUkhW
Mrphpah; Nt%u;
eurpk;kiuf;
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.
rhh;gjpthsu; mYtyfj;jpw;F
565) FUrhkp vOk;g+u;f; nfd;dj;Jr;
rhiyapy; jkf;F
chpikahf ,Ue;j ---------- xd;iwg;
gs;spf;Fg; gj;jpuk; vOjpg;
gjpT nra;J nfhLj;jhu;.
khspif
,ay; vl;L nra;As; -
jdpg;ghly;
566) nghUs; jUf:
1. fsgk; -- re;jdk;
2. khjq;fk; -- nghd;
3. Ntok; -- fUk;G
4. gfL - vUJ 5. fk;gkh - fk;g khT
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567) fsgk;> khjq;fk;> Ntok;> gfL>
fk;gkh> ifk;kh Kjypad --------
-- NtW ngah;fs; MFk;.
ahidf;Fupa
568) jdpg; ghly; vd;Dk; E}ypd;Mrphpah;
ahh;?
me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth;
569) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; gpwe;jCu;
vJ?
fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s g+J}h
570) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; tho;e;j Cu;
vJ?
nghd;tpise;jfsj;J}h;
571) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; ngw;Nwhh;
ngah;vd;d?
je;ijapd; nagh; - tLfehju;
572) rPl;Lf;ftp ghLtjpYk;
eifr;Rit jJk;gg; ghly;
,aw;WtjpYk; ty;ytu; ahh;? me;jff;ftp
tPuuhfth; 573) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth; ,aw;wpa
E}y;fs; vit?
r e;jputhzd; Nfhit>
Nra+u; KUfd; gps;isj;
jkpo;> Nra+u;f; fyk;gfk;>
jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; Guhzk;
574) jdpg;ghly; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
jdpg;ghly;
jpul;L 575) jdpg;ghly; vj;jid Gyth;fshy;
ghlg;ngw;wJ?
E}w;Wg;gj;Jg;
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63
576) jdpg;ghlypy; vj;jid ghly;fs;
njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?
Mapuj;J E}w;Wg; gjpd;%d;W 577) me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth;
tho;e;j fhyk;
vJ?
fp.gp gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd;
,ilg;gFjp.
578) gphpj;J vOJf:
1. fsgnkd;Nwd; - fsgk; +vd;Nwd;
2. Ntonkd;Nwd; - NtOk; +
vd;Nwd; 3. c%nkd;whs; - cOk; +
vd;whs;
jhyhl;Lg; ghly;
579) ---------- vd;Dk; E}ypy;
,e;ehl;Lg; ghly; njhFf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ. kiyaUtp
(ehNlhbg; ghly;fs;)
580) kiyaUtp vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,Ue;J
,g;ghliyj; njhFj;jspj;jth; ahu;?
fp.th. [fe;ehjd;
581) kiyaUtp (ehNlhbg;
ghly;fs;) vd;Dk; E}ypy;
njk;khq;F> jq;f uj;jpdNk>
uhrhj;jp> Mz; ngz;
jh;f;fk;> njhopyhsh; ghl;L>
fs;sd; ghl;L> FLk;gk;>
jhyhl;L> rpWth; cyfk;>
Gyk;gy;> Fk;kp> nja;tk;> gy
fjk;gk; vdg; -------------
-- jiyg;Gfspy; ghly;fs;
njhFf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
gjpd; %d;W 582) jhyhl;L ghly; -----------
vd;Dk;
gFjpapypUe;J
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jhyhl;L
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583)kf;fspd; gof;f
tof;fq;fs;> gz;ghL>
FLk;gk;> njhopy;fs;> nja;t
topghL> jpUtpohf;fs;
Kjypatw;iw ve;j E}iyg;
gbj;jyd; thapyhf mwpayhk;.kiyaUtp
584) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis
epug;gf: m) nfhl;b
itj;j ------------- Kj;Nj
M) fz;Nz eP fz;nlj;j -----------
fhl;Lf; Fapy;
,) Gs;isf; ----------
jPu;f;f te;j fz;Nz.
Fiw
jkpofj;jpd;
md;dpngrz;
l;
585) ngz;zpw; ngUe;jf;
f
ahTs vd;w ts;Sth;
$w;Wf;F xg;ghf gy
rhjidfs; Ghpe;jth; ahh;?
%tY}u; ,uhkhkp;jk; mk;ikahh;.
586) mwpQ h; mz;zh mth;fshy;
,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh; ----------
vdg; Gfog;gl;lhu;?
jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrz;l;
587) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ---
------- Mz;L gpwe;jhu;.
fp.gp 1883 Mk;
588) md;dpngrz;l;
mk;ikahu;
ve;j kugpy;gpwe;jth;?
Njtjhrp
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589) ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahhpd;
je;ijapd ngah; vd;d?
fpU\;zrhk
p 590) Njtjhrpf; Fbapy; gpwe;jngz;fSf;F
-----------> ----------------> chpadthFk;. MlYk;> ghlYk;
591) Ie;J taJ kfshd ,uhkhkph;jk;
mk;ikahiu mtuJ jha; vj;jid &gha;f;Fj; Njtjhrp xUj;jpaplk;
tpw;whh;?
gj;J
592) tsh;g;Gj;jha; -----------
taJila KjpatUf;F md;dpngrz
;l mk;ikahiuj; jpUkzk;
Kbf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhh;.
mWgJ
593) md;dpngrz;l mk;ikahhpd; fzth;
ahh;? mk;ikahUf;F ,irAk;>
ehl;baKk; fw;Wj; fe;j
Rak;G vd;gtiu kze;jhh;.
594) 1917 Mk; Mz;L vq;Fj; jkJ
Kjy; Nghuhl;lj;ijj;
md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh;
njhlq;fpdhh;?
kapyhLJiwapy;
595) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh;
ve;j Kiwia xopg;gjw;fhfg; ghLgl;lth;? Njtjhrp
596) fhe;jpabfs; ---------- khehl;by;
fye;J nfhz;L ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhh;.
,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir
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597) fhe;jpabfs; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;ljhy; rpdk;
nfhz;l mk;ikahh; --------
Milahf mzpe;J nfhz;lhh;.
%tz;zf; nfhbia
598) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh;
ve;j Milia Cu; Cuhff;
nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;whu;.
fjh;
599) fhe;jpabfspd; fl;lisia Vw;W
md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; jhk;
,Ue;j Xl;LtPl;il
tpLj;Jf; ------- mikj;J
tho;e;jhh;.
Fby; (Fbir)
600) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh;
Fbypd; ntspapy; tpag;g+l;Lk;
tpsk;gug; gyifapy; ----------- vd
vOjg;gl;L
,Ue;jJ.
fjh; mzpe;jth;fs;> cs;Ns tuTk
601) %tY}h; mk;ikahNuhL ,ize;J Njtjhrp Kiwia
xopg;gjw;fhf ghLgl;lth;fs;
ahh;?
nghpahu;> jpU.tp.f> tujuhRY>
jUkhk;ghs;> ePyhk;gpif>
kyh;Kfj; jk;ikahu;>
jhkiuf; fz;zp
ak;ikahh; KjyhNdhh;.
602) %tY}h; mk;ikahh; -------- jpUkzq;
fis Mjhpj;jhh;.
Rakhpahijj;
603) 1938 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w
nkhopg; Nghh; Nguzpapy; ----------
Kjy; ----
--------- t iu eilg;
gazk;
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
ciwa+h; (jpUr;rp) Kjy; nrd;id
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63
604) ciwa+h; Kjy; nrd;id tiu --
------------ ehs;> --------------
iky; eilg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ehw;gj;jpuz;L>
Ie;E}w;W vOgj;NjO
605) nkhopg;Nghu; Nguzpapy;
ciwa+u; Kjy; nrd;id
tiu eilg; gazj;jpd;
NghJ vj;jidf;
nghJf; $l;lq;fspy;
ciuahw;wpdhu;.vz;gj;NjO 606) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ----
------- ghLgl;l tpbnts;spahfj;
jpfo;e;jhh;? ngz;
chpikf;Fg;
607) nghJ tho;tpy;
md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh;
vj;jid
Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpdhh;?
5 0
608) md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahhpd;
kiwT vg;NghJ?
vz;gjhk; tajpy; 27.06.1962
609) %tY}h; mk;ikahhpd;
epiditg; Nghw;Wk; tifapy; mtuJ ngauhy; Viog;
ngz;fSf;fhd
jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lj;jpid ------
--------- Mz;L Kjy; jkpof muR
toq;fp tUfpwJ.
1989 Mk;
610) mk;ikahh; Kjy;
Nghuhl;lj;ijj;
njhlq;fpa Mz;l vJ?
1917
%tifg; Nghypfs;
611) ―mfk;‖ Kfk; vd;gjw;Fg;
gjpyhf mfd; Kfd; vd
vOjpdhYk; nghUs; khWghlJ.
,t;thW xU
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64
nrhy;ypd; vOj;J NtWgl;lhYk;
nghUs; khWglhJ ,Ug;gijg; ---
-------- vd;gh;.
Nghyp
612) xU nrhy;ypy;> KjypYs;s vOj;Njh
, i l apy ; cs;s vOj;Njh
khWgl;lhYk; nghUs;
khWglhJ
,Ug;gpd; mJ ------- vdg;gLk;. Nghyp
613) Nghyp vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
%d;W
mit:
1. Kjw;Nghyp 2. ,ilg; Nghyp 3. ,Wjpg; Nghyp
614) ,Wjpg; Nghypiaf; -------- vdTk;
$Wth;. filg;Nghyp
615) xU nrhy;ypd;
KjnyOj;J khwpdhYk;
nghUs; khWglhJ
tUtJ ----------- vdg;gLk;.
Kjw; Nghyp
(v.fh)
1. kQ;R - ikQ;R 2. kay; -- ikay;
616) xU nrhy;ypd; ,ilnaOj;J
khwpdhYk; nghUs; khWglhJ
,Ug;gJ ----------- vdg;gLk;.
,ilg; Nghyp
(v.fh)
1. KuR - KiuR
2. murpay; -- miurpay;
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63
617) xU nrhy;ypy; <w;nwOj;J
khwpdhYk nghUs; khWglhJ
,Ug;gJ --------
----- vd;gh;. ,Wjpg;Nghyp (filg; Nghyp)
(v.fh) 1. mwk; --- mwd;
2. ge;jy; -- ge;ju;
618) mQ;R &gha; ,jpy; mQ;R
vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; cs;s
midj;J vOj;J fSk;
khwpAs;sd.,Ug;gpDk; nghUs;
khwtpy;iy. vdNt ,J -------------- vdg;gLk;.
Kw;Wg; Nghyp
619) Fwpg;G:
ek; khh;f;fj;jpd; khR
Jilj;jpl te;j kfdhh;. mth; tpLjiy tPuh;. ek;
ehl;L mbikj; jisfis
cilj;njwpe;j mQ;rh
neQ;rpdh;. mth; Ntjhe;jp:
gioa jj;Jtq;fs;
gytw;wpw;Fg; Gjpa tpsf;fk;
je;jth;. mth; fhyj;jpd;
rpd;dk; Xh; vOr;rpapd;milahsk;. kfhj;kh
kWkyh;r;rpapd; cUtk;.
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
620) Kf;fdp vd;Dk; njhifr; nrhy;
vij Fwpf;Fk;?
kh> gyh> thio Mfpa %d;iwAk;.
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63
,ay; xd;gJ nra;As; - mk;khid
621) tPud;neL nts;Nty;
tpay;nre;jpy; vk;ngUkhd;
vd;w ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahu;?Rthkpehj Njrpfh;
622) mk;khid vd;d tpisahl;L?
xUtiff; fha; tpisahl;L
623) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-
jpUr;nre;jpw; fyk;gfk; vd;Dk;
,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; <rhd Njrpfh; vd;Dk; Rthkp ehj
Njrpfh; Mthh;. <rhd Njrpf H
vd;gJ mtuJ rpwg;Gg;
ngauhFk;. jhz;lt
%h;j;jp vd;ghh;f;F
kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;. ,th;
kapNyWk; ngUkhs; vd;ghhplk;
fy;tp fw;whh;. ,th;
jpUthtLJiw QhdNjrpfuhfpa
mk;gythz
Njrpf%h;j;jpf;Fj;
njhz;luha; ,Ue;jhh;.
Vwj;jho E}w;iwk;gJ
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G
tho;e;jth;. 624) E}y; Fwpg;G:-
jpUr;nre;jpw; fyk;gfk; vd;Dk;
,e;E}y; njhz;Z}w;whW
rpw;wpyf;fp aq;fSs; xd;W.
fyk;gfk; = fyk; + gfk; vdg;gphpAk;. fyk;
-
gd;dpuz;L: gfk; -- MW.
Mfg; gjpndl;L cWg;Gfisf;
nfhz;lJ. NkYk; gy;tifahd
gh tiffSk; fye;jpUj;jyhy;
,e;E}y; fyk;gfk; vdTk;
ngah; ngw;wJ. g jpndz;
cWg;Gfspy; xd;whfpa
mk;khid
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65
jiytd; rPtfd;. mtd; ngaiu
,izj;Jr; rPtfrpe;jhkzp
vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ vd;gh;.
,e;E}Yf;F kzE}y; vd;Dk;
NtW ngaUk; cz;L.
jkpoftpisahl;Lfs; (ciueil)
631) Xb tpisahL ghg;gh vd;w ghliy ghbath; ahh;?
ghu jpahH 632) kfsph; tpisahl;Lfs; vd;gJ?
mf tpisahl;Lfs;
633) Mlth; tpisahl;Lfs; vd;gJ? Gw tpisahl;Lfs;
634) tpisahl;L ve;j
mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW tifapdthf mikfpd;wd? ghy;
mbg;gilapYk;>
jd;ik mbg;gilapYk; 635) rpWth; tpisahLk;
tpisahl;L? gk;guk;> fpspj;jl;L> cg;G tpisahl;L> fs;sd; fhtyd;> Nfhyp> fpl;bg;Gs;>
fhw;whb> ge;J tpisahl;L> xw;iwah ,ul;ilah> ePr;ry;.
636) rpWkpah; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L?
G+g;gwpj;jy;> fufutz;b> jl;lhq;fy;> gy;yhq;Fop> CQ;ry;>
jhak;
637) Nghl;b Ml;lq;fshf tpisahL git? rLFL (fgb)>kl;ilg;ge;J> fhy;ge;J> ifg;ge;J>
vwpge;J>,wFg;ge;J> Xl;lk;>
jiljhz;b Xl;lk;.
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66
638) tPutpisahl;Lfspy; ngUtpUg;g
Kilath; ahh;?
goe;jkpoh;
639) gio ik tha ;e ; j Mlth ;
tpisahl;Lfs;:
k w ; N g h h p l y ; >
VWjOTjy;>
Ntl;ilahLjy;> %o;fp
kzy; vLj;jy;.
640) gz;ila ehspy; ngz;fs; ve;j
tpisahl;Lfspy; ,dpNj
nghOJ Nghf;fpdhh;fs;.
tl;lhLjy;> foq;F> mk;khid>
ge;jhLjy;> CQ;ry;> XiuahLjy;.
641) kJiuapy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fl;ba kz;lgk; vd;gJ?
jKf;fk; kz;lgk;
642) Nrho ehl;bd; gioa
jiyefukhd cwe;ija+hpy;
tPuf;Nfhopfs; rpwe;jpUe;jikahy; ------------- vd;Dk; ngaUk;
mjw;fike;jJ. Nfhopa+h;
643) jkpohpd; jw;fhg;Gf; fiy
tpisahl;L fspy; xd;whf
tsh;e;J tUtJ vJ?
rpyk;ghl;lk;
644) Ky;iy epyj;jpy; ----------
vd;Dk; tPu tpisahl;L
eilngw;wJ. VWjOTjy;
645) tpisahl;L tPuh;fSf;Fg;
muR Kd;Dhpik
vij mspf;fpd;wJ. ghpRfSk;>
rhd;wpjo;fSk;> fy;tp>
Ntiytha;g;G
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67
ez;gd;(Jizg;ghlk;
)
646) Fwpg;G:
Xtpah; uhk;fp> khpahij uhkd; fijfs;
fijj;njhFg;gpypUe;J
vLj;jhsg;gl;lJ.
,yf;fzk;
nrhy; --- gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk;
647) XNuOj;Jj; jdpj;J epd;Wk;> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
vOj;Jfs; njhlh;e;J epd;Wk;
nghUs; je;jhy; mJ ----------
vdg;gLk;.
nrhy;
648) vz;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy;:-
gF vz;> gfh vz; 649) gjk; vd;whYk; ---------
vd;whYk;
xd;Nw.
nrhy;
650) Fwpg;G:-
nkhop> fpstp vd;gd mjd;
NtW ngah;fs;.
651) XnuOj;jhdJ jdpj;J
epd;W nghUs; je;jhy; m/J
------------- vdg;gLk;.
XnuOj;J xU nkhop
652) vOj;Jfs; gy njhlh;e;J epd;W
nghUs; je;jhy;.
vOj;Jj; njhlh; nkhop
653) gFj;jy; vd;gjpd; nghUs;
gphpj;jy;
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66
654) gfh vd;gjpd; nghUs; --- gphpf;f
,ayhjJ.
655) ngah;g;gfhg;gjq;fspd; (v.fh) kz;> fy;> nghd;.
656) tpidg; gfhg;gjq;fspd; (v.fh)
el> th> Ngh> nra;> epy;.
657) gFf;f ,aYk; nrhw;fisg;
-------- vd;gh;.
gFgjk;
658) gFf;f ,aYk; cWg;Gfspd; ngah;fs;? gFjp> tpFjp>
,ilepiy> re;jp> rhhpia>
tpfhuk;.
659) kdpjd; ehfhpfk; miltjw;F
Kjw; fUtpahf tpsq;FtJ
vJ? nkhopNa
660) nrhw;nwhlh; tiffs;:
nra;jpj;njhlh;> tpdhj;njhlh;
> fl;lisj njhlh;> czh;r;rpj;
njhlh;.
661) cyfj;jkpo;r; nrk;nkhop khehL
vq;F eilngw;wJ?
Nfhit
662) tyf;if jUtJ
,lf;iff;Fj; njhpaf;
$lhJ vd;W
(v.fh) tho;e;jth; ahh;?
K.tujuhrdhh;.
663) ,ay;tJ fuNty;
<tJ tpyf;Nfy; vd;W
njhlq;Fk; ghliyg; ghbath;
ahh;? xsitahh;.
664) nrhw;nwhlh; njhlh;:
1. fl;lisj; njhlh; --- ehs; NjhWk;
clw;gapw;rp nra;
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67
2. nra;jpj; njhlh; -- ehs;NjhWk;
clw;gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
3. tpdhj; njhlh; -- cd;
,Ug;gplk; vq;Fs;sJ?
4. vd;Nd> ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; moF
czh;r;rpj; njhlh;
,ay; gj;J
nra;As; - vq;fs; jkpo;
665) ,dpikj; jkpo;nkhop -----
vdj; njhlq;Fk; vq;fs;
jkpo; ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;?
ghujpjhrd;
666) nrhw;nghUs;:1. fjp - Jiz
2. NgW - nry;tk;
3. edp - kpFjp (kpf;f)
4. juk; - jFjp
5. Gtp -
cyfk; 667) ,dpik> ,d;gk;> mKJ>
fdpr; rhnwdj; jpfl;Lk;
Ritkpf;fJ vJ? jkpo;
668) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
,aw;ngah; - fdf
Rg;Guj;jpdk; (ghujpahh; kPJ
nfhz;l gw;wpdhy; ghujpjhrd;
vd khw;wp mikj;Jf;
nfhz;lhh;.)' ngw;Nwhh; -- fdfrig -
,yf;Fkpak;khs; fy;tp - jkpo;>
gpnuQ;rp> Mq;fpyk;
Mfpatw;wpy; Gyik kpf;fth;.
,aw;wpait - FLk;g tpsf;F>
ghz;bad; ghpR> Nru jhz;ltk;>
,Uz;l tPL> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp>
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68
gprpuhe;ijahh;> FwpQ;rpj;
jpl;L> mofpd; rphpg;G>
jkpopaf;fk; Kjypad.
fhyk; -- 29.04.1891 --- 21.04.1964
669) E}y; Fwpg;G:
,g;ghly; ghujpjhrd;
ftpijfs; ftpijj;
njhFjpapy; vq;fs; jkpo;
vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
670) epug;Gf:1. jkpo; vq;fs; -------------
capnud;gjhNy.
2. ,d;gj; jkpOf;F ehSk;
nra;Nthk; ey;y ---------
njhz;L nra;Nthk;
cotpd; rpwg;G - fk;gu;
671) Nkop gpbf;Fk; if --- vdj; njhlq;Fk; cotpd;
rpwg;G vd;w ghlypd; Mrphpah;
ahh;?fk;gh;
672) nrhw;nghUs;:
1. Nkop --- fyg;ig> Vu;
2. Nte;jh; -- kd;dh;
3. Mop - Nkhjpuk;
4. #o;tpid - cz;lhFk;
tWikj; Jd;gk; 5. fhuhsh; -- Nkfj;ij MSfpd;wth;
fshfpa coth;.
673) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: ,aw;ngah; -- fk;gh;
gpwe;j Cu; -- NjuOe;J}h;>
kapyhL Jiwf;F mz;ikapy;
cs;sJ.
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69
je;ij ngah; -- Mjpj;jd;
Nghw;wpath; -- rilag;g ts;sy;
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; --
fk;guhkhazk;> rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp>
jpUf;if tof;fk; rpwg;G -- fy;tpapy; nghpah;fk;gh;>
fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;L j;jwpAk; ftpghLk
fhyk; -- gd;dpuz;lhk;
E}w;whz;L
Xtpaf;fiy (ciueil)
674) fhz;gtiuf; fth;e;jpOj;J
cs;sq; fisj;
jd;tag;gLj;Jk; cah;e;j
fiy vJ?
Xtpaf;fi
y 675) jkpoh; tsh;j;j
Ez;fiyfspd; thpirapy; ------
-------- Kd;dzpapy; epw;fpwJ. Xtpaf;fiy
676) ve;j Mz;L Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpd;
,df; FOf;fshf tho;e;jdh;.
fp.K 2000
677) jkpofj;jpy; vj;jid
,lq;fspy; Fif Xtpaq;fs;
fz;Lg;gpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sd?
,Ugj;i je;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
,lq;fs; (khd;> Nghh; nra;jy;>
tpyq;F Ntl;il)
678) jkpo; ehl;by; rq;f
fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ------
------- tiuag;gl;ld.
Xtpaq;fs; 679) Xtpaq;fis Kjypy; vt;thW
toq;fpAs;sdh;?
fz;nzOj;J
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71
vOJNthuhjypd; ------- vdg;
Gfo;g;ngw;whh;.
fz;Zs; tpidQh;
689) Xtpa E}ypd; EZf;fj;ij ed;F
fw;Wg; Gyik ngw;w Mrphpah; -----
-------- vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;.
Xtpag;Gytd;
690) Xtpaf; fiyQh; FOit vt;thW
mioj;jdh;.
Xtpa khf;fs;
691) Mz; Xtpah; ----------------
vdTk;> ngz; Xtpah; -----------
vdTk; ngah; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
rpj;jpuhq;fjd;> rpj;jpuNrdh.
692) Xtpaf; fiyf;nfd ve;j E}y;fs;
,Ue;jd?
jdp ,yf;fz E}y;fs; 693) gy;tiff;
fUtpfis vjw;F
gad;gLj;jpdh;?
gy;tiff; fhl;rpfs;> cUtq;fs;
tiua
694) tz;zq;fs; Fog;Gk; gyiff;F -
------------ vdg; ngahpl;LUe;jdh;. tl;bifg; gyif
695) mf;fhyj;jpy; Xtpaq;fs;
tiutjw; nfd;W jdp ,lq;fs; ,Ue;jd. mit
ahit?
rpj;jpuf;$lk;> rpj;jpukhlk;>
vOJ
epiy kz;lgk;> vOnjopy; mk;gyk;.
696) ,iw eldk;Ghptjw;Nf vd;w
rig xd;iw
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. vJ? rpj;jpu
rig
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72
697) GwehD}w;wpy; ftpQh;
Xtpaj;ij
vt;thW Nghw;Wfpwhh;?
Xtj;jida ,lDil tdg;G vd
tPl;bd; moif
Xtpaj;jpw;F xg;g itj;Jf;
ftpQh; Nghw;Wfpwhh;. 698) Fwpg;G:
Rth; ,Ue;jhy; jhd; rpj;jpuk;
tiua KbAk;. 699) tz;zq;fythky;
fhpj;Jz;Lfshy; tbtk;
kl;Lk; tiutijg; --------
vd;wioj;jdh;.
Gidah Xtpak;
700) Xtpaj;jpw;Ff; fUg;nghUs;f
s; ahit?
,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;>
fw;gidf; fhl;rpfs;>
rKjha tho;f;if
Kiwik> , jpfhr Guhzf;
fijfs;
701) rq;f fhyj;jpy;nropj;jpUe;j -------
-------- ,ilf;fhyj;jpy;
rpije;J kiwe;J
Nghfj; njhlq;fpaJ?
Xtpaf;fiy
702) ve;j E}w;whz;by;
jkpofj;ij Mz;l
Kjyhk;
kNfe;jputh;kg;
gy;ytd;> fiyahh;tk;
kpf;fth;? fp.gp 7 Mk;E}w;whz;L
703) kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd;
vt;thW Gfo;ngw;wpUe;jhd;?
Xtpadhf 704) fy;ntl;Lfs;
kNfe;jputh;kd;
id vt;thW Gfo;fpd;wd?
rpj;jpufhug;Gyp
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73
705) ve;j Xtpa E}Yf;F
kNfe;jpth;kd; ciu
vOjpAs;shh;. jl;rpzrpj;jpuk;
706) jpUee;jpf; fiuapy; ve;jf; fhy
Xtpaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd? Nruh; fhy
707) ve;j E}w;whz;by; mtdpg Nrfu
=ty;ygd; vd;w ghz;ba
kd;dd; fhyj;jpy;> kJiu
Mrphpah; ,sk; nfsjkd;
,t;Nthtpaq;fis tiue;jhh; vd;W fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp
mwptpf;fpd;wJ.
fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L
708) Nrhoh;fhy tdg;Gkpf;f
Xtpaq; fisj; ---------
nghpaNfhtpypy; fz;L kfpoyhk;.
jQ;irg;
709) tpra efu> ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; Xtpaq;fs; ve;j
,lj;jpy; fhzg; gLfpd;wd.
jpUtuq;fk;> jpUg;gjp> jpy;iy>
jpUth&h;> Fle;ij> kJiu>
fhQ;rp
710) fp.gp gjpndl;lhk;
E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
ahUila fhyj;jpy;
Xtpaf ; f iy ed;F
tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ?
jQ; i r ia Mz;l kuhl;ba
kd;dh;fs;
711) <uhapuk; Mz;Lfshfg; Nghw;wpg;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;L
tsh;e;J
tUk;
fiyahf ---------------- cs;sJ.
Xtpaf;fiy
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71
726) xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (‗ ‘)vd;why;
vd;d? (v.fh)jUf
Xh; vOj;J my;yJ nrhy; my;yJ
nrhw;nwhliuj; jdpNa Fwpf;Fk;
4. jhAkhdtupd; gzp vd;d?
jpUr;rpia Mz;l tpra
uFehj nrhf;fypq;fuplk; fUt+y
mYtyH 5. tho;j;jhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly;
,lj;jpYk; xU nrhw;nwhlhpy;
vd;Dk; E}y; MFk;
E}ypd; ngah;> gonkhop
Kjypad tw;iw Fwpf;Fk;
NghJk; xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs;
Fwp ,lNtz;Lk;.
„vopy;‟ vd;why; „moF‟
vd;gJ
nghUs;
(v.fh) 'ghQ;rhyprgjk;'
727) ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (―---- ")
xUth; $wpaij Neh;f;$w;whff;
$Wk; NghJk;> xU njhliu
Nkw;Nfhshff; $Wk; NghJk;
,ul; i l Nkw;Nfhs;
Fwpap l Ntz;lk;. “mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njhpAk;"
vd;whh; xsiahh;.
vl;lhk;; tFg;G ,ay; xd;W
nra;As; - tho;j;J
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jhAkhdtH jpUg;ghly; jpul;L
6. ― jhAkhdtH jpUg;ghly; jpul;L‖
vd;Dk; E}y; nja;tj; jkpopd;
,dpikAk; vspikAk;
nghUe;jpa nra;As; eilahy;
Mfpatw;iw
Cl;Lk; tifapy; cs;sJ
kdj;J}a;ik> gf;jpr;Rit
7. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kiykPJ
vOe;
jUspAs;s ,iwtdhd jhAkhdtH
jpUtUshy; gpwe;jikahy;
,tUf;Fj vd;W ngaH
#l;lg;gl;lJ. jhAkhdtH
8. jhAkhdtupd; kidtp ngaH vd;d?
kl;LthH Foyp
9. jhAkhdtupd; fhyk; vJ?
fp.gp.gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;L
10. jhAkhdtH epidT ,y;yk;
1. Kj;Nj gtsNk nkha;j;jgRk; ,y; cs;sJ.
nghw;RlNu- vdj; njhlq;Fk; tho;j;Jg;
ghliy vOjpatH ahH?
jhAkhdtH
2. jhAkhdtupd; ngw;NwhH ngaHvd;d?
Nfbypag;gH nfrty;yp mk;ikahH
3. jhAkhdtH gpwe;j CH vJ?ehfg;gl;bdk;
khtl;lj;jpYs
;s jpUkiwf;fhL
(Ntjhuz;ak;)
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s
,yl;RkpGuk;
11. nrhw;nghUs;
1.RlH - xsp 2. Mde;jk; - kfpo;r;rp
3. guhguk; - Nkyhd nghUs;
,iwtd; jpUf;Fws;
12. jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpatH ahH?
jpUts;StH
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13. jpUts;Stupd; NtWngaHfs;
vd;d? Kjw;ghtyH>
ngha;apy;GytH>
ngUehtyH> nre;ehg;NghjhH
14. jpUts;Stupd; fhyk; vJ ntd;W
$wg;gLfpd;wJ?
fp.K. 31
15. jpUf;Fws; E}y;fSs; xd;W.
gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F 16. ehL> nkhop>,dk;>rkak;
fle;J vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;
nghUe;Jtjhf
mike;jikahy; ______
vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.
cyfg;nghJkiw 17. kf;fs;> tho;tpy;
milaj;jf;fjhf ,Ue;j cWjpg;nghUs;fs; ahit?
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;
18. mwk;>nghUs;> ,d;gk; vd;Dk; %d;W
gpupTfisf; nfhz;ljhy; ,e;E}y;
vdg; ngaH ngw;wJKg;ghy;
19. jpUf;Fws;
mjpfhuq;fisAk;>
Fwl;ghf;fisAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
E}w;WKg;gj;J %d;W
mjpfhuk;>
Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;W
Kg;gJ
Fwlghf;fs;
20. jpUf;FwSf;F %d;Wtifahd rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs;
cs;sJ mit thAiw
tho;j;J> nghJkiw
ngha;ahnkhop.
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21. jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikia
czHe;j tPukhKdptH
vDk; nkhopapy; nkhop
ngaHj;jhH.
,yj;jPd; 22. ______ vd;gtH
Mq;fpyj;jpy;
Fws;fis nkhop ngaHj;jhH.
[p.A.Nghg;
23. cUrpa ehl;by;
khspifapy; cs;s Ruq;fg;
ghJfhg;Gg; ngl;lfj; jpy;
jpUf;FwSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.mZ Jisf;fhj
fpnuk;spd; khspif
24. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lf; fhl;rpr;rhiyapy
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUf;Fws; tptpypaj;Jld;
25. nrhw;nghUs;
1. tpid - nray; 2. fhg;G - fhty;
3. ePutH - mwpTilahH
4. Nfz;ik - el;G
5. NgijahH - mwptpyhH
6. etpy;njhWk; - fw;ff; fw;f
7. eak; - ,d;gk;
8. eFjy; - rpupj;jy; 9. ,bj;jy; - fbe;Jiuj;jy;
10. fpoik - cupik 11. Kfef - Kfk; kyu
12. mfk; - cs;sk;
13. MW - ey;top 14. ca;j;J - nrYj;jp
15. my;yy; - Jd;gk;
16. cLf;if - Mil
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17. ,Lf;fz; - Jd;gk;
18. fistJ - ePf;FtJ 19. nfhl;gpd;wp - NtWghL
,y;yhky; 20. Cd;Wk; - jhq;Fk;
21. Gidjy; - Gfo;jy;
,ay; - 1 jkpo; tsHj;j
rhd;NwhHfs;
22. tPukhKdptH ve;j ehl;by;
gpwe;jhH? ,j;jhyp
23. tPukhKdptupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d?
fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp
24. jkpo;nkhopapd; gw;wpdhy;
ijupa ehjd; vd;Dk; jk;
ngaiuj; jdpj;
29. tPukhKdptH
―Fl;bj;njhy;fhg;gpak;‖
vd;Dk; ve;j E}ypd;
tpsf;fj;ijg; gilj;jhH? njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;
30. tPukhKdptH ve;nje;j rpw;wpyf; fpaq;fis ,aw;wpdhH?
fyk;gfk;> mk;khid 31. Njk;ghtzp ______
fjk;g khiyahff;
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ? fhtY}Hf;
fyk;gfk; 32. tPukhKdptH jkpo;
KdptHfSs; xUtuhf
tpsq;Ffpd;whH vdf; $wp ahH
tPukhKdptUf;Fg;
Gfohuk;
#l;bdhH?
jkpohf;fp
nfhz;lhH.
tPukhKdptH
vdr; #l;bf;
nry;tH ,uh.gp> NrJg;gps;is
33. tPukhKdptupd; fhyk; vJ?
1680-1747 25. tPukhKdptH jd;Dila vj;jid
ahtJ mfitapy; rkaj;
jpUg; gzpahw;w jkpofj;jpw;F
te;jhH? Kg;gjhk; mfit 26. tPukhKdptH jkpo;nkhopgapd;wNjhL
ve;j nkhopfisAk;
fw;Wj; NjHe;jhH?
njYq;F> tlnkhop
27. tPukhKdptH jkpopy;Kjd;Kjyhf
vd;Dk; mfu Kjypia ntspapl;lhH?
rJufuhjp
28. tPukhKdptH Njk;ghtzp
vd;Dk; fhg;gpaj;ij
,aw;wpdhH?
fpwpj;jtf; fhg;gpak;
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34. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ve;j
Mz;by; gpwe;jhH?
1788 Mk; Mz;L 35. ―khjtQ;NrH NkNyhH
tOj;Jk;‖ Fzq;Fbahd;
vd;W GytH
ngUkf;fshy; Gfog;gl;ltH
ahH? Fzq;Fb k];jhd;
rhfpG
36. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG,tupd;
,aw;ngaH vd;d? Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjpW
37. ve;nje;j kiyg;gFjpfSf;Fr;
nrd;W> jdpj;jpUe;J Qhdk;
ngw;whH? rJufpup> Gwhkiy>
ehfkiy
38. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhFG
ahUila ghly;fshy;
<Hf;fg;gl;lhH? jhAkhdtH ghly;
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39. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG
ghba fz;zpfs; ahit?
guhguf;fz;zp>
vf;fhyf;fz;zp>
48. MWKf ehtyhupd; gy jpwik
fisf; fz;l jpUthtLJiw
MjPdj;jhH
kfpo;Tw;W ,tUf;F
kNdhd;kzpf; fz;zp> ee;jPRtuf; vd;Dk; gl;lj;ijr; #l;br;
fz;zp
40. Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG vt;
tifapy nghUs; jUk; ghly;fs;
gy ,aw;wpj; jkpOf;Fj;
njhz;lhw;wpdhH? FUepiy> jtepiy> JwTepiy
epak epiy> f h l ; rpep iy>
jpahdepiy> rkhjpepiy
41. jpUj;jzpr; rutzg; ngUkhs;>
,tH kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpdhy;
xd;iwg; ghbAs;shH?
ehd;kzpkhiy 42. Fzq;Fb k] ; jhd; r h f p G
,t;Tyif tpl;L vg;NghJePj;jhH?
1835 Mk; Mz;L
43. MWKf ehtyH gpwe;j Mz;L vJ?
1822 Mk; Mz;L
44. MWKf ehtyH vq;Fg; gpwe;jhH?
aho;g;ghzk; ey;Y}H
45. MWKf ehtyupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d?
MWKfdhH
46. MWKfehtyH ,sikapNyNa
ve;j E}y;fisj; njspthff;
fw;whH? irt rpj;jhe;j
E}y;fisAk;>
jpUKiwfisAk;.
47. MWKfehtyH jk;
nkhopj;jpwik iaAk;
thf;Ftd;ikiaA
k; nghUs; tpsf;Fk;
jd;ikiaAk; fz;L
ahH kfpo;e;jdH jpUthtLJiw
MjPdj;jhH
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rpwg;gpj;jdH?ehtyH
49. MWKfehtyupd; gzpfs; ahit?
gjpg;ghrpupaH> ciueilahrpupaH
50. MWKf ehtyiu―trd eil
ifte;j ty;yhsH‖ vd ahH
ghuhl;bdhH?gupjpkhw;fiyQH
51. MWKf ehtyH nrd;idapy;
mikj;jhH?
mr;Rf;$lk;
52. MWKf ehtyupd;
mr;Rf;$lj;jpy; ve;nje;jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y;fisg;
gjpg;gpj;jhH?
ghujk;> ngupaGuhzk;>fe;jGuhzk;>
jpUf;Fws;. 53. MWKf ehtyupd; mr;Rf;
$lj;jpy; ve;nje;jj;
jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;fisg;
gjpg;gpj;jhH?
,yf;fz tpdh-tpil> ,yf;fzr;
RUf;fk;> ed;D}y;
tpUj;jpAiu> ed;D}y;
fhz;bifAiu> ,yf;fzf;nfhj;J> ,yf;fzr;
#whtsp
54. Fwpg;G
jkpowpQH rp.it.jhNkhjudhH>
MWKf ehtyiug; gpd;tUkhW
Gfo;e;J ciuf;fpd;whH
―ey;iyefH MWKf ehtyH
gpwe;jpyNuw;
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nrhy;Yjkp noq;Nf
fUjpnaq;Nf- vy;ytUk;
vj;JGuh zhfkq;fs; vq;Nfgpu
65. [p.A.Nghg;gpd; jikadhH ngaHvd;d?
n`d;wp
66. [p.A.Nghg;gpd; jikadhH ―
n`d;wp‖
rq;fnkq;Fk;
vd;gtH jkpofj;jpy; Ig;
mj;jdwp ntq;Nf miw‖
vdg; Gfo;e;jhH
55. GJf;ftpijf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH?
ghu jpahH
56. rKjhag;Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH?
ghujpjhrdhH
57. nghJTlikf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH?
jpUtp.fypahzRe;judhH
58. jdpj;jkpOf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH?
kiwkiyabfs; 59. Ngr;Rf;fiyf;F>
rpWfijf;F
tpj;jpl;l ftpQH
ahH? mwpQH
mz;zhJi
u GJikg;gpj;jd;
[p.A.Nghg;
gug;Gk; rka FUthfg;
gzpahw;wp te;jhH.
fpwpj;Jtkjj;ij
67. [p.A.Nghg; mtUila
vj;jidahtJ tajpy; jkpofj ; jpy; rkag;
gzpahw;wj;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH?
19-MtJ tajpy;
68. [p.A.Nghg; gha;kuf; fg;gypy;
nrd;id te;JNru vj;jid
jpq;fshapd?vl;Lj;jpq;fshapd
69. jkpo;nkhopahy; <Hf;fg;gl;Lj; jkpoha;
kyHe;J> kzk; gug;gp>
vd;Wk; jkpOyfpy;
mopahg;Gfo; ngw;wtH ahH?
rhd;NwhH jtj;jpU
[p.A.Nghg;60. [p.A.Nghg; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ltH ahH?
70. [p.A.Nghg; gzp Mw;wpdhH.
gFjpapy; rkag;
[pahH[; Af;Nsh Nghg;61. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j Mz;by; gpwe;jhH?
fp.gp. 1820 Mk; Mz;L 62. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j ehl;by;
gpwe;jhH? gpuhd;R ehl;bd;
vl;tHL jPtpy;
gpwe;jhH
63. [p. A.Nghg;gpd; ngw;NwhH ahH?
[hd; Nghg;Gf ;Fk;> nfjupd;
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AshGf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhH. 64. [hd; Nghg;Gk;> nfjupd; Ashg;Gk;
jd; kfDf;F ______ I
Cl;b tsHj;jdH.
fy;tp> rkak;> ey;nyhOf;fk;
nrd;idr;rhe;Njhk; gFjpapy;
71. [p.A.Nghg; rkag;gzp
Mw;wpag; gFjpfspy; vq;Fg;
gs;spfis epWtpdhH?
j pUney;Ntyp khtl ; l
k; (rhaHGuj;jpy;)
72. rkaf;fy;Y}upapy; jkpo;
,yf;fpaq;fs;> Mq;fpy
,yf;fpaq;fs;
Kjypa tw;iwAk; ----------> ---------->
Kjypa nkhopfisAk; fw;Wj;ju
[p.A.Nghg; Vw;ghL nra;jhH. fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd;> vgpNuak;
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73. [p.A.Nghg; -------------->
Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk;
fy;Y}up Mrpupauhfg;
gzpahw;wpdhH.fzpjk;> mwptha;T (jUf;fk;)>
nka;awpT (jj;Jtk;)
74. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; rhaHGuj;jpy;
Kjy; Mk;
Mz;L tiu fy;tpg; gzpAk; rkag; gzpAk;
Mw;wpdhH. 1842 Kjy; 1849
75. 1849 Mk; Mz;by; ehl;bw;Fr;
nrd;whH.
njhy;nghUs; Ma;T
Nghd;w jkpo;nkhop gw;wpa Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpa
fl;Liufspy; -------> -------> ,lk;ngw;wpUe; jd
GwehD}w;Wg;
ghly ; fSk;> Gwg;nghUs;
ntz;ghkhiyj; jpiz
tpsf;fq;fSk;> jkpo;g;
GytH tuyhWk;.
81. [p.A.Nghg; caHe;j gz;ghl;Lf;Fupa nghWik>
rpdkpd;ik
el ;G Kjyhdtw;iw tpsf;Fk;
mWE}W
nra;As;fis ePjpE}y;fspypUe;J
,q;fpyhe;J 76. [p.A.Nghg; vj;jidahtJ tajpy;
Ma;e;njLj;Jj;
E}yhfj; njhFj;jhH.
vd;Dk;
ve;j Mz;by; jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhz;lhH?
taJ 30> 1850 Mk; Mz;by;
77. [p.A.Nghg; jQ;irapy; gzpahw;wpa vl;lhz;Lf;
fhyj;jpy; Kjyhd rq;f
E}y;fisAk; Kjyhd
,yf;fzq;fisAk; gapd;whH.
GwehD}W> ed;D}y;
78. [p.A.Nghg; ve;j VLfspy;
jkpo;nkhop gw;wpa
Muha;r;rpf;
fl;Liufis Mq;fpyj;jpy;
vOjpdhH.
,e;jpad; rQ;rpif> ,e;jpahtpd;
njhy;nghUs; Ma;T 79. [p.A.Nghg; fp.gp.1850- Mk;
Mz;bw;Fg; gpwF vq;Fr;
rkag; gzpahw;wj;
njhlq;fpdhH?
jQ;rht+H
80. [p.A.Nghg; mtHfs; Muha;r;rpnra;j
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86. [p.A.Nghg; jpUf;Fwis
vj;jid Mz;L gbj;Jr;
Ritj;jhH? ehw;gjhz;Lfs;
87. jpUf;Fwis ehw;gjhz;Lfs; gbj;Jr; Ritj;j Nghg;> mjid
Mq;fpyj;jpy nkhop ngaHj;J
ve;j Mz;by; ntspapl;lhH?
1886 Mk; Mz;L
88. [p.A.Nghg; jkJ vz;gj;jhwhk;
Fw;wpaYfuk;
93. Fw;wpaYfuk; gpupj;J vOJf?
FWik + ,ay; + cfuk; 94. ―FWik‖ vd;why; ______ vd;W
nghUs; FWfpa
95. ―,ay;‖ vd;why; _____ vd;W
nghUs;.
Xir mfitapy; 1900-Mk; Mz;L
Mq;fpy nkhopngaHg;gpid ntspapl;lhH?
96. ―cfuk;‖ vd;why;
vOj;J MFk;
c
vd;Dk;
jpUthrfj;jpd; 89. [p.A.Nghg; mtupd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy;
______ Kjypa E}y;fisAk;
gjpg;gpj;jhH?
G w g ; n g h U s ; ntz;ghkhiy> GwehD}W> jpUtUl;gad;.
90. jkpopd; ngUikiaj; juzp
KOtJk; gug;gpa Nghg;mtHfs;
Mk; Mz;L Mk; ehs;
jk; ,d;Dapiu ePj;jhH.
1908 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utupj ; jpq;fs; 11
91. Mq;fpy nkhopapid
md;id nkhopahff;nfhz;l Nghg; mtHfs;
vd;W jk;ik mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhH?
jkpo; khztd; 92. [p.ANghg; mtH jk; fy;yiwapy;
vd;d vOj Ntz;Lnkd;W jkJ ,WjpKwpapy; vOjp itj;jhH?
“,q;Nf xU jkpo; khztd; cwq;fpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;”
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97. Fwpy;vOj;Jf;F vj;jid
khj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;f
Ntz;Lk;? xU khj;jpiu
98. ―neby;‖ vOj;Jf;F
vj;jid khj;jpiu fhy mstpy; xypf;f Ntz;Lk;?
,uz;L khj;jpiu 99. ―nka; ‖ vOj;Jfs;
vj;jid khj;jpiu fhy
mstpy; xypf;f Ntz;Lk;?
miu khj;jpiu 100. cfuk; Fwpyhdhy;
vj;jid khj;jpiuf; fhy msNt xypf;f Ntz;Lk;? xU khj;jpiu
101. F>R>L>J>G>W Mfpa MW ty;ypd
nka; vOj;Jfisr; NrHj;J
tUk; NghJ cfuk; vj;jid
khj;jpiu ahff; Fiwe;J
xypf;Fk;?
miu khj;jpiu
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102. F>R>L>J>G>W vd;gd ty;ypd 109. capHneby;> capHnka; ______
nka;fspd; Nky; tUk; vOj;Jfs;
MFk;? cfuk;
CHe;J nel;nlOj;J fis mLj;J tUk;
cfuNkwpa ty;ypd vOj;Jfs;
vt;tiff; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;?
103. Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid khj;jpiu mstpy; xypf;Fk;? miu khj;jpiu
104. F>R>L>J>G>W vd;Dk; MWty;ypd vOj;Jfs;
jdpnebiyr;
rhHe;J tUk;NghJ> gy vOj;Jf;fisr; rhHe;Jnrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tUk;
NghJ mit vj;jid khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;? xU khj;jpiu mstpy;
105. v/F> f/R> m/J ,e;jr; nrhw;fspy; ,Ue;J F>R>J vd;Dk; ty;ypd
nka;fs; Nky;CHe;j cfukhdJ
Ma;j vOj;ijj;
njhlHe;J te;Js;sjhy;
,it MFk;.
Ma;jj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;
106. Rf;F> fr;R> gl;L ,r;nrhw;fspy; F>R.L Mfpa vOj;JfSf;F Kd;> ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jfs;
te;jhy;
neby; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;
110. F>R>L>J>G>W Mfpa
vOj;JfSf;F Kd; ,uz;L
Kjyhfg; gy
vOj;Jfisg; ngw;W> <w;way; vOj;J (muR>
ghyhW) capHnka;f; FwpyhfNth>
nebyhfNth ,Ue;jhy; mit
vdg;gLk;
capHj;njhlHf;
Fw;wpaYfuk;
111. Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid
tifg;gLk;? MW
112. neby;njhlHf;
Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid
vOj;Jf;fisg;
ngw;W tUk;?
,uz;L
113. neby; njhlHf;
Fw;wpaYfuj;ijj; j tpu Vida Itiff;
Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fs;
vj;jid vOj;Jf;fisg;
ngw;W tUk;?
,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l
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mit MFk;.
Fw;wpaypfuk;
ty;ypdj; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;
107. rq ;F> k Q ; R > ez ;L> re;J
114. Fw;wpaypfuk; gpupj;J vOJf?
,r;nrhw;fs; Fw;wpaYfuk;
FWik + ,ay; + ,fuk;
MFk;.
nkd;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;
115. ,fuk; vd;why; vOj;jhFk;. ,
vd;Dk;
108. nfha;J> rhHG> %o;F ,r;nrhw;f s;
vt;tiff;
Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. ,ilj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;
116. Fw;wpaypfuj;jpy; tUk; ,fuk;> jd;
khj;jpiuapypUe;J khj;jpiu
msT Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;.
xU khj;jpiuapypUe;J miukhj;jpiu msT
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<w;wpYs;s nky;ypd (Z> K)
cfuq;fs; ahit?
Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;
123. vO> js;S> fjT ,tw;wpd;
<w;wpYs;s cfuq;fs; (O>S>T) Kw;wpaYfuq;fs; MFk;.
,ilapd cfuq;fs;
Fwpg;G
127. ghlk; gbj;jhah?
,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; vj;njhlH
te;Js;sJ? tpdhj;njhlH
128. ―fz;zd; ghlk; gbj;jhd;‖ ,t;
thf;fpak vj;njhliuf; Fwpf;fpwJ?
cld;ghl;Lj;njhlH (nra;jp) 129. ―,uhkd; ghlk; gbj;jpyd;
‖
,t;thf;fpak;
vj;njhliuf
; Fwpf;fpwJ?
vjpHkiwj;njhlH (nra;jp)
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130. ―epidthw;wiy tsHj;Jf;nfhs;‖
,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; vj;njhlH
te;Js;sJ?
fl;lisj;njhlH
ehd; tpUk;Gk
;
ftpQH
131. Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghujpjhrd; ve;j
Mz;L gpwe;jhH?
29.04.1891 Mk; Mz;L
132. ghujpjhrdpd; je;ij ngaH vd;d?
fdfrig 133. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngaH
vd;d?
Rg;Guj;jpdk;
134. ahH Nky; nfhz;l gw;why;
jk;ngaiug; ghujpjhrd; vd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;lhH? ghu jpahH
135. ghujpjhrd; vOjpa gpwE}y;fs;
vit?
,iraKJ> FLk;g
tpsf;F> kzpNkfiyntz;gh>
fz;zfp Gul ; rp f ;
fhg ;gpak;> gbj; j
ngz;fs;> ,isQH
,yf;fpak;> FwpQ;rpj; jpl;L Nghd;wit.
,ay; 2nra;As;
gFjp ,dpait ehw;gJ
136. ―Fotp gpzpapd;wp tho;jy;
,dpNj‖ vdj; njhlq;Fk;
,dpait ehw;gJ ghliy
vOjpatH ahH? g+jQ;Nre;jdhH
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137. ―g+jQ;Nre;jdhH‖ mtHfs; vt;t+upy;
gpwe;jhH?
kJiu
138. g+jQ;Nre;jdhH gpwe;j fhyk; vJ?
fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L
139. ,dpait ehw;gJ E}y;fSs;
xd;W
gjpndz;fPo;f;f zf;F
140. ,dpait ehw;gJ ghly;fs;
vj;jid ghly;fspy; njhFj;Jiuj;Js;sJ? ehw;gJ
141. _____ fUj;Jfis ehw;gJ
ghly;fspy; njhFj;Jiug;gjhy; ―,dpait
ehw;gJ‖ vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ.ed;ik jUk; ,dpa
142. ,dpait ehw;gJ E}ypd;xt;nthU
ghlYk; vj;jid ew;fUj;Jfis ,dpikahff; $wpAs;sJ? %d;W my;yJ ehd;F
143. Mk; ghly;fs; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 12> 20
144. Foe;ij _____ ,d;wp tho;jy;
,dpaJ vd g+jQ;Nre;jdhH
$wpAs;shH. Neha;
145. nrhw;nghUs; 1. Fotp - Foe;ij
2. gpzp - Neha; 3. kaup - kaf;fk; 4. foWk; - NgRk;5. rytH - tQ;rfH 6. kd;DapH - epiy ngw;wcapH
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jkpo;g;gr p
146. nghd;dpd; Fitnadf;F
Ntz;ba jpy;iy- vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH?
f.rr;rpjhde;jd; 147. ― jkpo;g;grp‖ vDk; ghlypd;
MrpupaH
ahH?
mfuKjyp tuyhW
154. mfuhjp vd;Dk; nrhy; ve;j ,Ur;nrhw;fspd; NrHf;if
MFk;? mfuk;> Mjp
155. xU nkhopapYs;s vy;yhr; nrhw; fisAk; mfutupirapy; mikAk; gb xU Nruj; njhFj;J tpsf;Fk;
f.rr;rpjhde;jd;
148. f.rr;rpjhde;jupd; gzpfs; ahit?
E}iy mfuhjp
vd;gH.
MrpupaH gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upapy;
tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH.
149. f. rr;rpjhde;jd; Gyik ahJ?
jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;>
rk];fpUjk; Mfpa
Kk;nkhopfspy;
Mo;e;j Gyik
ngw;wpUe;jhH.
150. f.rr;rpjhde;jd; gilg;Gfs; ahit?
Mde;jj;Njd; (ftpijj;njhFjp)
1954)@ md;dg+uzp (Gjpdk;)@
aho;g;ghzf;fhtpak;.
151. ―vd;Wk; ,sik Fiwahj
jkpOk;@ jkpOf;F capuhf
tpsq;Fk; fk;gd;
ftpijfSk; Ntz;Lk;
vdf;
$wpatH ahH? f.rr;rpjhde;jd;
152. nrhw;nghUs;
1. Fit - Ftpay;
2. khud; - kd;kjd;
153. f.rr;rpjhde;jupd; rpwg;G:
kfhtpj;Jthd; etePj
fpUl;bd
ghujpahupd; khztH>
,tHjk; ghly;fspy; fk;gdpd; kpLf;ifAk; ghujpapd;
rpdg;Nghf;ifA
k; xUkpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.
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156. mfuhjpj; jw;Nghija tof;fpy;
vd;dntd;W miof;fpwhHfs;? mfuKjyp
157. jkpo; mfuKjyp tuyhw;wpy;>
nrk;ghjp ,lj;ijg; ngWk; ve;E}y;fs; epfz;Lfs; MFk;? nrhw;nghUs; Jiw E}y;fs;
158. ―epfz;Lfspy;‖ gioikahdJ
Nre;jd; jpthfuk; 159. ―Nre;jd; jpthfuk;‖ - E}ypd;
MrpupaH ahH? jpthfuH
160. epfz;Lfisj; njhlHe;J vj;jid epfz;Lfs; Njhd;wpAs;sd? ,Ugj;ije;J epfz;Lfs;
161. ―#lhkzp epfz;L‖ vd;w
E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH? kz;ly GUlH
162. ,Ugj; i je;J epfz;Lfspy; rpwg;Gkpf;f epfz;L vJ? kz;ly GUlH ,aw;wpa #lhkzp epfz;L
163. jpU%yupd; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; vr;nrhy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,lk;
ngw;wJ? mfuhjp
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164. mfuhjp vd;Dk; nrhy; epfz;LfSs;
173. ― jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp‖ vd;w E}y;
xd;whd ,y; milnkhopahf
ahuhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ?
mike;Js;sJ?
mfuhjp epfz;Lr; nrhy;
165. mfu Kjypfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F
xU jpUg;G Kidahf mike;j
E}y; vJ? mfuhjp epfz;L
166. mfuKjyp E}ypy;; nrhw;fspd;
ve;j vOj;Jfs; kl;LNk
mfutupirapy; tUk;? KjnyOj;Jfs;
167. tPukhKdptH njhFj;j
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa MFk;.
rJufuhjpa> Kjy; mfuKjyp
168. ―rJH‖ vd;gjw;Fg; nghUs; vd;d?
ehd;F
aho;g;ghzk; fjpiuNtydhH.
173. jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjpf;F kw;nwhU
ngaH vd;d? rq;f mfuhjp
174. jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp vd;Dk;
xd;iw ntspapl;ltH ahH?
Fg;Grhkp175. rq;f mfuhjpapy; nrhy;ypd;
%yk; ve;j kuigg;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ? jUjy;>
Nkw;Nfhs;
mikj;jy;
176. glq;fSld; $ba XH mfu
Kjypia ntspapl;ltH ahH?
,uhkehjd; 177. mfuKjyp ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;Lj;
169. ―rJH‖ vd;Dk; E}ypd; vj;jid vDk; ngaUld; ntspte;jJ?
tifapy; jdpj;jdpahfg;
nghUs; tpsf;fk;
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? ngaH>
nghUs;> njhif> njhil
vd;Dk; ehd;F 170. NghHr;RfPrpa- ,yj;jPd;
jkpo; mfuhjpia cUthf;fpatH ahH?
tPukhKdptH 171. jkpo;-,yj;jPd; mfuhjp>,yj;jPd;-
jkpo; mfuhjp
178. jkpo; Mq;fpyg; Ngufuhjpiaj;
njhFj;jtH ahH?
tpd;RNyh
179. gthde;jj;jpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp
ve;j
Mz;by; ntspte;jd?
1925 Mk; Mz;L
jkpo; mfuhjp> jkpo;- gpnuQ;R mfuhjp> g
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pnuQ;R-jkpo; mfuhjp>NghHr;RfPrpa- ,yj;jPd; jkpo; mfuhjp
180. 1937- Mk; Mz;by;
mfuhjp ntspte;jd?
kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp
vDk;
Mfpa mfu Kjypf is
cUthf;fpatH ahH? tPukhKdptH
172. jkpo;- jkpo; mfuhjp
xd;iw ntspapl;ltH
ahH? nytp ];ghy;b];
181. jkpo; - jkpo; mfuKjypia
njhFj;jtH ahH?
K.rz;Kfk;
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182. K.rz;Kfk; vd;gtuhy; njhFf;fg; gl;l jkpo;- jkpo; mfuKjyp ve;j Mz;by;
jkpo;ehl;Lg;ghlE}y; epWtdj;jhy;
ntspapl;lJ? 1985 Mk; Mz;L
183. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ntspte;j kpfg;ngupa mfuKjyp ahJ?
nrd;idg;gy;fiyf;fof
mfuhjp 184. nrd;idg;gy;fiyf;fof
mfuhjp vd;Dk; ngaupy; _____ ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo; nyf;rpfd;
185. ― jkpo; nyf;rpfd;‖ vd;Dk; ,t;tfu Kjyp vj;jid njhFjpfshf ntspaplg;gl;ld? MW njhFjp
186. ve;j Mz;L NjtNeag;ghthzupd;nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay;Ngufu Kjypapd; Kjy; njhFjp ntsp te;jJ? 1985 Mk;
Mz;L 187. ve;j Mz;L
NjtNeag;ghthzupd;nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;g;gpay; Ngufu Kjypapd; ,uz;lhk; njhFjp ntsp te;jJ? 1993 Mk; Mz;L
188. KOikahff; fzpdp cjtpAld; cUthf;fg;gl;L ntspte;j Kjy; jkpo;
mfuKjyp vJ? fpupahtpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; mfuhjp
189. vr;rpe;jidapd; tpisthff; fiyf;
fsQ;rpak; Njhd;wpaJ?,yf;fpaq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s ngaHfs;>
fijfs; tuyhWfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;
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190. jkpo;f; fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fsp
d; Kd;Ndhb vJ? mgpjhd Nfhrk;
191. vr;nra;jpfisf; nfhz;L ,yf;fpaf;
fsQ;rpakhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ? ,yf;fpag;Guhz ,jpfhrr; nra;jp
192. ,yf;fpag;Guhz ,jpfhrr; nra;jpfs ve;j Mz;by; ntspahdJ?
1902 Mk; Mz;L 193. ―mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp‖
E}iy j; njhFj;J ntspapl;ltH ahH? rpq;fhu NtydhH
194. ―mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp‖ E}y; ve;j
Mz;by;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ? 1934 Mk; Mz;L
195. jkpo; tsHr;rpf; fofk; Kiwahd Ij; njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;sJ? Kjy;
fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ij 196. Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ij
vj;jid njhFjpfshf ntspapl;ldH? gj;Jj;
njhFjp 197. jkpo; tsHr;rpf; fofk;
vj;jid tifahd fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fis
ntspapl;Ls;sJ? %d;W (1.Foe;ijfs; fiyf; fsQ;rpak;> 2.
ehlff; fiyf; fsQ;rpak;> 3. ,Ryhkpa fiyf;
fsQ;rpak; 198. ve;j epWtdj;jpd;
Kaw;rpahy; nghJmwpT>
cstpay;> Gtpapay;>Gs;spapay;> tuyhW> thdtpay;> JiwfSf;Fk; fiyr;nrhy; mfu Kjypfs; njhFf;fg;gl;ld? ve;j
Mz;by; njhFf;fg;gl;ld?
fiyf;fjpH (1960 Mk; Mz;L)
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ifr; nrhw;fs; nrhw;fs;
jpirr;nrhw;f s;
MFk;.
205. ngaHr;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;> ,ilr; nrhy;> cupr;nrhy; ,it
ve;j tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk;? ,yf;fz tif
206. ,yf;fpa tifr; nrhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ehd;F
215. jpirr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;
jpirr;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrh
y;
1. gz;bif - jpUtpoh
2. nts;sk; - ePHg;ngUf;F
3. tpahghuk; - tzpfk;
4. [kf;fhsk; - tpupg;G
5. Ntbf;if - fhl;rp
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216. tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs;
jpupe;Jk; jpupahkYk; jkpo;
nkhopapy; te;J
toq;Fkhdhy; mit _____vdg;gLk;.
tlnrhy;
217. tlnrhw;fSf;Fj; jkpo;r;nrhw;fs;:
tlnrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy;
1. fkyk; - jhkiu 2. tp\k;(tplk;) - eQ;R
3. G\;gk; (Gl;gk;) - kyH
218. nghUj;Jf 1. epyk;> eha; - tpidj;jpupnrhy;
2. te;jJ> gbj;jhd; - ngaH
,aw;nrhy;
3. fspW> Gutp - tpid ,aw;nrhy;
4. tpdtpdhd;> Nehf;fpdhd; -
ngaHj;jpupnrhy;
tpil:
1. ngaH
,aw;nrhy; 2. tpidj; jpupnrhy;
3. ngaHj;jpupnrhy;
4. tpid ,aw;nrhy;
219. ―mkH‖ vd;gjd; nghUs;
NghH
220. njhz;Z}w;whW gpupf;Fk; Kiw
njhz;Z}W MW
221. fhw;W> epyT> QhapW> gyif
,it vspjpy; nghUs;
tpsq;Fk; nrhw;fs; vd;gjhy;
,it MFk;.
ngaHr; nrhw;fs;
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222. NeH$w;W> maH$w;Wj;
njhlHfs; Nty;tpop ed;whfg;
gbj;Jj; NjHtpy; Kjd;ik
ngW vd;W MrpupaH
mwpTiu $wpdhH. (NeH$w;W)ed;whfg; gbj;Jj; NjHtpy;
Kjd;ik ngWkhW MrpupaHNty; tpopf;Ff;
$wpdhH. (maw;$w;W)
223. NeH$w;iw maw;$w;whf
khw;Wk; NghJ
khWk; nrhw;fs;
NeH$w;W maw;$w;W,d;W - md;W
New;W -
Kd;dhs;
,J - mJ
,jdhy; - mjdhy;
ehk;> ehq;fs; - jhk;>
jhq;fs; ePq;fs; -
mtHfs; ehis
- kWehs;
,g;nghOJ - mg;nghOJ
,it - mit
ehd; - jhd; eP - mtd;> mts;
,ay; %d;Wnra;As; gFjp
jpUts;Stkhiy
224. jpUts;Stkhiy ghliy
,aw;wpatH ahH? fgpyH
225. fgpyH gpwe;j fhyk; vJ?
fp.gp.,uz;lhk;
E}w;whz;ilr;
rhHe;jtnud;Wk;>
rq;ff;fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;
tho;e;jtnud;Wk;
Fwpg;gH.
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226. jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;gpid
czHj;j ve;E}y; vOe;jJ?
jpUts;Stkhiy vd;Dk;
jdpE}y; 227. jpUts;Stkhiy E}ypy;
vj;jid ghly;fs; cs;sd?
Ik;gj;ije;J
228. jpUts;Stkhiy ghliy
vj;jid GytHfs;
ghbAs;shHfs;? Ik;gj;J
%d;W
esntz;gh
233. esntz;ghtpd; MrpupaH ahH
GfNoe;jpg;GytH
234. GfNoe;jpg;GytH gpwe;j CH vJ? njhz;ilehl;bd;
nghd;tpise;j
fsj;J}H (fhQ;rpGuk;
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
ngUq;fsj;J}H)
235. GfNoe;jpg;Gytupd; rpwg;G ahJ?
tuFz ghz;badpd; mitg;GytH
229. jpUts;Stkhiy
Kiwiar; rhHe;jJ?
mwptpay;
230. Fwpg;G
ctik
mZF 236. GfNoe;jpg;Gytiu Mjupj;j ts;sy;
ahH?
re;jpud; RtHf;fp
237. GfNoe;jpg;Gytupd; fhyk; vd;d?
fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L rpWGy;ypd; jiyapy; jpidas tpDk; rpWgdpePH nebJaHe;j
gid kuj;jpd; cUtj;ijj;
jd;Ds; njspthff;
fhl;Lk;. ctkpf;fg;gLk;
nghUs; ts;Stupd;
Fws;ntz;ghf;fs;
mUk;ngUk;
fUj;Jfisj;
jk;kfj;Nj mlf;fpf; fhl;Lk;
238. GfNoe;jpg;GytH fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j
,U GytHfs; ahH?
fk;gH> xl;lf;$j;jH
239. ntz;gh ahg;gpy; fhg;gpag;
nghUisj njhlHepiyr;
nra;As;fsha;g; ghba
rpwg;gpdhy; ,tHvdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH?
ntz;ghtpw; GfNoe;jp231. xspiaj; Nfhl;lk; milar;
240. esntz;gh vd;gJ $Wk;
nra;tjdhy; njhiytpYs;s nghUspd; cUtj;ij
mz;ikapy; Njhd;Wk; gb
nra;ayhk; vd;W ahH
$wpdhH?
fyPypNah fypyp
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232. nrhw;nghUs;
1. ts;is - ney;Fj;Jk;
NghJ ngz;fshy; ghlg;gLk;
xUtifg; ghl;L
2. msF - Nfhop
E}nyd tpupe;J nghUs; jUk;.
esdJ tuyhw;iw ntz;ghf;fshy;
241. ―esntz;gh‖ vj;jid fhz;lq;
fisf; nfhz;lJ? %d;W
242.esntz;ghtpy; fhz;lq;fis
f;
$Wf?
Rak;tu fhz;lk;> fypnjhlH
fhz;lk;> fypePq;F fhz;lk;.
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243. esntz;ghtpd;
vj;ji
d ntz;ghf;fis
nfhz;Ls;sJ? ehD}w;WKg;gj;njhU ntz;ghf;fs;
244. epljehl;L kd;dd; esd;>
tpjHg;g ehl;L kd;dd; kfs;
jkae;jp Mfpa
,UtUk; ve;jg;gwitfs; cjtpapd;
xUtiug; gw;wp xUtH mwpe;J
md;G nfhz;ldH? md;dg;gwit
245. nrhw;nghUs;
1. Mop - fly; 2. tb mk;G - tbf;fg;gl;l mk;G
3. tpRk;G - thdk;
4. nrhw;whd; - ntd;whd;
5. muT - ghk;G6. gps;isf;FUF - ehiuf;FQ;R
7. ts;is - xUtif ePHf;nfhb
8. flh - vUik
9. ntstp - ft;tp
10. rq;fpd; gps;is - rq;Ff;FQ;Rfs; 11. nfhb - gtsf;nfhb
12. NfhL - nfhk;G
13. fop - cg;gq;fop 14. jpiu - miy
15. Nkjp - vUik
16. fs; - Njd;
17. Gs; - md;dk;
18. Nrb - Njhop
19. <upUtH - ehy;tH
20. CryhLw;whs; - kdk; jLkhwpdhs;
21. nrk;ik NrH - Gfo;kpF
22. fbkhiy - kzkhiy 23. #o;tpjp - ey;tpid
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24. jhH - khiy
25. fhrpdp - epyk;26. ed;Djy; - ey;y new;wp
27. nts;fp - ehzp
28. fsp$u - kfpo;r;rp nghq;f 29. taNte;J - typikkpF
murd; (esd;)
30. xz;jhiu - xspkpf;f kyHkhiy
31. ky;yy; - tsk;
32. klehL - ,isagR 33. kotpil - ,sq;fhis 34. nrk;khe;J - ngUkpjj;Jld;
35. kWF - murtPjp cyfk; cs;sq;ifapy;
246. fzpdpia Kjd;K jypy
; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH? rhHy]; ghg;Ng[; 247. rhHy[; ghg;Ng[; ve;j
Mz;by; ve;ehl;by; gpwe;jhH? fp.gp. 1833 Mk; Mz;L> ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;by;
248. fzpdp cUthf vJ Kjy; gbtkhf
mike;jJ? kzpr;rl;lk;
249. rpynehbfspy; kpy;ypad; fzf;F fisr; nra;J fhl;Lk; fzpdpia ve;j Mz;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ? ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L 250. fzf;fpLk; fUtpiaf;
fz;lwpe;jtH ahH?
gpNs]; gh];fy;
251. gpNs];gh];fy; vd;Dk; mwpQH
ve;efiur; NrHe;jtH?ghupR efiu
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252. Kjy; nray;jpl ;l tiuthsH
vdg;Nghw;wg;gl;ltH ahH?
Mq;fpyf; ftpQH igudpd; kfs; “Nyb yt;Ny];”
253. `hHthHL gy;fiyf;foff; fzpjg; NguhrpupaH ―N`hthHL [f;fd;‖ vd;ghiu _____
JizAld; vz;zpyf; f f ;
f zpdp ia f ;
fz;lwpaj; J}z;baJ? I. gp.vk;. nghwpahsH
254. fzpjg; NguhrpupaH
N`hthHL [f;fd; fz;lwpe;j
vz;zpyf;ff; fzpdpapd;
ngaH vd;d?
`hHthHL khHf; -1 255. jw;NghJ mnkupf;fhTk;
[g;ghDk; ve;jf; fzpdpia
cUthf;fg;Nghl;bapLfpwhHfs;?kPj;jpwd; fzpdp
256. fzpdpapd; tiffs; ahit?
1. gy;Y}lf trjpnfhz;l fzpdp
2. kbf;fzpdp
3. ifalf;ff; fzpdp 257. ―,izak;‖ vd;Dk; tbtj;jpw;F
tpj;jpl;ltH ahH?
[hd; lh];ly; vd;Dk;
mnkupf;fuhthH
258. vjd; thapyhf ,yf;fpak;>
mwptpay;> thdpay; tuyhW>
Gtpapay;> fzpjk;> jpiug;glk;
vd vz;zw;w Jiw fspd;
nra;jpfis mwpa KbAk;? ,izak;
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259. ve;j Mz;by; xU
fzpdpapypUe;J kw;nwhU
fzpdpf;Fr; nra;jpia khw;w
kpd;fhe;j ehlhitg;
gad;gLj;jpdH? 1960 Mk; Mz;L
260. xU fl;lj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;
fzpdp fis vy;yhk;
fk;gpr; RUSld;
,izf;f vd;Dk;
rpWgyif iag; nghUj;jp
gad;gLj;jpdhHfs;?
<jHnel; ml;il 261. <jHnel; ml;il vd;Dk;
,izg;G
vdg;gl;lJ.
FWk;gug;G tiyg;gpd;dy; 262. xU tl; lhuj;Jf;Fs;
cs;s fzpdpfis
,izg;gjw;F ve;jtiyg;gpd;dy;fs; gad;gLfpwJ? mfd;w gug;G tiyg;gpd;dy;
263. Rtpl;rHyhe;J ehl;ilr; rhHe;j vd;Dk; ,aw;gpay;
ty;YeH> 1989 Mk; Mz;L cyfshtpa
tiyg;gpd;dy; vdg; ngaupl;lhH. gpk;ngHdH yP
264. cyfshtpa tiyg;gpd;di
y vdTk; miof;fpwhHfs;.
itaf tpupT tiy 265. ,izaj;jsr; Nritiag;
gad; gLj;jj; Njitahd nghUs;fs; ahit 1 . fzpdp 2 . njhiyNgrp 3.,izar;Nrit 4 . k h w ; w p 5.njhlHG nkd;nghUs;
266.njhiyNgrp topahff; fzpdp iaAk; khw;wpiaAk; ,izj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk; KiwNa NritahFk;.
njhiyNgrp ,izg;Gr;
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267. vjd; nray;gLtijf; nfhz;L
, iza , i zg ;G ehd ;F
tiffshff; fpilf;fpd;wJitaf gpupT tiy
268. ehd ;F t i fahd , iza ,izg;Gfisf; $Wf
1. cWg;gpdH vz;zpyf;f ,izg;G
2. fk;gp tlkhw;wp 3. nraw;iff;Nfhs;
Nrit 4. fz;ziwr; Nrit
269. fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;Fk;
,yf;fzk;
tof;F : ,ay;G tof;F
jFjp tof;F
274. ek; Kd;NdhH ve;jr;
nrhy;yhy; toq;fp
te;jhHfNsh mjid
mg;gbNa ehKk; toq;fp
tUtjw;F ngaH vd;d
tof;F
275. tof;fpd; ,Utiffs; ahit
1. ,ay;G tof;F
2. jFjp tof;F fy;tpNa MFk;
. 276. ve;jr; nrhy; jdJ ,ay;G nghUs;
fzpdp topf;fy;t
p
khwhky; x N u nghUis r ;
270. fzpdp topahf KbAk;.
nkhopf;fy;tp
Ig; ngw Rl;LfpwNjh mjw;F
ngaH.
,ay;G tof;F
vd;W
271. vd;Dk; ,izaj;jsk; jkpo;
vOj;Jfis vOjTk; xypf;fTk;
fw;Wj; jUfpwJ.
jkpok;
277. ,ay;G tof;fpd; tiffs; ahit
,yf;fzKilaJ>
,yf;fzg; Nghyp
k&c. 278. ,yf;fzg;gpio ,y;yhky; toq;fp
272. njhiyj;njhlHGj; Jiwapy; tUtij vd;gH.<uhapuk; Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l
Kd;Ndw;wj;ij tpl ve;j
Mz;L fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s
Kd;Ndw;wk; gy E}W
klq;fhFk;
fle;j 20 Mz;L
273. fle;j ,Ugjhz;Lf; fzpdpg;
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,yf;fzKilaJ 279. efHg;Gwk;> fhy;tha;> nfhk;G
Edp Nghd;w ,yf;fzKila nrhw;fisg GwefH> tha;f;fhy;>
Edpf;nfhk;G vd khw;wp
ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ,yf;fz KilaJ Nghy toq;fp
gazj;jpy; ,izaj;jpd; gq;F tUtij vd;fpNwhk;.
kpfr; rpwe;jJ vd;Nwnrhy;Ntd;
vdf; $wpatH ahH?
fzpdp ty;YeH gpy;Nfl;];
,yf;fzg;Nghyp 280. jQ;rhT+H> Nfhak;Gj;JhH>
,it jQ;ir> Nfhit vdr; rpije;J te;Js;sjhy; ,ij vd;fpNwhk;. k&c
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281. jFjpahd nrhw;fisg; NgRtJ vd;gH.
jFjp tof;F
282. jFjp tof;fpd; tiffs; ahit ,lf;fulf;fy;> kq;fyk;> FOcf;Fwp
283. gyH Kd;Nd $w ,lHg;ghlhfj; Njhd;Wk; nrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j
nrhw;fshy; mg;nghUisj; njuptpg;gJ
vd;gH.,lf;fulf;fy;
284. mkyq;fykhd nrhy;iy ePf;fp kq;fykhd nrhy;yhy; mg;nghUis
287. ―ahopdp ghlk; gbj;jhs;‖,j;njhlH
ahJ?
,yf;fzKilaJ. kuGr;nrhw;f
s;
288. Kd;NdhH vr;nrhy;iy
vg;gb toq;fpdNuh mr;nrhy;iy
mg;gbNa Vw;W toq;Fjy;
kuG
tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg;ngaHfs;
1. mzpw;gps;is
2. Gypg;gwo;
toq;FtJ kq;fyk;
vd;gH. 3. eha;f;Fl;b
4. fPupg;gps;is 285. xU FOtpdH jkf;F kl;Lk; GupAk;
tif apy; xU nghUSf;Ff; Fwpg;ghf
5. vUikf;fd;W 6. khd;fd;W
toq;Fk; ngaiuf; FOcf;Fwp
286. nghUj;Jf:
vd;gH 7. gd;wpf;Fl;b
8. rpq;ff;FUis
9. fOijf;Fl;b 1. ,yf;fzKilaJ - Nfhit 2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp - epyk;
3. k&c - GwefH4. ,lf;fulf;fy; - gwp
5. kq;fyk; - fhy; fOtp te;jhd;
6. F*cf;Fwp- ,iwtdb NrHe;jhH
tpil:
1. epyk;
2. GwefH
3. Nfhit 4. fhy; fOtp te;jhd;
5. ,iwtdb NrHe;jhH6. gwp
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10. Ml;Lf;Fl;b
11. ahidf;fd;W 12. Fuq;Ff;Fl;b
13. Fjpiuf;Fl;b
14. vypf;FQ;R
tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fs;
1. Ml;Lg;gl;b 2. Fjpiuf;nfhl;by;
3. Nfhopg;gz;iz
4. khl;Lj;njhOtk;
5. ahidf;$lk; 6. thj;Jg;gz;iz
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tpyq;F gwit ,dq;fspd; xypkuG
1. Me;ij myWk;
2. fOij fj;Jk; 3. fhf;if fiuAk;
4. fpsp nfhQ;Rk;
5. eup CisapLk;
6. Fjpiu fidf;Fk;
7. Fapy; $Tk; 8. Nfhop nfhf;fupf;Fk;
9. rpq;fk; Koq;Fk;
10. kapy; mfTk; 11. ahid gpspWk;
jhtu cWg;Gg;ngaHfs;
1. <r;r Xiy
2. Nrhsj;jl;il
3. khtpiy
4. Ntg;ge;jio
5. gidNahiy 6. gyh ,iy
7. jhio kly; 8. njd;idNahiy
9. %q;fpy; ,iy
10. fKfq;$e;jy; 11. thio ,iy
12. new;whs;fha;fspd; ,sepiy 1. mtiug;gpQ;R
2. njd;d;q;FUk;ig
3. KUq;ifg;gpQ;R 4. khtL
5. thiof;rr;ry;
6. nts;supg;gpQ;R
nrb nfhb kuq;fspd; njhFg;gplk;
1. Myq;fhL 2. fk;gq;nfhy;iy
3. gde;Njhg;G4. rTf;Fj;Njhg;G 5. Nrhsf; nfhy;iy
6. gyhj; Njhg;G
7. njd;de;Njhg;G
8. Njapiyj;Njhl;lk;
9. G+Q;Nrhiy
nghUs;fspd; njhFg;G
1. Ml;L ke;ij 2. jpuhl;irf;Fiy
3. khl;Lke;ij 4. rhtpf;nfhj;J
5. itf;Nfhw;NghH
6. fw;Ftpay; 7. Ntsq;fhL
8. ahidf;$l;lk; 9. gRepiu
nghUSf;Nfw;w tpidkuG
1. NrhW cz;
2. gok; jpd; 3. Nfhyk; ,L
4. jP %l;L
5. ghy;gUF 6. ePH Fb
7. ghl;Lg;ghL
8. japH fil 9. glk; tiu
10. ftpij ,aw;W
11. tpsf;if Vw;W 12. $iu Nta;
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289. nghUj;Jf
1. kf;fs; - NghH
2. tPuH - fw;iw
3. tpwF - $l;lk;
4. Rs;sp - fl;L
5. itf;Nfhy; - gil
tpil
1. $l;lk;
2. gil
3. fl;L
4. fw;iw
5. NghH
,ay; ehd;Fnra;As; gFjp
tpNtfrpe;jhkzp
290. ― jpaq;F‖ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ
kaq;f
p 291. ―rk;G‖ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ
ehty;
292. ―kjpak;‖ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ
epyT 293. ―rk;Gtpd; fdp‖ vdf;
Fwpf;fg;gLtJ
vJ ehtw;gok;
294.―kJ‖ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ Njd;
295. Fwpg;G
tpNtf rpe;jhkzp vd;Dk;
,e;E}y; GytH gyuhy;
,aw;wg;gl;l ghf;fspd;
njhFg;G. ,e;E}iyj;
njhFj;jtH ahnudj; njupatpy;iy.
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296. ngz;zpd; Kfj;jpw;F xg;Gikahff;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
epyT
297. nghUj;Jf
1. tz;L - jhkiu 2. kq;ifapd; Kfk; - ehtw;gok;
3. kyHf;fuk; - thd;epyT
tpil: 1. ehtw;gok;
2. thd;epyT
3. jhkiu 298. ―Gfd;whs;‖ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ
$wpdhs;
ghujj;jha;
299. ghujj;jha; vd;w ghlypd; MrpupaH
ahH mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH
300. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH gpwe;j CH
vJ
jpz;btdj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s
,ul;liz 301. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vJ Mj;jp#b ntz;gh> jpyfH Guhzk Rthkpfs; rupjk;> fhe;jp Guhzk;>
302. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH xU MthH.
rpwe;j Ngr;rhsH
303. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahiu ,f;fhy xsitahH vd;W ahH ghuhl;LthH? jpU.tp.f
304. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH gy fhyk;
ve;j Cupy; tho;e;jhH jpUg;ghjpupg; GypA+upy; (flY}H)
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305. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH jdJ ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ve;j Cupy; tho;e;jhH tlY}H
306. mryhk;gpif mk;ikahH jdJ ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ehD}w;Wxd;gJ ghly;fisf; nfhz;l _____ vd;Dk; nra;As; E}iy ,aw;wpdhH,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs;
rupjk 307. fhe;jpGuhzk; vj;jidg;
ghly; fisf; nfhz;lJ? <uhapuj;J Kg;gj;J ehd;F
308. fhe;jpGuhzk; vd;Dk; E}y; ahiug; ghl;Lilj;
jiytuhff; nfhz;Lghlg;ngw;wJ?fhe;jpabf s;
309. nrhw;nghUs; 1. tha;ik - cz;ik 2. fisAk; - ePf;Fk; 3. tz;ik - ts;sy;
jd;ik 4. Jyq;Fjy; - tpsq;Fjy; 5. Nra;ik - njhiyT
310. ― jtk;‖ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ
ngUk;NgW
311. ―fUiz‖ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ
,uf;f k;
312. ― jha;ikad; gpwid‖ ,jidg;
gpupj;J vOJf.
jha;ik + md;gpd; +
jid
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghupy; jkpofg;ngz;fspd; gq;F
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313. NtYehr;rpahupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH
vd;d? nry;yKj;J NrJgjp> rf;fe;jp
Kj;jhj;jhs; 314. NtYehr;rpahupd; je;ij ____
Mz;l kd;dH MtH.
,uhkehjGuk;
315. NtYehr;rpahH gpwe;j Mz;L vJ
fp.gp. 1730 Mk; Mz;L
316. NtYehr;rpahH _____ thupirg;
Nghd;Nw MAjg;gapw;rp Kjy;
midj;ijAk; fw;Wj;
NjHe;jhH Mz;
317. NtYehr;rpahupd; fztH ahH rptfq;if kd;dH Kj;JtLfehjH
318. Mq;fpNyaH ve; j
Mz;by; rptfq;i fr ; rP ikapd;
kPJ gilnaLj;jhH
1772 Mk; Mz;L
319. Kj;JtLfehjH ahUld; NghH
nra;J tPukuzkile;jhH
Mq;fpNyaH 320. NtYehr;rpahH Mq;fpNyaiu
vjpHg;gijf; Fwpj;J ahUld; fye;J NgrpdhH? ik#H kd;dH IjH myp
321. NtYehr;rpahUf;F cjt tpUk;gpa IjH myp vj;jid giltPuHfis mtUld; mDg;gpdhH?Iahapuk;
322. NtYehr;rpahH jd; fztiuf; nfhd;w Mq;fpNyaiu ntd;W ve;j
Mz;by; rptfq;ifia kPl;lhH
1780 Mk; Mz;L
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323. NtYehr;rpahH ____ rNfhjuH 330. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; kpfr;rpwe;j
fSld; tPuHgilf;Fj; jiyik
Mf tpsq;fpdhH
Naw;Wr; nrd;whHkUJ
324. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;j
Mz;by; gpwe;jhH1890 Mk; Mz;L
325. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; gpwe;j
CH vJ flY}upy; cs;s KJefupy;
326. ve;j Mz;by; fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jio ahik
,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpa NghNjmQ;riyak;khs; jkJ nghJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhH
1921 Mk; Mz;L 327. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs;
ve;nje;j Nghuhl;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;L gy Mz;L rpiwapy; thbdhH ePyd; rpiyia mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lk;>
cg;Gf;fha;r;Rk; Nghuhl;lk;> kwpay;
Nghuhl; lk;> jdpahs; m w g ;
Ngr;rhsH 331. FLk;gr; nrhj;JfisAk;
FbapUe;j tPl;ilAk; tpw;W vjw;fhf nryT nra;jhH? tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk;
332. ePyd; rpiyia mfw;Wk; Nghuhl;lj; jpy; jk;Kila vj;jid taJ kfisAk; <LgLj;jpdhH?xd;gJ taJ
333. fhe; jpabfs; rpiwapy; ,Ug;gtHfisg; ghHf;f te;j NghJ xd;gNj tajhd mk;khfz;Z mQ;riy
ak;khspd; kfs;
vd;gijawpe;J>mr;rpWkpiaj; jd;Dl Df;F Mrpukj;J mioj;Jr; nrd;W vd;W ngaupl;Lg; gbf;fTk; itj;jhHfs; thHjhtpy; cs;s yPyhtjp
Nghuhl;lk>;
nts;isaNd ntspNaW
334. mQ;riyak;khs; gHjhNtlkzpe;J
,af;fk; Mfpa Ie;J Nghuhl;lk;
328. flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;nje;j rpiwapy; milg;gl;L ,Ue;jhH f lY }H>
jpUr ; rp> N t Y } H > ngy;yhup
329. NtY}Hr; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j NghJ fUTw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;j mtiu (flY}H
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mQ;riyak;khs;) ve;j
muR ntspapy; mDg;gp tpl;L
kfg;Ngw;wpw;Fg; gpd; kPz;Lk; rpiwapy; milj;jJ? Mq;fpNya muR
ve;j tz;bapy; fhe;jpabfis Vw;wpr; nrd;whHFjpiutz;b
335. mQ;riyak;khspd; kfs; ngaH
vd;d mk;khf;fz;Z
336. fhe;jpabfs; ahiuj; njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp vd;wioj;jhH? flY}H mQ;riyak;khs;
337. mk;G[j;jk;khs; ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH
1899 Mk; Mz;L rdtup8
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338. mk;G[j;jk;khs; tPl;bypUe;Nj ve;nje;j
nkhopfisj; jpwk;gl
gapd;whH? jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> ,e;jp> rkw;fpUjk;.
339. mk;G[j;jk;khs; ahUila vspik ahd Njhw;wj;jpdhy; ftug;gl;L vspikahf tho;e;jhH md;id f];J}upgha;
340. mk;G[j;jk;khs; vf;Fzq;fisj; Jwe;jhH?gl;L> gfl;L> Mq;fpyNkhfk;.
341. mk;G[j;jk;khs; gy;NtW fl;Lg; ghLfs; kpFe;j FLk;gj;jpypUe;J jk;ik
tpLtpj;Jf;
nfhz;L vjw;fhfg; ghLgl;lhH?
ehl;L tpLjiy
345. fhe;jpabfshy;
jj;njLf;fg;gl;l kfs;
vd;W ahH nry;ykhf
miof;fg;gl;lhH? mk;G[j;jk;khs;
346. mk;G[j;jk;khs; epWtpa njhz;L
epWtdj;jpd; ngaH vd;d
rPdpthr fhe;jp epiyak;
347. 1964 Mk; Mz;L mk;G[j;jk;khs;
ngw;w tpUJ ahJ jhkiuj;jpU (gj;k=)
348. mk;G[j;jk;khs; jk;
vOgjhz;L epidthf ve;j
mupa E}iy vOjpAs;shH
ehd; fz;l ghujk;
Jizg;ghlk;
342. KjypatHfNshL el;Gf;
kuj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhs;
nfhz;L ngz;zbikf;F vjpuhf mk;G[j;jk;khs; Fuy; nfhLj;jhH it. K. Nfhijehafp mk;khs;>
Uf;Fkzp yl;Rkpgjp 343. mk;G[j;jk;khs; ahUila
ghliyg; ghb tpLjiy czHit Cl;b Mq;fpNya muRf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gl;lhH?
kfhftp ghujpahupd;ghly;
344. me;epaj;Jzpfs; tpw;Fk;
filf;Fk; Kd;ghf kwpay;
Nghuhl;lk; epfo;j;jp ajhy;
mk;G[j;jk;khs vr;rpiwapy
milf;fg;gl;lhH? NtY}Hr; rpiwapy;
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349. XH Vf;fH gug;gstpy;
tsHe;Js;s kuq;fs;
gjpndl;Lg; NgHfSf;F XH
Mz;bw;Fj; Njitahd
capH fhw;iwf;fpilf;fr; nra;fpd;wd.
njhifepiyj; njhlHfs;
350. nrhw;fs; ,uz;L Kjyhfj;
njhlHe;J te;J nghUs; jUtJ
vdg;gLk;.
njhlH
351. nrhw;fs; njhluhFk; NghJ
,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa
Ntw;Wik tpid> ctik
Kjypatw;Ws; VNjDk;
xd;W kiwe;J
tUk;.
,q;qdk; cUGfs; kiwe;J tUk;
njhlHfisj; vd;gH.
njhifepiyj;njhlHfs;
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96
352. fay;> tpop ,t;tpU nrhw;fSf;F
,ilNa Nghd;w vd;Dk; ctk
cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy;
cs;stw;Ws; VNjDk;
xd;W Mf tUk;.
Ntw;Wik cUG
,jid vdf;$WtH. 361. ,U nrhw;fSf;fpilNa Ntw;Wik
ctikj;njhif 353. njhifepiyj;njhlH
vj;ji
d tifg;gLk;?
MW
cUG vd;fpNwhk;. kiwe;J tUtij
Ntw;Wikj;njhif
362. ―ghy; gUfpdhd;‖ ,jpy; ―I‖vd;Dk;
cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij
354. njhifepiyj; njhlupd; tiffisf vdf; $WtH $Wf 1. Ntw;Wikj;njhif 2. tpidj;njhif
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 363. ― jiy tzq;fpdhd;.‖ ,jpy; My;
vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;s jhy;
3. gz;Gj;njhif
,ij vd;gH.
4. ctikj;njhif 5. ck;ikj;njhif 6. md;nkhopj;njhif
355. ―fz;zid ,uhkd; ghHj;jhd;‖ vd;Dk; njhlupy;
―I‖ vd;Dk; cUG ahH> ahiug; ghHj;jhd; vdg; ngaiu NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;Lk;
%d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif 364. ―NtYf;F kfd;‖ ,jpy; ―F‖
vd;Dk;
cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy; ,ij
vd;gH.ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
365. ―Cu; ePq;fpdhd;‖ ,jpy; ―,d;‖
vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;sjhy;
cWg;Gf;F vd;Wg; ngaH. ,ij vd;gH.
Ntw;Wik
356. ngaHg; nghUis
NtWgLj;jpf;
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368. fhyq;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk;
nganur;r tpFjpAk; kiwe;J tUk;
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
nganur;rk;
tpidj;njhif
vdg;gLk;.
376. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fSf;Nfw;w jkpo;r;
nrhw;fis mwpNthk;
369. nrk;nkhop vd;Dk; njhlH gz;Gj;njhif
370. fay;tpop vd;gJ
ctikj;njhif 371. ky;ypif vd;gJ rpwg;Gg;
ngaH> G+ vd;gJ nghJg;ngaH,uz;Lf;Fk;
,ilapy; Mfpa vd;Dk; gz;G
cUG kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy; ,J
vdg;gLk;.
,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njh
if 372. xU ngaUf;F my;yJ xU nrhy;Yf;F
,ilapYk; ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr;
nrhy; kiwe;J te;J nghUs;
rk];fpUjk; - jkpo; mfq;fhuk; -
nrUf;F mjpH\;lk;
- ew;NgW
mgpg;gpuhak; -
fUj;J mG+Htk; - GJik Muhjid -
topghL Mde;jk; -
kfpo;r;rp rgjk; -
#Siu jpdrup -
ehs;NjhWk; ijupak;
- JzpT G+i[ -
topghLcUJ - jkpo;
gQ;rhaj;J - Ik;Nguhak;
jUtjhy; mJ
ck;ikj;njhif
vdg;gl;lJ.
gjpy; - tpil gNy - ed;W
373. Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik ck;ik Mfpa
njhifepiyj; njhlHfSf;Fg;
Gwj;Nj my;yhj
rpy nkhopfs; njhf;F epd;W
Ngl;b - NeHfhzy; igrh - fhR
mry; - Kjy;
fr;Nrup -
muq;fk;
nghUs; jUtJ
md;nkhopj;njhif
MFk;
Fkh];jh - vOj;jH ifJ - jis
374.―
gtstha; Ngrpdhs;‖ -
,j;njhlupd;
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99
njhif vd;d
tpidj;njhif
375. MLnfhb> gha;Gyp>
miyfly; Mfpa
njhlHfs; MFk;.
tpidj;njhif gapd;W
te;j njhlHfs;
F\p - kfpo;r;rp NghHj;Jf;fprpak; -
jkpo;
mykhup -
neLk;Ngio fpuhk;G -
,ytq;fk; rhtp -
jpwTNfhy; rd;dy; -
gyfzp
Nk];jpup - jiyikj; njhopy;fs;
mugp - jkpo;
jfty; - nra;jp
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tf;fpy; - tof;FiuQH
ghf;fp - epYit
kf;fH -
,ilQ;ry;kh%y; - gioagb
kpl;lha; -
jPq;fl;b
kuhj;jp - jkpo;
fhfpjk; - jhs;
fpy;yhb - nfhbNahd;
mghz;lk; - tPz;gopf;$w;W
ml;ltiz- nghUl;Fwpg;Gg;gl;bay; Ngl;il
- GwefH
ghurPfk; - jkpo;
[khf;fhsk; -
tpupg;G [kPd; -
epyGyk; khYkp -
ehthNahl;b g[hH - filj;njU
ikjhdk; - jpwe;jntspj;jply;
Mq;fpyk; jkpo;
iynrd;]; - cupkk;
,z;lHtpA+ - NeHfhzy;
nf];l; ̀ T]; -
tpUe;jfk; vyh];bf; -
nefpopGdy; - tbFoyp
gPNuh -
,Og;giw
ml;y]; - epyg;glj; njhFg;G
capy; - ,WjpKwp
fTd;rpy; - kd;wk;
uapy; - njhlH
tz;b Ngdh -
J}ty;
ug;gH - Nja;g;gk;
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,ay; Ie;J nra;As; - fhtbr;rpe;J
377. fhtbr;rpe;J ghliy
,aw;wpatH ahH
mz;zhkiyahH
378. mz;zhkiyahH gpwe;j CH
vJ jpUney;Ntyp
khtl;l j;J
r nrd;dpFsk;
379. mz;zhkiyahupd; ngw;NwhH ahH
nrd;dtH - XTmk;khs;
380. mz;zhkiyahH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;
ahit
fhtbr;rpe;J> tPiu me;jh jp>
Nfhkjp me;jh jp> tPiug;gps;isj;jkp
o;
381. mz;zhkiyahupd; fhyk; vJ
1861-1890
382. Fwpg;G
J} j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;
Nfhtp y; gl;bf;F mUfpYs;s
tskhd CH fOFkiy . ,q;Ff; Nfh tp y;
nfhz;Ls;s KUfdpd;
rpwg;ig vspa ,dpa
,irg;ghly;fshy;
Nghw;wpg;ghlg; ngw;wJ
,e;E}y;.
383. nrhw;nghUs;
1. fyhgk; - Njhif
2. tpNtfd; - Qhdp
3. Nfhy - mofpa
4. ,ire;j - nghUj;jkhd
5. thtp - ngha;if
6. khNj - ngz;Nz
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99
tpf;fpuk Nrhod; cyh 384. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; cyh- vd;w
ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH
xl;lf;$j;jH 385. xl;lf;$j;jupd; rpwg;Gg;ngaH
ahJ?
ftpr;rf;futHj;jp
386. xl;lf;$j;jH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;
vit?
%tUyh> j f ; fahfg;guzp>
394. Fwpg;G
tpf;fpuk Nrhodpd; gpwg;G:
tpf;fpuk Nrhod; ,uz;lhk;
FNyhj; Jq;fd; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; Mfpa
%d;W kd;dHfspd; mitapYk; nry;thf;NfhL tpsq;fpatH MtH.
395. tpf;fpuk Nrhodpd; jha; ngaH
vd;d?
kJuhe;jfp
FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj;jkpo;.
396. kJuhe;jfp nfhz;l Nrho
387. xl;lf;$j;jupd; fhyk; vJ
gd;dpuz;lhk;
E}w;whz;L
Guj;ijj;
jiyefuhff;
nfhz;L Ml;rp
nra;jhH.
388. cyh vd;gJ
xd;W
tiffSs;
fq;if
397. kyu pd; gUtq;fs; vj;jid njhz;Z}w;whW rpw;wpyf;fpa
389. ahUila rpwg;Gfis
vLj;Jf;$Wk; Nehf;fpy;
,t;tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd?
, iwtd;> kd;dd;> kf;fSs;
rpwe;NjhH. 390. ―cyh‖ vd;gjw;Fg; nghUs;
ahJ
CHtyk;
tUjy;
391. kfspupd; gUtq;fs;
vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
VO
392. kfspupd; VOtifg;gUtq;fs; ahit?
Ngij> ngJk; ig>
kq; i f> kle; i j> mupit>
njupit> Ngupsk; ngz;.
393. tpf;fpuk Nrhod; Kjw;FNyhj;Jq;f
NrhoDf;F vj;jidahtJ
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100
kfd; MthH?
ehd;fhtJ kfd;
tifg;gLk;?
VO
398. kyupd; VOtifg; gUtq;fs; ahit?
1. mUk;G
2. nkhl;L
3. Kif
4. kyH
5. myH
6. tP
7. nrk;ky;
399. FlFkiyia ClWj;J
miy NkhJk; fhtpupiaj; je;jtH ahH? fNtud;
400. NkU kiyapd; cr;rpapy;
Gypf; nfhb ehl;b
nghd;dpahfpa fhtpupapd;
,UfiufisAk;
caHj;jpf; fl;batH ahH?
Nrhod; fupfhyd;
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101
401. ngha;ifahupd; fstop ehw;gJghlYf;Fg; guprhfr; Nrukhd;
fizf;fhy;
,Uk;nghiwiar; rpiwtPL nra;j Nrhod; ahH?
nrq;fzhd; 402. Nghupy; ngUikahf
vz;zj;jf;f tpOg;Gz;fs;
njhz;Z}w;whW
k; ngw;wtd; ahH? Nrhod; tprahyad;
403. rptngUkhd; Mlyuruha;f; fhl;rp jUk; jpy;iyf;Fg; nghd;Nta;e;j Nrhod; ahH?
Kjy; guhe;jfd; 404. gjpndl;Lr; rpw;W}HfisAk;
ifg;gw;wp kiyehL ntd;w Nrhod; ahH? Kjy;
,uhruhrd;
405. tlf;Nf gilnaLj;Jf; fq;ifAk; fpof;fpy;
f lhuKk;ntd;W iff;nfhz;L> NruH fg;gw;gil KOtijAk; mopj;j Nrhod; ahH? ,uhNre;jpud;
406. rhSf;fpaHfspd; jiyefuhd fy;ahzGuj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J Kk;Kiw Nghupl;L ntd;w Nrhod; ahH? ,uhrhjpuhrd;
407. nfhg;gj;Jg;Nghupy ; Mapuk; ahidfis ntd;w Nrhod; ahH?
,uhNre;jpud; 408. nrhw;nghUs;
1. FtL - kiy
2. nghd;dp - fhtpup3. NfhJ - Fw;wk;
4. mutk; - ghk;G
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102
nra;jp cUthFk; tuyhW
409. cyfpy; vq;Nfh xU %iyapy;
eilngWk; rpwpa
epfo;Tk; MfpwJ.
nra;jp 410. vjd; tsHr;rpapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s
kpfg; ngupa Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd;
tpisthf clDf;Fld;
nra;jpfs; ntspaplg;
gLfpd;wd?
mwptpay; njhopy;El;g tsHr;rp
411. ―Vd;! vd;d? vg;NghJ?
vg;gb? vq;Nf? ahH? vDk;
md;Gj; njhz;lH MWNgHfs;
mwpar;nra;thH nra; jpap id ‖
vd ;W a h H $wpAs;shH?
mwpQH fpg;spq;
412. MWtpdhf; fSf ;Fk; cupa tpilfSk; ve;jg;
gf;fj;jpy; ,lk; ngw
Ntz;Lk;?
nra;jpapd; Kfg;Gg; gf;fk;
413. nra;jpia ,dq;fz;l gpd;dH
nra;jpahsH vjd; gzpapy;
<LgLfpwhHfs;?nra;jpiaj; jpul;Lk; gzp
414. nra;jpiag; ngWjy; vd;gJ
vijg; Nghd;wJ?
Jg;gwpjy;
415. MW tpdhf;fSf;Fk;
cupa tpiliaf;
fhz;gnjd;gJ vijg; Nghd;w
mupa gzp?
flypy; %o;fp Kj;njLg;gJ
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103
416. xt;nthU nra;jpahsUk;
jkf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l
, lq; fSf;Nfh
> mYtyfq;fSf;Nfh ehs;NjhWk;
nrd;W nra;jpfisj;
jpul;Ltjw;Fg; ngaH vd;d?
nra;jpf;fsk;
417. ve;nje;j
nra;jpf;fsq;fSf;
Fr; nra;jpahsHfs;
ehs;NjhWk; nrd;W> cupatuplk;njhlHG
nfhz;L
nra;jpfisg; ngw;W tUtH?
nra;jpfspd; %yq;fshf
,Uf;Fk; mikr;rfq;fs;>
fhty; epiyaq;fs;>
kUj;Jtkidfs;> ePjpkd;wq;fs;.
418. ,yz;ld; ilk;]; , jopd;
421. nra;jpahsHfs; vjidg;
gbj;Jj; jhd; nra;jpahsH
nra;jpiaj;
jpul;Lfpd;whHfs;? murpd; mwpf;if>
thzpff; FOf; fspd;
ntspaPLfs;>
epjpaikr;rupd; tuT
nryTj; jpl;lq;fs;
422. nra;jpahsHfs; mwptpay;Ma;T KiwfisAk; mtw;iw
vg;gbg; gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gijAk; mwpa cjTtJ
vJ? Gs;spapay;
423. nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jfis vjd;
thapyhf
elj;JthHfs;?
nra;jpahsH Nghupd; NghJ $nwLg;G Ma;T
Neubahfg; NghH eilngWk;
,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W nra;jpfisj;
jpul;bdhHfs;.
,e;jpa rPdg;NghH
419. ―,z;bad; vf;];gpu];‖nra;jpahsH
rpiwr;rhiyapd;
epiy gw;wp mwpa jhNd
rpiwg;gl;Lr; nra;jpfisj;
jpul;bj;je;J Gfo; ngw;whH.
jpy;ypapYs;s
420. vjidf; fhz
nra;jpahsUf;Fj; jdp ,lk;
xJf;fpapUg;gH? tpisahl;Lg;
Nghl;bfs;> Gfo; ngw;w
tprhuizfs;>
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104
rl;lkd;w
el tb f ; i f fs ;> khehLfs;>
nghJf;$l;lq;fs;
424. nra;jpfis vjd; %yk;
ngwyhk;?cs;@Hr;
nra;jpahsH
ntspA+Hr; nra;jpahsH
rpwg;Gr; nra;jpahsHMHtyHfs; muR
mwpf;iffs; nra;jp
epWtd;q;fs;
425. cynfq;Fk; elf;Fk;
nra;jpfis clDf;Fld;
vjd;
thapyhfg; ngwyhk;?
fk;gpapy;yhj; je;jp> njhiyNgrp> nry;Ngrp> njhiy
mr;R njhiy efy;> thndhyp>
njhiyf;fhl;rp fzpdp.
426. nra;jpapd; gFjpfs;
vj;jid
tifg;gLk;?
jiyg;Gr; nra;jp
Kfg;Gr;nra;jp
cly;gFjpr; nra;jp (%d;W)
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102
427. > vdg;
gjpg;Gfs; gpupf;fg;gl;L
tpbaw;fhiyapy;
midtUf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; nra;jpj;jhs;fs;
mr;rbf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kjy;
gjpg;G> ,uz;lhk;
gjpg;G428. Fwpg;G
,jopay; fiyr;nrhw;fs;
1. Bulletin - rpwg;Gr; nra;jp
,jo; 2. Deadline - Fwpj;jfhyk;
3. Editorial - jiyaq;fk;
4. Fake News - ngha;r;nra;jp 5. Flash News - rpwg;Gr;nra;jp
434. tpOe;j kuk; - tpOe;j vd;Dk; vr;rtpid
kuk; vd;Dk; ngaHr;
nrhy;NyhL Kbtjhy; ,Jnganur;rj;njhlH
435. te;JNghdhd; - ,jpy;
―te;J‖ vd;Dk;
vr;rtpid
―Nghdhd;‖ vd;Dk;
tpidKw;iwf;
nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sjhy;> ,J
vd;gH. tpidnar;rj; njhlH 436. tPl;ilf;fl;bdhd; - ,j;njhlupy;
‗I‘ vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG
ntspg;gilahf te;Js;sjhy;>
6. Falio No - ,jo;
vz;
,ij vd;gH.
7. Green Proof - jpUj;jg;glhj mr;Rg;gb
8. Layout - nra;jpj;jhs; tbtikg;G
njhfh epiyj; njhlH
429. xU njhlupy; ,Unrhw;fs; mike;J
,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; nrhy;Nyh cUNgh kiwahJ nghUis czHj;Jkhdhy;> mJ ______ vdg;gLk;. njhfhepiyj;njhlH
430. ―fgpyd; te;jhd;‖ - ,jpy; ―fgpyd;‖ vd;Dk;
vOthiaj; njhlHe;J ―te; jhd; ‖
vd;Dk; gadpiy te;Js;sjhy;> ,J vd;gH. vOtha;j; njhlH.
431.―
fjputh! th‖
. ,J njhluhFk;. tpspj;njhlH
432. fz;Nld; rPijia - tpidKw;W Kjypy; te;J ngaiuj; njhlHt
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102
Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj;njhlH 437. kw;nwhd;W - kw;W + xd;W ‗kw;W‘
vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;iy mLj;J
‗xd;W‘ vd;Dk; nrhy; njhlHe;J
te;Js;sjhy;> ,J .
,ilr;nrhw;nwhlH.
438. khKdptH - ,j;njhlupy; ‗kh‘
vd;gJ cupr;nrhy;> ,ijj; njhlHe;J
‗KdptH‘ vd;Dk; nrhy;
te;Js;s jhy;> ,J .
cupr;nrhw;nwhlH.
439. tho;f tho;f tho;f - ,jpy;
xNu nrhy; gyKiw mLf;fp te;Js;s jhy;> ,J .
mLf;Fj;njhlH.
440. njhfhepiy njhlupd; tiffs;
vj;jid?
xd;gJ
jhy; ,ij>
tpidKw;Wj;njhlH
vd;gH.
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,ul;ilf;fpstp
mLf;Fj;njhl
H 441. ‗ghk;G ghk;G‘ - ,jidg;
gpupj;jhy; nghUs; jUk;. vdNt
,J MFk;.
mLf;Fj;njhlH
442. ‗fyfy‘ - ,jidg;
gpupj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ. vdNt
,J MFk;.
,ul;ilf;fpstp
443. cupa vOj;J tof;Fr;
nrhw;fis mwpNthk;
1. Ngr;R tof;F vOj;J tof;F
1. NfhHj;J - Nfhj;J 2. Rtw;wpy; - Rtupy;
3. ehl;fs; - ehs;fs; 4. kdjpy; - kdj;jpy; 5. gjl;lk; - gjw;wk;
6. rpyT - nryT
7. mUfhikapy; - mUfpy; 2. gpio rup
1. XH khtl;lk; - xU khtl;lk;
2. xU mikr;rH - XH mikr;rH 3. mtuJ kfNdhL - mtUila
kfNdhL
4. Nkw;f;nfhz;lhH - Nkw;nfhz;lhH
5. me;j Rw;Wyh - me;jr; Rw;Wyh
6. fz;lij $wNt -
fz;lijf;; $wNt
7. mtHjhd; - mtHjhk;
,ay; MW nra;As; gFjp -
jpUke;jpuk;
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444. ‗clk;ghH mopapd; capuhH
moptH‘ vd;w ghliy vOjpatH
ahH? jpU%yH
445. jpUke;jpuk; - vd;w E}iy
,aw;wpatH ahH? jpU%yH
446. jpU%yupd; gpwe;j fhyk; vJ?
Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp
447. irtj; jpUKiwfspy;
vj;jidah tJ jpUKiw ,J?
gj;jhtJ
jpUKiw 448. jpUke;jpuj;jpw;F vd;Dk; NtW
ngaUk; cz;L.
jkpo; %thapuk;
449. jpUke;jpuk; vj;jid ghly;fisf;
nfhz;lJ?
%thapuk;
450. jpUke;jpug; ghly; %d;whk;
je;jpuj;jpy vj;jid
ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ?
vOE}w;W ,Ugj;J ehd;F
451. vd;gJ ,e;E}ypd; Gfo; ngw;w
njhluhFk;.
xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;
452. nrhw;nghUs;
1. jplk; - cWjp
2. nka;Q;Qhdk; - nka;awpT
3. cghak; - toptif
453. Fwpg;G
%yd; vd;Dk; ngaH> ― jpU‖
vd;Dk; ngauil ngw;W> mj;Jld; ―mH‖ vd;Dk;
kupahijg; gd;ikAk; ngw;W― jpU%yH‖ vd Mapw;W.
103
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104
Njk;ghtzp
454. Njk;ghtzp vd ;w ghliy
,aw;wpatH ahH?
tPukhKdptH
455. tPukhKdptupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d?
fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp
456. tPukhKdptupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH
vd;d?
nfhz;ly; Nghng];fp vyprngj;
457. eifnra; jd;ikapdk; ngoP
,j;jha; ... vd;W
njhlq;Fk; ghliy
vOjpatH ahH? tPukhKdptH 458. tPukhKdptH gpwe;j CH vJ
,j;jhyp ehl;by; fh];jpf;fpsp
Nahd;
459. tPukhKdptH mwpe;j nkhopfs; vit?
,j;jhypak;> ,yj;jPd;>
fpNuf;fk; vgpNuak;> jkpo;>njYq;F> rkw;fpUjk;
460. tPukhKdptUf;Fj;
jkpo;nkhopia fw;Wf;
nfhLj;jtH ahH?
kJiur; Rg;gpujPgf; ftpuhaH
461. tPukhKdptupd; rpwg;G ahJ?
Kg;gjhk; tajpy; jkpofk;
te;J j kpo ; ga pd ;W
fhg;gpak; gilj;jik
462. tPukhKdptH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;
vit?
QhNdhgNjrk;> gukhHj;j
FUfij rJufuh jp>
jpUf;fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk;>
njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;.
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105
463. tPukhKdptupd; fhyk; vJ?
1680-1747 464. Fwpg;G
Njk;ghtzp = Njk;gh+mzp
= thlhjkhiy@ Njd;+gh+mzp = Njd; Nghd;w
,dpa ghly;fshyhd khiy. ,e;E}y
,NaR ngUkhdpd;
tsHg;Gj; je;i jahfpa
#irag;giuj; jiytuhff;
nfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ.
,e;E}y; fpwpj;jtr; rkaj;jhupd; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;
vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ.
,e;E}ypy; %d;W fhz;lq;
fSk; Kg;gj;jhW
glyq;fSk; cs;sd@
ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if
%thapuj;J mWE}w;Wg;
gjpide;J. ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
,g;ghly; kftUs; glyj;jpy; cs;sJ.
465. nrhw;nghUs;
1. eif - Gd;dif
2. Kif - nkhl;L
3. Nkdp - cly;
ehlff;fiy
466. cyfpy; NtW vk;nkhopf;Fk;
,y;yhj jdpr;rpwg;G ve;j nkhopf;F
cs;sJ?
jkpo;nkhop
467. jkpo;nkhop vdr;
rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;ngUikAilaJ.
Kj;jkpo;
468. jkpo; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
%d;W
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106
469. %d;W tifahd jkpiof; $Wf?
,aw;wkpo;> ,irj;jkpo;> ehlfj;
jkpo;
470. njhd;W njhl;Lg;
gbg;gbNa tsHr;rp
mile;Js;s fiy vJ?
ehlfk; 471. ehlfk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg;
gpupj;njOJf. ehL + mfk;
472. ehl;bd; fle;j fhyj;ijAk;> epfo; fhyj;ijAk;> tUq;fhyj;ijAk;> jd;
mfj;Nj fhl;Ltjhy; vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ vd;gH.ehlfk;
473. fijia> epfo;r;rpia czHit ebj;Jf;
fhl;LtJk;>
$j;jhf
478. <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l njdf; fUjg;gLk; jkpo; E}y;fspy; VO ehlf E}y;fs; ehl;baj;jpw;Fk;>ehl f j ; jpw;Fk; ,yf;fz
k; tFj;Js;sd? KWty;> rae;jk;> nrapw;wpak;> kjpthzH ehlfj;jkpo; E}y;>tpsf;fj;jhH $j;J> FzE}y;> $j;JE}y;.
479. ahH nra;As; tbtpy; ,aw;wpa jk; ehlftpay; vDk; E}ypy; ehlfk; mjd; tpsf;fk;> tiffs;> vOjg;gl Ntz;ba Kiwfs;> ebg;Gf;Fupa,yf;fzk;> ebg;gtHfSf;Fupa ,yf;fzk;> Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH?
Mbf;fhl;LtJk;
ngaH.$j;Jf;fiy
vd;W gupjpkhw;fiyQH 480. Rthkp tpGyhde;jH vOjpa
ehlfj;ijg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rpE}y;
474. jkpopd; njhd;ikahd fiy tbtk; vJ? ehlfk;
475. ehlf muq;fk; ,Ue;j nra;jp ve;j
Fws; topahf mwpa Kbe;jJ? „$j;jhl; litf;Fohj;
jw;Nw‟
476. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;>
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107
vJ? kjq;f #shkzp
481. kiwkiyabfs; vOjpa ehlfj;ijg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp
E}y; vJ? rhFe;jyk; 482. ehlfj;jkpo; vd;w jk; E}ypy;
njhopy; Kiw ehlf muq;Ffisg;
> vd;W ehl;bakhLk;
gw;wpa nra;jpfis vOjpatH ahH?
khjtpia Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ehlfNkj;Jk;> ehlff;fzpif
477. ‗ehl;bak;‘> ‗ehlfk;‘ ,z;bw;Fk;
nghJthf ve;j nrhy;Ny tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ?
$j;J
ehlfg; N g u h r p u p a H gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhH.
483. Vohk; E}w;whz;by; ―kNfe;jputHk gy;ytd;‖
_____ vd;w ehlf E}iy
vOjpAs;shH?kj;j tpyhrk;
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106
484. gjpndhd;whk; E}w;whz;by; ahUila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,uhruhNrr;Rtu ehlfk;
eilngw;wjhff; fy;ntl;LFwpg;gpLfpwJ?,uhruhr Nrhod;
485. ehaf;f kd;dHfspd; Ml;rpf;
492. NguhrpupaH Re;judhH
―kNdhd; kzpak;‖ vd;Dk;
ftpij ehlff; fhg;gpaj;ij
ve;jMz;by; ntspapl;lhH?
fp.gp. 1891 Mk; Mz;L
493. ―yhHl; ypl;ld;‖ vOjpa Mq;fpyf;
fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpd. fijapd; ngaH vd;d? FwtQ;rp ehlfq;f s;
kiwtop
486. cotHfspd; tho;f;ifiar;
494. vd;w ehlfk; jkpo;ehl;by;
rpj;jupj;Js;sit vit?
gs;S ehlftif 487. nehz;b eh l fq ; f s ;
ve; j E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy;
Njhd;wpaJ gjpNdohk;
E}w;whz;L
Kjd; Kjyhf elj;jg;gl;l
Njrpa rKjha ehlfkhFk;? fjupd; ntw;wp
495. fjupd; ntw;wp ehlfj;ijj;
njhlHe;J ve;j ehlfq; fs;
488. CHfspy; vd;Dk; ehlftif elj;jg;gl;ld?
Guhzf; fijfisNa ikakhff; nfhz;L elj;jg;gl;ld. njUf;$j;J
489. ve;j E}w;whz;by;
mUzhryf; ftpuhaupd; ,uhk
ehlfk;> Nfhghy fpUl;bd ghujpahupd; ee;jdhH
rupj;jpuk; Mfpad
fl;baq;fhud;
ciuahly;fNshL KOtJk;
ghly;fshf mike;jd
gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;L
490. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by;
vjd; njhlHghd
ehlfq;fs;
rpwg;gplk; ngw;wd?
rKjhar; rPHjpUj;jk;
491.―
lk;ghr;rhup tpyhrk;‖ -
vd;w ehlfj;jpd;
MrpupaH ahH?
fhrp tpRtehjH
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106
Njrpaf;nfhb> Njrgf;jp
496. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
njhlf;fj;jpy
ehlfj;Jiwf;Fg;
ngUe;njhz;L Gupe;jtH ahH?
rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; 497. ―rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;‖
vj;jid
ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shH?
ehw;gJf;Fk;
Nky;
498. ehlf cyfpy; ― jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij‖ vd;W ahiu
mioj;jdH? gk;ky;
rk;ge;jdhH 499. ― jkpo; ehlf kWkyHr;rpj;
je;ij‖ vd;W ehlf cyfpy;
ahiu mioj;jdH?
fe;jrhkp 500. gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhH
vj;jid ehlfq;fis
vOjpAs;shH?
njhz;Z}Wf;Fk; Nky;
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107
501. kJiuapy; ve;j Mz;by;
Gyikf; flyhd jkpo; %jhl;b
xsitahH ehlfk;
muq;NfwpaJ? 1942 Mk; Mz;L
508. G+z;bapy; cs;s gs;spapy;
gapd;w khztp Ngrpdhs; - ,j;njhlupy; ―gs;sp‖ vd;Dk;
,lg;ngaH mg; gs;spapy; gapYk; khztpf;F Mfp
502. ehlfk; KOtJk; xsitahuhf
ebf;Fk; tha;g;igg; ngw;Wr;
rpwe;j
te;Js;sjhy;> ,J
,lthF ngaH
MFk;.
Kiwapy; ebj;jtH ahH?
jp.f. rz;KfdhH
503. jp.f.rz;Kfdhiu vd;W
509. ‗ jprk;gH G+‘ - ,j;njhlupy; jprk;gH
vd;Dk; khjg;ngaH mk;khjj;jpy; G+f;Fk; G+tpw;F
Mfp te;Js;sjhy;
mioj;jdH.
,J MFk;.
xsit rz;KfdhH
504. jd;khd ,af;fk;
tYtile;j
fhyj;jpy; ahUilaehlfq;fs;
gFj;jwpTg; gug;Giu nra;jd?
m w p Q H mz;zh> f iyQH
fUzhepjp
fhythF ngaH510. rpid vd;why; cWg;G>
ntw;wpiy el;lhd;
, j ;njhlupy;cs;s ntw;wpiy
vd;gJ rpidahfpa ,iyiaf; Fwpf;fhky;
mjd; Kjy;
nghUshfpa nfhbf;F Mfp
MFngaH te;Js;sjhy;> ,J rpidahFngaH
MFk;.
505. xd;wd; ,aw;ngaH jd;idf;
Fwpf;fhky;> jd;NdhL
njhlHGila
NtnwhU nghUSf;F Mfp te;jhy;
511. ‗nghq;fYf;F tPl;by;
nts;is
mbg;Nghk;‘ ,j;njhlupy;
nts;is vd;gJ epwg;gz;G. Mdhy; mJ
mJ
MFngaH
vd;W ngaH. epwj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky; Rz;zhk;igf
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108
Fwpj;J te;Js;sjh y;> ,J
506. ― ky ;yp i f #bdhs; ‖
vdr; nrhd;dhy; mq;F
ky;ypif vd;gJ nfhbahfpa
Kjw;nghUisf
; Fwpf;fhky; G+ vd;Dk;
rpidiaf;
Fwpj;;J> rpidf;F (cWg;Gf;F) Mfp
MFk;. gz;ghFngaH
512. gz;ghF ngaUf;F kw;nwhUngaH
vd;d? FzthFngaH
tUtjhy; ,J
KjyhF ngaH.
vdg;gLk;
513. nghq;fy; vd;gJ nghq;Fjyhfpa
njhopw;ngaH.,it njhopiyf; 507. ―KjyhF ngaUf;F‖ kw;nwhU
ngaH vd;d? nghUshF ngaH
Fwpf;fhky; mj;njhopyhy;
MFk;. czitf; Fwpg;gjhy; ,it MFk;.
njhopyhFngaH
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109
514. MFngaH vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
MW
515. MFngaupd; MW tiffis vOJf.
1. KjyhF ngaH
2. ,lthF ngaH
3. fhythFngaH
4. rpidahF ngaH5. FzthF ngaH
6. njhopyhF ngaH
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;r;r
p
516. nrhw;nwhilfspy;
mike;Js;
s tOf;fis mwpNthk;
murd; te;jJ (jpiztO) - murd; te;jhd;
fgpyd; Ngrpdhs;(ghy; tO) -
fgpyd; Ngrpdhd;Fapy;fs; $tpaJ (vz; tO) -
Fapy;fs;
$tpd fkyh rpupj;jha; (,ltO) fkyh
rpupj;jhs;
tstd; New;W
te;jpUf;fpwhs; (fhytO)
tstd; New;W te;jhd;.
Me;ij fj;jpaJ (kuGtO)
Me;ij mywpaJ
517. fPo;f;fhZk; njhlHfspy;
mike; Js;s tOf;fis
ePf;fp vOJf.
1. GytH te;jhHfs; - GytH te;jhH
2. kapy; $t Fapy; mftpaJ -
kapy; mft Fapy; $tpaJ
3. jhkiu glk; tiue;jhd; -
jhkiu glk; tiue;jhs;
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4. ahidfs; te;jJ - ahidfs;
te;jd
5. ngUkio nga;jikahy;
kuq;fs; tPo;e;jJ - ngUkio nga;jikahy; kuq;fs;
tPo;e;jd 6. taypy; Ml;Lf;fd;W Nka;fpwJ
- taypy; Ml;Lf;Fl;b Nka;fpwJ
7. gR Fl;b Nghl;lJ - gR
fd;W Nghl;lJ 8. khl;il ,yhaj;jpy; fl;L -
khl;ilf; nfhl;lifapy;
fl;L
9. ntw;wpiyj; Njhg;Gf;Fr nrd;W
ntw;wpiy gwpj;J th -
ntw;wpiyj; Njhl;lj;jpw;Fr;
nrd;W ntw;wpiy gwpj;J th
10. ahid Koq;Fk; - ahid
gpspWk;
518. nghUj;Jf
1. rpq;fk; fidj;jJ - vz;tO
2. fz;zd; gbj;jhs; - fhytO
3. ,d;W tUthd; - jpiz tO
4. fgpyd; NgrpaJ - kuG tO
5. gwitfs; gwe;jJ - ghy; tO
tpilfs;:
1. kuG tO 2. ghy; tO 3.
fhytO 4. jpiz tO 5.
vz;tO
,ay; VO nra;As; gFjp jpUf;Fws;
gz;Gilik 519. nrhw;nghUs;
1. tof;F - ed;ndwp
2. Md;w - caHe;j
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3. ead; - NeHik
4. ed;wp - cjtp 5. eifAs;Sk; -
tpisahl;lhfTk; 6. ghlwpthH - newpAilahH
7. kha;tJ - moptJ 8. muk; - thisf; $Hikahf;Fk;
fUtp
9. ez;G - el;G 10. eak; ,y - jPq;F>
,dpikaw;w 11. fil - gOJ
12. efy;ty;yH - rpupj;Jkfpo;gtH
13. khapU Qhyk; -
kpfg;ngupa cyfk;
14. jpupe;jw;W - jpuptJ Nghd;wJ
jpUtUl;gh 520. ‗ jpUtUl;gh‘ - vd;w E}iy
,aw;wp atH ahH? ,uhkypq;f mbfshH
521. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; ngw;NwhH
ahH?
,uhikah - rpd;dk;ik 522. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH gpwe;j CH
vJ?
rp jk;guj;Jf;F mUfpYs;s „kUJ}H‟
523. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd;
rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs;
vd;d? j pUt U l ; gpu fh r
ts;syhH>
ts;syhH
524. thba gapiuf; fz;l
Nghnjy;yhk; thbNdd; grpapdhy; ...
vdj; njhlq;Fk;
jpUtUl;gh ghliy vOjpatH. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH
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525. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH ,aw;wpa
E}y;fs; ahit?
jpUtUl;gh> rPtfhUz;a xOf;fk;>
kDKiw fz;l thrfk; Kjypad
526. tlY}upy; rkur Rj;j
rd;khHf;f rq;fk;> rj;jpa
Qhdrig> rj;jpa jUkr;rhiy
Mfpatw;iw epWtpatH ahH?
,uhkypq;fH
527. ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; fhyk; vJ?
1823 -1874 528. jpUtUl;gh gpupj;J vOJf.
jpU+mUs;+gh 529. ‗,iwtd; jpUtUisg;
ngWt jw;fhfg; ghbaghly;‘ vd;Wk;
,iwtdpd; jpUtUshy; ghba ghly; vd;Wk;
vg;ghliy f; Fwpf;fpNwhk;? jpUtUl;gh
530. jpUtUl;ghtpy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;s ghly;fspd;
vz;zpf;if vj;jid?
Iahapuj ;J
vz;Z}w;Wg; gjpndl;Lg; ghly;
531. nrhw;nghUs;
1. grpawhJ - grpj;JaH ePq;fhJ
2. maHe;j - fisg;Gw;w
3. ePba -
jPuhj
jkpoH thdpay;
532. goe;jkpoHfs; ifahz;l
mwptpay; EZf;fq;fis
vjd;%yk; mwpayhk;?
njhy;fhg;gpak;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;
fs;> jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
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kzpNkfiy>
rPtfrpe;jhkzp>
fk;guhkhazk;>
jpUke; jpuk;> jpUthrfk; 534. jkpoupd; mwptpay;
rpe;jidapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ
vijg;
gw;wpa mwpthFk;?
thdpay;
535. cyfpy; Njhd;wpa gy;NtW
mwptpay; fy;tpfspy; kpfj;
njhd;ikahdJ> gioikahdJ vJ?
thdpay; fy;tp
536. cyfk; Ik;G+jq;fshfpa epyk;>ePH> ntg;gk;> fhw;W> thdk; MfpaIe;Jk; cs;slf;fpaJ
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?njhy;fhg;gpak;
537. Fwpg;G epyk; ePH jP tsp tpRk;NghLIe;Jk; fye;j kaf;fk; Mjypd;.... (njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUs;. 635) kz;jpzpe;j epyDk; epyd; Ve;jpa
tpRk;Gk; tpRk;GijtU tspAk;tspj;jiy ,a jPAk; jP Kuzpa ePUk;
vd;whq;F Ik;ngUk; G+jj;J ,aw;if Nghy;.... (Gwk;> 2)
538. cyfk; jl;il ,y;iy
cUz;il ahdJ vd;W ahH
fz;lwpe;jhH? Nghye;J ehl;ilr;
rhHe; j „epf;Nfhy];fpuhg;];‟
539. epf;Nfhy];fpuhg;]; - vd;gtH cyfk; jl;il ,y;iy cUz;ilahdJ vd;W ve;j Mz;by; fz;lwpe;jhH?
gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;L
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112
540. cyfk; cUz;ilahdJ vd;gij ahH njhiyNehf;fpahy; fz;L
gpbj;Jr; nrhd;d gpwFjhd; kf;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH?
gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j fypypNah541. Nkiy ehl;bdH cyfk;
cUz;il ahdJ vd;W fz;lwptjw;F Kd;Ng jpUts;StH fz;lwpe;J mjw;F FwSk; vOjpAs;shH me;jf; Fws;
ahit? „Rod;Wk; VHg;gpd;dJcyfk; mjdhy; coe;Jk; coNt
jiy‟
- Fws;> 103
542. thdntspapy; kpfg;ngupa tPz;kPd;
MFk;.
QhapW
543. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
_______ vd;W Qhapw; iwg;
Nghw;wpAs;sJ.
QhapW Nghw;Wjy; Q h a p W
Nghw;Wjy;
544. Qhapw;iwr; Rw;wpa ghijiavd;W goe;jkpoH
$wpAs;shH. QhapW tl;lk;
545. nrQ;Qhapw;Wr; nryTk;
mQ;Qhapw;Wg gupg;Gk; gupg;Gr; #o;e;j kz;byKk;
,it ve;j E}ypd;
tupfs;?
Gwk;> 30
546. jhNd xsptplf;$ba Qhapw;iw
vd;W gz;ilj;
jkpoH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH.
ehs;kPd;
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111
547. Qhapw;wplkpUe;J xspngw;W xsp 550. Gjd;Nfhisg; Gjpjhff; fz;lwpe;j
tplf;$batw;iw vd;W jhy; ,jw;F kw;nwhU ngaHcz;L.
gz;ilj; jkpoHFwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH.
Nfhs;kPd;
548. khjH Kfk; Nghy; xsptpl
ty;iyNay; fhjiy thop kjp.
- Fws; 118
,f;Fws; vf;fUj;ij ntspg; gLj;JfpwJ?
jpq;fs; jhNd
xsptpRtjpy;iy vd;W
thdpay; cz;ikiaj;
jpUf;Fws;
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
545. jpq;fisg; ghk;G nfhz;lw;W (Fws;
1146)
vd;Dk; Fws; njhlH vijg;
gw;wpajhFk;
jpq;fs; kiwg;G
(re;jpufpufzk;) 546. nrt;tha;f; Nfhs; ve;epwj;ijf;
nfhz;lJ
nre;epwk;
547. nts;spf;Nfhspy;
nts;spj;jhJ
,Ug;g i j mwptpay;
Ma;T Gyg;gLj;jp>
nts;spapd;
epwk; vd;W
mwptpj;Js;sd.
ntz;ik epwk;
548. QhapW cjaj;jpw;F Kd;Ng
nts;sp vOe;J tpbaiy
czHj;Jtjhy;
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mJ vd;d? mwptd;
551. ‗tpah‘ vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
ngupa> epiwe;j 552. thdpy; ngupa Nfhshf
tyk; tUt i jNa _______
vd;W miof;fpd;wdH. tpahod;
553. rdpf;Nfhisf; vd;wiof;fg;g
L fpwhHfs;.fhupf;Nfhs;
554. fhupf;Nfhspy; vJ ,Ug;gjhf ,d;iwa mwptpay; Ma;T $WfpwJ
fe;jfk; 555. J}kNfJit _______
vd;Wk;
$WtH.
thy;el;rj;jpuk;
556. ‗tytd; Vth thdT+Hjp‘ - ,J ve;j E}ypy; cs;s tupfs;? Gwk;> 27:8
557. thD}Hjp Xl;Lfpwtidj; jkpopy;
vd miof;fpwhHfs;. tytd;
fyPypNah fypyp558. ‗fyPypNah‘ ve;j Mz;by;
gpwe;jhH? ,jid
tpbnts;sp
vd;wdH. 1564 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup15
jpq;fs; fpoik 549. Gjpjhff; fz;lwpe;j Nfhs;
vd toq;fg;gl;lJ? Gjd;
559. fypypNahtpd; je;ij ngaHvd;d
tpd;nrd;NrhfyPtp
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560. fypypNah jk; ,sikf; fhyj;jpy;
,Ue;J vjd; kPJ kpFe;j MHtk;
cilatuha; tpsq;fpdhH?
,aw;if mwptpay;
561. fbfhuj;jpd; ngz;Lyj;ij.
Criy (Cry;tpjp) mikj;J
Neuj;ijf; fzf;fpLk;
Kiwiaf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH?
fypypNah fypyp
562. igrh efug; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
m/J mirahjJ epiyahdJ vd;Wk; $wpdhH. jhykp vd;w thdpayhsH
569. #upaidf; Rw;wpa Gtp efHfpwJ vd;gJ ve;j thdpay; mwpQupd;nfhs;ifahFk;? thdpay; mwpQH NfhgHepfrpd;
570. ve;j Mz;by; njhiy Nehf;fpia mikj;J
tpz;ntspia
Ma;T nra;jhH? 1610 Mk; Mz;L
kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; fypypNahtpd; 571. vd;gJ gyNfhb
tpz;kPd; Kjw; fz;Lgpbg;G ahJ? Cry; tpjp
563. fypypNah jk;Kila
,Ugj;ije;jhk;
mfitapNyNa igrhefug; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
Mfg; gzpakHj;jg;gl;lhH
fzpjg; NguhrpupaH 564. ve;j Mz;by; fypypNah
fzpj tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH?1592 Mk; Mz;L
565. ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fzpj tpupTiuahsuhff; f ypypNah gzpahw;wpdhH?gJth gy;fiyf;fofk;
566. fypypNah vjw;F mstpia Kjd; Kjyhf cUthf;fpdhH? fhw;W> ntg;gk;
567. fypypNahtpw;F Kd;G thdpay; gw;wpa nfhs;iffis ntspapl;ltH ahH?
mup];lhby; 568. vd;w thdpayhsUk;epyk;
mz;lj;jpd; ikag;gFjp
vd;Wk; 112
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fspd; njhFjp vd;W nka;g;gpj;jhH ghy; tPjp
572. epyhtpd; Nkw;gug;G vJ epiwe;Js;s jhf fypypNah
njhiyNehf;fp %yk; fz;lwpe;J $wpdhH?fuLKulhdJ > kiyfSk gs;sj;jhf;FfSk; epiwe;Js;sJ
573. ve;j mwpQH mz;lj;jpd;
ikak; G+kpad;W> #upaNd vd;Wk; #upaidg G+kpAk; gpw
Nfhs;fSk; Rw;wp tUfpwJ
vd;Wk; $wpatH?
mwpQH NfhgHepfR
574. tpahod; Nfhis vj;jid rpW
Nfhs;fs; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd?
ehd;F
575. fypypNahit ve;j Mz;by;
tPl;Lr; rpiw itj;jdH? 1616 Mk; Mz;L
576. fp .g p. 1632 ,y;
cyfj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd ,U
Kiwikfisg; gw;wpa
ciuahly; vd;w E}iy
vOjpatH ahH?
fypypNah
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113
577. Gjpa mwptpaiyr; rhHe;j ,U
ciuahly; vd;w E}iyf;
fypypNah ve;j Mz;L vOjp
ntspapl;lhH? fp.gp.1638 Mk; Mz;L
587. fypypNah E}y;fisf; nfhz;L
594. ―KUNfrd; nrbia el;lhd;‖
,j; njhlupy; KUNfrd;
vd;gJ vOtha nrb vd;gJ
ngaHr;nrhy;. m/J ‗I ‘ vd;Dk; cUig Vw;Wr;
nrag;gLnghUis czHj;Jtjhy;
ahH jk;Kila nfhs;iffis
,J vdg;gLk;
cUthf;fpdhH?
Irf; epA+l;ld;
588. fypypNah ve;j Mz;L ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhH?
fp.gp.1642 Mk; Mz;L> rdtup
jpq;fs; fpoik
Ntw;Wik
589. ―KUfd; te;jhd;‖ -
,j;njhlupy; KUfd; vd;gJ
vd;d? vOtha;
590. ―KUfidg; ghHj;jhd;‖ -
,j;njhlupy; KUfd; vd;gJ
vd;d? nrag;gLnghUs;
591. ―KUfdhy; tiuag;gl;lJ‖ -
,j; njhlupy; KUfd;
vd;gJ vd;d? vOthiar;
nrag;gLnghUshfTk;
fUj;jhthfTk; NtWgl;Ls;sJ 592. ngaHfs; NtWgl;L te;jhy;
vdg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wik 593. vOtha; tpidKw;W>
ngaHr;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;
Mfpatw;Ws; xd;iwg;
gadpiyahff; nfhz;L
Kbe;jhy;
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,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
595. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit
My;> Md;> XL> xL
596. My;> Md;> cUGfs; _______
Mfpa ,UnghUs;fspYk; tUk;.
fUtp> fUj;jh
597. fUtp vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
,uz;L 598. fUtpapd; tiffis $Wf?
Kjw;fUtp> Jizf;fUtp
599. ―fUj;jh‖ vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
,uz;L 600. fUj;jhtpd; tiffisf; $Wf?
,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh> VTjy; fUj;jh.
601. XH vOthapd;nraYld; gpwpnjhd;wdJ
nraYk;
cldpfo;tij vd;gH.cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs;
602. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG ahJ?
„F‟
603. ‗F‘- Tf;Fg; gjpyhfvit nrhy;YUG
fshf tUk;?
nghUl;L> epkpj;jk; 604. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit?
mJ vdg;gLk;.
my;yJ ,y;> ,d;
605. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa nrhy;YU
vOtha;Ntw;Wik> Kjy; Ntw;Wik
Gfs; ahit?
,Ue;J> epd;W> tpl> fhl;bYk;
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115
606. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit?
mJ> MJ> m
607. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa nrhy;YUGfs ahit?
cila
608. Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa cUGfs;
ahit?
fz;> fhy;> Nky;> fPNo>,lk;> ,y;
609. vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG vJ tpspNtw;Wik
610. glHf;ifg; ngaiu
Kd;dpiyg; ngauhf;fp
miof;f ve;j Ntw;Wik
gad;gLfpwJ?
tpspNtw;Wik
611. nghUj;Jf
1. fhl;il mopj;jhd; -
Mwhk; Ntw;Wikr;
nrhy;YUG
2. Gtpiag; Nghd;wtd; - nghUl;L
3. $ypapd; nghUl;L Ntiy -
mopj;jy;
4. vd;Dila tPL - xj;jy;
tpil 1. mopj;jy;
2. xj;jy;
3. nghUl;L 4. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;YUG
612. nghUj;Jf
1. Kjy; Ntw;Wik -
fpisapd;
fz; fhf;if
2. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik - fy;tpapy;
ngupatH fk;gH
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3. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik - kuj;jhy;
nra;jJ tpil
1. fy;tpapy; ngupatH fk;gH
2. kuj;jhy;nra;jJ 3. jpisapd; fz; fhf;if
,ay; vl;L nra;As;gFjp -
tpy;ypghujk;
613. thd; ngw;w ejpfko;jhs;
tzq;fg; ngw;Nwd; vd;w
ghliy vOjpatH ahH?
tpy;ypGj;J}uhH
614. tpy;ypghujk; ghliy vOjpatH
ahH?
tpy;ypGj;J}uhH615. tpy;ypGj;J}uhupd;
je;ij ngaH vd;d? tPuuhftH
616. tpy;ypGj;J}uhiu Mjupj;jtH ahH? tf;fghifia Mz;l tugjp Ml;nfhz;lhd; 617. tpy;ypghujk; vj;jid
gUtj;ijf; nfhz;lJ? gj;Jg;gUtk; 618. tpy;ypghujk; vj;jid tpUj;jg; ghlyhy; MdJ ehyhapuj;J Ke;E}w;iwk;gJ
619. tpy;ypghuj;jpy; vl;lhk; gUtk; ve;jg; gUtj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? fd;dgUtk;
620. ‗thd;ngw;w ejp‘ - vd;gjd;
nghUs; ahJ? fq;ifahW
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115
621. ‗,Uepyk;‘ - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
ngupa cyfk; 622. ‗Cd;‘ - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? jir
623. nrhw;nghUs; $Wf 1. fsgk; - re;jdk; 2. Joha; myq;fy; - Jsrpkhiy 3. Gak; - Njhs; 4. ijte;J - njhl;Lj;jltp
5. gfop - mk;G6. ehkk; - ngaH
624. tpy;ypGj;J}uhupd; fhyk; vJ? gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;L
ahH ftpQd;
625. ahH ftpQd; ghlypd; MrpupaH ahH?
Kbaurd; 626. ftpQH Kbaurupd; ,aw;ngaH
ahJ? JiuuhR
627. Kbaurupd; ngw;NwhH ngaHvd;d?
Rg;guhaY - rPjhnyl;Rkp 628. Kbaurupd; gpwe;j CH vJ?
Njdp khtl;lj; jpYs;s ngupaFsk; 629. KbaurH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit?
G+q;nfhb> fhtpag;ghit> tPufhtpak Kbaurd; f tpijfs; Kjypad.
630. Kbaurupd; gzp vd;d
jkpohrpupaH> kP.R.
caHepiyg; gs;sp>
fhiuf;Fb. 631. gwk;Gkiyapy; ele;j tpohtpy;
‗ftpauR‘ vd;Dk;
gl;lk; ve;jmbfshuhy; toq;fg;ngw;wJ?
Fd;wf;Fb mbfs;
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632. G+q;nfhb vd;Dk; fhtpaj;Jf;fhf ve;j
Mz;by; jkpof muRKbaurUf;Fg; gupR toq;fpaJ? 1966 Mk; Mz;L
633. Kbaurupd; fhyk; vJ 1920-1998
634. rpwg;G Kbaurd;> ghu jp jhrd; guk;giuj; jiyKiwf; f tpQUs; %j;jtH. je;ij ngupahH NguwpQH mz;zh
MfpNahuplk; neUq;fpg;gofpatH MtH.
635. nrhw;nghUs; 1. ifk;khW - gad; 2. khrw;w - Fw;wkw;w 3. Njl;il - jpul;ba
nry;tk; 4. kPl;rp - Nkd;ik 5. khs ePq;f
NjtNeag; ghthzH
636. kd;dpg;G vd;gJ cUJr; nrhy;@nghWj;Jf; nfhs;f vd;gJ
jkpo;r; nrhy; vd;W
tpsf;fpatH ahH?
NjtNeag;ghthzH
637. jkpopd; njhd;ikia cyfwpar;
nra;jtH
ahH?
fhy;Lnty;
638. jdpj;jkpOf;F tpj;jpl;ltH ahH?
gupjpkhw;fiyQH
639. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; ngw;NwhH
ngaH vd;d?
QhdKj;J - gupG+uzk;
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640. NjtNeag;ghthzH gpwe;j CH vJ?
rq;fud;Nfhtpy;
641. NjtNeag;ghthzH thq;fpa gl;lq;fs; vd;d?
gz;bjH GytH> tpj;Jthd;> KJ
fiyj;jkpo;> gp.X.vy;.>
642. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; fhyk; vd;d?
7.02.1902 - 15.01.1981
643. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; rpwg;Gfs;
vd;d?
nre;jkpo;r; nry;tH>
nre;jkpo; QhapW> jkpo;g;
ngUq;fhtyH vd 174
rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs;
644. Nfhtpy;fspy; jkpopy; topghLeilngWNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; gpwg;G
,wg;Gj; njhlHghd
rlq;Ffs; ahTk;
jkpopy; eilngwNtz;Lk;
vd;Wk; ahH typAWj;jpdhH?
NjtNeag;ghthzH
645. NjtNeag;ghthzH
vj;jid E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shH?
ehw;gj;J %d;W
646. NjtNeag;ghthziu ve;j Mz;L
649. NjtNeag;ghthzupd; ngaupy;
ve;j Cupy; mz;zhrhiyapy;
E}yfk; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ?
nrd;id 650. vt;T+upy; ghthzH Nfhl;lk;
mtHjk; KO cUtr;rpiy>
mtH ngaupy; E}yfk; Mfpait
mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ?
,uhrghisaj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s
Kwk;gpy;
651. kJiuapy; 05.01.1981 -
md;W eilngw;w cyfj;jkpo; khehl;by; ve;j j; jiyg;gpy;
nrhw;nghopthw;wpdhH? khe;jd;
Njhw;wKk; jkpoH kuGk;
GzHr;rp - ,ay;G> tpfhuk;
652. epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk;
NrUk; NghJ vt;tpj
khw;wKk; Vw;gl
tpy;iynad;why; mJ
GzHr;rp MFk;.
,ay;Gg;GzHr;rp 653. nghd;+tisay;=nghd;
tisay;
- ,izAk; ,Unrhw;fspy; Kjy;
nrhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj;jpl
;l
,af;Feu
hfg; gzpakHj;jpdhHfs;?
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nrhy; epiynkhop
vdg;gLk;.
08.05.1974 647. ‗kd;dpg;G‘ ve;j nkhopr;nrhy;?
654. epiynkhopapd; ,Wjp vOj;Jg;
Gs;spahf (nka;ahf)
,Ue;jhy; cUJr;nrhy;
648. murpd; cjtpNahL vj;jid
mij nka;aPW
vdf; $WtH
Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;shH?
,UE}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
655. epiynkhopapd; ,Wjp vOj;J capH nka;ahf ,Ue;jhy;
mit vdr;
nrhy;yg;gLk;. capuPW
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656. tUnkhopapd; Kjy; vOj;J
capH nka;ahf ,Ug;gpd; mij
vd miog;gH.
nka;Kjy; 657. tUnkhopapd; Kjy;
vOj;J capuhf ,Ug;gpd; mij
vd miog;gH.
capHKjy;
658. epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk;
NrUk; NghJ khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gLkhdhy;
667. ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;:-
1. m , vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;Jfspd;
gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk; (v.L) m + fdp = mf;fdp
, + Gj;jfk; = ,g;Gj;jfk; 2. v vd;Dk; tpid vOj;jpd;
gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.
(v.L) v+nghUs; = vg;nghUs; 3. me;j> ,e;j vd;Dk;
Rl;Lj; jpupGfspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.
mjid tpfhug;GzHr;r p
vd;gH. (v.L)me;j+igad;=me;jg;igad;
,e;j+gs;sp = ,e;jg;gs;sp
659. tpfhug;GzHr;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
%d;W 660. tpfhug;GzHr;rpapd; %d;W
tiffis vOJf.
1. Njhd;wy; 2. nfLjy; 3. jpupjy;
661. ,ay;Gg;GzHr;rpf;F (v.fh) $Wf?
thio+kuk; = thiokuk;
662. tpfhug;GzHr;rp (v.fh) jUf?
thio + gok; =
thiog;gok;
663. Njhd;wy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh jUf?
jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws; (f;)
664. nfLjy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh
jUf?
kuk; + NtH = kuNtH (k;)
665. jpupjy; GzHr;rpf;F v.fh jUf?
gy; + nghb = gw;nghb (w;)
666. GzHr;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk; mit ahit?
,uz;L- 1.,ay;G 2.tpfhuk;
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
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4. mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb
vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd;
ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L)mg;gb+Nfs;=mg;gbf;Nfhs;
,g;gb+nra; = ,g;gbr;nra; vg;gb+ gbj;jhd; =
vg;gbg;gbj;jhd;
5. mt;tif> ,t;tif> vt;tif
vDk; nrhw;fspd; gpd;
ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L)
mt;tifg;Ngr;R
6. ,dp> jdp> kw;W> kw;w> kw;iw
vDk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;nyhw;W
kpFk; (v.L) ,dpg;Ngrpdhd;
7. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik> ehd;fhk;
Ntw;Wik tpupapd; gpd;ty;nyhw;W
kpFk;.
(v.L) glj;ijg; ghHj;jhd; mtDf;Ff; nfhL
8. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
gaDk; cle;njhf;fj;
njhifapd; gpd;Dk;
ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.
(v.L) japHf;Flk;
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121
9. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cle;njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk;
ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) gl;Lr;Nriy 10. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikapy;
m/wpizg; ngaHfspd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) $ypj;njhopy;
11. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) tpopg;Gdy;
12. Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;.(v.L) ePHg;ghk;G
13. Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapd; gpd;Dk; ty;nyhw;W kpFk;. (v.L) Fbg;gpwe;jhH
,ay; xd;gJ nra;As; gFjp - fk;guhkhazk;
668. fk;guhkhazk; ghliy
vOjpatH ahH? fk;gH
669. fk;gH ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhH? ehif khtl;lk; kapyhLJiwf;F mUfpYs;s NjuOe;J}H
670. fk;giu Mjupj;jtH ahH?
rilag;g ts;sy; 671. rlNfhgue;jhjp> VnuOgJ rpiy
naOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp>
jpUf;if tof;fk; ,e;E}y;fis ,aw;wpatH ahH? fk;gH
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672. fk;gupd; fhyk; vd;d?
fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L
vd;Wk; gd;dpuz;lhk;
E}w;whz;L
vd;Wk; $WtH
673. fk;gH tlnkhopapy;
thy;kPfp vOjpa
,uhkhazj;ijj; jOtpa
ve;E}iy ,aw;wpdhH?
jkpopy; fhg;gpak;
674. fk;gH ,aw;wpa fhg;gpa E}Yf;F
vdg; ngaupl;lhH.
,uhkhtjhuk;
675. fij khe;jupd; tlnrhw;
ngaHfis j
jkpo;g;gLj;jpa ngUikf;Fup
atH fk;gH.
njhy;fhg;gpa newpg;gb
676. fk;guhkhazk; vj;jid fhz;lq;
fisAilaJ?
MW
677. MW fhz;lq;fisf; $Wf?
1.ghyfhz;lk;> 2.
mNahj; jpah fhz;lk;> 3.
Muzpa fhz;lk;> 4.
fpl;fpe;jhfhz;lk;>
5.Re;jufhz;lk;>
6. Aj;jfhz;lk;
678. fk;guhkhazg; ghly; ve;j
fhz;lj;J Mw;Wg;glyj;jpy;
cs;sJ? ghyfhz;lk;
679. ve;j khepyj;jpy; ghAk; ruA ejpapd;
tsk; fk ;guhkhazj ; jpy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ?
cj;jpugpuNjr khepyk;
680. jhJ- vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? kfue;jk;
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681. nrhw;nghUs;
1. NghJ - kyH 2. ngha;if - Fsk;
3. G+fk; - fKfk; (ghf;F kuk;) tpOJk; NtUk;
682. tpOJk; NtUk;- ,g;ghliy
,aw;wpatH ahH?
ghujpjhrd;
683. ghujpjhrupd; ,aw;ngaH vd;d?
fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk;
684. ghujpjhrupd; ngw;NwhH ngaHvd;d?
fdfrig - ,yf;Fkp
685. ghujpjhrd; gpwe;j CH vJ?
GJr;Nrup686. ghujpjhrd; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ
29.04.1891-21.04.1964
687. ghujpjhrupd; rpwg;Gg; ngaHfs; vd;d?
ghNte;jH> Gul;rpf;ftpQH
688. ahUld; nfhz; l neUq;fpa
njhlHgpdhy; ghujpjhrd; vdj;
jd; ngaiu mikj;Jf;
nfhz;lhH? ghu jpahH 689. J}yk; Nghy; tsH
fpisf;F tpOJfs; J}d;fs;
vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH?
ghujpjhrd;
690. je;ij ngupahupd; gFj;jwpTr;
rpe;jidfisg; ghujp jhrd;
mtHfs; vt;tbtpy; je;jhH?
ftpij
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691. ghujpjhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;
ahit?
ghz;bad; gupR> FLk;g tpsf;F
,Uz; l tPL> mofpd;
rpupg;G fz;zfp Gul;rpf;
fhg;gpak;> FwpQ;rpj;jpl;Lj;
jkpopaf;fk;
692. ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly;
vd;Dk; E}ypy; ‗tpOJk; NtUk;‘
vd;Dk; j iyg;gpd; fPo;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ?
mofpd; rpupg;G
693. jpwy; - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ
typik
694. kwtH - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ
tPuH
fhl;Lapupfs;
695. Ik;G+jq;fisf; $Wf?
epyk;> ePH> jP> fhw;W>thdk;
696. Ik;G+jq;fspy; _____, _____
,Utifahd nghUs;fs; cs;sd.
capUs;s> capuw;w
697. nka;apdhy; mwpAk; capH
vj;jid mwpTfisf;
nfhz;lJ?
XuwpT
698. XuwpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;F
v.fh jUf?
Gy; kuk; Nghd;w jhtuq;fs;
699. nka; - fz ; - < u w p T nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;F v.fh jUf?
ej;ij> rq;F
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700. nka;> tha;> %f;F> %twpT
nfhz;l capupdq;fisf;
$Wf?
vWk;G> fiuahd;> ml;il 701. IawpT vd;gJ ve;nje;j
mwpTfisf nfhz;ljhFk;?
nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp
702. IawpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;F
v.fh jUf?
tpyq;F> gwit
703. MwwpT nfhz;l capupdq;fSf;F
v.fh jUf? kdpjH
704. MwwpT vd;gJ ve;nje;j mwpT
fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;?
nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp>
kdk; 705. capupfspd; Mw;wYf;F
mbg;gil ahf tpsq;Fgit
vit? jhtuq;fs;
706. cyfpNyNa mjpf msT kio
ngWk; ,lk; vJ?
mrhkpy; kuq;fs; mlHe;Js;s
“rpuGQ;rp”
707. mf;NlhgH Kjy; thuj;ij
muR vt;thW nfhz;lhb
tUfpwJ? tdtpyq;F thuk; 708 tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;
ve;j Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ?
1972 Mk; Mz;L 709. tdtpyq;Fg;
ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk;
vijj; jLf;fpwJ? tdtpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLjy;
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710. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G ,lq;fs; cs;sd? gjpNdO
711. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid Njrpa tdtpyq;Fg; G+q;fhf;fs; cs;sd?
mWgj;jhW 712. ekJ ehl;by; vj;jid
Gfyplq;fs; mike;Js;sd? Ke;E}w;W mWgj;njl;L 713. cyf tdtpyq;F ehs;
vg;NghJ
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd? mf;NlhgH> 4-Mk; ehs
nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpaf
k;
714. mUq;fhl;rpafk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ?
nrd;id> vOk;G+upy;715. nrd;id> vOk;G+H
mUq;fhl;rpafk; ve;j Mz;by; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ?
fp.gp. 1851 Mk; Mz;L 716. mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy;
vj;ji
d fhl;rpafq;fs; cs;sd
gjpd;%d;W
GzHr;rp: capuP
W clk;gLnka;> nka;aPW
717. capH <w;Wr; nrhy;Kd; ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; te;jhy;
mjd; nka; naOj;Jfs; .
kpFk;718. ‗gy‘ - ,r;nrhy;ypy;
(y;+m=y)
vdg; gpupj;jhy;> ,jpy; m MFk;.
capH <W
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719. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk;
epd;w capHKd; frjg kpFk;.
ve;j E}ypy; cs;s tupfs;?
ed;D}y;> 165 clk;gLnka;
720. epiynkhop <w;W capUk;
tUnkhop Kjy; capUk;
,izAk; NghJ t; my;yJ
a; ,ilapy; Njhd;wpdhy;
mJ + jhd; =
mJjhd;
md;W> ,d;W> vd;W
vDk; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpd;kpfhJ (v.L) md;W
nfhLj;Njd;.
11. mj;jid> ,j;jid>
vj;jid vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd;
gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.
(v.L) vj;jid + nghUs; =
vj;jidnghUs;
,jw;F
clk;gLnka;
vd;W ngaH 12. gb vd;W KbAk; tpidnar;rk;
cfutPw;W tpidnar;rk; vjpHkiwg;
721. ghLk; ghly; - ,j;njhlupy; ghly;
vd;gJ vd;d?
tUnkhop
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
722. ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lk;
1. fij + nrhd;dhd; =
fij nrhd;dhd;
nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk;
kpfhJ.
(v.L) tUk;gb $wpdhs; 723. gythz;L ,r;nrhy; gpupAk; Kiw
gy + Mz;L 724. gid + Xiy - ,uz;bw;Fk;
2. mofNdhL + nrd;whd; =
mofNdhL nrd;whd;
,ilapy;
a;
Njhd;Wk;?
3. tPl;bapypUe;J +ghHj;jhd; =
tPl;bapypUe;J ghHj;jhd;
4. vdJ +Gj;jfk; = vdJ Gj;jfk; 5. RL + NrhW = RL NrhW
6. fy;tp + Nfs;tp =
fy;tpNfs;tp 7. gbj;j + ghlk; = gbj;j ghlk;
8. Nfhop + nfhf;fupj;jJ =
Nfhop nfhf;fupj;jJ
9. tho;f + nre;jkpo; =
tho;f nre;jkpo;
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10. mJ> ,J> vJ> vd;Dk;
nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ
725. , < I top at;Tk; Vid
capHtop tt;Tk; VKd;
,t;tpUikAk; capHtupd;
clk;gL nka;nad; whFk;
,g;ghly; ve;j E}ypy; te;Js;sJ
ed;D}y;
nka;aPw;Wg;GzHr;rp
726. E}y;+Mil - ,jpy; E}y;
vd;gJ epiynkhop Mil vd;gJ tUnkhop vdNt
ep iynkhopapd; < W
nka;ahf ,Ue;jhy; mij
vd miog;gH.
nka;aPW
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123
727. cly;Nky; capHte;J xd;WtJ
,ay;Ng. , t ; tup ve;E}ypy;
te;Js;sJ? ed;D}y; 204
728. jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capHtupd;
,ul;Lk; ,e;j tup ve;E}ypy;
te;Js;sJ.
ed;D}y; 205
,ay;gj;J - nra;As;gFjp
Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpgps;isj; jkpo;tUifg;gUtk;
729. Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpio
,aw;wpatH ahH?
FkuFUguH 730. FkuFUguupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH
vd;d?
rz;Kf rpfhkzpf; ftpuhaH
rptfhk Re;jupak;ik
731. FkuFUguH gpwe;j CH vJ?
jpUitFz;lk;
732. FkuFUguH ve;nje;j nkhopfspy; Gyik
kpf;ftuha;j; jpfo;e;jhH?
jkpo;> tlnkhop>
,e;J];jhdp 733. jpUg;gze;jhspYk;> fhrpapYk
FkuFUguH jk; ngauhy;
vd;d epWtp
cs;shH?
klk; 734. gps;isj;jkpo; vj;jid
tifg;gLk;? ,uz;L
735. ,Utifahd
gps;isj;jkpi
o vOJf 1. Mz;ghw;gps;isj;jkpo; 2. ngz;ghw;gps;isj;jkpo;
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124
736. gps;isj;jkpopy; vj;jid gUtq;fs;
cs;sd? gj;Jg;gUt
k; 737. gj;Jg;gUtq;fspy;
vj;jid gUtq;fs;
,Ughw; gps;isj; jkpOf;Fk; nghJthdit
MFk;? VO gUtq;fs; 738. VOtifahd gUtq;fisf;
$Wf? fhg;G> nrq;fPiu>
jhy; rg;ghzp Kj;jk; tUif> mk;Gyp
739. gj;Jg;gUtq;fspy; Mz;ghYf;Fupa
,Wjp %d;W gUtq;fis vOJf? rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw> rpWNjH
740. gj;Jg;gUtq;fspy; ngz;ghYf;Fupa
,Wjp %d;W gUtq;fis vOJf? mk;khid> foq;F (ePuhly;)> Cry;
741. Gs;spUf;F NtSupy; (itj;jPRtud; Nfhtpy;) vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfg;ngUkhdpd; ngaH vd;d?
Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp 742. FkuFUguH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;
vit? fe;jH fypntz;gh> kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> kJiuf;
fyk;gfk;> rfyfyhty;yp
khiy>ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;.
743. FkuFUguH vt;T+upy; ,iwtdb NrHe;jhH? fhrp
744. FkuFUguupd; fhyk; vd;d? gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L
745. Fwpg;G ekf;Fg; ghlg;gFjpahf cs;s ghly; tUifg; gUtj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J E}ypd; MwhtJ gUtkhFk;.
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125
Foe;ijapd; gjpd;%d;whk; jpq;fspy; epfo;tJ@ jsHeilapl;L tUk;
Foe;ijapd; jpwg;Gfis vLj;Jf; $wp mUfpy; tUf tUf vd
749. efy;ty;yH my;yhHf;F khapU
Qhyk; gfYk;ghw; gl;ld;
wpUs;
,J ve;E}ypd; tupfs;? Fws; 999
tha;Fspu kdq;Fspu miof;Fk
750. ek; clypy; , Vw;gL
ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljha; ,g;gUtk; mike;Js;sJ.
746. , iwt idNah ey;yhiuNah ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L mtiuf;
Foe;ijahff;
fUjpg; ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpa
tif gps;isj;jkpo; 747. nrhw;nghUs;
1. kjp - mwpT2. mKj fpuzk; - FspHr;rpahd xsp3. cjak; - fjputd; 4. kJuk; - ,dpik 5. ewtk; - Njd; 6. fOtpa JfsH - Fw;wkw;wtH
7. ryjp - fly;
tjw;Fk; ey;y eifr;Rit Jiz
Gupfpd;wJ.
FUjpXl;lk; $Ltjw;Fk;> %isapy Gj;JzHr;rp
751. ,t;Tyfpy; eiff;fj;
njupahj tHfis vd;d
ntd;W fUjg; gLthHfs;?
miukdpjHfs;
752. mQ;riy muf;f! ghHtpl;le;ju kile;jh dd;Nw
ntQ;rpd thyp> kPshd;> thYk;
Ngha; tPo;e;jjd;Nw....
,t;tupfs; ve;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd?
fk;guhkhazk;
8. myF ,y; - mstpy;yhj
753. nraq;nfhz;lhH ,UnghUs;
9. Gtdk; - cyfk; 10. kjiy - Foe;ij 11. gUjpGup - fjputd; topgl;l ,lk; (itj;jPRtud; Nfhtpy;)
,yf;fpaj;jpy;
eifr;Rit
748. eifr;Rit
Njhd;Wtjw;fh
d fhuzk; vd;dntd;W
njhy;fhg;gpak;
$WfpwJ?
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126
vs;sy;> ,dpik> mwpahik>
klik
jUkhW nrhw;fisg; ghl;by;
mikj;Jg; ghLtjpy; ty;ytH MtH
ftpfhsNkfk
; 754. ftp vd;gjw;F _____ vd;Dk;
nghUs;.
Fuq;F
ehq;fs; ftpuhrHfs;
vd;W nrUf;Fld; $wpa
GytHfspd; nrUf;if
mlf;Fk; gb> ftpvd;gjw;Ff; Fuq;F vd;Dk;
nghUs; Njhd;WkhW.
t hnyq ;N f? ePz;L
vOe; j ty;Yfpnuq;Nf ehY
fhnyq;Nf
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127
Cd;tbj;j fz;nzq;Nf?
rhyg; GtpuhaH Nghw;Wk;
GytHfhs;! ePq;fs; ftpuhaH
vd;wpUe;jf; fhy;. vDk; ghliy nraq;nfhz;lhH
ghbdhH.
755. ,f;fhyf; ftpQHfs;
jhq;fs; ifahSfpd;w
vjidf;nfhz;
L eifr;Ritia mOFw
mikj;Jf; fhl;LfpwhHfs;?
fw;gidfspYk;> ctikfspYk;
756. ftpQH ghujpjhrd; vjDila
Njhif ePz;L ,Ug;gij
eifr; Ritahf $wpdhH?
kapy;
ftpQH ghujpjhrd; kapypd;
fOj;J
ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lf; ftpQH Njrpf
tpehafdhH ghbAs;shH.
Mik tilf;fha;
miuQhz; gzak;
Nghspf; fhfg; Gj;jfk;
gzak; rPilf; fhfr;
rpNyl;L gzak; KWf;Ff;
fhf Nkhjpuk; gzak; fhg;gpf;
fhff; fLf;fd; gzak;
$j;Jf; fhff; FilAk;
gzak; 758. ‗Ks;S KidapNy %Z
Fsk; ntl;bNdd;‘ - vdj;
njhlq;Fk;
eifr;Rit czHT kpf;f
ghly; vjpy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ?
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;
759. eifr;RitAzHT ,y;yhjtUf;Fg;
ePz;L ,Ug;gij
eifr;Ritahf tpsf;FfpwhH.
gfYk;
,Usha;
Njhd;Wk;
mayhd; tPl;by; miwapy;
elg;gij vl;bg; ghHf;fh
jpUg;g jw;Nf
,aw; i f ad;id ,g ;ngz; fl;nfy;yhk;
Fl;ilf; fOj;ijf;
nfhLj;jhd;: fiwnahd;
wpy;yhf; fyhg kapNy! cdf;Nfh
epkHe;J epw;f ePs; fOj;J
mspj;jhd;.
757. ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lf; ftpQH Njrpf
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128
ahg;G mzp
760. j kpo ; ,yf;fzk; vj;jid
tifg;gLk;
Itifg;gLk;
761. Ie;J tifahd jkpo;
,yf;fzj;ij vOJf?
vOj; jpyf;fzk;>
nrhy;ypyf;fzk;>
nghUs; ,yf;fzk;>
ahg;gpyf;fzk;>
tpehafdhupd; xU eifr;
mzpapyf;fzk;
Ritf; fsQ;rpak; vd;gH.
kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;
gbf;fr; nrd;wtd;
vijnay;yhk; gzak;
itf;fpwhd;vd;gij
762. ‗ahg;G‘ vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
fl;Ljy;
763. vYk;G jir euk;G
Kjypatw;why; cly;
fl;lg;gl;L ,Ug;gJ Nghyr;nra;ASf;F cupa
cWg;Gfisr; nfhz;L ghliy
cUthf;Ftij
vd;fpNwhk;.
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129
ahg;G
764. nra;As; cWg;Gfs;
vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
MW765. MW tifahd nra;As;
cWg;Gfis vOJf?
vOj;J> mir> rPH> jis> mb>
njhil
766. vOj;J mir rPH jis
mb njhil ,e; j MWk;
vjd; cWg;Gfs; MFk;? ahg;G
767. XnuOj;J jdpj;Njh ,ize;Njh
774. gh-tpd; tiffs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ehd;F
775. ehd;F tifahd ghtiffisf; $Wf? ntz;gh> Mrpupag;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> fypg;gh
776. vjid NtWgLj;jp mwptjw;fhf ehy;tifg;
ghf;fs;
mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sd? Xireak;
777. Mapuj;J K e ; E } w ; W Kg;gJ jpUf;FwSk; ntz;gh MFk;.
Mdhy; ,uz;lbfs;
kl;Lk; xypj;jhy; mJ mir
vdg;gLk;.
tUtjhy; ,ijf; _____ vd miog;gH.
768. mir vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
,uz;L 769. ,U tifahd mirapd;
tiffis tpsf;Ff.
Neuir> epiuair
770. mirfs; gy NrHe;Jmike;jhy;
Fws; ntz;gh 778. Fws;ntz;ghtpw;F v.fh jUf?
Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ait
779. Fwpg;G fz; ,ikj;j yhybfs; fhrpdpapy;
mJ
rPH
vdg;gLk;
.
Njha;jyhy;
tz;z kyHkhiy thLjyhy;
771. rPHfs; xd;Wld; xd;W nghUe;j
vz;zp eWe;jh kiu tpUk;Gk;ed;DjNy md;dhs; mwpe;jhs;
miktJ jis
vdg;gLk;. esd; jd;id Mq;F.
-,g;ghly; Neupir ntz;gh MFk;
772. ,uz;L my;yJ gy rPHfs; NrHe;J ehlh nfhd;Nwh fhlh nfhd;Nwh
miktJ m b
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130
vdg;gLk;. mtyhnfhd;Nwhkpirahnfhd;Nwh
773. mbfs; ,uz;L Kjypadthfj; njhlHe;J mLf;fpg; ghLtJ vdg;gLk;. g h
vt;top ey;ytH MltH
mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd- ,g;ghly; fypg;gh MFk;.
tisahL kyHr;Rid
ePupdpil
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126
tisahbif kq;ifa ud;d
nkd tpisahLt NuhLtH
$LtHgpd; tpisahLtH
igq;fpsp NkTwNt! - ,g;ghly; tQ;rpg;gh MFk;.
mzpapyf;fzk;
780. mzp vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
moF
781. GytHfs> nghUsoFk; nrhy;yoFk
Njhd;wf;ftpijfis ,aw;wpf;
fw;Nghiu kdq;Fspur; nra;Ak;
9 Mk; tFg;G ,ay; - xd;W
nra;As; -
tho;j;J 1) cyfk; ahitAk; jhKs
thf;fYk;
- vd;w tho;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghbath;
ahh;?
fk;gh; 2) nrhw;nghUs;:-
1. csthf;fy; -
cz;lhf;Fjy;> (gilj;jy;)
,yf;fzj;ij mzpapyf;fzk;
vd;gH. 2. epiyngWj;jy; - fhj;jy; 3. ePf;fy; - mopj;jy;
782. mzpapyf;fzk; Fwpj;j
jkpo; E}y;fs; ahJ? jz;bayq;fhuk; khwdyq;fhuk;
783. ctik ctNkak; ,uz;Lk;
jdpj;jdpahf vLj;Jf;fhl;b
,ilapy; ctk cUG
kiwAkhW
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ
mzp MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp
784. ctkhdk; NtW ctNkak;
NtW vdj; Njhd;whj tifapy;
ctkhdj; jpd;
,ay;Gfis
ctNkaj;jpd; Nky;
Vw;wpf; $WtJ
_____ mzpahFk;.
cUtf mzp
785. kjpKfk; - cUtfkhf khWk;NghJ
vdtUk;.
Kfkjp
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127
4. ePq;fyh - ,iltplhJ 5. myfpyh - mstw;w
6. md;dth; - mj;jifa ,iwth;
7. jiyth; - ,iwth;
8. ruz; - milf;fyk;
3) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-
1 ahitAk; - ck; -
Kw;Wk;ik: Mf;fy;> ePf;fy;>
2. tpisahl;L - njhopw;
ngah;fs; 3. myfpyh tpisahl;L -
<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg;
nganur;rk;
4) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;:-
cilah - cil + a; +
Mh; cil - gFjp
a; -
re;jp Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
5) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk;
kapyhL Jiwf;F mUfpYs;s
NjuOe;J}hpy; fk;gh; gpwe;jhh;.
,th; fk;guhkhazk;> Vu; vOgJ>
rpiy vOgJ> ruRtjp
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128
me;jhjp> rlNfhgh; me;jh jp>
jpUf;if tof;fk; Mfpa E}y;fis
,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,th;
FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhodpd;
mitg;Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;.
jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}h;r;
rilag;g ts;syhy; Mjhpf;fg;
ngw;whh;. ,th;
ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp vdTk;
fy;tpapy; nghpah; fk;gh; vdTk; Nghw;wg; gLfpwhh;.
,thpd; fhyk; fp.gp
gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L
vdf;
$Wth;.
6)
E}w;Fwpg;G:- tlnkhopapy; thd;kPfp Kdpth; vOjpa ,uhkhazj;ijr; jOtpj;
j kpop y ; fk ;gh; vOjpaNj fk;guhkhazk;.
fk;gh;> ,e;E}Yf;F
,uhkhtjhuk; vd;Nwngahpl;lhh;.,J ghyfhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muzpafhz;lk;> fplfpe;jh
fhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;> Aj;jfhz;lk; vd MWfhz;lq;fis cilaJ.
fk;guhkhazg; ghyfhz;lj;jpYs;s
Kjw;ghly; tho;j;Jg; ghlyhf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
7) nghUj;Jf:- 1. csthf;fy; - gilj;jy; 2. epiyngWj;jy; - fhj;jy; 3. ePf;fy; - mopj;jy; 4. jiyth; -
,iwth; 8) epug;Gf:-
1. fy;tpapw; nghpah; vd miof;fg; ngWgth;.fk;gh;
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129
2. fk;guhkhazk; fhz;lq;fi
s cilaJ. MW3. fk;gh; gpwe;j Cu; ______
NjuOe;J}h;
jpUf;Fws;
nghiwAilik
9) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. mfo;thh; = mfo; + t; +
Mh;
mfo; - gFjp t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. kwj;jy; = kw + j;+ jy; kw - gFjp
j; - re;jp jy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp
3. itg;gh; = it + g; + g; +mh;
it - gFjp
g; - re;jp
g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
4. xWj;jhh; = xW + j; + j; +
Mh;xW - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
5. ,we;jhh; = ,w + j;(e;) + j; +
Mh;
,w - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
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130
10) nrhw;nghUs; :-
1. mfo;thiu - Njhz;Lgtiu
2. ,fo;thh; - ,opTgLj;JNthh;
3. jiy - rpwe;j gz;G
4. nghWj;jy; - nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;
5. ,wg;gpid - gpwh; nra;j
Jd;gj;ij
6. ,d;ik - tWik 7. tpUe;J - tPl;Lf;Fg; Gjpatuha; te;jth; 8. xuhy; - jtph;j;jy; 9. klthh; - mwptpypfs;10 epiw - rhy;G 11. xWj;jhiu -
jz;bj;jtiu
12. xd;whf - xU nghUl;lhf 13. nghjpe;J itg;gh; - (kdj;Js;)
itj;Jf; nfhs;th;
14. nghd;Wk; JizAk; - cyfk; cs;stiu
15. jpwdy;y - nra;aj;jfhj 16. Nehnehe;J - Jd;gj;jpw;F
tUe;jp 17. kpFjpahd; -kdr;nrUf;fhy;
18. kpf;fit - jPik
19. jFjpahd; - nghWikahy;
20 Jwe;jhh; - gw;wpid tpl;lth;
21. ,we;jhh; - tuk;G fle;jth;
22. ,d;dh - jPa 23. Nehw;fpw;gth; - nghWg;gth;
24. Nehw;ghh; - Nehd;GNkw;nfhs;gth;
25. ,d;dhr; nrhy; - jPa nrhy;
11) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-
1. cz;zhJ - tpidnar;rk; 2. nghWj;jy; - njhopw; ngah;
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rpuk>;
129
ehadhh;> Njth;>
Kjw;ghtyh;> nja;tg;
Gyth;> ehd; Kfdhh;> khjhD
gq;fp> nre;ehg; Nghjhh;>ngUehtyh; vd;Dk;
rpwg;Gg; ngah;fSk;
,tUf;F cz;L.
,thpd; fhyk; fp.K. 31 Mk; Mz;L
vd mwpQh; $Wth;.
13) E}w; Fwpg;G:- jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws;. jpU
– nry;tk;> rpwg;G> moF>
Nkd;ik> nja;tj;jd;ik
vdg; gy nghUs; nfhz;l xU
nrhy;.
Fws; - FWfpa mb cilaJ.
VO rPh;fisf; nfhz;l
<ub ntz;ghf;fshy; MdJ jpUf;Fws;.
,e;E}y; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy;>
,d;gj;Jg;ghy; vd Kg;ngUk; gphpTfshftFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mwk;38 mjpfhuq;fshfTk;>
nghUs; 70 mjpfhuq;fshfTk;> ,d;gk; 25 mjpfhuq;fshfTk; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J> gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs;
xd;W. ,e;E}iyg; Nghw;wpg; ghuhl;ba ghly;fspd; njhFg;G jpUts;St khiy. jpUf;FwSf;F me;ehspNyNa gjpd;kh; ciu vOjpAs;sdh;. mt;TiuAs;> ghpNkyofh; ciuNa rpwe;jJ vd;gh;.
14) tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpahh; fz; tpopj;jJk;
Kjypy; gbj;j E}y;
jpUf;Fws;
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rpuk>;
129
15) jpUf;FwSf;F ciunra;j gjpd;kh;:
1. jUkh;> 2. jhkj;jh;> 3. ghpjp> 4. jpUkiyah;> 5.
ghpg;ngUkhs;>6. kzf;Flth;> 7. er;rh;>8. ghpNkyofh;> 9. ky;yh;> 10. fhspq;fh;.
16) nghUe;Jf:- 1. mwk; - Kg;gj;njl;L 2. nghUs; - vOgJ 3. ,d;gk; - ,Ugj;ije;J
17) vJifr; nrhw;fis vLj;njOjp
mbf; NfhbLf:- 1. kpFjpahd; kpf;fit nra;jhiuj;
jhk;jk; jFjpahd; ntd;W tply;. vJif: kpFjp> jFjp 2. mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk;Nghyj;
jk;ik ,fo;thh;g; nghWj;jy; jiy. vJif: mfo;> ,fo;
18) nghUs; NtWghL mwpf:1. nghWj;jy; / nghUj;jy;
nghWikaha; ,Uj;jy;>
nghUe;jr; nra;jy;
2. ,wj;jy; / ,uj;jy;
caph; tpLjy;> ahrpj;jy; 3. epiw / epiu
rhy;G> thpir
4. tz;ik / td;ik
ts;sy; jd;ik>
typik
19) ,UnghUs; jUf:-
1. epiw> >
rhy;G> vil 2. jiy > >
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cs;sd
mfo;tha;f;F
130
jpuhtpl nkhopfs;(ciueil)
20) jk; vz;zq;fisAk;
fUj;Jfis Ak; gpwUf;F
mwptpf;Fk; fUtpahf
tpsq;FtJ vJ?
nkhop
21) jdf;nfd jdpr;rpwg;Gk;
gynkhop fs; Njhd;wp tsu
mbg;gilahfTk; cs;s nkhop
ve;j nkhop?%ynkhop
22) ,e;jpa nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs;:-
,e;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk;
nkhopfs;> nkhopapay; mwpQh; vj;jid nkhopf;
FLk;gq;fSs; mlf;Fth;?
mit ahit? ehd;F nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs;
1. ,e;Njh - Mrpa nkhopfs;
2. jpuhtpl nkhopfs; 3. M];jpNuh - Mrpa
nkhopfs; 4. rPd - jpngj;jpa nkhopfs;
23) ek; ehl;by; vj;jid nkhopfs; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd?Mapuj;J Ke;E}w;f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfSk;
mjd; fpis nkhopfSk;. 24) ,e;jpa ehl;il> _____
vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;?“nkhopfspd; fhl;rpr; rhiy” (Museum of Languages)
25) nkhopapay; Nguhrphpah; ahh;?r.mfj;jpaypq;f k;
26) jpuhtp l nkhopfs; vj;jid
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cs;sd
mfo;tha;f;F
130
,d;W ,Ugj;J %d;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
27) nkhopfs; vj;jid tifahfg; gphpg;gh;? n jd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;>eLj; jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> tl jpuhtpl nkhopfs; %tifahfg; gphpg;gh;. ,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; gd;dpuz;L nkhopf;FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd.
mtw;Ws;> Ke;E}w;W,Ugj;ije;J nkhopfs;
Ngrg;gLtjhf ,e;jpakhdpltpay; fzf;nfLg;Gj; njhptpf;fpd;wJ.
28) njd; jpuhtpl nkhopfs jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> FlF> JS> Njhlh> Nfhj;jh> nfhufh>
,Ush. eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs njYq;F> Nfhz;b> Nfhah>$ap>$tp> Nfhyhkp> gh ; [p> f jgh>
Nfhz;lh>ehaf;fp> ngq;Nfh>
[jG. tljpuhtpl nkhopfs;
F&f;>
khy;Njh>gpuhFa;.29) jkpo;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;>
fd;dlk; Mfpa
ehd;Fk; nkhopfs;.
jpuhtplg; ngUnkhopfs;
30) cyfehLfspd; gioikahd
ehfhpfq;fs; vJ?
,e;jpa ehfhpfk;
31) ,e;jpa ehfhpfk; vd;gJ gpwF
epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ?
nkhfQ; r jhNuh – m u g ; g h
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131
32) _____ Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;dNu gue;J tphpe;jpUe;j
,e;jpa ehfhpfk; cyf
ehfhpfq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; jhahfTk;
topfhl;bahfTk
; tpsq;fpapUf;fpwJ.
fp.K. 3000 Mz;Lfs;
33) ,e;jpah KOtJk; gue;J
tphpe;jpUe;j gok; ngUk;
ehfhpfj;ij mwpQh; vt;thW
fUJfpd;wdh;? jpuhtpl ehfhpfk;
34) jpuhtplh; Ngrpa nkhop
vd;d nkhopahFk;?
jpuhtpl nkhopahFk;
35) jpuhtplk; vd;Dk; nrhy;
vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUtJ.
jpuhtpl ehL36) jpuhtp lk ; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyf;
40) jpuhtpl vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny vd;Dk; nrhy;ypUe;J cUthdjhFk;.
jkpo; 41) jkpo; > jpukps > jputpl > jpuhtpl
– cUthapw;W vd ve;j nkhopapay;mwpQh; $wpfpwhh;? <uh]; ghjphpahh;.
42) njhd;ikr; rpwg;Gk; jiyikr; rpwg;Gk;
jkpio ,d;W
vt;thW cah;e;J epw;fr; nra;Js;sJ? cah;
jdpr; nrk;nkhop 43) jkpo; nkhopapYs;s kpfg;
gioik ahd E}y; vJ? njhy;fhg;gpak;.
44) njhy;fhg;gpak;ve;j E}yhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ?
,yf;fz E}yhf 45) _____ tpOf;fhL mstpw;Fj; j puhtpl nkhopf;$Wfisf;
fhy;Lnty; vd;Dk; E}ypy;
nfhz;Ls;s xNu jpuhtpl nkhop>
Fwpg;gpl;Lcs;shh;. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd;
xg;gpyf;fzk; 37) jpuhtplk; vd;Dk;
nrhy;iy cUthf;fpath; ahh;?Fkhhpygl;lh;
38) jpuhtpl nkhopia gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jth; ahh;? fhy;Lnty;
39) nkhopapay; mwpQh;> njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy;
jkpioAk; mjd; fpisnkhopfshd kiyahsk;>njYq;F> fd;dlk;
Mfpa njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfisAk;
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132
jkpo;. vz;gJ tpOf;fhL
46) nrt;tpay; nkhopahf xsph;tJ
vJ? ekJ jha;nkhopahk; jkpNo
47) epug;Gf:1. nkhopfs; gy Njhd;wp tsu
mbg;gilahd nkhopia vd;gh;. %ynkhop2. ,e;jpahit nkhopfspd; fhl;rpr;
rhiy vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lth;
my;yJ vd;W toq;fpdh;.
mfj;jpaypq;fk;
jkpspad; my;yJ jKypf;
3. xU %y nkhopapypUe;J Njhd;wp
tsUk; nkhopia fpisnkhop
vd;gh;.
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134
msngil
54) msngil vd;why; vd;d?
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;
NghJ xU nrhy;ypd;
KjypYk; ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk;
epw;Fk; nel;nlOj;Jfs;
jkf;Fhpa ,uz;L
khj;jpiuapypUe;J ePz;L
xypf;Fk;.
55) msngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit? ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
mit:- 1. capusngil> 2. xw;wsngil
56) capusngil vd;why; vd;d?
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;
NghJ me;j Xiria epiwT
nra;a caph;neby;
vOj;Jfs; V Ok;
msngLf;Fk;. ,/J
capusngil vdg;gLk;.
57) capusngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit?
%d;W tifg;gLk;
mit – 1. nra;Aspir msngil>
2. ,d;dpir msngil>
3. nrhy;ypir msngil.
58) nra;Aspir msngil vd;why;
vd;d?
nra;Aspy; ,iria
epiwf;ftUk; msngiliar;
nra;Aspir msngil
vd;gh;.
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73) ,uz;L cjLfs; nghUe;Jtjdhy;
gpwf;Fk; vOj;Jfs;. g;> k;
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 74) jkpo; vz;ZUf;fis
mwpNthk;
1. f
2. c
75) jkpo;r; nrhy;ywpNthk;:-
1. Rtpl;r; - nghj;jhd;
2. I];thl;lh; - Fsph; ePh;
3. $y;l;hpq;]; - Fsph;ghdk;
4. fpiuz;lh; - kpd; miuit
5. gphp[; - Fsph;rhjdg; ngl;b 6. B - NjePh;
7 . th\pq;nk\pd; - ryit
,ae;jpuk;
8. nlypNghd; - njhiyNgrp 76) jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf –
1. Bend the tree while it is young
Ie;jpy; tisahjJ>
Ik;gjpy; tisAkh?
2. As is the mother, so is her daughter
jhiag;Nghyg; gps;is>
E}iyg; Nghy
Nriy
3. A friend in need is a friend indeed
caph;fhg;ghd; Njhod;
4. A man of courage never wants weapons
ty;ytDf;Fg; Gy;Yk; MAjk;.
5. Blood is thicker than water
jhd; Mlhtpl;lhYk; jd;jir MLk;.
cuk; - khh;G 134
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135
,ay;,uz;L
nra;As; -
rpWgQ;r%yk; 77) fz;tdg;Gf;
fz;Nzhl; lk;> fhy;tdg;Gr; nry;yhik – vd;w
rpWgQ;r%yk; vd;w
ghliyg; ghbath; ahh;?
fhhpahrhd;
78) nrhw;nghUs; - 1. fz;Nzhl;lk; - ,uf;fk; nfhs;Sjy;
2. vz;tdg;G - Muha;r;rpf;F moF
3. tdg;G -
moF
4. fpsh;Nte;jd; - GfOf;F
chpa murd;
5. thl;lhd; - tUj;jkhl;lhd;
79) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-
1. fz;Nzhl;lk;> nry;yhik>
ciuj;jy;> vd;wy; - njhopw;ngah;fs;
2. Nfl;lhh;> thl;lhd; -
tpidah yizAk; ngah;fs; 80) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; -
1. Nfl;lhh; - Nfs; (l;) + l;
+ Mh; Nfs; - gFjp
s; - l; MdJ tpfhuk;
l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W
tpFjp mzp - nrhw;nghUs;
gpd;tUepiy mzp
81) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- fhhpahrhd;> kJiuj;
jkpohrphpah; khf;fhadhhpd; khzth; vdr; rpwg;Gg;ghapuk; $WfpwJ. ,th;> rkz
rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;. ,tUk;
fzpNkjhtpahUk; xU rhiy
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136
khdhf;fuhth;.ngUk;ghd;ik nghJ mwf;fUj;JfSk; rpWghd;ik rkz
mwf;fUj;JfSk; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
82) E}w; Fwpg;G :- rpWgQ;r%yk; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F
E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,jd; Mrphpah; fhhpahrhd;. ,e;E}ypy;> flTs;
tho;j;Jld; njhz;Z}w;NwO ntz; ghf;fs; cs;sd. fz;lq; fj;jphp> rpWtOJiz> rpWky;yp> ngUky;yp> neUQ;rpMfpa Ie;J %ypifapd;
Nth;fSk; cly; Nehiaj; jPh;g;gd. mJNghy> ,e;E}ypd; xt;nthU
ghlypYk; $wg;gl;Ls;s Ie;J fUj;JfSk; kf;fs; kdNehiag; Nghf;Ftd. Mifahy; ,e;E}y;
rpWgQ;r%yk; vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ. epug;Gf:1 . gz;Zf ;F moF _____
ed;nwd;wy; Nfl;Nlhh;.
2. gpwhplk; ,ue;J nry;yhik moF.
fhYf;F
ghQ;rhyprgjk; - ghujpahh;
83) ,e;jpu khefiu Mz;L te;jth;
ahh;?
ghz;lth;
84) nrhw;nghUs; -
1. vk;gp –
vd;jk;gp 2. klg;gpb –
ghQ;rhyp 3. fspf;f –
kfpo 4. Nfhkhd; – murd; (
jpUjuhl;bud;)
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137
5. Ee;ij – Ek; je;ij
6. mltp – fhL 7. jle;Njhs; – typaNjhs;
8. kzpefh; – mofpa efuk; 9. kUq;F – gf;fk; 10. NfhyKW – moF kpf;f
11. nrwpe;J – mlh;e;J
12. fh – fhL
13. FyT – tpsq;Fk;
14. Qhyk; – cyfk;
15. gz;zth; – Njth;
16. muk;igah; – Njt kfsph; 17. Qhdk; – mwpT
18. Gd;ik – ,ope;j jd;ik
19. tPW – typik
20. rJuq;fr; Nrid –
ehy;tifg;
gilfs; 21. kJunkhop – ,dpa nkhop
22. Fryq;fs; Ngrp – eyd; Nfl;ly;
85) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: –
1. khefh; – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;
2. rhh;e;jth; – tpidahyizAk;
ngah;3. Ee;ij – Ek; je;ij vd;gjd;
k& c
4. mltp kiyahW –
ck;ikj;
njhif
5. fle;J – tpidnar;rk;
6. jle;Njhs; – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;
7. ghyilAk; eWnea;Ak; NjDk;
– vz;Zk;ik
8. ePyKb> ed;nra;> Gd;nra; –
gz;Gj; njhiffs;
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139
ghLnghUs;fspy; vz;zw;w ghly;
,aw;wpdhh;. Qhdujk;> re;jphpifapd;
fij> juhR Kjypa ciueil
,yf;fpaq;fisAk; vOjpdhh;.,th;
11-09-1921 md;W es;spuT
kiwe;jhh;.
88) E}w;Fwpg;G:-
,g;ghlg;gFjp> ghujpahhpd;Kg;ngUk; gilg;GfSs;
xd;whfpa ghQ;rhyp rgjk;
vd;Dk; fhg;gpaj;jpd; #o;r;rpr;
rUf;fj;jpy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. midtUk;
mwpe;j , jpfhrf; fijia
vspa nrhw;fs;> vspa eil> vspa re;jk; Mfpatw;Wld;
$ba ngz;Zhpikf
fhg;gpakhfj; jkpopy; ghujptbj;Jj; je;jNj
ghQ;rhyprgjk;. tpahrhpd;
ghujj;ijj jOtp vOjg;
ngw;wJ. ghQ;rhyp rgjk; ,U
ghfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,J #o;r;rpr; rUf;fk;>
#jhl;lr; rUf;fk;>
mbikr; rUf;fk;>
JfpYhpjy; rUf;fk;> rgjr;
rUf;fk; vd Ie;J
rUf;fq;fisAk;
ehD}w;Wg; gd;dpuz;L
ghly;
fisAk; nfhz;l FWq;fhg;gpak;.
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142
102) Gyth; Foe;i j>
Kbaurd; KjypNahh;
ftpijfspy; gFj;jwpT Nehf;Fk;
,yq;ff; fhzyhk;.
Kw;Nghf ;F r ;
rpe; j idAk
; jkpOzh;Tk; 103) ctikf;ftpQh; vd rpwg;Gg;
ngw;wth;ahh;?Rujh
104) Rujh ghly;fspy; ,ilapy; fye;J
tUtJ vJ? tuyhw;Wr ; nra; jp fSk;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fq;fSk;.
105) Rujh ahiu ctikfshy; ghuhl;bAs;shh;?kiwkiyabfshiu
106) ghujp jhr id j ; njh lh ;e ;J ,aw;ifapd; moif vopYwg;glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Ltjpy; ahUila ftpijfs; rpwe;Jtpsq;Ffpd;wd? thzpjhrd;
107) kuGf; ftpijfs; Gide;J jkpod;idf;F NkYk;
tsKk; ngUikAk;ahh; Nrh;j;Js;sdh;?
Rj;jhde;j ghujpahh;> gl;Lf; Nfhl;ilf;
fy;ahzRe;juk;> ftpQh; fz;zjhrd;>
jkpo;xsp
108) kdpjFy tsh;r;rpf;F
Vw;wthW rpe;jid
khw;wq;fSk;r%f khw;wjpd; tpisNt
GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wk;109) mnkhpf;ff; ftpQh; ‗thy;l;tpl;kdpd;‘
rhaypy; trd ftpij vOjpath; ahh;? ghujpahh;
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145
122) coth; ngUkf;fspd;
,y;yj;Nj vOfpd;w gy;NtW xirfs; > xj;J
xypf;fpd;wd? ,iaGj; njhilAk;> ,ireaKk;
123) fz;zjhrd; - gilg;GfSk;>
rpwg;GfSk;.
Kj; i jah vd;w
,aw;ngah; nfhz;l fz;zjhrd;> rptfq;if
khtl;lj;jpYs;s rpW
$ly;gl;b vd;Dk; rpw;W}hpy; 24.06.1927 vd;W gpwe;jhh;.ngw;Nwhh; rhj;jg;gd; -
tprhyhl;rp Mth;.
fz;zjhrd; ftpijfs; gy
njhFjpfshf ntsp te;Js;sd. mth;jk; jpiug;glg;
ghly;fs; E}y; tbtk;
ngw;Ws;sd.
124) Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp>
khq;fdp> fy;yf;Fb
khfhtpak;> ,NaR
fhtpak; Kjypad mth;
gilj;j neLq; ftpij
E}y;fs;.
,uhrjz;lid vd;gJ> fk;gh;
- mk;gpfhgjp tuyhw;iw
mbg;gil ahff; nfhz;L>
mth;gilj;j
,dpaehlfk;. Mapuk; jPT
mq;faw; fz;zp>
Ntyq;Fbj; jpUtpoh Kjypa
gy Gjpdq; fisAk;
fz;zjhrd; gilj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mth;
vOjpa ,UgJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
Gjpdq;fspy; Nrukhd; fhjyp
rpwe;j tuyhw;Wg; GjpdkhFk;.
mjw;Fr; rhfpj;jpa
mfhjkpapd; ghpR
fpilj;Js;sJ.
fz;zjhrd; njd;wy;> Ky;iy> fz;zjhrd;
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jkpo;kyh; Kjypa ,jo;fs;
njhlq;fp> mtw;Wf;F
Mrphpauhf ,Ue;J rpwe;j
,jo;g;gzp Mw;wpAs;shh;.
ftpijapYk; ciueilapYk;
nrhw; nghoptpYk; jpiug;glj;
JiwapYk; jkf;nfd xU
Gjpa topapid tFj;Jf;
nfhz;L jiy epkph;e;J
epd;wth; fz;zjhrd;. mth;
jk; ftpijfshy; vd;nwd;Wk;
tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;.
ehd; epue;jpukhdtd; moptjpy;iy. ve;j epiyapYk;
vdf;F kuzkpy;iy.
- fz;zjhrd
MFg;ngah;(,yf;fzk;
)
125) MF ngah; vd;why; vd;d? xU nghUspd; ngah;>
jdf;Fhpa nghUisf; Fwpf;fhky; jd;NdhLnjhlh;Gila NtnwhUnghUSf;Fg; ngauhfp tUtJ MF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
126) MFngah; vj;jid
tifg;gLk;? MFngah; gjpdhWtifg;gLk;
127) msitf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fs;
vd;gh;. msitg;ngah;f s;
128) msitg; ngah;fs;
vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? ehd;F tifg;gLk; mit
1. vz;zy; msit> 2. vLj;jy; msit> 3. Kfj;jy; msit> 4. ePl;ly; msit.
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142
3. ahid Nfhgk; nfhz;L (gpspW) tpil: gpspwpw;W 4. Njrpq;Fuhrh ghuhrhhpf;Fjpiuia
(mlf;F) tpil : mlf;fpdhH 5. ,e;jpa mzp New;iwa fhy; ge;Jg; Nghl;bapy;ntw;wp (ngW) tpil: ngw;wJ
142) milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs;cs;s nrhw;fisr;
nrhw;nwhlUf;Nfw;g khw;Wf:-
4. ePjp jtwhj kd;dd;
5. New;Wg; nga;j kio 144) tpidKw;iwg; nganur;rkhf
khw;Wf(v.fh) New;W kjpaofd; te;jhd;. New;W te;j
kjpaofd;.
1. vopyd; tiue;jhd;
2. mg;gh rpdk; nfhz;lhh;
3. vopy; ghk;igf; fz;lhs;
1. mth; (tpiuT) te;Jk;
4. Fjpiu tpiuthf XbaJ
NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.
2. khzth;fSf;Fg; ghprspf;FkhW ______ ( j iyth;) Nf l ;L f ;
nfhs;fpNwd;.
5. Fuq;Ffs; jhtpf; Fjpj;jd
tpilfs;: (ePq;fs; Kaw;rp
nra;aTk;) ,ay; %d;W
nra;As; - GwehD}W
3. Foe;ijfs; (ngw;Nwhh;)
148) njz;fly; tshfk; nghJik ,d;wp
khpahij jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. mLg;G ed;whf (vhp) tpwF fha;e;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. vjpYk; ______ (vspik)
filg;gpbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpilfs;:
1. tpiue;J
2. jiytiuf; 3. ngw;NwhUf;F
4. vupa
5. vspikiaf; 143) nganur;rj;ij tpidKw;whf
khw;wp vOJf:
(v.fh) tdg;G kpf;f Nrhiy.
Nrhiy tdg;G kpf;fJ.
1. Js;sp Xba Gs;spkhd;
2. kpfTk; ,dpj;j gok;
3. kuq;fs; epiwe;j fhL
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143
– vd;w GwehD}W ghliyg;
ghbath; ahh;?kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfdhh;
ef;fPudhh;.
149) nrhw;nghUs; :- 1. epow;wpa - epoy; nra;j
2. eLehs;ahkk; - es;spuT
3. JQ;rhd; - Japyhd; 4. kh - tpyq;F
5. fy;yh - fy;tpawptpy;yhj
6. ehop - msTg;ngah; 7. <jy; - nfhLj;jy;
8. Ja;g;Ngk; - Efh;Nthk; 9. jg;Ge - ,of;f
150) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G :-
1. ntz;Fil - gz;Gj;njhif
2. fy;yh xUtw;Fk; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg;
nganur;rk;
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144
3. ehop - MFngah;
4. <jy; - njhopw;ngah;
5. Ja;g;Ngk; -
jd;ikg; gd;ik
tpidKw;W
151) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. JQ;rhd; - JQ;R+ (M)+
Md; JQ;R – gFjp
M – vjph;kiw ,ilepiy M –
kiwe;jJ
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. <jy; - < +
jy;
< - gFjp
jy; - njhopw;ngah;tpFjp 3. Ja;g;Ngk; - Ja; + g; +
g; +
Vk;> Ja; -
gFjp g; - re;jp
g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
Vk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp
152) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh;
kfdhh; ef;fPudhh;. ,th;
,iwadhh; vOjpa fstpaYf;F
ciu fz;lth;@
gj;Jg;ghl;Ls;
jpUKUfhw;W g; giliaAk;
neLey; thiliaAk;
,aw;wpath;. ,g;ghlypy; ,th;>
cyfpay; cz;ikiaf; $wpAs;shh;.
153) E}w;Fwpg;G:-GwehD}W – Gwk; + ehd;F +
E}W Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W
ghly; fisf; nfhz;ljdhy;
GwehD}W vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ.
Gwk; vd;gJ
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145
xUthpd; tPuk;> nfhil> fy;tp
Kjypa rpwg;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,/J vl;Lj;njhif
E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,e;E}ypYs;s ghly;fs;
gy;NtW Gyth;fshy;
ghlg; ngw;wit. ,g;ghly;fs;
thapyhfg; gz;ilj; jkpo;
kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpr; rpwg;G>
tPuk;> nfhil> fy;tp
Kjypatw;iw mwpayhk;.,e;E}ypd; rpy ghly;f is
[ p .A .Nghg ; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop
ngah;j;Js;shh;.
FWe;njhif (NjtFyj;jhh;)
154) epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk;
cah;e;jd;W – vd;w
FWe;njhif ghliyg; ghbath;ahh;? NjtFyj;jhh;.
155) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. ePH - fly;
2. fUq;Nfhy; - fUik
epwKila nfhk;G
3. cah;e;jd;W -
cah;e;jJ 4. mstpd;W - mstpidAilaJ
156) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. epyj;jpDk;> thdpDk;> ePhpDk; - cah;Tr; rpwg;Gk;ikfs; 2. fUq;Nfhy;> ngUe;Njd; - gz;Gj;
njhiffs
; 157) gphpj;jwpjy; :-
1. MusT = mUik + msT 2. fUq;Nfhy; = fUik +
Nfhy;
3. ngUe;Njd; = ngUik +Njd;
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144
158) E}w;Fwpg;G :- FWik + njhif = FWe;njhif. Fiwe;j
mbasthy; ghlg; ngw;wghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng FWe;njhif. ,e;E}y;> vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fSs;
jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;
161) jkpo;g;Gyth;fs;
,iwtDf;Fk;
jkpOf;Fk; cs;s gpizg;ig
xd;W. ,jpy;> flTs; tho;j;Jld;
cWjpg;gLj;jNt Guhzk;
ehD}w;nwhU ghly;fs; cs;sd. mfg;nghUs; gw;wpa
ghly;fisg; gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j Gyth;
fs; ghbAs;shh;fs;. ,g;ghly;fs; Fiwe;j msthf ehd;fbfisAk; mjpf msthf vl;L mbfisAk;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;E}iyj; njhFj;jth;
g+hpf;Nfh. ghujk; ghbangUe;Njtdhh; ,e;E}Yf;Ff; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghbAs;shh;. ,g;ghlyh rphpah; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; fpilf;f
tpy;iy. ,e;E}y; thapyhfg; gz;ilj; jkpohpd;,y;tho;f;if> xOf;fk;> kfsph; khz;G> mwTzh;T Kjypatw;iw mwpayhk;
159) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f:-
1. vl;Lj;njhif E}y; FWe;njhif
2. FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 401 3. FWe;njhifg; ghly;fspd;
mbtiu
4-8 160)
Ie;jpiz
1. FwpQ;rp> 2. Ky;iy> 3. kUjk;>
4. nea;jy; 5. ghiy.
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145
Kjypa Guhzq;fis ,aw;wpajhff; nfhs;syhk;.
jpUtpisahly; Guhzk; 162) Gyth; jk; Gyikj; jpwj;ij
mwpa , iwtid Ntz;br; ______
ngw;wdh;.
rq;fg; gyifiag;
163) tq;fpa Nrfu ghz;badpd; kfd;
______ kJiuapy; murhl;rpg;
nghWg;ig Vw;wdh; ahh;?
tq;fpa #lhkzpghz;bad; 164) #lhkzpghz;baDf;Fr;
vd;Dk; ngah;
toq;fyhapw;W. rz;gfg;
ghz;bad;
165) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. itia ehltd; - ghz;bad;
2. ca;a - gpiof;f
3. ,ue;J nrg;gpdhd; - gzpe;J
Ntz;bdhd;
4. njd;dtd; Fynja;tk; -
nrhf;fehjd;(m)
Re;jughz;bad;
5. ,d;dy; - Jd;gk;
6. ey;fpdhh; - mspj;jhh;
7. ,iwQ;rp - gzpe;J 8. msf;fpy; Nfs;tpahh; - mstw;w
Nfs;tpawptpdh;.
9. rpuk; Jsf;fp - jiyarj;J
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146
10. kPdtd; - kPd;nfhbia
cila ghz;bad;
11. tpGjh; - Gyth;
12. J}q;fpa - njhq;fpa 13. nghw;fpop - nghd; Kbg;G
14) ek;gp - jUkp
15. Gwk;G - ntspapy;
16. igAs; - tUj;jk;
17. gdtd; - me;jzd;
18. fz;lk; - fOj;J
19. tOT ghly; - Fw;wKs;s
ghly; 20. Mh;mit - (Gyth;fs;)
epiwe;j mit
21. fpsj;jpNdd; - nrhd;Ndd;
22. rPuzp - Gfo;tha;e;j
23. Ntzp - nrQ;ril
24. Xuhd; - czuhd; 25. mw;Fw;w - (my;F + cw;w ) - ,Uisnahj;j 26. ehw;wk; - eWkzk; 27.Foy; - $e;jy; 28. my;F - ,uT 29. Vj;Jk; - tzq;Fk; 30. Qhdg;g+q;Nfhij - cikak;ik
31. fw;iwthh; r i lahd; -rptngUkhd;
32. ck;guhh; gjp - Njth;
jiytd; (,e;jpud;) 33. Ejy; tpop - new;wpf;fz;
34. nghw;gq;faj ; j lk; -
nghw;whgpkiuf Fsk;
35. ehtyd; - Gyth;
36. fue;jhd; - kiwe;jhd;.
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166) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-
1. ciuj;J> ,ue;J -tpidnar;rq;fs; 2. nrhy;yp> ,iwQ;rp-
tpidnar;rq;fs;
3. tpsf;fp> rpwe;J - tpidnar;rq;fs;
4. kfpo;e;j - njhopw;ngah;5. J}q;fpa> Ma;e;j - nganur;rq;fs;
6. Neh;e;J - tpidnar;rk;
7. nfhz;L> itj;J - tpidnar;rq;fs;
8. Nehf;fp - tpidnar;rk; 9. fpsj;jpNdd; - jd;ik
xUik tpidKw;W 10. Njuhf;fPud; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg;
nganur;rk;
11. Gidkyh; - tpidj;njhif
12. gw;Wthd;> mQ;rhd; - tpid
ahyizAk; ngah;fs; 13. Fw;wk; - njhopw;ngah;
14. Nja;e;j> gha;e;j> Ma;e;j>
fha;e;j - nganur;rq;fs;
15. tpOe;J - tpidnar;rk; 16. nre;jP> ntk;ik - gz;Gj;
njhiffs;
167) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. ,ue;J = ,u + j;(e;)+ j; +
c
,u - gFjp
j; -
re;jp
j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;j fhy
,ilepiy c -
tpidnar;r tpFjp 2. ey;fpdhh; - ey;F + ,d; +Mh;
ey;F - gFjp
,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
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148
Mh; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
tpFjp
3. tpsf;fp - tpsf;F+
, tpsf;F - gFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp 4. J}q;fpdhd; - J}q;F + ,d;+
Md; J}q;F - gFjp
,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
5. gw;Wthd; - gw;W + t; +Md;
gw;W - gFjp
t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
6. Njuhd; - Njh; + M +
Md; Njh; - gFjp
M - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy (kiwe;jJ) Md; - Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp
7. Nja;e;j - Nja; +
j;(e;) + j;+
m
Nja; -
gFjp j; - re;jp
j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy
,ilepiy m - nganur;r
tpFjp
168) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; ehif
khtl;lj; jpYs;s jpUkiwf;fhL (Ntjhuz; ak;)
vd;Dk; Chpy;gpwe;jhh;. jkpopYk;tlnkhopapYk; Gyik
ngw;wth;. ,thpd; je;ijahh; kPdhl;rp Re;ju Njrpfh; Mthh;. guQ;Nrhjp
Kdpth; Jwtpahfpr;
rpthyaq;fs; NjhWk;nrd;W
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149
,iwtid topgl;L te;jhh;. mt;thW kJiu efhpid mile;J kPdhl;rp mk;kidAk; NrhkRe;juf; flTisAk;
tzq;fpath;. me;efupNyNa
rpyfhyk; jq;fpapUe; jhh;. me;efuj;jhh; mtiuf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljw;F ,zq;f
jpUtpisahlw Guhzj;ij ,aw; wpdhh;. me;E}iyr; rptngUkhd; jpUf;Nfhtpypd; vjpNu cs;s mWf hy; gPlj;jpy; ,Ue;J tlnkhop>
njd; nkhopg;Gyth; ahtUk; Nghw;w muq;Nfw;wpdhh;.,th; jpUtpisahlw; Nghw;wpf;fyp ntz;gh> kJiug;gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjpKjypa E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
169) E}w;Fwpg;G:-
jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;>kJiuf; fhz;lk; (gjpndl;Lg; glyk;)> $lw;fhz;lk; (Kg;gJ glyk;)> jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; ( gjpdhW glyk;) vd;Dk; Kg;ngUk; gFjp
fisAk; glyk; vd;Dk; mWgj;J ehd;F cl;gphpTfisAk; cilaJ. ,jpy; %thapuj;J Ke;E}w;W mWgj;J %d;W tpUj;jg; ghf;fs; cs;sd. kJiuapy; ,iwtd;
epfo; j ; jpa mWgj;J
ehd;F jpUtpisahly;fis
,g;glyq;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
,e;E}y;> ,iwtdpd;
jpUtpisah ly;fis tpsf;fp
vOe;j E}y;fSs; tphpthdJk;
rpwg;ghdJk; MFk;.
njhileak; gj;jpr;Rit
kpf;f
,e;E}Yf;F e.K.
Ntq;flrhkp
ciunaOjpAs;shh;.
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150
170) epug;Gf:-
1.jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpath; ———
guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; 2. jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpy;
fhz;lq;fs; cs;sd.
1. kJiuf; fhz;lk;> 2. $ly;
fhz;lk;> 3. jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk;
3. ,iwtdplk; ghliyg; ngw;Wr;
nrd;wth;
jUkp 4. nghw;fpop ngwr;nrd;w jUkpiaj;
jLj;jth;
ef;fPudh;
5. cly; KOtJk; fz;fis
Ailath;
rptngUkhd; 171) nghUj;Jf :-
1. kJiuf;fhz;lk; - gjpndl;Lg;
glyk;
2. $ly;fhz;lk; - Kg;gJ glyk;
3. jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; - gjpdhW
glyk;
flw;gazk; (ciueil)
172) jkpo; ehl;L thzpf tuyhW kpfTk;
tha;e;jJ. njhd;ik
173) goq;fhye; njhl;Nl jkpoh;
ve;j thzpfj;jpy; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jdh;. cs;ehl;L> may;ehl;L
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182) VyKk; ,ytq;fKk;
,Q;rpAk; kpsFk; ve;j
ehLfspy; ey;y tpiyf;F
tpw;fg;gl;ld. Nkw;fhrpaehLfs;
183) jkpo;ehl;by;> gpwehl;lhs;
cs;sj;ijf; ftUk; gy
kpFjpahff; fpilj;jd? mit
ahit?
Kj;Jk; gtsKk; MuKk;
mfpYk; ntz;JfpYk; rq;Fk; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fd.
184) goe;jkpoh;> fpNuf;fiuAk; cNuhkhdp
190) flypy; nry;Yk; ngupa fg;gy; —
vdg;gLk;.
ehtha;
191) Fwpg;G:-
Gfhh; efuj;jpy;
epWj;jg;gl;l ehtha;fs;>
miyfshy; miyg; Gz;L
fl;Lj;jwpapy; fl;lg;gl;l
ahid mirtJ Nghy;
mire;jd. mtw;wpd;cr;rpapy; nfhbfs;
mire;J Mbd vdg;
gl;bdg;ghiy
$Wfpd;wJ.
aiuAk;
atdh;
vd mioj;jdh;?
192) jkpofj;jpy;eilngw;W
te;j
thzpfj;jpd; gadhfg; gyJiw
185) xt;nthU nghpa fg;gYk; vg;gb
Njhd;Wk;.
kjpy; #o;e;j Nfhl;il Nghy
186) goq;fhyj;jpNyNa jkpofj;jpy
;
Kfq;fs; flw;fiug; gl;bdq;
fshfr; rpwe;J tpsq;fpd. mtw;Ws;
—— > ——— Mfpait Fwpg;gplj;
jf;fd.
gytifahd
fg;gy;fs;
fl;lg;gl;ld.
fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdk;> Krpwp> nfhw;if
193) Krpwp ahUila JiwKfk;?
187) Nfhilapd; Njhw;wkhdJ>
eLf; f lypy; nry;Yk; fg;gYf;F ctikahfg; ——
— $wg;gl;L cs;sJ.
GWehD}w;wpy;
188) fliyf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;
ahit?
Mop> Mh;fyp> Ke;ePh;>
thuzk;> ngstk;> guit> Gzhp.
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189) kuf;fyj;Jf;Fk;
jkpo;nkhopapy; gy ngah;fs;
cs;sd mit?
fg;gy;> fyk;> fl;Lkuk;>
ehtha;> glF> ghpr py;> Giz>
Njhz p> njg;gk;> jpkpy;>
mk;gp> tq;fk;>
Nrukd;dh;f;FhpaJ.
194) ——— vd;Dk; nghpa
Mw;wpy; atdh;fspd;
kuf;fyq;fs;> Mw;Wj;
Jiwfs; fyq;fpg; NghFk;gb
te;J epd;wd.
Rs;sp
195) mf;fyq;fSf;F chpa atdh;fs;
nghd;idr; Rke;J te;J> mjw;F <lhf kpsif Vw;wpr; nrd;whh;fs;. vd;w , r ;nra; jp ia ______
njhptpf;fpwJ. mfehD}W
196) ghz;ba ehl;bd; tsk; ngUf;fpaJ
ve;jj;
JiwKfk;. nfhw;if
kpjit> g/wp> Xlk; vd;gd. 148
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150
3. fiy > > 4. ftp > >
208) jpizAk; - epyKk; 1. FwpQ;rp - kiyAk; kiyrhh;e;j
,lKk; 2. kUjk; - taYk; tay;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 3. nea;jy; - flYk; fly;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 4. ghiy - kzYk; kzy;rhh;e;j ,lKk;
nfyd; nfy;yh;(Jizg;ghlk;)
209) mnkhpf ; fh tpd ; G f o ; n g w ; w vOj;jhsuhfTk;
murpay; <LghL
nfhz;ltuhfTk; tpsq;fpath;
ahh;? nfyd; nfy;yh;
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152
217) fz;zpoe;NjhUf;Fk;> fhJNfsh Njhh;f;Fk; my;Yk; gfYk; mauhJ cioj;jth; ahh;?nfyd;
tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp 222) Mrphpah; md;dp ve;j Mz;L
,we;jhh;? 1930 Mk; Mz;L
223) md;dp ,we;j gpwF nfyd; ahH
cjtpAld; tho;e;jhh;? ghyp jhk;rd;
224) nfyd; ve;j efhpd; Gfo; ngw;w ngz;kzpahfj; jpfo;e;jhh;? th\pq;ld;
225) nfyd; nfy;yh; xU ehs; flTspd; mUshy; vj;jid
ehs; kl;;LNk jkf;Fg; ghh;it fpl;bajhff; fdT fz;lhh;? %d;W ehs; kl;Lk;
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153
226) Kjy; ehs; nfyd; nfy;yh;
ghh;j;jJ ahh;?
Mrphpah; 227) ,uz;lhtJ ehs; nfyd; nfy;yh;
Njhd;Wtjidf; fz;lhh;. fjputd;
228) nfyd; ahUila Gfo;
ngw;w fiyQh;fspd; Xtpaq;fisAk;
fiyg; nghUs;fisAk;fz;L kfpo;e;jth; ahH? ypadhh; Nlh lhtpd;rp
229) nfyd; ahUila ehlfj;ijg;
ghh;j;jhh;. nrfg;gphpaUila
230) %d;whtJ ehs; ghh;j;jhit?
efhpd; fpof;Fg;
gf;fj;jpYs;s
Mw;Wg;ghyj;ij cw;W Nehf;fpdhh;. epa+ahh;f;fpy;
cs;s fk;gPukhd ,ul;ilf; NfhGuf;fl;llj;ijf; fz;L fspj;jhh;. kf;fspd; Kfj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; kfpo;r;rp>Jd;gj;ijg; ghh;j;J
Ghpe;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. 231) Fwpg;G:-
1880 #d; 27 ,y;
mnkhpf;fhtpYs;s myghkh khfhzj;jpy; J];Fk;gp
ahtpy; gpwe;J>
rhjidahsuhfj; jpfo;e;j
nf yd;> 1968 Mk; Mz;L
#d; Kjy; ehs; ,t;Tyf
tho;it ePj;jhh;. mtuJ cly;
th\pq;ldpy; md;dp> ghyp
MfpNahuJ cly;fSf;FmUNf ey;ylf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
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154
232) cyfpd; vl;lhtJ mjprak; vdg;
ghuhl;lg; ngw;wth; ahh;?nfyd;
nfy;yh; 233) ghh;itaw;NwhUf;fhd vOj;J
Kiwia cUthf;fpath; ahh;?gpnua;yp
ngah;r;nrhy; (,yf;fzk;
)
njhopw;ngah;
234) ngah;r; nrhw;fs;> tpidr;
nrhw;fs;> njhopw; ngah;fisf;
$Wf? khjtp> Nfhtyd; -
ngah;r;nrhw;fs; fz;L>
kfpo;e;jhd; - tpidr;nrhw;fs;
Mly; - vd;gJ njhopw;ngah;
235) Mly; gphpj;njOJf:
ML + my;
236) njhopw;ngaiuf; Fwpf;f tUk;
tpFjpfs;:-
jy;>my;> mk;> I> if> it>
F> G> c> jp> rp> tp> cs;> fhL>
ghL> muT> Mid> ik> J vd;gd.
237) ngWjy; = ngW + jy; Ml;lk; = ML +
mk; gwit = gw +
it Nghf;F = Ngh
+ F
Njhw;wuT = Njhw;W +
muTgha;j;J = gha; + J
Nfhly; = NfhL +
my; tho;f;if =
tho; + if Gspg;G =
Gsp + G
tuT = tu + c
Nfhl;ghL = Nfhs; + ghL
Nfshid = Nfs; +
Mid
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155
238) njhopw;ngah; tiffs; ahit?
njhopw;ngah;,Utifg;gLk;
1). Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;
2). Kjdpiy jphpe;jnjhopw;ngah;
239) Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; vd;why;
vd;d?
njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfNs
,y;yhky;> gFjp kl;Lk; te;J> njhopiy
czh;j;JtJ
Kjdpiyj ; njhopw; ngah;.
240) Kjdpiy jphpe; j njhopw;ngah;
vd;why; vd;d?
njhopw;ngahpd; Kjdpiyahfpa gFjp jphpe;J
tUtJ Kjdpiy jphpe;j
njhopw; ngauhFk;.
241) tpidahyizAk; ngah;vd;why;
vd;d?
tp idKw;W> tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky;
tpid nra;jtiuf; F w p g ; g J
tpidahyizAk; ngah;.
242) njhopw;ngah;f;Fk;> tpidahyiz
Ak; ngah;f;Fk; cs;s
NtWghLfs;
njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk;
njhopYf;Fg;
ngauha;tUk;. glHf;if
,lj;jpy; tUk;.
fhyq;fhl;lhJ.
njhopy; nra;gtUf;Fg;
ngauha; tUk;.
%tplq;fspYk; tUk;.
243) gz;Gg; ngah; vjd;
mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;?
gz;ig czh;j;Jk; ngah; gz;Gg;
ngah;. mWtifg; ngah;fSs;
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156
xd;whd gz;Gg; ngah; epwk;>
Rit> msT> tbtk;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
Njhd;Wk;. 1. nrk;ik> ntz;ik> fUik - epwg; gz;G 2. tl;lk;> rJuk;> $k;G>nrt;tfk; - tbtg;gz;G 3. xd;W> miu> fpNyhkPl;lh; - msTg;
gz;G 4. fhuk;> Gspg;G> ,dpg;G - Ritg; gz;G
244) gz;Gg; ngah; tpFjpfs; ik> I> rp> G> c> F> wp> W>
mk;> eh;> gk;> J> kd;> ,y; vd;gd gz;Gg; ngah;
tpFjpfs;. 245) Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk;NghJ jphpAk;
ngah;fs;? Ntw;Wik cUGfs; I> My;> F>,d;> mJ> fz; vd;gd.
,tw;iwf; Fwpj;J Kd; tFg;gpy; njspthfg;
gbj;jpUg;gPh;fs;. mit jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if Mfpa %tplg; ngah;fis Vw;WtUk;NghJ vt;thW jphpAk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.
246) jd;ikg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik
cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ?
ahd; + I = vd;id
ahd; + My; = vd;dhy;
ahd; + F = vdf;F>
ahd; ahd; +,d; =
vd;dpd;
ahd; + mJ =vdJ ahd; + fz; = vd;fz; vdj;
jpupAk;
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247) Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik
cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ
eP + I = epd;id> cd;id
eP + My; = epd;dhy;>cd;dhy;
eP + F = epdf;F> cdf;F> eP
3. gz;Gg;ngah; - ed;wp
4. tpidahyizAk; ngah; -
mfo;thh;
251) epug;Gf:-1. gFjp kl;Lk; njhopiyf; Fwpg;gJ
eP + ,d; = epd;dpd;> cd;dpd;
eP + mJ = epdJ> cdJ
eP + fz; = epd;fz;> cd;fz;
Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;
2. tuT vd;Dk; njhopw;ngahpd;
vdj; jpupAk; tpFjp vJTkpy;iy.
248) glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs;
Ntw;Wik cUG
Vw;Fk;NghJ
jhd; + I = jd;id
3. tl;lk;
vd;gJ
MFk;.
tbtg;gz;G
ngah;
jhd; + My; =
jd;dhy; 4. eP vDk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;
jhd; + F = jdf;F> jhd; jhd; + ,d; =
jd;dpd; jhd; + mJ =
jdJ
jhd; + fz; = jd;fz; vdj; jpupAk;
249) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-
1. njhopw; ngahpd; gFjp jphpe;J
cUNgw;Fk; NghJ jphpAk;.
cd;
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
252) Ie;jpizfs; ahit?
vdj;
tUk; ngah;Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;
2. fhl;rp vd;Dk; njhopw;ngah;
vdg; gphpAk;.
fhz; + rp
FwpQ;rpj;jpiz> Ky;iyj;jpiz> kUjj;jpiz> nea;jy; jpiz>
ghiyj;jpiz.
1. Kf;fdp – khq;fdp> gyhf;fdp>
thiof;fdp 3. khl;rp vd;gJ g
z
;Gg;ngah;
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MFk;. 2.ehw;gil -Njh;g;gil> ahid
g;gil> Fjpiug;gil>fhyhl;gil.
4. ‗te;jhd;‘ vd;Dk;
tpidKw;W _____ vd tpidahyizAk;
ngauha; tUk;.
te;jtd;
250) nghUj;Jf:-
1. njhopw;ngah; - #L
2. Kjdpiy jphpe;j
njhopw;ngah;
3. Ie;jpyf;fzk; - vOj;jpyf;fzk;>
nrhy;ypf;fzk;> nghUspyf;fzk;>
ahg;gpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk;.
4. mWRit - ,dpg;Gr;Rit>
frg;Gr; Rit> fhh;g;Gr;Rit>
Jth;g;Gr;Rit> ctHg;Gr;
Rit> Gspg;Gr; Rit
- tUjy;
153
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253) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopia
mwpf:
1. In a fiddler ‘s house all are dancers
fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftp ghLk;
2. No man can flay a stone
fy;ypNy ehh; chpf;f KbAkh?
3. Difficulties give way to diligence
fiug;ghh; fiuj;jhy;
fy;Yk; fiuAk;.
4. Command your man and do it your self
ntz;nzia
itj;Jf;nfhz;L nea;f;F
miythNdd;
5. Charity is a double blessing
jUkk; jiy fhf;Fk;
,ay; ehd;F nra;As; - jpUf;Fws;
254) nrhw;nghUs; -
1. nrtpr;nry;tk; - Nfs;tpr; nry;tk;
2. jiy - Kjd;ik
3. Ngho;J - nghOJ 4. <ag;gLk; - mspf;fg;gLk;
5. mtp czT -
Njth;fSf;F
Nts;tpapd;nghOJ
nfhLf;fg;gLk; czT.
6. Md;Nwhh; - fy;tp> Nfs;tp>
gz;G> Mfpatw;wpy; rpwe;Njhh;.7. xg;gh; -
xg;ghth; 8. xw;fk; - jsh;r;rp 9. Cw;W - Cd;W Nfhy; 10. Cw;Wf;Nfhy; - Cd;WNfhy; 11. mw;Nw - Nghd;wNj 12. vidj;jhDk; - vt;tsT rpwpNj
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13. midj;jhDk; - Nfl;l mstpw;F 14. Md;w - epiwe;j 15. gpioj;Jzh;e;Jk; -
jtwhf czh;e;jpUe;jhYk;
16. Ngijik - mwpahikapd; ghw;gl;l jPa nrhw;fs;. 17. ,ioj;Jzh;e;J - El;gkhf Muha;e;J 18. <z;ba - Ma;e;jwpe;j 19. jifaNt - jd;ikaNj 20. Njhl;fg;glhj - Jisf;fg;glhJ. 21. Ezq;fpa - El;gkhfpa 22. tzq;fpa - gzpthd 23. thapduhjy; - nkhopapid
cilath; 24. thAzh;tpd; khf;fs;- czTr; Rit kl;Lk; mwpe;Njhh;.25. mtpapDk; - ,we;jhYk;
255) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-
1. tapw;Wf;Fk; - ,opTr; rpwg;Gk;ik 2. mtpAzT - ,U nganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif 3. Nfl;f - tpaq;Nfhs;
tpidKw;W 4. ,Of;fy;> xOf;fk; - njhopw;ngah;fs; 5. Cw;Wf;Nfhy; - Cd;W Nfhy; vd;gjd; typj;jy; tpfhuk;
6. Md;w ngUik - nganur;rk;
7. Nfshj; jifaNt - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg;
nganur;rk;
8. mtpapDk; thopDk; - vz;Zk;ik
256) gphpj;jwpjy; -
1. nrtpf;FzT = nrtpf;F +
czT
MapDk; 154
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155
2. RitAzuh = Rit + czuh
3. thAzh;T = tha; +czh;T
257)gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. Nfl;f - Nfs; (l;) +
f
Nfs; - gFjp
s; - l; MdJ tpfhuk;
f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
tpFjp 2. czh;e;J - czh; +
j;(e;) +
j; +
c
czh; -
gFjp j; -
re;jp
j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy
,ilepiy c -
tpidnar;r tpFjp
258) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-
1. nrtpf;FzthtJ
Nfs;tp
2. xOf;fKilahh; tha;r;nrhy;
Cw;Wf;Nfhy;
259) cilikfs; gj;J
jpUf;Fwspy; gj;J mjpfhug;
ngah; fs; cilik vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; mike;Js;sd. 1. md;Gilik 2. mlf;fKilik 3. xOf;fKilik 4. nghiwAilik 5. mUSilik 6. mwpTilik 7. Cf;fKilik 8. Ms;tpidAilik 9. gz;Gilik 10. ehZilik
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156
260) FwSk; VO vd;Dk; vz;Zg;
ngaUk; jpUf;FwSf;Fk; VO
vd;Dk; vz;zpw;Fk; nghpJk;njhlh;Gs;sJ. jpUf;Fws; VOrPh;fshy; mike;j
ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. VO vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; vl;Lf; Fwl;ghf;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. mjpfhuq;fs;> 133.
,jd; $l;Lj; njhif VO.nkhj;j Fwl;ghf;fs; 1330. ,jd; $l;Lj; njhifAk; VO.
rPl;Lf;ftp
261) Vlhapuq; Nfhb vOjhJ - vd; rPl;Lf;ftpg; ghliy
ghbath; ahh;? me;jff;ftp tPuuhfth;.
262) ghl;birf;fhj fe;jUtk; (,ir)>
vwpaKbahj fe;Jfk; (ge;J)>$h;ik kOq;fhj Nfhzk; (thl; gil)> gwf;fhj nfhf;F>
mdy; tPrhj Nfhil (Ntdpw;fhyk;)> nfhba
gilf;fyk; Nghd;W gpbahjFe;jk; (#yk;)> mzpahj ghlyk; (ghjphpg; g+)> g+thj kh(khkuk;)> kyh;khiy mzpahj rbyk; (ril)> nrhy;ypaijj
jpUg;gpr; nrhy;yhj fps;is
(fpsp) xd;widf; fhz;Nghh; vy;yhk; GfOkhW mDg;gp itf;f Ntz;LfpNwd;.
263) fe;jUtk;> fe;Jfk;>Nfhzk;> nfhf;F> Nfhil> Fe;jk;> ghlyk;>
rbyk;> fps;is vd;gd vij Fwpf;Fk; gy ngah;fs;. Fjpiu
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157
264) nrhw;nghUs;:-1. fe;Jfk; - ge;J 2. Nfhzk; - thl;gil 3. Fe;jk; - #yk; 4. Nfhil - Ntdpw;fhyk; 5. ghlyk; - ghjphpg; g+ 6. kh -
khkuk; 7. rbyk; - ril 8. fps;is - fpsp
265) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. gbj;j tpufd;> jPHj;j nropad; -
nganur;rq;fs; 2. ghlhj> gwthj> #lhj - vjph; kiwg; nganur;rq;fs; 3. vjphpyhf; ftp - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
4. tply; - njhopw;ngah;266) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-
tPuuhfth; fhQ;rpGuk;khtl;lj;Jg; g+J}hpy; gpwe;J> nghd; tpise;j fsj;J}hpy; tho;e;jth;. ,thpd; je;ijahh; tLfehjh;.
tPuuhfth; gpwtpapNyNafz;nzhsp ,oe;jth;. vdpDk; Nfs;tpawptpd; thapyhff;fy;tp gapd;whh;. ,th;> VLfs; vOjhky; jk; kdj;jpNyNa vOjpg; gbj;Njd; vdj; jhNk $Wtjp
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159
269) nghUj;Jf:- 1. fe;Jfk; - ge;J 2. Fe;jk; - #yk; 3. ghlyk; - ghjphpg;g+ 4. rbyk; - ril
Mde;juq;fh; ehl;Fwpg;
G (ciueil)
270) xU ehl;Fwpg;ghdJ> mf;fhy epfo;Tfis
ekf;Fj; njspthf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tuyhw;W Mtzkhfj; jpfo;tJ vJ? Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;G
271) ehl;Fwpg;G vjw;F gjpT nra;tjw;fhfg gad;gly; Ntz;Lk;? Fwpj;j ehspy; epfo;e;j r%f
khw;wq;fs;> murpay;
epfo;Tfs;> ,aw;ifapy; Vw;gl;l Nghplh;fs;>
cyfpd; rPhpaepfo;Tfs;. 272) Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;G Xh;
> _____ > MtzkhfTk; kjpf;fg; ngWfpwJ.,y f ; fpakhfTk;> tuyhw;W MtzkhfTk;
273) Mde;juq;fh; ve;j Ch;> Mz;L>
ehs; gpwe;jhh;?
Mde;juq;fh;> nrd;idg; gpuk;g+hpy; (nguk;g+h;) 1709 Mk; Mz;L khh;r;Rj;
jpq;fs; 30 Mk; ehs;gpwe;jhh;.
274) Mde;juq;fh; ve;j tajpy; jhia
,oe;jhh
;. jk; %d;W tajpy;
275) ahhplk; Mde;juq;fh; fy;tp gapd;whh;?
vk;ghh; vd;ghhplk; fy;tp gapd;whh;.
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276) Mde;juq;fh; je;ij> ikj;Jdhpd;
ngah;? jpUNtq;flk;> iedpag;ghpd;
277) Mde;juq;fh; muRg; gzpapy;
cjtp ahsuhfr; Nrh;e;J> ehsiltpy;
gjtp cah;T ngw;whh;. jpthdhfg;
278) Mde;juq;fh; fy;tp fw;w gpd;dh;
vd;d elj;jp te;jhh;? ghf;Ff; fplq;;F
279) ‗Ja;g;nsf;R‘ vd;Dk; MSehpd; nkhopngah;g;ghsh; (Jghrp) ,we;j
jdhy; gd;nkhopawpT ngw;w
ahiu mg;gzpf;Fepakpf;fg;gl;lhh;?Mde;juq;fh;
280) Mde;juq;fh; Jghrpahfg;
gzpahw;wpa fhyj;jpy; ve;j Mz;L ehl;Fwpg;GvOjpAs;shh;? 1736 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1761 Mk; Mz;L tiu Vwj;jho ,Ugj;ije;J Mz;Lfs;.
281) ehl;Fwpg;Gf;F Mde;juq;fh; vd;d ngahpl;lhh;?
j pdg;gb nra; jpf ; F w p g ; G > nrh];jypfpjk;
282) Mde;juq;fh; ehl;Fwpg;gpd;ngUk; gFjp ve; j nra; jpf isNa tpthpf;fpd;wd. thzpfr; nra;jp
283) JiwKf efuq;fspy; thOk; kf;fspd; tUtha;f;F mbg;gil
aha; miktJ mq;F tUk;
Nghf;Ftuj;Nj. fg;gy;fspd; Nghf;Ftuj;J
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284) 1. nrh];j - njspe;j my;yJ
291) Mde;juq;fiu ,e;jpahtpd;
chpikAila vd;gJ nghUs; 2. ypfpjk; - fbjk; my;yJ Mtzk;
vdTk;> Nghw;Wfpd;wdh;
?
vdTk;> mwpQh;
3. tsT - tPL 4. Jghrp - ,Unkhopg; GyikAila
th; (nkhop ngah;g;ghsh;)285) Mde;juq;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;ghdJ>
ngg;gpR> ehl;Fwpg;G Nte;jh; 292) il]; vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd;
nrhy;Yf;F ehs; vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpypUe;Nj ilhpak; vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; nrhy;
mf;fhyj;jpy;
fpd;wJ.
vLj;Jiuf;
cUthdJ. ,r;nrhy;Yf;F
ehl; Fwpg;G vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpypUe;Nj
Ngr;Rj;jkpo;> nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlh;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fzf; $Wfis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
286) gpnuQ;Rf; fhuh;fSf;Fk;
,e;jpakd;dh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
ghykhf ,Ue;jth; ahh;?Mde;juq;fh;
287) Krgh; rq;> Mde;juq;fUf;F 1749
Mk; Mz;L %thapuk;
Fjpiufis
ilhp vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy; cUthdJ.
293) Mde;juq;fh; Fwpj;J ntspte;Js;s
,yf;fpaq;fs;:- Mde;juq;ff; Nfhit -
jpahfuhr Njrpfh; Mde;juq;fd; jdpg;ghly;fs; fs;td; nehz;br; rpe;J Mde;juq;fd;
gps;isj;jkpo;
- mhpkjp
njd;dfd; toq;fp mtUf;F gl;lj;ijAk; toq;fpdhh;? kd;RNgjhh;
vd;Dk; Mde;juq;fh; Gjpdq;fs;
Mde;juq;f tp[ark;G - rPdpthrf; ftp (tlnkhop)
288) nrq;fw;gl;Lf; Nfhl;ilf;Fj; jsgjp
ahfTk; mk;khtl;lk;
OOikf;Fk;
fTk; epakdk; ngw;whh;? [hfPh;jhuuhfTk;
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289) _____ gzpahw;WNthh ; jko; kf;fspd; jiytuhf mwptpf;fg; gLth;? Jghrp
290) Mde;juq;fUf;Fj;
jdpg;gl
;l chpikfs; ahh; Ml;rpapy;,Uf;Fk; NghJtoq;fg;gl;bUe;jd? Ja;g;Ns
Mde;juq; uhl;re;jK - f];J}hpuq; ff;ftp (njYq;F)
,yf;fzk;
nrhy; (gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk;)
294) nrhy; vd;why; vd;d? Xh; vOj;J> jdpj;NjDk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jfs; njhlh;e;NjDk; xU nghUis czh;j;Jkhdhy;> mJ> nrhy;
vdg;gLk;. 295) nrhy; vd;gjd; NtW
ngah;fs; ahit? gjk;> nkhop> fpstp
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296) gjk; gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk; vd ,U
tifg;gLk;.
297) gfhg;gjk; vd;why; vd;d?
gphpj;jhy; nghUs; juhj
nrhy; gfhg;gjk;
vdg;gLk;. 298) gfhg;gjk;vj;jid
tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? gfhg;gjk; ehd;F tifg;gLk; mit- ngah;> tpid> ,il> chp.
299) gFg;gjj;jpd; gphpTfs; - gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy.
300) gFgjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
ngah;g;gFgjk;> tpidg;gFgjk; vd ,U tifg;gLk;. 301) ngah;g;gFgjk; vj;jid
tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;>
rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vDk; Mwd; mbahfj; Njhd;WtJ.
302) tpidg;gFgjk; vd;gJ vd;d?gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy Kjypadthfg; gFf;fg;gLk; tpidKw;W>
tpidg;gFgjk;
vdg;gLk;.
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305) tpFjp - gFgjj;jpy; ,Wjpapy; epd;W tpFjp vdg;gLk; ,J jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk;.
306) ,ilepiy - gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUtJ ,liepiy vdg;gLk;. 1. epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfs; 2. ,we;jfhy
,ilepiyfs; 3. vjph;fhy ,ilepiyfs; 4. vjph;kiw ,ilepiyfs;
307) re;jp -
gFjpf ;Fk; , i lepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; te;J re;jpf;f itg;gJ re;jp
. 308) rhhpia -
ngah;r;nrhy;iyAk;> tpidr; nrhy;iyAk; rhh;e;J tUtJ rhhpia vdg;gLk;.
309) tpfhuk; -- gFjp> ,ilepiy> tpFjp Nghd;wit
NrUk; NghJ ,ilapy;Vw;gLk; khWghL tpfhuk;vdg;gLk;.
310) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-
303) gFgj cWg;Gfs;vj;jid cs;sd?
gFgj cWg;Gfs; MWcWg;Gfs;
mit-
1. MFk;
.tpil
vd;gJ ngah;g;gFgjk;
gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> re;jp> rhhpia> tpfhuk;.
304) gFjp -
2. ,ilr;nrhw;fs;
MFk;
.
tpil:
gjk;
gFgjj ; jpy; Kjypy;
e p d ; W nghUs; jUk; Kjdpiyiag; gFjp
3. kJiuahd;
ngah;g;gFgjk; MFk;
.
tpil:
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4. gFgjj;jpy; Fiwe;jsT ,Uf;f
Ntz;ba cWg;Gfs; tpil:
5. Vty; tpidahf miktJ MFk;. tpil: 6. ‗,y;‘ vd;dk; vjph;kiw ,il epiy mike;Js;s tpidr;nrhy; tpil: 7. nra;jhd; -
,r;nrhy;ypy; mike;Js;s ,ilepiy
tpil: 311) nghUj;Jf:-
m) 1) nghUl;ngah;g; gFgjk; -- - nrd;idahd; 2) ,lg;ngah;g; gFgjk; --
%f;fd; 3) fhyg;ngah;g; gFgjk; -- nghd;dd; 4. rpidg;ngah;g; gFgjk; --
rpj;jpiuahd; tpil: M) nrhy; -- ,ilepiy 1. tUthd; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
(j;) 2. fhzhd; - epfo;fhy ,ilepiy (fpW)3. ghh;j;jhd; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy (t;) 4. elf;fpwhd; - vjph;kiw
,ilepiy (M) tpil:
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 312) nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy;
ngah;> tpid> ,il> chpr;nrhw; fisf; fz;lwpe;J tifg;gLj;jy;
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4. fhh; - kfpOe;J 5. VNuhg;gpNsd; - thD}h;jp 6. ,yhfh - Jiw
7. mg;ghapz;l; - gzp mkh;j;jy; 8. gpujhdk; - Kjd;ik 9. tpQ;Qhdk; - mwptpay;10. g]; - NgUe;J11. ,uapy; - njhlh;tz;b 12. f[hdh - fUt+yk; 13. cj;jpNahf];jh; -
mYtyh; 14. bghh;l;nkz;ly;
];Nlhh; -
gynghUs; mq;fhb 317) ,u\;a ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w
vOj;jhsh; ahh;?ypNah lhy;];lha;
318) ,izahd jkpo;g;gonkhopia mwpf:1. one flower makes no garland
jdpkuk; Njhg;ghfhJ 2. little wealth little care
kbapy; fdkpy;iynad;why; topapy; gakpy;iy 3. Look before you leap
Mok; mwpahky; fhiy tplhNj 4. Some thing is better than nothing
Miyapy;yh CUf;F ,Yg;igg; g+ rh;f;fiu 5. Though he endeavours all he can
Gypiag; ghh;j;Jg; g+id
#LNghl;Lf; nfhz;lhw; Nghy;
,ay; Ie;J - nra;As; Kj;njhs;shapu
k;
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319) nrhw;nghUs; - 1. ca;k;kpd; - gpioj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs; 2. ky;yy; - tsik 3. ts; - neUf;fk;
4. tpRk;G - thdk; 5. GwT - Gwh 6. epiw - vil 7. <h;j;J - mWj;J 8. Jiy - Jyhf;Nfhy; (juhR)9. epiw - xOf;fk; 10. td;fz; - tPuj;jd;ik 11. Nkdp - cly; 12. kUg;G - je;jk; 13. Crp - vOj;jhzp 14. kwk; - tPuk; 15. fdy; - neUg;G16. jpUj;jf;f - nry;tk; epiyj;j 17. itafk; - cyfk; 18. nkha;apiy - neUq;fpaike;j ,iy 19. khwd; - ghz;ba kd;dd; 20. fspW - Mz; ahid
320) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:
1. ky;yy; neLkjpy; - chpr;nrhw;
nwhlh;2. neLkjpy; - gz;Gj; njhif 3. thq;Ftpy; - tpidj; njhif 4. cah;Jiy - tpidj; njhif 5. Fiwahtd; fz; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 6. ,iyNty; - ctikj; njhif
7. kUg;g+rp> khh;Nghiy - cUtfq;fs; 8. khwd; fspW - Mwhk;Ntw;Wikj; njhif
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321) gphpj;jwpjy;:-1. je;Ja;k;kpd; - je;J +
ca;k;kpd; 2. tpy;nyOjp - tpy; +
vOjp 3. g+l;Lkpd; - g+l;L +
kpd;4. kUg;g+rp - kUg;G +
Crp 5. khh;Nghiy - khh;G +
xir 6. vknjd;W - vkJ +
vd;W 7. nkha;apiy - nkha; +
,iy 322) mzp:-
jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpcUtf mzp
323) E}w; Fwpg;G: %Nte;jh;fisg; gw;wpa %d;W n jhs;shapuk;
ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; Kj;njhs;shapuk;. MapDk; ,e;E}y; KOikahff; fpilf;f tpy;iy. Gwj;jpul;L vd;Dk; E}y; thapyhf E}w;nwl;L ntz;ghf; fSk;> gioa ciu E}y;fspy;Nkw;Nfhs;fshf
,Ugj;jpuz;Lntz;ghf;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. %Nte;jh;fspd; Ml;rpr;rpwg;G>gilr; rpwg;G> Nghh;j;jpwd;nfhil Kjypa nra; jpf is ,g ;gh ly ; fs ; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. rpwe;j
,yf;fpa eaKk; fw;gid tsKk; epiwe;j E}yhf Kj;njhs;shapuk; jpfo;fpwJ. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ngah;njhpa tpy;iy.
324) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-
1. Nru kd;dhpd; milahsr; rpd;dk;
tpy;
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3. khh;Nghiyapy; vOJk; vOj;
jhzp je;jk;
325) nghUj;Jf:- 1. tpRk;G - thdk; 2. Jiy - Jyhf;Nfhy; 3. kUg;G - je;jk; 4. fdy; - neUg;G5. fspW - ahid
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp
raq;nfhz;lhh;
326) nrhw;nghUs; - 1. jPapd;tha; - neUg;gpy;2. rpe;ij - vz;zk; 3. $u - kpf 4. et;tp - khd;
5. Kfpy; - Nkfk; 6. kjp - epyT7. cF - nrhhpe;j(nghope;j)8. Gdy; - ePh;
327) ,yf;fzf;
Fwpg;G:- 1) nte;J> cyh;e;J> vdh> $u> - tpidnar;rq;fs; 2. $u - tpidnar;rq;fs; 3. nre;eha; - gz;Gj; njhif 4. fUKfpYk;> ntz;kjpAk; -
vz;Zk;ik 5. fUKfpy;> ntz;kjp - gz;Gj; njhiffs; 6. flf;f Xb> ,isj;J - tpid
2. Nrho kd;dd; tpidf ;
nar;rq;fs;
fhf;f> jd; jiria mspj;jhd;. Gwh
7. tpah;j;j tpah;td;Nwh -
nganur;rk;
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328) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :- 1. cyh;e;J - cyh; + j;(e;) +
j; +
c cyh; - gFjp
j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ
tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy c - tpidnar;rtpFjp
329) gphpj;jwpjy;:- 1. thapdPh; - thapd; +
ePh;2. nte;Jyh;e;J - nte;J +
cyh;e;J 3. fhbjid - fhL + ,jid 4. fUKfpy; - fUik +
Kfpy; 5. ntz;kjp - ntz;ik +
kjp 330) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-
fypq;fj;Jg; guzpia ,aw;wpath; raq;nfhz;lhh;. ,th;> jpUth&h;
khtl;lj;jpYs;s jPgq;Fb vd;Dk; Chpdh;. Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhodpd;
muritg; Gytuhfj;
jpfo;e;jth;. guzpf;Nfhh; raq; nfhz;lhh; vdg; gygl;lilr; nrhf;f ehjg; Gyth; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. ,irahapuk;> cyhkly; Mfpa E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
,tuJ
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Njhd;wpa Kjy; E}y; fypq;fj;Jg; guzp. fypq;f kd;dd; mde;j gd;kd; kPJ Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fr;
Nrhod; Nghh;njhLj;J ntw;wp ngw;whd;.mt;ntw;wpiag; ghuhl;bvOe;j ,e;E}y; Njhy;tpAw;w fypq;f
ehl;bd; ngauhy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;E}y; Ie;E}w;Wj; njhz;Z}w;nwhd;gJ
j hop i r f s ; cs;sd. raq; nfhz;lhhpd; rkfhyg; Gytuhd xl;lf; $j;jh; ,e;E}iyj; njd;jkpo;j;
nja;tg;guzp vdg; Gfo;e;Js;shh;.
332) guzp ,yf;fpaq;fs;
1. jf;fahfg;guzp> 2. Nkhftijg;guzp> 3.
rPdj;Jg;guzp> 4. tq;fj;Jg;guzp> 5. ghrtijg;guzp> 6.
jpuhtplj;Jg;guzp. 333) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-
1. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; guzp
,yf;fpak; fypq;fj;Jg;guzp 2. fypq;fj;Jg; guzpia ,aw;wpath
fhyk; fp.gp gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L. 331) E}w; Fwpg;G:-
Mapuf;fzf;fhd ahidfisg; Nghhpy; nfhd;w tPuidg; Gfo;e;J ghLk;,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; guzpvd;gJ ngah;. ,J njhz;Z}w;whW tif
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W.guzp ,yf;fpaq;fSs; jkpopy;
raq;nfhz;lhh; 3. et;tp - ,r;nrhy;ypd; nghUs;
khd; 4. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
tifg;gLk;. 9 6
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334) nghUj;Jf:- 1. rpe;ij - vz;zk; 2. et;tp - khd;
3. Kfpy; - Nkfk; 4. Gdy; - ePH 5. cUFjy; - nrhhpjy;
cyfshtpa jkpoh;(ciueil)
335) cyfpy ; I f ; fpa r igapd; cWg;Ghpik ngw;w
vj;jid ehLfs; kw;Wk;Ml;rpg;Gyq;fSk; cs;sd?
E}w;Wj; njhz;Z}w;W ,uz;L ehLfSk; ehw;gj;J %d;W Ml;rpg; Gyq;fSk;
Mf ,U E}w;W Kg;gj;ije;J ehLfs;.
336) Vwj;jho E}w;iwk;gj;J
ehd;F ehLfspy; ,dk; gutpAs;sJ. jkpopdk;
337) jkpoh;fs; may;ehLfSf;
F nry;tjw;fhd fhuzk;? thzpfk;> Ntiytha;g;G
338) jpiuflNyhbAk; jputpak; NjL
vd;wth; ahh;?xsitahh; 339) rhJtd; thzpfk; nra;Ak;
nghUl;Lf fly; fle;J nrd;w Fwpg;G vjpy; cs;sJ. kzpNkfiy
340) gug;gstpy; rpwpajhd ve;j
jPtpy; tho;gth;fSs;
ngUk;
ghd;ik kf;fs; jkpoh;?
Hpa+dpad; jPtpy;
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341) gpnuQ;Rf; fhuh;fshy; GJr;Nrhp> fhiuf;fhy;>
gFjpfspypUe;J xg;ge;jf; $ypfshf ahiuFbakh;j; jg;gl;lhh;fs;?
jkpoh; 342) gpuhd;R ehl;bd; xU
gFjpahff; fUjg;gLk; mj;jPtpy;
thOk; j kpoh; fs ; ve; j n k h o p a p y ; NgRfpwhh;fs;?gpnuQ;R nkhopapy;
343) ,yq;ifapy; thOk; jkpoUs;vj;jid tpOf;fhl;bdh;njhlf;fg; gs;sp Kjy;
gy;fiyf; fofk; tiu jkpopNyNa fy;tp gapy;fpd;wdH?njhz;Z}w;iwe;J
tpOf;fhL
344) ve;j ehLfspy; jkpo; xU ghlkhff;
fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ? rpq;fg;g+h;> nkhhprpaR> kNyrpah> gp[pj; jPTfs;> njd; mnkhpf;fh> fdlh> gphpl;ld;.
345) ,yq;if> rpq;fg;g+h;>kNyrpah Mfpa ehLfspy; nkhopahfj; jkpo; jpfo;fpwJ? Ml;rp nkhopahfj;
346) > > > Clfq;fis cynfq;Fk;
jkpoh;
elj ; jp tUfpd;wd.
mr;R> xyp> xsp 347) jkpoh;> ehl;il tpl;Lr;
nrd;w NghJk; --------------
vd;Dk; cah;
Nehf;NfhL tho;e;J
tUfpd;wdh;? ahJk; CNuahtUk; Nfsph;
348) jkpoh; ve;j ehLfs; gytw;wpy; cs;shl;rpj; Njh;jy;fspy; ntw;wp
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ngw;W Ml;rpg; nghWg;GfisAk; tfpj;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,yq;if> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;g+h;.
349) ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhky;> rpq;fg;g+h;> nkhhprpaR Mfpa ehLfspy; ahf jkpoh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;.FbauRj; jiyth;uhf
350) cynfq;Fk; thOk; jkpoh;fs;
jq;fsJ gz;ghl;L milahsq; fis
kwthky; ,Ug;gJ vJ? jkpod; vd;Nwh ,dKz;L> jdpNa
mtw;nfhU FzKz;L.
354) jpU.fypahzRe;judhh; cly; eyf; Fiwtpdhy; ,ilepd;W _____
Mz;L ,ilntspf;Fg; gpwF kPz;Lk; mNj gs;spapy; Nrh;e;jhh;. ehd;F
Mz;L 355) ahhplk; jkpo; gapd;W
jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhf cah;e;jhh;? fjpiu Ntyh;
356) jpU. fypahzRe;judhh; vij fw;gjpy; Nguhh;tq; nfhz;lhh;? ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fis
351) jpU tpohf;fspy; vLg;gJk;
357) vq;Fk; jkpo;> vjpYk; jkpo;
_____ ,Og;gJk; ,d ;Wk; eilngWfpwJ. fhtb> Njh;
jpU.tp.fypahzRe;jdhhpd; jkpo;g;gzp
(Jizg;ghlk;) 352) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; jkJ
jq;F jilaw;w Nkilg; Ngr;rhYk; ,ay;ghd nkhopeilahYk; jkpiog; gl;bnjhl;bfs; vy;yhk; gug;gpj;
vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lngUe;jifah;.
jkpo;j;njd;wy; 353) gpwg;Gk;> fy;tpAk;
jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh;
Ch; - nrd;idf;F mUNfAs;s Js;sk; ngw;Nwhh; - tpUj;jhrydhh; - rpd;dk;ik gpwe;j ehs; - 26.08.1883 gs;sp -- nrd;id ,uhag;Ngl;il apYs;s
nt];yp gs;spapy; gbj;jhh;.
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vd;gjid KO %r;rhff; nfhz;L tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fythky; J}a jkpopNyNaNgrTk; vOjTk; Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;jpath; ahh;?
jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh; 358) jpU.tp. fypahz Re;judhh;
jkpio tsh;f;f vij ntWf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;?gpwnkhopia
359) fhe;jpabfs; jkpofk; te;j Nghnjy;yhk; mtuJ
Nkilg; Ngr;rpid nkhopngah;j;jth; ahh;? jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh;
360) _____ eil vd;Nw xU jdp
eilia eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
,tH NgRtJ NghyNtvOJtJ> vOJtJ NghyNtNgRtJ vd;Dk; Kaw;rpapy;
,th; ntw;wp fz;lth; ahh;? jpU.tp.f.eil
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361) jpU.tp.f.> nty;YQ;nrhy; ,d;ik awpe;J
czh;r;rpr;
nrhw;fisf; Nfhj;Jf; NgRtjpy; ty;yth;. Nfl;lhh;g; gpzpf;Fk; jifatha;f;
NfshUk; tpUk;Gk; tz;zk; 362) jpU.tp.f tha;j;j nkhopeil
kiy vdj; jkpOyfpy;
Xq;fp cah;e;
Js;sJ vdf; $wpath; ahh;?
nj.ngh. kPdhl;rpRe;judhh;
363) ciueil E}y;fs; (Fwpg;G)KUfd; my;yJ moF>
irtj; jpwT>irtj;jpd; rkurk;> flTl;
fhl;rpAk; jhAkhdtUk;>
,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs;
jpUTs;sk;> jkpo; ehLk;ek;kho;thUk;> ehad;khh;tuyhW jkpo; E}y;fspy;ngsj;jk;> fhjyh? Kbah?
rPHjpUj;jkh? vd; fld; gzpnra;J
fplg;gNj> ,e;jpahTk;
tpLjiyAk;> jkpo;r;
Nrhiy> cs;nshspvd;gd ,th; ,aw;wpa ,d;d gpw ciueil E}y;fs;.
364) nra;As; E}y;fs;:- KUfd; mUs;Ntl;ly;> jpUkhy; mUs;Ntl;ly;> fpwpj;Jtpd; mUs; Ntl;ly;>
mUfd; mUNf> chpik
Ntl;ly;> nghJik Ntl;ly;> nghUSk;
mUSk; my;yJ khh;f;rpaKk; fhe;jpaKk; Mfpad ,tuJ nra;As; E}y;fs;.
365) ve;j , jo;fspd; thapyhfj; njhopyhsh;
Kd;Ndw;wk;
ngwg; ghLgl;lth;? Njr gf;jd;> etrf;jp
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366) jpU.tp.f. vOgJ tajhfp fly; jsh;e;J gLf;ifapy; ,Ue;j NghJk; tsh;r;rpAk;
tho;Tk;
my;yJ gLf;ifg; gpjw;wy;vd;Dk; E}iy ahUila
cjtpAld; ntspapl;lhh;?
K.tujuhrdhhpd; 367) jpU.tp.ftpd; kidtpapd; ngah;
vd;d? fkyhk;gpif mk;ikahiu
368) jpU.tp.f ve;j Mz;L jkpo; %r;Rf;F
tpilj;je;jhh;? 1953 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; jpq;fs; gjpNdohk; ehs; jkJ
vOgj;Njhuk; tajpy; ,we;jhh;.
tohepiy> tO> tOtikjp (,yf;fzk;
)
369) tohepiy vd;why; vd;d? ,yf;fz Kiwg;gb Fw;wkpy;yhJ NgRtJk; vOJtJk; tohepiy
vdg;gLk;. 370) tohepiy vj;jid
tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? tohepiy MWtifg;gLk; mit: 1. jpiz tohepiy> 2. ghy;
tohepiy> 3. ,l tohepiy> 4.
fhy tohepiy> 5. tpdh tohepiy> 6. tpil tohepiy.
371) tOepiy vd;why; vd;d? ,yf;fz Kiwapd;wpg; NgRtJk; vOJtJk; tO vdg;gLk;.
372) tO vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? tO VOtifg;gLk;
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mit: 1. jpiz tO> 2. ghy; tO> 3. ,l tO> 4. fhy tO> 5. tpdh
tO> 6. tpil tO> 7. kuG tO. 373) tohepiy MW tiffspd; (v.fh)
1. jpiz tohepiy -nry;tpghbdhs;> khLte;jJ 2. ghy; tohepiy -
fz;zd;te;jhd;> eha;XbaJ 3. ,l tohepiy - ehd; te;Njd;> ePtUtha; 4. fhy tohepiy - ehis tUNtd;>
New;Wg; gbj;Njd; 5. tpdh tohepiy - jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? 6. tpil tohepiy - jkpo; ehl;bd; jiyefuk; vJ? vd;w tpdhTf;Fr; nrd;id vd
tpilaspj;jy; 374) tOepiy VO tiffspd; (v.fh)
jUf? 1. jpiz tO - vd; khkhte;jJ 2. ghy; tO -- fz;zfp te;jhd; 3. ,l tO -- ehq;fs;
te;jhh;fs; 4. fhy tO - fhpfhyd; ehis te;jhd;
5. tpdh tO - Kl;ilapl;lJ Nrtyh ngl;ilah? 6. tpil tO - ehis
gs;sp jpwf;fg;gLkh? 7. kuG tO - eha;fj;Jk;
375) tOtikjp vd;why; vd;d? ,yf;fz Kiwg;gb Fw;wKilaJ vdpDk;>,yf;fz Mrphpah;f shy;Fw;wkd;W vd;W Vw;Wf ;
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nfhs;sg;gLtJ tOtikjp MFk;.
376) tOtikjpapd; rhd;W:- jpiz
tOtikjp fhy
tOtikjp 377) tO - gpio> jtW> Fw;wk;
toh epiy - gpioapd;ik> jtwpapd;ik tOtikjp - gpio - Mdhy; gpioahff; nfhs;shik.
378) gpioiaj; jpUj;jp vOJf:- 1. jk;gp New;W te;jhs; -- jk;gp New;W te;jhd; 2. vUJ tz;bia ,Oj;jd - vUJ tz;bia ,Oj;jJ.
3. khzth; Njh;T vOjpdhd; -- khzth; Njh;T vOjpdh;. 4. mtd; khztd; my;y - mtd; khztd; my;yd;. 5. cilfs; fpope;J tpl;lJ -cilfs; fpope;J tpl;ld.
6. vq;f @hpy; xU Gyth; tho;e;jdh; - vq;f @hpy; Gyth; xUth; tho;e;jhh;.
379) ctik vd;why; vd;d? ctik vd;gJ> xU nghUismy;yJ epfo; i t k w ; n w h U nghUNshL my;yJ
epfo;NthL
xg;Gikg;gLj;JtJ. 380) cUtfk; vd;why; vd;d?
ftpQh;> jhk; fUjpa nghUisAk; xg;Gikg; nghUisAk; (ctik iaAk;) nttNtW vdf; $whky;> ,uz;Lk; xd;nwdf; $WtJ cUtfk;.
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381) ctik cUtf khw;wk;:- ctik - cUtfk;
jhkiu Kfk; - Kfj;jhkiu Njd;nkhop - nkhopj;Njd; gtstha; - tha;g;gtsk;
Kj;Jg;gy; - gy;Kj;J
382) mbr;nrhy;ypypUe;J
nrhw;fis cUthf;Fjy; 1. th - mbr;nrhy; 2. te;jhd; - tpidKw;W 3. te;j - nganur;rk; 4. te;J - tpidnar;rk; 5. tUjy; - njhopw;ngah;6. gb - mbr;nrhy; 7. gbj;jhd; - tpidKw;W 8. gbj;j -
nganur;rk; 9. gbj;J - tpidnar;rk; 10. gbj;jy; - njhopw;ngah;
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp
383) gpio ePf;fp vOJjy;:- xUth; NgRk; NghJ
vOJk; NghJk; gpioapd;wpg; NgrTk; vOjTk; Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;rpy; my;yJ vOj;jpy;
gpioapUg;gpd; nghUs;kaf;fk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt> nrhw; fspYk; njhlh;fspYk; gpiotuhky fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
384) tOcr; nrhw;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fis
mg;gbNa vOj;jpy; nfhz;L tUtJ jtW. mt;thW vOJtjid tOcr;
nrhw;fs; vdf; $Wth;. mtw;Wf; Fhpa vOj;J tof;Fr; nrhw;fis vOJtNj Kiw.
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385) tOcr; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;Jf:- gpio jpUj;jk; 1. mlkio 2. mhpthkiz 3. mtuf;fha;
4. jtf;fis 5. rpyT 6. jhthuk; 7. RLjz;zp 8. vz;iz 9. xl;liw 10. fTW 11. gr;rjz;zp
12. eQ;ir 386) jkpo;r; nrhy; mwpNthk;:-gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; - jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; 1. mq;fj;jpdh; 2. mh;j;jk; 3. myq;fhuk; 4. Muk;gk; 5. tpQ;Qhdk; 6. jPgk; 7. Fk;ghgpN\fk; 8. rhtp 9. rhpj;jpuk;10. rgjk; 11. rhjk; 12. ngsj;jphp 387) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopia
mwpf:1. One doth the act, another hath the blow
1. gop Xhplk; ghtk; Xhplk;.2. Every fox must at last pay his skin to the
flayer
2. gy ehs; jpUld;> xUehs; mfg;gLthd;.
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3. Money makes many things
3. gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak;. 4. The day has eyes, the night has ears
4. gfypy; gf;fk; ghh;j;Jg; NgR> ,utpy; mJTk; NgrhNj5. What comes from the cradle goes to the
grave
5. njhl;by; gof;fk; RLfhL kl;Lk;.
,ay; MW - nra;As; ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;
388) nrhw;nghUs; :- 1. gfh;tJ - nrhy;tJ
2. njsptPNu - njspAq;fs; 3. Jt;th - Efuhj 4. mfd;W - tpyfp 5. Mop - fly;
389) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:- 1. Nehf;fp - tpidnar;rk; 2. Jt;th tplk; -
<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
390) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- f tpkzp Njrpf tpehafdhh; fd;dpahFkhp
khtl;lj;jpYs;s Nj&hpy;gpwe;jth;. ,thpd; ngw;Nwhh;rptjhZ - Mjpyl;Rkp
mk;ikahh;. ,th; ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fisj; jkpopy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;Js;shh;.mg;ghly;fspd; njhFg;G „ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;‟
vd;gJ ckh;fa;ahk; gjpNdhuhk;
E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j ghurPff; ftpQh;. ,tuJ
KOg;ngah; fpahJjPd; mGy;ghj; ckh;fa;ahk; vd;gJ. ,th; fzpjk;>
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thdtpay; Mfpatw;wpy; Gyik kpf;fth;. ,thpd; ftpijfs; kf;fs; milAk; ,d;g Jd;gq;fisAk;> ,iwtdJ gilg;igAk; ghL nghUshff; nfhz;lit. ,th; ,aw;wpa gpw
E}y;fs;:- kyUk;
khiyAk;> kUkf;fs; topkhd;kpak;> Foe;ijr;
nry;tk;> Mrpa N[hjp
Kjypad ,tuJ fhyk; 1876 Kjy; 1954 Mk; Mz;L
tiu. 391) E}w; Fwpg;G:-
,e;E}y; ,k;ik kWik gw;wp &gha j vd;Dk; ngahpy;ckh;fa;ahk; vOjpa nra;As;fspd; nkhopngah;g;G. ,jidNa ftpkzp nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;. ,jpy; E}w;Wg; gjpide;J ghly;fs; cs;sd.
tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;ij ,g;ghly;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
392) epug;Gf:-
1. md;G nra;apd; mayhUk; mz;b neUq;Fk; cwtpduhk; 2. Jd;g Nehia ePf;fpL Nky; mKjhFk;. Jt;thtplKk; 3. Vioahfp vspathpd;
Ntz;Lklh. Vspadhf
kzpNkfiyrPj;jiyr;rhj;j
dhh;
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393) kzpNkfiy vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;?rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;.
394) NfhtyDf;Fk; khjtpf;Fk; gpwe;j kfs; ahh;?kzpNkfiy
395) ahUila cjtpahy;> mK jRugpiag; ngw;Wg; Gfhh; efiu
kzpNkfiy milfpwhs;. jPtjpyifapd;
396) nrhw;nghUs;:-
1. Mak; - Njhopah; $l;lk; 2. Mrdk; - ,Uf;if 3. ehj;njhiy tpy;iy - nrhy; Nrhh;tpd;ik 4. ahf;if - clk;G 5. gpzpNeha; - ePq;fh Neha;6. Ngijik - mwpahik 7. nra;if - ,Utpid
8. czh;T - mwptpay; rpe;jid 9. mU - cUtkw;wJ 10. cU - tbtk; 11. thapy; - Ik;nghwpfs; 12. CW - Gyd;fspd; ,ay;G 13. Efh;T - ,d;g Jd;g Efh;r;rp 14. Ntl;if - tpUg;gk;
15. gtk; - gad; Nehf;fpa nray; 16. Njhw;wk; - gpwg;G 17. ngUk;NgW - tPLNgW 18. NfhL - nfhk;G 19. myfpy - mstw;w 20. njhf;f tpyq;F - tpyq;Fj; njhFjp
21. fsT - jpUl;L
170
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22. fhkj;jP - fhknkDk; nfhba tpUg;gk; 23. ciyah clk;G - jsuhj cly; 24. Fwis - Gwk; NgRjy; 25. nt/fy; - tpUk;Gjy; 26. ntFsy; - rpdj;jy; 27. nghy;yhf; fhl;rp - khaj;Njhw;wk; 28. jhdk; - nfhil 29. GiujPh; - Fw;wk; jPh;e;j 30. Nfz;kpd; -
NfSq;fs; 31. Kj;Njh; eif - Kj;Jr; rphpg;G 32. ca;k;kpd; - Nghw;Wq;fs;ew;fjpailAq;fs; 33. ciwjy; - jq;Fjy;
34. $w;W - vkd; 35. khrpy; - Fw;wkw;w36. njhOJ - tzq;fp 37. Gf;F - GFe;J 38. ,lh; - ,d;dy; 39. rPyk; - xOf;fk; 397) ,yf;fzf;
Fwpg;G:- 1. NjtpAk; MaKk; - vz;Zk;ik 2. mUe;jth;> et;tpid - gz;Gj; njhiffs; 3. tho;f - tpaq;Nfhs;
tpidKw;W
4. nra;jtk;> tPo;fjph; - tpidj; njhifs; 5. ngUk;NgW - gz;Gj;
njhif 6. Mo;euF - tpidj; njhif 7. njspjy; - njhopw;ngah;fs; 8. gy;Yaph;> ey;tpid>
jPtpid> Nghpd;gk; -gz;Gj; njhiffs;
9. Ma;njhb ey;yha; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif.
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10. fhkj;jP - cUtfk; 11. fLQ;nrhy; - gz;Gj; njhif 12. nghy;yhf; fhl;rp - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; 13. gad;njhpGyth; -- tpidj; njhif 14. miurd; - ,ilg;Nghyp 15. ey;ywk; - gz;Gj; njhif
398) gphpj;jwpjy;:-1. vOe;njjph; - vOe;J +vjph; 2. mwpTz;lhf - mwpT +
cz;lhf 3. ehf;njhiytpy;iy - eh +
njhiyT + ,y;iy 4. gpzp NehAw;Nwhh; - gpzp +
Neha;+ cw;Nwhh;
5. ,ay;gPuhW - ,ay;G +
,uz;L + MW6. ed;nkhop - ed;ik + nkhop7. vdf;fplh; - vdf;F + ,lh; 8.njhONjj;jp - njhOJ +Vj;jp 9. cz;nld;W - cz;L +
vd;W 10. ey;ywk; -- ed;ik + mwk;
399) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;:- 1. gpwe;jhh; -- gpw + j;(e;) + j; +
Mh;gpw - gFjp
j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfuhk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. mwpFth; - mwp + F + t; +mh; mwp - gFjp F - rhhpia t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
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vd;W ,sq;Nfhtbfs; rhj;jdiug; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.
402) E}w; Fwpg;G:- kzpNkfiy> Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq; fSs; xd;W. rpyg;gjpfhuKk; kzp NkfiyAk; ntt;NtW E}y;fshap Dk; xNu fijj; njhlh;Gilad. vdNt,it
,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaq;fs;
vd toq;fg;ngWk;.
kzpNkfiyapd; JwTtho;f;ifiaf; $Wtjhy;> ,e;E}Yf;F kzpNkfiyj; JwT vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L. ,e;E}y; nrhw; RitAk;
nghUl; RitAk;> ,aw;if tUzidfSk; epiwe;jJ. ngsj;j kjr; rhh;Gil aJ@ Kg;gJ fijfisf; nfhz;lJ.
Kg;gJ fhijfSs;> ghlg;gFjpahd MGj;jpud; ehLmile;j fhij ,Ugj;J ehd;fhtJ fhij.
403) epug;Gf:-1. ―mUe;jth;f; fike;j Mrdk;." - ,t;tbapy; ‗mUe;jth;‘
vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth;mwtzbfs;
2. nrhy;ypy; Vw;gLk; Fw;wq;fs;
nrhy; 3. kdj;jpy; Njhd;Wk;
Fw;wq;fs;
Nguth> fLQ;rpdk;> njsptpyh mwpT4. kWgpwg;G czh;e;jtshff;
Fwpg;gplg;gLgts; kzpNkfiy
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404) nghUj;Jf: m) Mak; - tpUg;gk; M) ntFsy; - Fw;wk; ePq;fpa ,) GiujPh; - Gwq; $wy; <) Fwis - rpdj;jy; c) Ntl;if - Njhopah; $l;lk; tpil:
czNt kUe;J(ciueil
)
405) kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj;
NjitfSs; Kjd;ikahdJ vJ? czT
406) jkpoh; kUj;Jtj;jpy; czT vd;gJ midj;J Neha;fisAk;
jPh;f;ff; $ba vt;tif kUe;jhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ?
rQ;rPtp 407) grpapd; nfhLikiag;
grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp vd;wJ fhg;gpak;. kzpNkfiyf;
fhg;gpak; 408) cz;b nfhLj;Njhh;
caph; nfhLj;NjhNu vdf; $wpaJ ahh;? GwehD}Wk;> kzpNkfiyAk;
409) jpUf;Fwspy; kUe;J vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; czNt kUe;jhFk; jd;ikiaj; njspthf vLj;Jiuj; jth; ahh;? jpUts;Sth;
410) Kd; cz;lJ nrhpj;jJ
fz;L cz;ghh;f;F
kUe;Jz;Zk; Njit Vw;glhJ vd;gJ ahUila thf;F.
ts;Sth; 411) ePhpd;wikahJ cyF vdf;
$wpath;.
ts;Sth;
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412) kPJ}z; tpUk;Ngy; vd;wth; xsitahh;
413) cliyf; fhj;jypd;
Njitia typAWj;jpath; ahh;? jpU%yUk;
414) mWRitapd; gad;fs
; 1. ,dpg;G - tsk;> 2. Jth;g;G - Mw;wy;
3. ifg;G - nkd;ik 4. fhh;g;G - czh;T 5. cth;g;G - njspT 6. Gspg;G - ,dpik
415) epug;Gf:-1. grpg;gpzpf;F czNt kUe;J 2. Neha;f;F Kjy; fhuzk;
cg;G Neha; ePf;Fk;
%ypiffs;(Jizg;ghlk;)
416) fPo;f;fha; ney;yp vd;W vg;gb
Fwpg;gpLth;fPohney;yp>
fPo;tha;ney;yp 417) J}Jtisapd; NtW ngah;fs;?
rpq;fty;yp> J}Jis 418) Qhdg;gr;rpiy vd
ts;syhh; Nghw;Wk; ,t;tpiy vij Nkk;gLj;Jk; Fuy;
tsj;ij
419) fhpryhq;fz;zpf;F NtW ngah;fs;? f hp rh iy>
i fahe;j f iu>
gpUq;fuhrk;> Njfuhrk; 420) Jsrp nrb ve; j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? khh;Gr;rsp> ePh;f;Nfhit> jiytyp
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421) fPoh ney;ypr; nrb ve;j Nehia
Fzkhf;Fk;? kQ;rl;
fhkhiy 422) J}Jtis ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;?
Rthrfhrk; mfYk;
423) Fg;igNkdp ve;j Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;?
gLf;ifg; Gz;> rpuq;FePq;Fk;
424) KUq;if fPiu ve;j Nehia
Fzkhf;Fk;? Khpe;j vYk;G tpiutpy; $Lk;> fz;ghh;it xOq;FgLj;Jk;> cliy tYthf;Fk;> $e;jiy
tsur; nra;Ak; 425) fhpryhq;fz;zp ve;j Nehia
Fzkhf;Fk;? eiuiag; Nghf;Fk;>kQ;rs; fhkhiy
426) kzpj;jf;fhspf;fPiu ve;j
Nehia Fzkhf;Fk;? t ha ;g ;Gz ;> Flw;Gz;iz
f; Fzkhf;Fk;. 427) ty;yhiuf; fPiu ve;j Nehia
Fzkhf;Fk;? epidthw;wy; ngUFk;
nghUs;Nfhs; (,yf;fzk;
)
428) nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? xU nra;Aspy; cs;s rPh;fisNah mbfisNah nghUs; czh;Tf;F Vw;wt i fapy; mikj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; Kiwiag; nghUs; Nfhs; vdg;gLk;.
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429) nghUs;Nfhs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit? vl;L tifg;gLk; 1. Mw;W ePh;g;nghUs;Nfhs; 2. nkhop khw;Wg;nghUs;Nfhs; 3. epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; 4. tpw;g+l;Lg;
nghUs;Nfhs; 5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; 6. miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs; 7. nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; 8. mbkwp khw;Wg;nghUs;nfhs;
430) Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why;
vd;d? , i lawhJ nry;Yk; M w; W ePiug; Nghyg; ghlypd; nrhw;fs; Kd;gpd; khwhJ NeNu nrd;W nghUs; nfhs;tJ Mw;W ePh;g;nghUs;NfhshFk;.
431) nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why;
vd;d? XubAs; cs;s nrhw;fis>
mit jUk; nghUSf;F
Vw;g khw;wpf;$Wjy ; nkhopk h w ; W g ; nghUs;Nfhs; vd toq;fg;gLk;.
432) epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why;
vd;d? nra;Aspy; ,Uf;fpd;w nrhw;fis K iw khwhky;
thpirahf mikj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy;epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;.
433) tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;
vd;why; vd;d?
tpy;ypd; ,UKidfisAk; ,izj;Jf; fl;Ljy; Nghyr;
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nra;Aspd; Kjypy; mike;Js;s nrhy;Yk; ,Wjpapy; mike;Js;s
nrhy;Yk; nghUs;glg; nghUj;JtJ tpw;g+l;Lg;nghUs;Nfhs;.
434) tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhspd; NtWngah;?
G+l;Ltpw;nghUs;Nfhs;
435) jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why;
vd;d?
CQ;rypd; eLepd;w fapWKd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nrd;W tUtJ Nghyr; nra;Aspd; eLtpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; nrhy;>nra;Aspd; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. nrhw;fSld;
nghUe;jpg; nghUisj; jUtJ. 436) miskwp ghg;Gg; nghUs; Nfhs;
vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspd; ,WjpapypUe;J nrhw;fis vLj;J Kjypy; itj;Jf; $l;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ.
437) nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspd; gy mbfspYk; $wg; gl;Ls;s nrhw;fisg; nghUSf;F Vw;gf; $l;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;.
438) mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspd; vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf
khw;wpg; nghUs;nfhz;lhYk; nghUSk; XirAk; rpijahky; tUtJ.
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439) fPo;f;fhZk; ghliy epiwT nra;f:-
1. ghl;Lf;F moF nghUs; 2.gfYf;F moF ntspr;r k; 3. tPjpf;F moF J}a;ik 4. ePjpf;F moF
Neh;ik 5. tPl;Lf;F moF tpUe;J 6. fhl;Lf;F moF kuq;f s;
440) jkpo; gonkhopia mwpf:-1. The wise and the fool have their follows
,dk; ,dj;NjhL NrUk; 2. He who has an art has every where a part
fw;Nwhh;f;Fr; nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;G 3. Being on the sea. Sail being on the land.
settled
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w Nfhyk; nfhs; 4. No rains no grains
khhpay;yJ fhhpak;,y;iy 5. Bad words find bad acceptance
EzYk; jd; thahw;
nfLk;
,ay; VO - nra;As;
jpUf;Fws;
441) nrhw;nghUs;:-
1. fld; - flik 2. rhd;Nwhh; - ey;y Fzq;fs;
epiwe;jth; 3. ehz; - ehzk;
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4. xg;GuT - cjTjy; 5. fz;Nzhl;lk; - caph;fsplj;J ,uf;f
k; 6. tha;ik - cz;ik 7. rhy;G - rhd;whz;ik 8. Mw;Wthh; - nray; nra;gth; 9. Mw;wy; - typik 10. khw;whh; - gifth; 11. Jiyay;yhh; -
Mw;wypd; Fiwe;jth; 12. fl;lis - ciufy; 13. ,d;dh -
jPq;F
14. ,dpa - ed;ik 15. nra;ahf;fhy; - nra;ahtplj;J 16. ,d;ik - tWik 17. ,sptd;W - ,opthdjd;W
18. jpz;ik - typik 19. Cop - cyfk; 20. Mop - fly; 21. ,Uepyk; - nghpaepyk;22. nghiw - Rik
442) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-
1. vd;g - gyh;ghy; tpidkw;W 2. Nkw;nfhs;gth; -
tpidahyiz Ak; ngah;3. cs;sJ}ck; -
,d;dpiras ngil 4. md;W - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W 5. fz;Nzhl;lk; -
njhopw;ngah;6. nfhy;yh eyj;jJ> nrhy;yh eyj;jJ - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;. 7. gzpjy; - njhopw;ngah;
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8. Mw;Wthh;> khw;whh; - tpidahy izAk; ngah;9. ,d;ik> jpz;ik - gz;Gg; ngah;fs; 10. rhd;wth; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;11. ,Uepyk; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;12. kd;> X - mirr;nrhw;fs;
443) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1. mwpe;J - mwp + j;(e;) + j; +
c mwp - gFjp j; - re;jp j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
2. Mw;Wthh; - Mw;W + t; +
Mh;Mw;W - gFjp t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
3. gzpjy; - gzp + jy;
gzp - gFjp jy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp
444) gphpj;jwpjy;m) xUtw;F - xUtd; + F M) ,sptd;W - ,spT +md;W ,) rhy;ngd;Dk; - rhy;G +
vd;Dk 445) epug;Gf:-
1) ew;Fzq;fshy; rpwe;jpUj;jy;
ngUikahFk;. rhd;Nwhhpd;
2) jtk; vd;gJ gpw caph;fisf; nfhy;yhikNa
3) Njhy;tpia xg;Gf; nfhs;tNj rhd;whz;ikia
mse;jwpAk
;
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4. khw;whh; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;
gifth;
5. jPq;fpioj;jth;f;Fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ed;ikNa
446) nghUj;Jf m) ,d;ik -
tWik M) jpz;ik - typik ,) Mop - fly; <) Nehd;ik -
jtk;
,d;gk; - Rujh
447) goe;jkpo; fw;wy; ,d;gk; --- ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah;ahh;?Rujh
448) nrhw;nghUs; jUf:-
1. ,ir gl - GfOld; 2. fath; - fPo;f;FzKilNahh;
449) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:-
1. fsph;f;if - ctikj;njhif 2. goe;jkpo;> rpw;wpdk;> ngUq;Fzk; - gz;Gj; njhiffs; 3. toq;fp - tpidnar;rk;
4. fw;wy;> ngWjy;> tho;jy; -njhopw;ngah;fs; 450) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G
c t i k f ; f t p Q h ; Rujh tpd ; ,aw;ngah; ,uhrNfhghyd;. ,th; j pUth&h; khtl; l j ; jpYs;s
gioaD}hpy; 23.11.1921 md;W gpwe;jhh;. ngw;Nwhh; jpUNtq;flk; - - nrz;gfk; Mth;.
ciufy;
176
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ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd; kPJ nfhz;l gw;Wf; fhuzkhfj; jk; ngaiur;
Rg;Guj;jpdjhrd; vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. mjd; RUf;fNk Rujh Mapw;W.Njd;kio> JiwKfk;> RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk; Rujhtpd; ftpijfs; Kjyhd ftpij E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. Njd;kio vd;Dk; ftpij E}y;> jkpof murpd; jkpo; tsh;r;rpj; Jiw toq;Fk; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd ghpirg; ngw;Ws;sJ. jkpof ,aypir ehlf kd;wj;jpd;fiy khkzpg; gl;lj;ijAk;> jkpof murpd; ghNte;jh; tpUijAk; ,th; ngw;Ws;shh;.
451) E}w; Fwpg;G:- Njd;kio E}ypy; ,aw;ifnaopy;
ngUe;jiyth; fhkuhrh
; (ciueil)
453) jd;dykw;w jiyth;@ fh;k tPuh;@ fy;tpf; fz; jpwe;j Kjy;th; ahh;? fhkuhrh;
454) fhkuhrh; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;?tpUJ efhpy; cs;s Fkhurhkp> rptfhkp
455) fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;L> ve;j ehs;
gpwe;jhh;?1903 Mk; Mz;L #iyj;
jpq;fs; gjpide;jhk; ehsd;W
456) jpz;izg; gs;spap y; jkpo; vOj;Jfisf; fw;W> Xh; Mz;L
jkpo; ghlk; fw;wth; ahh;?fhkuhrh;
457) fhkuhrh; jdJ VOtajpy; Rtnuhl;b
Kjyhf Muha;r;rp <whfg;gjpdhW
apy; vd;W vOjg;gl;bUg;
gFjpfshff; ftpijfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;Ws;> Njd;Jspfs; vd;Dk; gFjpapy; ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
452) epug;Gf:1. Foe;ijapd;
jsph;f;ifgl;l cz;gJ
,d;gk;. $opid
2. fw;wth; Kd; jhk; fw;w ,d;gk
;. fy;tpiaf; $wy; 3. ntw;wpia tho;tpy; Nrh;f;Fk;
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gijidf; fz;lhh;. te;Nj khjuk;
458) fhkuhrh;> gs;sp nry;y ,ayhj NghJk; ehs;NjhWk; ---------
---- gbj;Jk;murpay;
$l;lq;fspy; jiyth;fspd
nrhw; nghopTfisf;
Nfl;Lk;> jk;Kila murpay; mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. nra;jpj; jhs;fs;
459) nka;fz;lhd; Gj;jfr;rhiy vd;w
E}y; epiyaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W >
,d;gk;. tpidgy Ghpjy;
_____ > _____ > M f p N a h h p d ; tho;f;if tuyhWfisg; gbj;Jj;
4. NruhJ tho;jy; ,d;gk;.
jpwikahfg; NgrTk; thjk; nra;aTk
rpw;wpdf; fatNuhL njhlq;fpdhh;.
,nydpd;> fhpghy;b>neg;Nghypah;
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460) fhkuhrh; ,sikapy; ve;j fhq;fpurpy; Nrh;e;jhh;?Njrpa ,af;fkhd fhq;fpurpy;
461) fhkuhrh; ve;j Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;F
nfhz;L rpiw nrd;whh;?irkd; FO vjph;g;G> cg;Gr;rj;jpahfpufk;>
nts;isaNd ntspNaW.
462) fhkuhriuf; fl;rpapd; nrayhsuhf epakpj;jth; ahh;?
jiyth; rj;jpa%h;j;jp
463) fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;L rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhfj; Nje;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;? 1937
464) ve;j Mz;L jkpo;ehl;Lf; fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd;
jiytuhff; fhkuhrh;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;? 1939 Mk; Mz;L
465) fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jiyth; gjtpapy; vj;jid
Mz;Lfs; fhkuhrh; ,Ue;jhh;? gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lfs;
466) ve;j Mz;L ahUf;F Kjyikr;ruhfg gjtpNaw;gjw;Ff; fhkuhrh; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;
?
1945 Mk; Mz;L gpufhrk;>1947 Mk; Mz;L Xke;J}h; ,uhkrhkp kw;Wk; 1 9 4 9 Mk; Mz;L Fkhurhkp
467) NeUtpd; kiwTf ;Fg; g p d ; yhy;gfJ}h; rh];jpapd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd; ahiu Kjd;ikaikr;ruhf
Mf;Ftjw;F fhkuhrh; ngUk; gq;fhw;wpdhh;.,e;jpuh fhe;jp
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468) fhkuhrh; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;?
jiyth;fis cUthf;Fgth; 469) 1954 ,y; ,uh[h[p
Kjyikr;rh; gjtpapypUe;J
tpyfpaJk;ahh; mg;gjtpf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;?fhkuhrh;
470) fhkuhrh; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Kd;dhs;
FbauRj; jiyth;ahf ahh;,Ue;J cWJizahfg;
gzpahw;wpdhh;? Mh;. ntq;fl;uhkd;
njhopyikr; ruhfTk;> r p . R g ; g p u k z p a k ; fy;tpaikr;ruhfTk;
471) fhkuhrh; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j fhyj; jpy; ve;j Ie;jhz;Lj;
jpl;lq;fs;epiw
Ntw;wg;gl;ld? ,uz;lhtJ> %d;whtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;
jpl;lq;fs; 472) nghpa njhopw; Ngl;ilfs;
vq;F mikf;fg;gl;ld. fpz;b> mk;gj;J}h;> ,uhzpg;
Ngl;il. 473) fhkuhrh; fhyj;jpy; ------------- ,af;fk;
Nt&d;wpaJ? $l;LwT ,af;fk;
474) fhkuhrh; Ml;rpapy; ve;j njhopw; rhiyfs; njhlq;fg; ngw;wd? nea;Ntyp>
epyf;fhpr;
Ruq;fj;
njhopw;rhiy> ,e;J];jhd;
Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy> fpz;b mWit
rpfpr;irf; fUtpj;njhopw;rhiy> rUf;fiu
Miy> Nrhlhcg;Gj; njhopw;rhiy>rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy>nguk;g+h;j; njhlh; tz;bg;
ngl;bj; njhopw;
rhiy> Nkl;^h;f; fhfpjj;
njhopw; rhiy.
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475) fhkuhrh; fhyj;jpy; ve;j
fy;tp eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fl;lhaf;
fy;tp 476) gs;sp Ntiy ehs;fis vt;tsthf fhkuhrh; cah;j;jpdhh;?
E}w;nwz;gjpypUe;J ,UE}whf 477) njhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; kjpa
czTj; jpl;lk; ahuhy;njhlq;fg;gl;lJ? fhkuhrh;
478) fhkuhrh; vj;jid khehLfs; $l;lj;ij
$l;b te;jhh;? <uhz;Lfspy; E}w;W Kg;gj;J %d;W khehLfs;
479) ahuhy; cah;epiyg; gs;sp ,ytrf; fy;tp nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ? fhkuhrh; 480) kUj;Jtk; fy;Y}hp Kjyhd njhopw;
fy;Y}hpfspy; gapYk; Vio
484) GtNdRth; efhpy; ve;j Mz;L fhq;fpuR khehl;by; fhkuhrh; mfpy ,e;jpaf; fhq;fpuRj;
jiytuhfg; gjtpNaw;whh;?1963 Mk; Mz;L
485) ,e;jpag; gpujkh; NeU ve;j Mz;L
fhykhdhh;? 1964
486) rh];jphp vjph;ghuhj Kiwapy; 1966
Mk; Mz;L vq;F caphpoe;jhh;? jh];fz;by;
487) fhkuhrh;> NeUtpd; kfs; ,e;jpuh fhe;jpf;F ve;j gjtp nghUj;jkhdJ? gpujkh; gjtp
488) fhkuhrUf;F eLtzuR _____
tpUJ mspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jJ. ghuj uj;dh (,e;jpakhkzp) tpUJ
489) ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; fhkuhrh;f;F
khzth;fSf;F Vw;ghLnra;ag;gl;lJ.
fldspf;f
rpiyia epWtpaJ?MSau ntz;fyr;rpiyia
tl;bapy;yhf;
fldspf;f 481) jQ;rht+h;g; gz;izahs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;ijj;
jpUj;jpr;
rhFgb nra;Ak; njhopyhspf;F
vt;tsT tpOf;fhL gq;F
fpilf;f toptif nra;jhh;. mWgJ tpOf;fhL
490) jkpof muR> fhkuhrhpd; fy;tpg;
gzpiar; rpwg;gpf;Fk;tifapy; kJiug; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;F
vd;d ngah; #l;baJ? kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;
491) fhkuhrh; tho;e;j nrd;id ,y;yk;
,y;ykhf
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Mf;fg;gl;lJ? epidT
,y;ykhf
482) epy cr;rtuk;G Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ
?
Kg;gJ Vf;fh;
Vf;fh; vdf;
492) fhkuhrh; muq;fk; vq;F epWtg;gl;lJ?
Njdhk; Ngl;ilapy;
493) fhkuhrh; gpwe;j ehshd #iy 483) ve;j Mz;L rPdg;gilnaLg;Gf;Fg;
gpd;> fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; nry;thf;Fr rhpaj; njhlq;fpaJ. 1962 Mk; Mz;L
gjpide;jhk; ehis Mz;LNjhWk;
mwptpj;Js;sJ fy;tp tsh;r;rpehs;
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494) fhe;jpabfs; kPJ mstw;w md;G nfhz;l fhkuhrh; ve;j Mz;L fhe;jpabfspd;
gpwe;j ehshdmf;Nlhgh; ,uz;lhk;ehs;
,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhh;? 1975 Mk; Mz;L
,yf;fzk; - Gzh;r;rp
495) Gzh;r;rp vd;why; vd;d? epiy nkhopapd; <Wk; tUnkhop apd; KjYk; NrUtJ Gzh;r;rp MFk;.
496) tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit? %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit: Njhd;wy;> jphpjy;>nfLjy
497) Njhd;wy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh jUf
jkpo; + ghlk; =
jkpo;g;ghlk; 498) jphpjy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh
jUf?
fy; + rpiy=
fw;rpiy 499) nfLjy; Gzh;r;rpf;F v.fh
jUf? kuk; + Nth; =
kuNth; 500) Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp vd;why;
vd;d? F> R> L> J> G> W Mfpa MWk;
nebyLj;Jk; ,uz;L Kjypa gy vOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;Jk; tUk; NghJ> jd; khj;jpiuastpy; Fiwe;J
xypf;Fk;. ,j idf;
Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;gh;. 501) Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;r;rp vd;why;
vd;d? epiy nkhopapd; <W (filrp)
Fw;wpaYfukhf ,Ue;J> tUnkhop
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apd; Kjy; vOj;J> a fukhf ,Ue;J GzUk; NghJ> cfuk; ,fukhfj; jphpAk; ,jidf; Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;r;rp
vd;gh;. 502) Nrh;j;J vOJf:
1. fhL + Nfhop = fhl;Lf;Nfhop 2. MW + ghyk; =
Mw;Wg;ghyk;3. fpzW + jtis=fpzw;Wj;jtis 4. ehF + fbJ = ehFfbJ 5. v/J + rpwpJ = v/FrpwpJ 6. tuF + jPJ = tuFjPJ 7. Fuq;F + nghpJ = Fuq;FnghpJ8. njs;F + rpwpJ = njs;FrpwpJ 9. njs;F + fhy; = njs;Ffhy; 10. v/F + rpWik = v/FrpWik 11. ehF + jiy = ehFjiy 12. kUe;J + ig =
kUj;Jg;ig 13. ,Uk;G + Mzp = ,Ug;ghzp 14. fUk;G + tpy; = fUg;Gtpy; 15. nrk;G + Flk; =
nrg;Gf;Flk;. 503) epug;Gf:
1) thio + kuk; = thiokuk;
vd;gJ ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp 2) kuk; +Nth; = kuNth;. ,J
nfLjy; tpfhuk; 3) fd;W + M vd;gJ vdg;GzUk;
. tpil:
504) nghUj;Jf:- 1. ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp - fw;Nfhl;il 2. Njhd;wy; tpfhuk; - kuNty; 3. nfLjy; tpfhuk; -
thiog;gok;
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4. jphpjy; tpfhuk; - nghd; tisay; tpil:
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 505) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;
m> ,> c vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;Jfis mLj;Jk; ‗v‘ vd;Dk; tpdhit
mLj;Jk; tUk;. ty;ypdq;fshfpa f> r> j> g> kpFk;. (v.fh) , + nrb =
,r;nrb. 506) me;j> ,e;j> ve;j> mq;F>
,q;F> vq;F> mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;w Rl;L> tpdhr; nrhw;fis mLj;J ty;ypdk; kpFk;.v . fh me;j + Nfh tpy ; =
me;jf;Nfhtpy;
507) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik tphpapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.(v.fh) E}iy + gb =
E}iyg;gb 508) ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik t phpapy ;
ty;ypdk; kpFk;.(v.fh) gzpf;F + nrd;whd; =
gzpf;Fr;nrd;whd;
509) ,uz;L> %d;W > ehd;F>Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
gaDk; cld; njhf;f
njhifapy;
ty;ypdk; kpFk;.
(v.fh) kuk; + ngl;b =kug;ngl;b 510) gz;Gj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk;
kpFk;. (v . fh ) gr ; i r +
f p s p = gr;irf;fpsp 511) ,Unganuhl;Lg;
gz;Gj;njhifapy ty;ypdk; kpFk;.
(v.fh) ky;ypif+
g+ =ky;ypifg;g+
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512) ctikj;njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;(v.fh) kyh; + fz; =
kyh;f;fz; 513) XnuOj;J xU nkhopapd; gpd;
ty;ypdk; kpFk;(v.fh) g+ + $il =g+f;$il.
514) <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rj;jpd;
gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.
(v.fh) Xlh+ Fjpiu =Xlhf;Fjpiu
515) td;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd;
ty;ypdk; kpFk;.(v.fh) gj;J + ghl;L =
gj;Jg;ghl;L 516) l> w xw;W ,ul;bf;Fk; caph;>
neby; njhlh;f;
Fw;wpaYfuq;fspd;
gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;(v.fh) ehL + gw;W =
ehl;Lg;gw;W517) Kw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk;
kpFk;
(v.fh) jpU + Fws; = jpUf;Fws;
518) rhy> jt Kjypa chpr;nrhw;fspd;
gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.(v.fh) rhy + Ngrpdhd ; =
rhyg;Ngrpdhd;
519) Ma;> vd> ,dp> Mf Kjypa ,ilr; nrhw;fspd; gpd;ty;ypdk; kpFk;.
(v.fh) ,dp + fhz;Nghk; =
,dpf;fhz;Nghk;.
520) ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs;: mJ> ,J> mit> ,it vDk;Rl;Lr; nrhw;fspd; gpd;Dk; vJ> vit
vDk; tpdhr;nrhw;fspd; gpd;Dk; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) mJ + gwe;jJ =mJ gwe;jJ.
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521) M> V> X vDk; tpdh vOj;Jfspd;
gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) mtdh + nrd;whd; =
mtdh nrd;whd; 522) vOtha;j; njhlhpy;
ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) kyh; + g+j;jJ =
kyh;g+j;jJ 523) mj;jid> ,j;jid>
vj;jid vd;Dk;
nrhw;fSf;Fg;
gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) mj;jid + glq;fs; =
mj;jid glq;fs; 524) tpidj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk;
kpfhJ. (v.fh) CW + fha; =CWfha;
525) ck;ikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk;
kpfhJ. (v.fh) fgpyguzh;> ,uTgfy; 526) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;
njhifapy;
ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) fly; + fle;jhh; =
fly;fle;jhh;. 527) %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfspd;
gpd; (xL> XL) ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.
(v.fh) g+nthL + Nrh;e;j =
g+nthLNrh;e;j 528) vl;L> gj;J jtpug;gpw
vz;fSf;Fg; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) xd;W nfhL xd;WnfhL ,uz;L + Ngh; = ,uz;LNgh;
529) tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wf;Fg; gpd;
ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) tho;f + jkpo; =
tho;fjkpo;
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530) ,ul;ilf;fpstp> mLf;Fj; njhlh;fspy;
ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) ry + ry = ryry
531) <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; jtpug; gpwnganur;rq;fsod; gpd;ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. (v.fh) rpwpa + ngz; =
rpwpangz;532) nghUj;Jf:
f + R = fR
m + c = f$ U + $ = cc
c0 + c = fq
fm + f0 = f0 533) jkpo;g; gonkhopia mwpf:-
1. Take away the full. The boiling will cease
vhptijg; gpLq;fpdhy;nfhjpg;gJ mlq;Fk; 2. Practice makes perfect
rpj;jpuKk; ifg;gof;fk;> nre;jkpOk; ehg;gof;f k; 3. The law - maker should not be a law -
breaker
Ntypia gapiu Nka;e;jhw;
Nghy4. Misfortune never comes single
gl;l fhypNy gLk;> nfl;l FbNa nfLk; 5. Look no gift horse in the mouth
jhdk; nfhLj;j khl;ilg; gy;iyg; gpbj;Jg;
ghh;f;fyhkh?
,ay;vl;L - nra;As;
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;
534) nrhw;nghUs;:1) tphpfly; - gue;jfly;
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2) fhAk; utpr;Rlh; - Rl;nlhpf;Fk; #hpaf;fjph; 3. Nahfk; - topghL
535) ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; tpsf;fk;.
goq;fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; vr;rk; vdf; fUjg;gLk; ehl;Lg;Gwg;
ghly;fs; Vl;by;
vOjhf; ftpijfs; MFk;. ,it toptopahfg; ghlg;gl;LtUk; tha;nkhop ,yf ; fpaq;fNs. gonkhopfs;>tpLfijfs;> fijg; ghly;fs;> njhopw;ghly;fs; Kjypad
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;Js;
mlq;Fk;. njk; khq;Fg;ghly;>
fisnaLg;Gg; ghly;> fjpuWg;Gg; ghly;> kPdth;
ghly;> Kjypad njhopw;ghly;fs;. vspa nrhw;fSk; eilKiw tho;f;ifia xl;ba Mo;e;j fUj;JfSk; mlq;fpait ,g;ghly; fs;. ,g;ghly;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak;
NghJ fisg;G Vw;glhky; ,Uf;fg; ghlg;gLtd. ehl;Lg;Gwtp ay; Jiwapy; gy;NtW Ma;Tfs; eilngw;w tz;zk; cs;sd. ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs;> gbf;fhjth; fSk;
XusT fy;tpawpT ngw;wth;
fSk; ghLtdthf cs;sd.
,g;ghly;fs; nrtp topahfg; guTtd. ,tw;iw ,aw;wpath; ,d;dhnudf; $wtpayhJ.
536) epug;Gf1. kPdth;fSf;F ,utpy; tpsf;fhf tpsq;FtJ tpbnts;sp
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2. kPd;tiy kPdthpd; gbf;Fk; E}y; 3 . kPdth; f z ;zhbahfg ;
gad;gLj;JtJ KOepyNt 4. kPdthpd; thOk; tPL fl;L kuk;
ngz;ik - nt.
,uhkypq;fdhh;
537) md;Gk; Mh;tKk; mlf;fKk; -- vd;w
‗ngz;ik‘ ghliy ghbath; ahh;?nt.,uhkypq;fdhh;
538) nrhw;nghUs; 1. cWjp - CcWjp 2. rfpg;Gj;jd;ik - nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; 3. nrh&gk; - tbtk;
4. juzp - cyfk; 5. jhuk; - kidahs; 6. Nrit - njhz;L 7. mayhh; - cwty;yhNjhh;
539) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:
1. md;Gk; Mh;tKk; mlf;fKk; -- vz;Zk;ik 2. ,d;gnrh&gk; --
cUtfk; 540) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G
ftpQh; nt.,uhkypq;fdhh;> ehkf;fy; khtl;lj;jpYs;s NkhfD}hpy; gpwe;jth;. ,th;jk; ngw;Nwhh; ntq;fl;uhkd; -- mk;kzp mk;khs; Mth;. ftpi jg;
Nghl;bfs; gytw;wpy; gq;Nfw;Wg; ghpRfs; ngw;whh;.
jkpof murpd; Kjy;
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muritf; ftpQuhfj; jpfo;e;jth;. ,tUf;F eLtzuR gj;kg+\z; tpUJ toq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jJ. ,th;> jkpof kf;fshy; fhe;jpaf; ftpQh;
vdg; ngUikAld; toq;fg; ngw;whh;. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.gp 1888 Kjy; 1972 tiuahFk;.
541) E}w;Fwpg;G
ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ghly;fs; vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFg;gpy; nja;tj;
jpUkyh;> jkpo;j; Njd;kyh;> fhe;jpkyh;> Njrpa kyh;> rOjha kyh;> nghpNahh; Gfo; kyh;> jpUehs; kyh;>rpWfhg;gpa kyh;> ,irkyh;>
mwpTiu kyh;> gy;Rit kyh; Mfpa j iyg ;Gfspy ; f tpi j fs; mike;Js;sd. ,g;ghly;> rOjha kyh; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. 542) ehkf;fy;yhhpd; gilg;Gfs;
,ir ehty;fs; -
3 fl;Liufs; - 12 jd;tuyhW - 3 Gjpdq;fs; - 5 ,yf;fpaj;jpwdha;Tfs; - 7 ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs; - 10
rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; - 5
nkhopngah;g;Gfs; - 4
jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik (ciueil)
543) Mq;fpNyahpd;mlf;FKiwf; nfhLikf;F vjpuhf chpikf; Fuy; vOg;gpg;Nghuhbathpd; ngz;zpd;
ngah;?
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jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik 544) jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik
ngw;Nwhhpd; ngah;> Ch;?GJr;Nrhpapy; tho;e;j KDrhkp
vd;w nerthsp jpy;iyahb vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;j kq;fsk;.
545) KDrhkp nerTj; njhopy; ghjpg; ghy; tWikapy; thb NtiyNjb vq;F FbNawpdh;?
njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy;
546) tPu kq;if ts;spak;ik ve;j
Mz;L gpwe;jhh;?1898 Mk; Mz;L
547) ts;spak;ik ve;j ehl;by; gpwe;jhh;?
njd;dhg; gphpf;fhtpy;548) jhahh; jp;y;iyahbapy;
gpwe;jhy; ts;spak;ik ngah;vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik
549) ve;j Mz;L njd;dhg; gphpf;f ehl;bd; jpUkzg; gjpTr; rl;lg; gbAk;> fpwpj;J kjr; rl;lg;gbAk;
jpUkzq;fs; nry;yhJ vd cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;ig ntspapl;lJ? 1913 Mk; Mz;L
550) fhe;jpabfs; ve;j Nghuhl;lj;jpidf; jiyik Vw;W top elj;jpdhh;? mwg; Nghuhl;lk;
551) mwg;Nghh; Nghuhl;lk; ve;j Mz;L>
ve;j ,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ? 1913 Mk; Mz;L jprk;gh;j;
jpq;fs;
23 Mk; ehs; thy;f;];u];l; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.
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552) rpiwr; #oyhy; cly; eyk; Fd;wpa ts;spak;ik ve;j Mz;L kuzk;
mile;jhh;? 1914 gpg;uthp ,Ugj;jpuz;lhk; ehsd;W
j k J gjpdhwhk;mfitapy;.
553) ―ek;gpf;ifjhd; mtuJ MAjk;‖ vd;W jpy;iyahb
ts;spak;ik Fwpj;J ve;j
,jopy; fhe;jpabfs;vOjpas;shh;? ,e;jpad; xg;gPdpad;
554) njd;dhg;gphpf;f tuyhw;wpy;ts;sp ak;ikapd; ngah;vd;Wk; epiyj;J epw;Fk; vd;W fhe;jpabfs; vd;Dk;
E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.njd;dhg;gphpf;fr;
rj;jpahf;fpuf k;
555) fhe;jpabfs;> jkpoh; kPJk; jkpo; nkhopapd; kPJk;
kpFe;j <LghL nfhz;ljw;F
ahh; fhuzk; vd;W
$wyhk;? ts;spak;ik
556) ts;spak;ikapd; epiditg; Nghw;Wk; tifapy; --
----------------- jkpo; ehL muR mtuJ rpiyia epWtpAs;sJ.
jpy;iyahbapy;
557) Nfh - Mg; - nlf;]; vd;wiof;fg; gLk; jkpo;ehL nerthsh; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;
nrd;idapYs;s jdJ
mWE}whtJ tpw;gid ikaj;jpw; Fj; _____
vdg;ngah;
#l;bg; ngUikg;gLj;jpcs;sJ? jpy;iyahb
ts;spak;ik khspif
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,uhzp kq;fk;khs; (Jizg;ghlk;)
558) fhg;ghl;rpahsuhf Ml;rp
Ghpe;jth; ahh;?,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
559) kJiu Mz;L te;j nrhf;fehj ehaf;fhpd; kidtp ahh;?,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
560) nrhf;fehj ehaf;fh;>
,uhzp kq;fk;khs; ,th;fSf;F
gpwe;j kfd; ahh;?fpUl;bd Kj;J tPug;gd;
561) Kj;J tPug;gd; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;J ve;j Nehahy; cyf tho;it ePj;jhh;?
Vohz;Lf;fhyk;> mk;ikNeha; 562) ,uhzp kq;fk;khspd;
kUkfspd; ngah;?rpd;d Kj;jk;khs;
563) ve;j nghWg;G ,uhzp kq;fk;khspd; kdj;ijf;
fy;yhf;fpapUe;jd? murpay; gl;lwpTk;>
Ml;rpg; nghWg;Gk;564) ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
ngaud; tprauq;fr; nrhf;f ehjd; ngaus tpy; ve;j Mz;L mhpaizapy;
Vw;wg;gl;lhd;.
1688 Mk; Mz;L 565) jpUtpjhq;$hpd; kd;dh; ahh;?
,utpth;kh 566) ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
fhyj; jpy; ik#h;
kd;dd; ahh;? rpf;fNjtuhad;
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567) xt;nthU tUk; jhk; rpwe;jjhff; fUJk; rkaj;ijf; iff; nfhz;L
t ho t pL t N j j Ukk ; vd ;w nfhs;ifNa gpd;gw;wpath;ahh;? kq;fk;khs;
568) kq;fk;khs;
kJiuapy; -------------
fl;bdhh;?
nghpanjhUmd;dr;rj;jpuj;ijf;
569) fd;dpahFkhpf;Fk; kJiuf;Fk;
,ilNa mike;j neLQ;rhiy>
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ? kq;fk;khs; rhiy
570) kq;fk;khs; fl;bait vit?kj;jpar; re;ij> kJiuf; fy;Y}hp>cah;
epiyg;gs;spf;
fl;llk;> ,uhkehjGu khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiythpd; gioa
mYtyfk;. 571) kq;fk;khspd; ngah;
kq;fhj GfNohLtpsq;Fk;
ahg;G - nra;As; cWg;Gfs;(,yf;fzk;)
(vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis)
572) nra;Aspd; cWg;Gfs;
vj;jid
tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
nra;Aspd; cWg;Gfs; MW
tifg;gLk;. mit: vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis> mb>njhil.
573) vOj;J vd;why; vd;d?
nra;Aspy; Fwpy;> neby;>nka;> Ma;jk; vd;Dk; vOj;Jfs; Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;.
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574) mir vd;why; vd;d? vOj;J jdpahfNth> gy Nrh;e;Njh Xirg;gl mire;J (gphpe;J) epw;gJ mir vdg;gLk;.
575) mir vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? mir ,uz;L tifg;gLk; mit 1 Neuir> 2. epiuair
576) Neuir vd;why; vd;d? Fwpy; jdpj;Jk; Fwpy;xw;wLj;Jk;> neby; jdpj;Jk;
neby; xw;wLj;Jk; tUtJ Neuir vdg;gLk;. 577) epiwair vd;why; vd;d?
Fwpy; ,ize;Jk; Fwpy;,ize;J xw;Wk;> Fwpy; neby; ,ize;Jk; Fwpy;neby; ,ize;J xw;Wk;tUtJ epiuair.
578) rPh; vd;why; vd;d? mirfs; jdpj;Jk; ,ize;Jk; $b mbf;F cWg;ghf miktJ rPh; vdg;gLk;. m/J Xuirr;rPh;> <uirr;rPh;> %tirr;rPh;> ehyirr;rPh;
vd ehy; tifg;gLk;. 579) Xuirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d?
ntz;ghtpd; <w;wpy; Neuir> epiuairAs; VNjDk; xd;W
jdpj;J epd;W rPuha; mikAk;. mtw;iw
Xuirr;rPh; vd;gh;. 580) Xiur;rPh; ehy;tifg;
tha;g;ghL? ehs; (Neh;)>
kyh; (epiu)> fhR(Neh;G)> gpwg;G (epiuG).
581) <uirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d? ,uz;L mirfs; Nrh;e;J xU
rPh; MtJ <uirr;rPh;. Nehpy; KbtJ ,uz;Lk;> epiuapy; KbtJ ,uz;Lkhf <uirr;rPh; ehd;F Mfk;.
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188
582) rPh; tha;g;ghL 1. Neh; Neh; -- Njkh 2. epiu Neh; -- Gspkh
3. epiuepiu -- fUtpsk; 4. Neh; epiu -- $tpsk;
khr;rPh; -- 2 (Njkh> Gspkh> vd khtpy; Kbtjdhy; khr;rPh;)
tpsr;rPh; -- 2 (fUtpsk;> $tpsk; vd tpsj;jpy; Kbtjdhy; tpsr;rPh;)
583) %tirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d? %d;W mirfs; Nrh;e;J xUrPh; MtJ %tirr;rPh;.
Neuirapy; KbtJ ehd;Fk; epiu mirapy; KbtJ ehd;Fkhf %tir;rPh;
vl;L MFk;. 584) fha;r;rPh; ehd;F:
1. Neh; Neh; Neh; -- Njkhq;fha; 2. epiu Neh; Neh; --
Gspkhq;fha; 3. epiu epiu Neh; -- fUtpsq;fha; 4. Neh; epiu Neh; -- $tpntz;ghtpw;F chpad
Mjypd;
ntz;gh chpr;rPh; vdTk;$Wth;.
585) fdpr;rPh; ehd;F: 1. Neh; Neh; epiu --- Njkhq;fdp 2. epiu Neh; epiu -- Gspkhq;fdp 3. epiu epiu epiu - fUtpsq;fdp 4. Neh; epiu epiu -- $tpsq;fdp (,it tQ;rpg;ghtpw;F cupajhy;
tQ;rpAspr;rPH vdTk; $WtH) 586) ehyirr;rPh; vd;why; vd;d?
%tirr;rPh; vl;Lld; Neuir> epiuairfisj;
jdpj;jdpahfr;
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Nrh;j;jhy; ehyirr;rPh; gjpdhW fpilf;Fk; ,jidg; nghJr;rPh; vdf; $Wth;.
587) jis vd;why; vd;d? epd;w rPhpd; <w;wirAk; tUk; rPhpd; KjyirAk; xd;wpAk;xd;whkYk; tUtJ jis vdg;gLk;.
588) jis vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? VO tifg;gLk
;. mit: 1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis 2. epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis 3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis 4. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis
5. fypj;jis 6. xd;wpatQ;rpj;jis 7. xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis 589) Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis
vd;why;
vd;d? v.fh jUf? khKd; Neh; tUtJ Nenuhd;wh
rphpaj;jis. v.fh Neh; -- Neh; Nrh;e;J tUtjhy; Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis 590) epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis
vd;why;
vd;d? v.fh jUf? tpsk;Kd; epiu tUtJ epiu
nahd;whrphpaj;jis. v.fh epiu - epiu Nrh;e;J tUtjhy; epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis.
591) ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis vd;why; vd;d? khKd; epiuAk;>tpsKd; NeUktUtJ
,aw;rPh; ntz;lis.
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592) ntz;rPh; ntz;lis vd;why; vd;d? fha;Kd; Neh; tUtJ ntz;rPh;
ntz;lis. v.fh. Neh; Neh; Neh; -- Njkhq;fha;
593) ntz;ghtpw;F chpa jisfs; 1. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk; 2. ntz;rPh; ntz;lisAk;
594) fypj;jis vd;why; vd;d?
fha;Kd; epiu tUtJ fypj;jis 595) xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis vd;why;
vd;d? fdpKd; epiutUtJ xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis.
596) xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis vd;why;
vd;d? fdpKd; Neh; tUtJ
xd;whj
tQ;rpj;jis vdg;gLk;. 567) chpatpilj; Njh;e;njOJf
1. nka;Ak;> Ma;jKk; ahg;gpy;
vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. tpil
599) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopia
mwpf1.The servant of the king is also a king
vy;yhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;ddh; 2. Frest and fraud have foul ends
#Jk; thJk; Ntjid nra;Ak; 3. The place where you find your food is
your paradise
NrhW fz;l ,lk; nrhh;f;fk;. 4. No advice like fathers
je;ij nrhy; kpf;f ke;jpuk;
,y;iy. 5. When the head is there, the tail should
not wag
jiyapUf;f thy; Mlyhkh?
,ay; xd;gJ -- nra;As;
tQ;rfkha neQ;rNkhLnkhopjy;
600) khakhd tho;it ek;gpj;
tQ;rkha neQ;rNkhL nkhopjy;
2. fha;r;rPh; ehd;F
tifg;gLk;.
vd;w ghliy vOjpath; ahh;?
kJuftp gh];fujh];
3. Mrphpag;ghtpw;F chpa rPh;fs; -
MFk;.
tpil 4. fha;Kd; Neh;thpd; MFk;.
tpil
5. ntz;ghtpy; cah;T vd;Dk; <w;Wr;rPhpy; tUk; Xuirapd; tha;g;ghL tpil
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191
597) f lndd;g ey;yit vy;yhk; fldwpe;J rhd;whz;ik Nkw;nfhs;
gth;f;F
601) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: 1. kdf;Fuq;F -- cUtfk; 2. ehL efh; -- ck;ikj; njhif
3. nrk;nghd; -- gz;Gj; njhif 4. khLk; MLk; -- vz;Zk;ik
602) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: gh] ; fu jh ] ; kJiu efhpy; gpwe;jth;. ,th; ,dpa ,iraikg; ghy; Gjpa gy
,irAUf;fis mikj;jth;. ,irg;GyikAld;
ehlfg;GyikAk; ngw;wth;.ehlf Nkilfspy; tpL
jiyg;ghly;fis
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,irj;jth;. ,thpd; ,irg;ghly; fisf; Nfl;l fhe;jpabfs;> ,tiug; nghpJk;ghuhl;bdhh;.,tiur; rpwg;gpf;Fk;tifapy; kJiuapy; ,th; tho;e;j gFjpf;F kJuftp gh];fujh]; efh; vdg;
ngahpg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,thpd; fhyk; fp.gp 1892 Kjy; 1952 tiuahFk;. ghlg;gFjpapYs;s ghly; kJiftp gh];fujh]; fPh;j;jidfspd; ,uz ; lhk ; ghfj ; jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.xg;gilg;G: jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpy; jUkpf;F nghw;fpop mspj;j glyf; fijiag;
nghk;kyhl;lkhf tbtikj;J tFg;gpy; elj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
,ul;rzpa
ahj;jphpfk; vr;.V
fpUl;bddhh;
603) ,iw kfdhfpa ,NaR ngUkhd;
ngj;jyNfkpy; ahUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;?
khpad;idf;F
604) ,NaR ngUkhd; je;ijapd; ngah;?
Nrhrg;Gk;
605) Foe;ij ,NaRit> VNuhJ kd;ddpd;
nfhLikapypUe;
J fhg;ghw;w je;ij Nrhrg;Gk; jha; khpad;idAk; ve;j ehl;bw;F nrd;wdh;? vfpg;J
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606) ,NaRtpd; Njhs;fspd; rpYitap idr; Rkj;jpj; Jd;GWj;jpf; ve;j kiyf;Ff; nfhz;L Nrh;j;jdh;? fy;thhp
kiyf;Ff; 607) nrhw;nghUs;:
1. <z;L -- ,t;tplk; 2. Gfy;tJ -- nrhy;tJ 3. fhz;lF -- fhzj;jf;f 4. ,Ug;ghzp -- ,Uk;G Mzp 5. flhtpdhh; -- mbj;jhh; 6. fPz;L -- Njhz;b
7. nrw;wk; -- rpdk; 8. FUR -- rpYit 9. nrhw;w -- nrhd;d 10. Jsf;fk; -- tpsf;fk; 11. RUjpKjy; -- kiw Kjy;tuhfpa ,NaR ehjh; 12. rijg;Gz;L -- rpijf;fg;gl;L 13. gd;dhpa -- nrhy;Yjw;fhpa 14. gyghL -- gyJd;gk; 15. ,Uk;nghiw -- ngUk; nghWik 16. tpj;jfd; -- Mz;ltd; 17. njhOk;gh; -- mbahh;18. ,ir ngWjy; -- Gfo; ngWjy; 19. JQ;rpdth; -- cwq;fpath; 20. fPz;L -- gpse;J 21. ,Ug;G Kis -- Mzpapd; Edp 22. tijg;Gz;L -- Jd;gkile;J 23. khz;LgLk; NghJ -- ,wf;Fk; epiyapy; 24. ,ul;rfh; -- fhg;gth; 25. kd;whLk; -- kpf Ntz;Ljy; 26. Mfbak; -- Vsdk;
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194
608) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: 1. nrq;if> Nrtb> ntt;tpUg;G - gz;Gj; njhiffs;
2. ,Ug;G -- typj;jy; tpfhuk; 3. fdptha; -- ctikj; njhif 4. td;kwNthh; -- gz;Gj; njhif
609) gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1) jPz;bdhh; -- jPz;L +
,d; +
Mh; jPz;L - gFjp ,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2) flhtpdhh; -- flhT + ,d;+
MhflhT - gFjp ,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
610) gphpj;jwpjy;:m) kw;wpuz;L -- kw;W +
,uz;L M) FUNrw;wp -- FUR+ Vw;wp ,) jd;dhpa -- jd; +
mhpa<) jtpg;nga;jp -- jtpg;G +
va;jp c) ,j;jifa -- , +
jifa C) kdeyk; -- kdk; +
eyk;
v) gq;fpl;lhh; -- gq;F +
,l;lhh; V) vOj;jpl;lhh; -- vOj;J + ,l;lhh; I)
vd;whfbakhd - vd;W +Mfbak; + Md
611) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpf E}yhrphpah; vr;.V fpUl;bddhh;. jpUney;Ntyp
khtl;lj;jpYs;s fiuapUg;G vd;Dk; Chpy;> 1827
Vg;uy; ,Ugj;J %d;whk; ehs; gpwe;jhh;.,tUila je;ij rq;fu
ehuhazh;ngUk;
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Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. md;idahh; ngah; nja;t ehafpmk;khs;. ,th;fs; nul;bahgl;bapy;
tho;e;j th;fs;. gpwF> fiuapUg;G nrd;W tho;e;j fpUl;bddhh;> Kg;gjhtJ
mfitapy; jk; ngaiu vr;.V fpUl;bddhh; vd itj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. fpUl;bddhh; je;ijaplk; jkpopyf;fp aq;fisAk; khzpf;f thrfj;Njthp lk; ,yf;fzq; fisAk;> gpytzr; Nrhjplhplk; tlnkhopiaAk; fw;whh;.rhah;Guk; gs;spapy; jkpohrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;.,ul;rzpa rka eph;zak;>,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;>,u l ; rzpa f ; Fws; vd;Dk; E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpdhh;. fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh; vdg; Gfo;g; ngw;w ngUq;
ftpQh; 1900 gpg;uthp %d;whk; ehs; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.
612) E}w;Fwpg;G:,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vd;gjd; nghUs; (caph;>
jd;idf; fhf;f Ntz;b) ,iwtid Nehf;fpr;
nry;Yk; gazk; vd;gJ. Md;k <Nlw;wj;ij tpUk;Ggth; vd;gJk;
nghUe;Jk;. [hd; gd;ad; vd;Dk; Gfo; ngw;w Mq;fpy E}yhrphpah;,aw;wpa gpy;fphpk;];
GNuhfpu]; vd;Dk;E}iyj; jOtp> n`d;wp
My;gh;l;L fpUl;bddhh; topE}yhfj; jkpopy;,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vd;Dk; ngahpy;,aw;wpdhh;.
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jkpofk; kl;Lkd;wp ,yq;if> kNyrpah> nkhhPrpaJ>rpq;fg;g+h;>,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh
Nghd;w f ly ; fle;j ehLfspYk ; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
(,yf;fzk;)
ahg;G - nra;As; cWg;Gfs; (mb>
njhif) 620) mb vd;why; vd;d?
rPh;fs; gy mLj;J elg;gJ mb vdg;gLk;.
621) mb vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? mb Ie;J tifg;glk;.
mit - 1. Fwsb> 2. rpe;j mb> 3. mstb> 4. nebyb> 5. fopnebyb.
622) Fwsb vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; ,Ur;rPh;fisg; ngw;WtUtJ Fwsb
vdg;gLk;. v.fh..
Kf;jp Ntz;LNky;
623) rpe;jb vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; %r;rPh;fisg; ngw;WtUtJ rpe;jb vdg;gLk;.
v.fh gOjp yhJ gapw;wpdh;.
624) mstb vd;why; vd;d?
mbNjhWk; ehd;F rPh;fisg; ngw;WtUtJ mstb my;yJ Neub
vdg;gLk;. v.fh tha;nkhop jg;gplh
tifapy; Mw;Wtd;. 625) nebyb vd;why; vd;d?
mbNjhWk; Ie;J rPh;fisg; ngw;WtUtJ nebyb vdg;gLk;.
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vdg;gLk
192
v.fh ePLk; Filiaj; jhpj;j gpuhdpe;j ePs; epyj;jpy;
626) fopnebyb vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; MW my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gy rPh;fisg; ngw;WtUtijf; fopnebyb vdf; $Wth;.
627) njhil vd;why; vd;d?
kyh;fisj; njhLg;gJ NghyNtrPh;fspYk; mbfspYk; NkhidKjypad mikaj; njhLg;gJnjhil vdg;gLk;.
628) njhil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit? njhif vl;L tifg;gLk;. mit - 1. Nkhidj; njhil> 2. vJifj; njhil> 3. Kuz; njhil> 4. ,iaGj;
njhil> 5 . msngilj njhi l> 6 . ,ul;ilj; njhil> 7. me;jhjpj; njhil> 8. nre; njhil.
629) Nkhidj; njhil vd;why; vd;d? nra;Aspy;
mbNjhWk; Kjy;
vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mbNkhidj;
njhil vdg;gLk;. 630) vJifj; njhil vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk;
K jnyO j ; J
msnthj;J (Xirapy;) epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mbnaJifj; njhil
vdg;gLk;. 631) Kuz; njhil vd;why; vd;d?
mbNjhWk; Kjw;rPh; Kuz;glj;
njhLg;gJ mbKuz; njhil
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vdg;gLk
193
632) ,iaGj; njhil vd;why; vd;d? mbNjhWk; ,Wjpr;rPh;
xd;wptuj;
njhLg;gJ mb,iaGj; njhil
vdg;gLk;. 633) msngilj; njhil vd;why;
vd;d? mbNjhWk; Kjy; rPh; msngLj;J tUtJ
mbasngilj; njhil
vdg;gLk;.
Nkhid:
634) ,izNkhid vd;why; vd;d? ,izNkhid (1>2) ehyb nfhz;l rPUs; KjypU rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ ,izNkhid vdg;gLk;.
635) nghopg;G Nkhid (1>3) vd;why; vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjw;rPhpYk;> %d;whk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J xj;J tUtJ nghopg;G Nkhid vdg;gLk;.
636) x&cNkhid (1>4) vd;why; vd;d?
Xh; mbAs; Kjw; rPhpYk;>ehd;fhk; rPhpYk;KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj;
njhLg;gJ> xUcNkhid vdg;gLk;.
637) $ioNkhid (1>2>3) vd;why; vd;d?
Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> %d;whk rPh;fspy;
KjnyOj;J xd;wp tUtJ $ioNkhid vdg;gLk;.
638) Nkw;fJtha;Nkhid (1>3>4) vd;why;
vd;d
? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> %d;W>ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj;
njhLg;gJ Nkw;fJ tha;Nkhid.
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194
639) fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid vd;why;
vd;d? (1>2>4) XubAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhidvdg;gLk;.
640) Kw;WNkhid (1>2>3>4) vd;why;
vd;d? Xh; mbapd; ehd;F rPh;fspYk; KjnyOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ
Kw;WNkhid vdg;gLk;.
vJifj; njhil:
641) ,iz vJif vd;why; vd;d?
(1>2) KjypU rPh;fspd; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J
epw;f (Xirastpy;) ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ ,iz vJif vdg;gLk;.
642) nghopg;G (1>3) vd;why; vd;d?
Xh; mbAs; Kjw; rPhpYk;>%d;whk;
645) Nkw;fJtha; vJif (1>3>4) vd;why;
vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> %d;W>ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj
njhLg;gJ Nkw;fJtha; vJif vdg;gLk;.
646) fPo;f;fJtha; vJif (1>2>4) vd;why;
vd;d? Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> ehd;fhk; rPh;f spy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk;
vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ
fPo;f;fJtha; vJif
vdg;gLk;. 647) Kw;nwJif (1>2>3>4) vd;why; vd;d?
Xh; mbAs; cs;s ehw;rPh;fspYk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ Kw;nwJif
vdg;glk;. 648) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;;njOJf:
rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;
1. njhil vl;L
tifg;gLk;.
njhLg;gJ nghopg;GvJif
vdg;
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vdg;gLk
195
gLk;. 643) x&c vJif (1>4) vd;why; vd;d?
Xh; mbAs; Kjy; rPhpYk;ehyhk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J
msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ x&c vJif vdg;gLk;.
644) $io vJif (1>2>3) vd;why; vd;d?
Xh; mbAs; Kjy;> ,uz;L> %d;whk; rPh;fspy; KjnyOj;J msnthj;J epw;f> ,uz;lhk;
vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ$io vJif
2. Kjy;> %d;W> ehd;fhk; rPh;fspy; Nkhid xj;J tUtJ. Nkw;fJtha; 3. mstbf;F vd;Dk; NtW
ngaUz;L. Neub 4. ,iznaJif vd;gJ
> rPh;fspy; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ. 1 > 2
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649) nghUj;Jf: m) $io --- 1>2>3 rPh;fspy; tUk; M) Nkw;fJtha; -- 1>3>4
rPh;fspy; tUk; ,) fPo;f;fJtha; -- 1>2>4 rPh;fspy; tUk; <) Kw;W -- 1>2>3>4 rPh;fspy; tUk;
650) jkpo;g; gonkhop:-1) Anger is sworn enemy
Nfhgk; Fyj;ijf; nfLf;Fk;. 2) Break my head and bring a plaster
gps;isiaf; fps;sp
tpl;Lj; njhl;biyAk; Ml;LtJ. 3) There is danger in mens smiles
njhOj ifAs;Sk; gil
xLq;Fk;. 4) Like hand and glove
efKk; rijAk; Nghy5) Wealth is best known by want
epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njhpAk;.
,ay; gj;J -
nra;As;Xa;Tk; gaDk;
651) Xa;thf ,Uf;ifapy; jk;gp - eP Xtpak; t iue;J
goF! - - ,g;ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;?ngUQ;rpj;jpudh
h; 652) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
ghtyNuWngUQ;rpj; jpudhhpd; ,aw;ngah; Jiu> khzpf;fk;. ,tuJ Ch; Nryk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rKj;jpuk;. ,thpd; ngw;Nwhh; Jiu rhkp> FQ;rk;khs; Mth;. 10.03.1933
md;W gpwe;j ,th;> 11.06.1995 Mk; ehs; kiwe;jhh;.
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fdpr;rhW> Iia> nfha;ahf;fdp> ghtpaf; nfhj ;J> gs ;spg ; gwitfs;> E}whrphpak; Kjypa gy E}y;fis
,aw;wpAs;shh;. njd; nkhop> jkpo;r; rpl;L> jkpo; epyk;Mfpa ,jo;fs; %yk;
cyfj; jkpohpilNa jkpOzh;it ,e;E}y;
FQ;RfSf;F> gwitfSf;F> kzpnkhop khiy vd;Dk; %d;W
gphpTfshf mike;Js;sJ. 653) epug;Gf:1. ,irahy; kiwe;J NghFk;.Jd;gk; 2. cyf epfo;Tfis mwpe;jhy;
Nkk;gLk;. mwpTj;jpwd;
3. Vl;Lf;fy;tpawpTld; ______
fy;tpawpT? f iyaTk;> n jhopw; fy ; tp> mwptpaw; rpe;jid 4 . gs;spg;gwi t fs ; E}y;
gphpTfshf mike;Js;sJ. %d;W
vjph;fhyk; ahUf;F -- kPuh654) cjph;fhyk; ,dpNkNy -
vd;w vjph;fhyk; ahUf;F vd;w ghliy ghbath; ahh;?kPuh
655) nrhw;nghUs;:Njl;il -- nry;tk;
656) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
kPuh vd;Dk; ngah; kP. ,uhNre;jpud; vd;gjd; RUf;fk;.
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,th; 1938 Mk; Mz;L rptfq;ifapy; gpwe;jhh;. jhk; gbj;j rptfq;iff;
fy;Y}hpapy; NguhrphpauhfTk;>Kjy;tuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhh;.,uhNre;jpud; ftpijfs;> %d;Wk; MWk;> NfhilAk; tre;jKk;> Crpfs;> fdTfs; fw;gidfs; fhfpjq;fs;>
Ff;$ Mfpa ftpijE}y;fisAk; th ,e;jg;gf;fk; kPuhf l ;L iu fs ; Mfpa fl;Liu E}y;fisAk; gilj;Js;shh;. jkpo; tsh;r;rpf; fofg;
ghpR> ghNte;jh; tpUJ> rpw;gp
,yf;fpa tpUJ> jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh; Nguit tpUJ Kjypatw;iw toq;fpj;
jkpOyfk; ,tiur; rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ.
657) E}w;Fwpg;G:,g;ghly; ,uhNre;jpud; ftpijfs; vd;Dk;
n jhFg ;gpy ; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,g;ghly;fisj; njhFj;jth; Nre;jp cilaehjGuk;
rPdpthrd;. ,e;E}y;> rpWJsp ngUnts;sk; vd;Dk; ngUe;jiyg;gp
Ds; mOjj ;Jspfs;>
Njd;
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ey;y vjph;fhyk; 2. mwr;rhiy ------------ tpijg;ghUf;Nf fpl;Lk;. caph;fspd; ,d;dy; ePf;Fk;
mUshsh;f;Ff;
caph;f;Nfhsk; (ciueil)
659) caphpdq;fs; tho;tjw;F Vw;wcaph;f;Nfhskhf mJ khWtjw;Fr; ------------------- Mz;Lfs; NkyhdJ.
Rkhh; E}w;iwk;gJ Nfhb 660) caph;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; vjpy;
Njhd;wpd?ePhpy;
661) ve;j mz;lj;jpy; epyTk; Nfhs;fspy; caphpdq;fs; tho ,ayh? re;jpud;> nrt;tha;
662) epyj;jpy; kl;LNk caph;fs; tho
,aYkhjyhy;> mjid
vd toq;FfpNwhk;.
caph;f;;Nfhsk;. 663) caphpdq;fspd; ,ay;ig ahh;
Muha;e;jd? mwpQh;
Jspfs;> fz;zPh;j; Jspfs;>
664) kdpjNd ikak;.
gd;dPh;j;Jspfs;> kioj;Jspfs;> FUjpj;Jspfs; vd;Dk; rpWjiyg;G fspd; fPo; ehw;gj;ije;J ftpijfs;
cs;sd. ,f;ftpij> kioj;Jspfs; vd;Dk;
j i y g ; gpy ; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
658) epug;Gf:1. Vh; gpbj;J ciog;gtUf;Ff; fpilg;gJ -------
-
caph;f; Nfhsj;jpd;
665) caph;f;Nfhsk; jd;dfj;Njgy
,aw;iff ; fhl ;rpf is fPo;f;fhz;Nghk;? gue;j thd;ntspAk;> cah;e;j kiyKfLk;> kiytPo; mUtpAk;> tw;whky; tsk; gug;Gk; MWk;> ftpd;kpF NrhiyAk;> fdpjUk; kuq;fs;> caphpdq;fSk; mjd;
epiyfsd;fs; MFk;.
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666) caph;fspd; tho;f;if ,aw;ifr;
#o;epiyfshfpa > > nfhz;L eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. fhw;W> ePh;
674) mbtsp kz;lyk; vd;why; vd;d? epyj;jpd;
ntg;gepiyia xNu
rPuhd epiyapy;itj;jpUf;fg; nghpJk; cjTfpwJ.
667) kw;Wk; epyg;gFjp 675) Nky;tsp kz;lyk; vd;why; vd;d?
fs; flypy; %o;fptpLtJk;> Gjpa epyj; Njhw;wq;fs; cUthtJk; cz;L.
vhpkiyfs;> epyeLf;fq;fs; 668) kdpj tho;iff;Fj;
Njitahd > >
Kjypatw;iw
toq;Ffpd;wJ. cg;G> jhJg;nghUs;
669) f ly ; vd;d nghUs; f is mspf;fpd;wJ? Kj;J> gtsk;> fpspQ;ry ;>flw;gQ;R> rq;F
670) ePh;g;ghfj;ij vd;Wk;> fhw;W kz;lyj;i j ______
vd;Wk; $Wth;. ePh;f;Nfhsk;> tspf;Nfhsk;
671) fhw;W kz;lyj;jpd; fyit ahJ? caph;tsp ( Mf;rprd;) 21%
cg;Gtsp (iel;burd;) 78%
kw;w tspfs; 1%
672) Rw;W #oy; vd;gJ vd;d?caphpdq;fs;
thOk; gFjpapy;
cs;s epyk;> ePh;> f h w ; W Nghd;wit mlq;fpa
epiyfs;. 673) cyf tspf;Nfhsk;>
cauj;ijAk;
ntg;gepiyiaAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gy
gphpTfspy; ,uz;L vJ? mbtsp kz;lyk;>
Nky;tsp kz;lyk;
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caph;tspg; glyk; (XNrhd;)caph;fs; nropf;f ,aw;if mspj ; jpUf ;Fk; ghJfhg;G muzhFk;.
676) fjputdplkpUe;J ntsptUk; Gw Cjhff; fjph;fs; epyg;gug;igj; jhf;fhj
tifapy; ve;j
glyk; jLf;fpwJ? caph;tspg; glyk; (XNrhd;)
677) Fsph;gjdg; ngl;bapy; gad;gLj;jg; gLk; -------- ,t;Taph; tspg;glyj;ijr;
rpijg;gjpy; ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. FNshNuh/ GSNuhfhh;gd;
678) jpz;k> ePh;k> thAg;nghUs; fopTf shy; vJ rPh;NfL milfpd;wJ? epyk;> ePh;>
fhw;W679) epyk; khRiltjw;fhd
fhuzk;? Fg;igfs;> tptrhaf; fopTfs;> njhopw;rhiyf; fopTfs;. 680) fhw;W khRiltjw;fhd
fhuzk;? Nghf;Ftuj;J Ch;jpfs;> njhopw;rhiy fspypUe;J ntsptUk; er;Rg;Gif> mZkpd; epiyaq;fs; ntspNaw; Wk;fjphpaf;f khR Kjypatw;wpdhy; fhw;W ngUksT khR milfpd;wJ.
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681) kuq;fisj; njhlh;e;J mopj;J
687) Ntw;Wikazp vd;why; vd;d?
tUtjdhy; epfo;fpd;wd.
nra;Aspy; ,UnghUs;fSf;
F epyr;rhpT> kz; mhpg;G> kioapd;ik
682) kiotsk; ngUf tsh;j;j
y Ntz;Lk;.
kuk; ,yf;fzk;
mzp 683) mzp vd;why; vd;d?
jk; fw;gid Mw;wyhYk; nkhopg; GyikahYk; nrhy; y p Yk; nghUspYk;
moF Nrh;j;Jg; ghly;fs; ,aw;Wth; ,j;jifa
nra;Al;fspy; fhzg;gLk; moNf.
684) VfNjr cUtf mzp vd;why;
vd;d?
ftpQh; jhk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l gynghUs;fis cUtfg;gL j;jpf; $Wk;NghJ xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfg;gL j;jp> mjNdhL njhlh;G ila kw;nwhd;iw cUtfg;gLj;
jhky; tpLtJ.
685) ,y;nghUS ctikazp vd;why;
vd;d? cyfpy; ,y;yhj nghUis xd;wpw;Fctikahf;fpf; $WtJ
,y;nghUs; ctik mzp vdg;gLk;. 686) gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp vd;why; vd;d?
Gytd;> jhd; fUjpa nghUis Neubahfr; nrhy;yhky;> mjNdhL n jh lh ;G ciladtw;iwr; nrhy;yp
tpsq;fitg;gJ gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp MFk;.
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,ilNa cs;s xg;Gikiaf; $wpa gpd;dh; mtw;iw NtWgLj;jpf fhl;LtJ Ntw;Wik mzpahFk;.
688) epuy;epiw mzp vd;why; vd;d?
nrhy; iyAk;> nghUisAk; thpirahf
(epuyhf) epWj; jp> NeNu
nghUs; nfhs;tJ
epuy; epiwmzpahFk;.
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp 689) 1) xUikr; nrhw;fisg;
gd;ikahf khw;Wf(v.fh) ahidapd; fz; rpwpaJahidapd; fz;fs; rpwad2) gz;ikia xUikahf khw;Wf: (v.fh) gRTk; fd;Wk; Nka;e;jd gRTld; fd;W Nka;e;jJ.
690) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopia
mwpf1. a wolf in sheeps clothing
gRj;Njhy; Nghh;j;jpa Gyp 2. union is strength
xw;WikNa typik
3. no smoke with out fireneUg;gpy;yhky; GifahJ. 4. might is right
ty;yhd; tFj;jNj tha;f;fhy; 5. many things fall betaeen the cup and
the lip
i f f ;F v l ;baJ tha ; f ;F
vl;ltpy;iy.
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gj;jhk; tFg;G
,ay; - 1 nra;As;
- tho;j;J 1. ―nka;jhd; mUk;gp
tpjpHtpjpHj;‖ vd;Dk; ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH?
khzpf;fthrfH 2. khzpf;fthrfH
Fwpg;G? irt rkaf;FutH ehy;tUs;
xUtH khzpf;fthrfH. ,tH kJiuf;F mUfpy; jpUthjt+upy; gpwe;jtH.mupkHj;jd ghz;badplk; jiyik aikr;ruhfg;
gzpahw;wpatH. “mKJ mbaile;j md;gH” vd;gH.,tH mUspa E}y;fs; “ jpUthr fKk; jpUf;NfhitahUk; MFk;. ,tH vOg;gpa Nfhtpy; jw;NghJ MTilahh; Nfhtpy; vd toq;fg;gLk jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; (GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk;) cs;sJ. ,tH jk; fhyk; fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L
MFk;. 3. "jpUthrfKk;
jpUf;NfhitahUk;"
irtj;jpU Kiwfspd;
ve;j jpUKiwapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ? vl;lhk;
jpUKiwapy;
4. jpUthrfj;jpy; vj;jidg; ghly;fs;
,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?
658 5. jpUthrfj;jpd; rpwg;ig
czHe;j [p.A.Nghg; vk;nkhopapy;nkhop ngaHj;jhH?Mq;fpyj;jpy;
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6. "rjfk;;" - vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
E}W ghly;fs;
7. nghUj;Jf
nrhy; - nghUs;
1. tpiu - cly; 2. foy; - ngUfp
3. jJk;gp - kzk; 4. nka; - mzpfyd
tpil:(1 2 3 4)
jpUf;Fws;
xOf;fKilik
rpwg;G$Wfs;: Kjw;ghtyH> nja;tg;GytH> nre;ehg;NghjhH> ngha;apy; GytH> ngUehtyH
Kjypa ngaHfshy;Nghw;Wfpd;wJ. ,tuJ fhyk;
fp.K 31,y; gpwe;jtH. jkpof muRijj; jpq;fs; ,uz;lhk; ehisj;
jpUts;StH ehshf mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhb
tUfpd;wJ. jpUf;Fws;gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W. Mq;fpyk;> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd Kjypa cyfnkhopfs; gytw;wpYk; ,e;E}iy nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpUts;Stkhiy vd;Dk;
E}y; ,tuJ ngUikfisg; Gfo;fpwJ.
8. jpUf;Fwis ve;j Mz;L ahH gjpg;gpj;jhH
? kiyaj;Jtrd; kfd; Qhdg; gpufhrk; 1812,y;
jQ;irapy; ntspapl;ltH.
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9. ", izapy;iy Kg;ghYf;F
,e;epyj;Nj" vdg; ghbatH ahH? ghujpjhrd;
10. cupa nrhy;iyj; NjHe;njOJf:- m) ,Wtiu fhzpd; _____
(fpof;fhk;/fpsf;fhk;jiy) tpil: fpof;fhk;
M) kdtypikAilNahH vd;Dk; nghUs; jUk; nrhy; _____
(cuNthH/cwNthH) tpil: cwNthH
VyhjpfzpNkjhtpahH
11. MrpupaH Fwpg;G: rkz rkaj;jtH fhyk; fp.gp.Ie;jhk E}w;whz;L.,tH "jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ" vd;Dk; E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shH. gjpndz; fPo;f; fzf;F E}y;fSs; Vyhjp
xd;W. 81 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,ytq;fk;> rpWehtw;g+> Rf;F>kpsF> jpg;gpyp Mfpatw;wpdhy; MdkUe;Jg; nghUSf;F Vyhjpvd;gJ ngaH.
ciueil caHjdpr; nrk;nkho
p
12. ―tPWil nrk;nkhop jkpo;nkhop cyfk; Nt&d;wpa ehs;Kjy; capHnkhop" vd;w tup vOjpatH “ghtyNuWngUQ;rpj;jpudhH"
13. jpUe;jpa gz;Gk;> rPHj;j ehfupfKk;
nghUe;jpa J}a;nkhop
jkpo;r; nrk;nkhopahk;" vd;W gupjpkhw;
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fiyQH nrk;nkhopf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;shH.
14. gjpdhW nrt;tpay; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ
nrk;nkhop vd;gH mit ahit? 1. njhd;ik 2.Kd;ik 3.Ez;ik 4. jpz;ik 5.vz;ik 6.xz;ik 7. ,dpik 8.jdpik 9.,sik 10.tsik 11.jha;ik 12.J}a;ik 13.Kk;ik 14.nrk;ik 15.,ad;ik 16.tpad;ik
15. 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Nkw;gl;l tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikAila nkhopfs rpyNt ,tw;Ws; tof;fpoe;J Nghdnkhop ahit? jkpo;> rPdk;> rk];fpUjk;> ,yj;jPd;. <g;U> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPDk;> <g;UTk; tof;fpoe;J Nghapd.
16. "vd;WKs njd;jkpo;" vd;wtH ahH?
fk;gH 17. ve;j nkhopfSf;F jkpo;nkhop
jha;nkhopahfj; jpfo;fpwJ?
fd;dlk;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> JStk;
18. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nkhj;j mbfs; vj;jid? 26>350
19. “fkpy;Rtygpy;" ve;j ehl;L nkhopapay; NguwpQuhthH? nrf; ehl;L
20. “khf;RKy;yh;" vd;Dk; nkhop E}ywpQNuh jkpNo kpfTk;
gz;gl;l nkhop nad;Wk;> mJ jdf;Nf cupa ,yf;fpar; nry;tq;fisg;
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ngw;wpUf;Fk;nkhopnad;Wk;ghuhl;bapUf;fpd;whH.
21. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis ,g;gbAk;
miog;gH? kf;fs; ,yf;fpak;
22. jkpo; ,yf;fzk; gbf;fg; gbf;f tpUg;gj;ij
cz;lhf;FtJ vd;ghH ahH? nfy;yl;
23. njhy;fhg;gpaupd;Mrpupauhfpa mfj;jpaH ve;j Ie;J ,yf;fzq; fis vOjpAs;shH?vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;>
ahg;G> mzp> ,d;E}Yf;F mfj;jpak; vd;gJ ngaH.
24. "ahJk; CNu> ahtUk; NfspH" -
GwehD}W "gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capHf;Fk;" -
jpUf;Fws 25. kf;fl; gz;gpy;yhjhiu vjw;F
xg;gpLfpwhHts;StH? kuk;
26. "murpay; gpioj;NjhHf;F mwk;
$w;whFk;" vd;w mwnewpfUj;ij $Wk; E}y; vJ? rpyg;gjpfhuk;
27. ,d;iwa nkhopapay;ty;YeHfs; Ngzpg; gpd;gw;wj;jf;f
topKiw fisj;
njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wfpd;wJ
vd;wtH ahH? KidtH vkpNdh
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Jizg;ghlk; ,ay;-1 gupjpkhw;fiyQH
28) Fwpg;G:- #upaehuhaz rh];jpupahHvd;Dk; jk; ngaiug; "gupjpkhw;fiyQH" vdj; jdpj;
jkpohf;fpf; nfhz;ltH. je;ij ngaH: Nfhtpe;jrptdhH jhahHngaH : ,yl;Rkp mk;khs; %d;whtJ kfdhf 1870Mk;Mz;L #iyj; jpq;fs; Mwhk; ehs; gpwe;jhH. kJiuia mLj;j
tpshr;Nrup vd;Dk;
rpw;W}upy; gpwe;jhH.nrd;idf; fpwpj;jtf; fy;Y}upapy; gp.V. gapd;whH.
29. jd;dplk; jkpo; fw;w khztHfis gupjpkhw;fiyQH
vt;thW mioj;jhH? ,aw;wkpo; khztH 30. ghRfuNrJgjp jiyikapy;
ghz;bj; Jiu Nkw;ghHitapy; gupjpkhw fiyQH c.Nt.rhkpehjH ,uhftdhH Mfpa NguhrpupaHfs;JizAld; kJiuj; jkpo;r;rq;fk; epWtg;gl;lJ.
31. jpuhtpl rh];jpup vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; gl;lj;ij gupjpkhw;fiyQUf;F #l;ba aho;g;ghzj;J jkpowpQHahH? rp.it.jhNkhjudhH
32. "jdpg;ghRuj; njhif"
vd;Dk; E}ypid
,aw;wpatH ahH?
gupjpkhw;fiyQH 33. "tpLedp fbJ" - vd;w nrhy;
,lk;
ngw;w E}y; vJ? fk;guhkhazk;-Ffg;glyk;
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39. nghUj;Jf:- 1. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; -m) K/BJ 2. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; -M) jiytd; 3. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; -,) Nghd;k;4. kfuf;FWf;fk; -<) ntsthy;
tpil:- 1-M> 2-<> 3-m> 4-,
,ay;-2
nra;As
; rpyg;gjpfhuk;(kJiuf;fhz;lk;
) (tof;Fiu
fhij)
40. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; NrukugpdH je;ij
,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd; jha; ew;Nrhiz. ,tHjk; jikad; Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;;.
41. E}w;Fwpg;G:
rpyk;G + mjpfhuk; =
rpyg;gjpfhuk; 1. GfhHf;fhz;lk; 2. kJiuf; fhz;lk; 3. tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; vd;Dk;
Kg;ngUq; fhz;lq;fis cilaJ. Kg;gJ fhijfisAk; cilaJ.
GfhHf;fhz;lk; 10 fhijfisAk;>
kJiuf;fhz;lk; 13 fhijfisAk;>
tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; 7 fhijfisAk; nfhz;lJ. "ciuapi lapl; l ghl;Lilr;nra;As;" vdTk; toq;fg; ngWk;. Kjw;fhg;gpak;> Kj;jkpo;f;
fhg;gpak;>xw;Wikf;fhg;gpak;>
,) gy; + jPJ vd;gJ
GzUk;
vdg;
ehlff;fhg;gpak; vdr; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijg; Nghw;wpg;Gfo;tH.
1. gy;jPJ 2.g/wPJ 3.
gyjPJ <) FWf;fq;fs;
Ifhuf;FWf;fk;>
"neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;NwhH kzpahuk; gilj;j
xsfhuf;FWf;fk;> Ma;j
f;
jkpo;ehL" vdg; ghujpahH
Gfo;e;jhH.FWf;fk; vd ehy;tifg;gLk;. kfuf;FWf;fk;
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42. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
vd;gi
t vit?vit?
1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; 2. kzpNkfiy 3. rPtfrpe;jhkzp 4. tisahgjp 5. Fz;lyNfrp
43. rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij vt;tifapy
;
mike;Js;sJ? ,irehlfkhf 44. rpyg;gjpfhuk; czHj;Jk; %d;W
cz;ikfs; ahit? 1. murpay; gpioj;NjhHf;F mwq;$w;whFk;>2.ciurhy; gj;jpdpia
caHe;NjhH Vj;JtH 3. Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk
45. ghz;ba kd;ddpd; JiwKfk; -
nfhw;if
jkpo;tsHr;rpghNte;jH ghujpjhrd;
46. ghNte;jH ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngaH-
,ay;-2ciueil nghpahupd;
ngz;tpLjiyr ; rpe;jidf
s; 47. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-1. jkpoHfsplk; ,d;W gutpAs;s
xd;W cz;L. ngUNeha;
2. ngupahH r%f vjpHj;jtH@ %lf;fUj;Jfis Kuz;fis> Kl;lWj;jth;
,ay;-2 ,yf;fzk;
nrhy;
1. xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs;
jUtJ jdpnkhop
2. njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; tpidr;nrhy;
3. tpidKw;W > vd ,Utifg;gLk;. njhpepiy tpidKw;W> Fwpg;G
tpidKw;W
Rg;Guj;jpdk;
4. XH vr;r tpid nfhz;L
gpwg;G : 1891 Vg;uy; 29 GJitapy; gpwe;jhH. jha;: ,yf;Fkp
je;ij :
fdfrig gilg;Gfs; :FLk;gtpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> jkpopaf;fk;> ghz;bad; gupR> mofpd; rpupg;G
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Kbe;jhy;> mJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. ngaiuf;
njhifr;nrhw;fi
stpupj;njOJf
48. ,Utpid - 1. ey;tpid 2.
jPtpid 49. Kj;jkpo;
1.,ay; 2.,ir 3.ehlfk;
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50. %Nte;jH 1. Nrud; 2.Nrhod;3.ghz;bad;
51. ehdpyk;1.FwpQ;rp 2.Ky;iy 3.kUjk; 4.nea;jy;
52. Ie;jpiz 1. FwpQ;rp 2. Ky;iy 3. kUjk; 4. nea;jy; 5. ghiy
,ay;-3 - nra;As;
fk;guhkhazk;mNahj;jpah
fhz;lk;Ffg;glyk;
53. MrpupaH Fwpg;G fk;gH gpwg;G - NjuOe;J}H(ehif khtl;lk;)
je;ij - Mjpj;jd; fhyk; - ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jtH. Mjupj;jtH -
jpUntz;nza;
ey;Y}Hr; rilag;g ts;sy;
fk;guJ fhyk; - fp.gp.12
E}w;whz;L 54. fk;gH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;?
fk;guhkhazk;> rlNfhgue;jhjp>
VnuOgJ> rpiynaOgJ> ruRtjp>me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk;.
55. rkfhyj;Jg; GytHfs;:-
raq;nfhz;lhH>
xl;lf;$j; j
H> GfNoe;jp.56. "ahkwpe;j GytupNy
fk;gidg;Nghy;" vd;W ghujpahHGfo;e;J ghbAs;shH
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57. tlnkhopapy; fk;guhkhazj;ij thy;kPfp KdptH vOjpdhH. fk;gH jhk; ,aw;wpa E}Yf;F ,uhkht jhuk; vdg; ngaupl;lhH.
58. fk;guhkhazj;jpy;cs;s 6 fhz;lq;fs;
1. ghyfhz;lk; 2. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; 3. Muz;a fhz;lk; 4. fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk; 5. Re;ju fhz;lk; 6. Aj;j fhz;lk;
59. "jkpOf;Ff; fjp" vd;w rpwg;Gk; fk;guhkhazj;jpw;F cz;L.
60. Ffg;glyj;ij fq;ifg;glyk; vdTk;
$Wth;.nghUj;Jf:- 1. ,lH - epyT2. ehtha; - Jd;gk; 3. ,iw - glF
4. ,e;J - jiytd; tpil: 1.Jd;gk; 2.glF 3.jiytd; 4.epyT
ciueil mz;zy;mk;Ngj;f
H
61. mk;Ngj;fH kuhl;ba nfhq;fz; khtl;lj;jpy;
jNghypvd;Dk; mk;gthNl gpwe;jhH.gpwe;j ehs; -14.4.1891
je;ij - ,uhk;[p rf;ghy; jha; - gPkhgha;,tHfSf;F 14MtJ
gps;isahfg; gpwe;jhH.,aw;ngaH- gPkhuht; uhk;[p
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62. fy;tpg;gazk;:- gs;sp- 1908 ,y; vy;gpd;];ld; gs;spapy; caHepiyg;gbg;G 1912
,y; gk;gha; vy;gpd;];ld; fy;Y}upapy; ,sq;
fiyg;gl;lk; ngw;whH. 1915 ,y; mnkupf;fhtpy; nfhyk;gpah
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; KJfiyg; gl;lk;. 1916 ,y; ,yz;ld; nghUshjhuj;jpy; KidtH gl;lk; ngw;whH. kPz;Lk; ,yz;ld; nrd;W mwptpay ; KJfiyg; gl;lKk; ghup];lH gl;lKk; ngw;whH.
63. mk;Ngj;fH Kjypy; elj;jg; ngw;wNghuhl;lq;fs;! 1924Mk; Mz;L Nfushtpy; itf;fj;jpy; elj;jpa xLf;fg;gl;NlhHMyaEioT Kaw;rpAk;>1927Mk; Mz;L khHr;R jpq;fs; ,Ugjhk; ehs; mk;Ngj;fH kuhl;baj;jpy; kfhj;Jf; Fsj;jpy; elj;jpa jz;zPH vLf;Fk; Nghuhl;lKk; kdpj cupikf;fhf Kjypy;
elj;jg; ngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs;
vdyhk;. 64. tl;lNkir khehL ve;j Mz;L
eilngw;wJ? 1930
65. ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr;rl;lk; tFf;f
vj;jid NgH nfhz;l FO
mikf;fg;gl;lJ? vOtH
66. ,e;jpah KOikahd FbauR ehlhfj; jd;id mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;l ehs;?1950 - 1 - 26 ehs;
204
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67. kf;fs; fy;tpf;fofj;ij j; Njhw;Wtpj;jtH ahH? ve;j Mz;L?
mk;Ngj;fH 1946 68. Fwpg;G:-
rpj;jhHj;jh caHfy;tp epiyaj;jpy; ,d;iwa mwpTtsHr;rpf;F Ntz;ba midj;J ghlq;fSk;
fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 69. ",e;jpahtpd; Njrpag;
gq;FtPjk;" - vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH? mk;Ngj;fH
70. mk;Ngj;fH GfOlk;G va;jpa ehs;?
1956 Mk; Mz;L jprk;gH jpq;fs; Mwhk; ehs;
71. ,e;jpa muR ghuj uj;dh (,e;jpa khkzp) vd;Dk; caupa tpUij
mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fUf;Fve;j Mz;L toq;fpngUikg;gLj;jpaJ? 1990
Jizg;ghlk; md;whl tho;tpy; rl;lk;
72. murpay; rhrdj;jpd; 19(1) MtJgpuptpd;gb Fbkf;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk KOikahd Ngr;Rupik> vOj;Jupik cz;L.
73. jfty; mwpTk; cupikr;rl;lk; ruj;
vd;d? 2005 gpupT 6
,yf;fzk; - nghJ
74. vOj;jpyf;fzk;>nrhy;ypyf;
fzk; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; $wg;glhj nghJthd nra;jpfs; nrhy;yg;gLt jhy; ,J nghJ vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ
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205
75. "xUnkhop xopjd; ,dq;nfhsw; Fupj;Nj" vd;w E}l;gh ,lk; ngw;w E}y;?
ed;D}y; (359) 76. ,stofd; te;jhd; ,J njhlH m) Fwpg;G M) ntspg;gil ,) vJTkpy;iy tpil: M
77. "khL" vd;Dk; nrhy; MFk;. m) caHjpizg;
nghJg;ngaHM) m/wpizg; nghJg;ngaH ,) tpuTg;ngaHtpil: M
78. khL fd;iw <d;wJ ,j;njhlupy;
80. gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa jkpo;r; nrhw;fis vOJf:- 1. N\j;jpuq;fs; NjhWk;
nrd;W tpf;fpuq;fistopgLf.
Gz;zpaj;jye;NjhWk; nrd;W flTs; rpiyfis
topgLf. 2. ,k;khu;f;fj;jpy;ahj;jpiu nry;Yq;fs; ,t;topNa Gz;zpag; gazk;
nry;Yq;fs;. 3. ,e;j \Hl;kpfTk; fh];l;ypahdJ. ,e;j Nkyhil kpFe;j tpiy
kjpg;Gs;sJ. 4. ehis elf;f tpUf;Fk; Nkl;rpy; ,e;jpah fz;bg;ghf tpd; nra;Ak; ehis elf;ftpUf;Fk; Nghl;bapy;
khL vd;gJ Fwpf;Fk;
,e;jpah cWjpaha; ntw;wp
m) gR M) fhis ,) fd;W tpil: m
78. nghUj;Jf:-
1. ntspg;gilr; nrhw;fs; - NrhWcz;lhd; 2. Fwpg;Gr; nrhy; -fy;>kz; 3.,dq;Fwpj;jy; - khL ghy; fwe;jJ tpil. 1. fy;>kz;
2. khL ghy; fwe;jJ
3. NrhW cz;lhd;
79. ,sikg; ngaHfisg; ngUj;Jf
1. ML - fd;W 2. khd; - gps;is 3. fPup - Fl;b 4. rpq;fk; - FQ;R 5. Nfhop - Fuis tpil: 1. Fl;b 2. fd;W 3. gps;is 4. FUis> 5. FQ;R
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ngWk;.5. ehd; ,e;jf; fhNy[pd; Xy;l; ];Llz;l; ehd; ,e;jf; fy;Y}hpapd; Nkdhs; khztd;.
,ay; - 4 nra;As; - ew;wpiz
81. kpisfpohd; ey;Ntl;ldhH vOjpa ghly; ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; cs;sJ. kpis
vd;Dk; Cupy;gpwe;jt uhjyhy;> kpisfpohd; ey;Ntl;ldhH vd;Dk; ngaHngw;whH.
82. "ey;" vd;W milnkhop nfhLj;Jg; Nghw;wg;gLtJk; ew;wpizNa!
83. ew;wpizapd;
njhFg;gpj;jtH
gd;dhL je;j khwd; tOjp
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784. ew;wpizg; ghly;fs; ehD}W ghbNdhH275
85. ew;wpiz xd;gjbr; rpw;nwy;iyAk; Ngnuy;iyAk; nfhz;l
E}y;. gd;dpuz;L mbg;
86. "mup" vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;
new;fjph;
GwehD}Wf; fz;zfdhH
87. Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhodpd;mitf;fsg; GytHfSs; xUtuhf jpfo;e;jtH?
fz;zfdhH 88. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W
GwehD}W
ciueil Ngr;Rf;fiy
89. Ez;zpa E}y; gy fw;wtHf;Nf mike;j mupafiy m) Xtpaf;fiy
M) ,irf;fiy
91. nghUj;Jf:- 1. mwptpdh - tUthah?
vdpy; "thNud;" vd;gJ
2. Vty;tpil - cz;lhah? vdpy;> "tapW typf;Fk;" vd;gJ 3. kiwtpil - ,jidr; nra;thah? vdpy; "ePNa nra;" vd;gJ 4.cWtJ $wy; - ",jd; nghUs; ahJ?" vd MrpupaH khztuplk; Nfl;gJ tpilfs;: 1. ,jd; nghUs; ahJ? vd MrpupaH khztuplk; Nfl;gJ 2. ,jidr; nra;thah?
vdpy;>―ePNa nra;‖vd;gJ 3. tUthah? vdpy;> ―thNud;‖
vd;gJ 4. cz;lhah? vdpy;> ―
tapWtypf;Fk;‖vd;gJ
92. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-m) xU nghUs; Fwpj;JtUk;
,) Ngr;Rf;fiy
nrhw;fisNa vd;gH.
tpil: , 90. Nkilg;Ngr;rpy; kf;fis
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<Hj;jtH
m) NguwpQH mz;zh M) K.tujuhrdhH ,) jpU.tp.f tpil: m
,yf;fzk;
tpdh-tpil tiffs
; xUnghUl; gd;nkhop
xUnghUl; gd;nkhopM) xU nghUl; gd;nkhopf;Fr; rhd;W Xq;fp cah;e;j
,) ',J nra;th' vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F "tapW typf;Fk;" vdf; $WtJ
tpil cWtJ $wy; <) Mlj;njupAkh vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;Fg ghlj; njupAk; vdf; $WtJ tpil ,dnkhop
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c) ed;D}y; fpilf;Fkh vdf; filf;fhuhplk; Nfl;gJ tpdh nfhsy;
93. tpdh vj;jid tifg;gLk;?mit ahit? MWtifg;gLk;. mwptpdh> mwpahtpdh> Iatpdh>
nfhsy; tpdh> nfhil tpdh> Vty; tpdh
94. tpil vj;jid
tifg;gLk;?mit ahit? vl;L tifg;gLk; Rl;L tpil> kiwtpil> NeH tpil> Vty; tpil> tpdh vjpHtpdhjy; tpil> cw;wJiuj;jy; tpil>cWtJ $wy; tpil> ,dnkhop
tpil ,ay; -5
nra;As; - ngupaGuhzk; mg;g+jpabfs; Guhzk;
95. MrpupaH Fwpg;GngupaGuhzj;ij mUspatH -
Nrf;fpohHgpwg;G - Fd;wj;J}upy; gpwe;jtH (fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;) ,aw;ngaH - mUz;nkhopj;NjtH gzp - meghar; Nrhodplk;
jiyik mikr;ruhfj; jpfo;e;jtH ngw;w gl;lk;
- cj;jk Nrhog;
gy;ytH vd;Dk; gl;lk;ngw;wtH rpwg;G ngaH -
nja;tr; Nrf;fpohH vd;Wk;njhz;lHrPH guTthHfhyk; - fp.gp.12 E}w;whz;L
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96. E}w;Fwpg;G jdpabahH - 63
njhifabahH - 9
nkhj;jk; rptdbahH = 72
97. ngupaGuhzj;jpw;F Nrf;fpohH,l;l ngaH"jpUj;njhz;lH Guhzk;"
98. "cynfyhk;" vd;W mbnaLj;Jf;
nfhLf;fg; ghlg;ngw;wnjdTk; $WgtH?
jpy;iy eluhrg; ngUkhd;
99. "gj;jpr; Ritedp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghba ftp tyt" vd;W Gfo;e;J iuj;jtH ahH? kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rpRe;judhH
100. "cyfk;> capH> flTs;" Mfpa %d;iwAk; xUq;Nf fhl;Lk; fhtpae; jhd; ngupaGuhzk;vd;wtH ahH? jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhH
101. jk; tPl;bYs;smidj;Jg; nghUs; fSf;Fk; jpUehTf;furH vdg;ngaH #l;batH mg;g+jpabfshH
102. nghUj;Jf:- 1. Nkjp - m) rptd; 2. re;jk; - M) vUik 3. Nfhjpy; - ,) moF 4. mq;fzH - <) Fw;wkpy;yhj gRtpil: 1-M> 2-,> 3-<> 4-m
ciueil jpiug;glf;fiy
cUthd fij
103. xspg;glk; vLf;Fk; Kiwia ve;j Mz;L vl ; tHL i kgpup l ;R fz;Lgpbj;jhH? 1830
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104. glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwia fz;Lgpbj;jtH? <];l;kd;
105. gpuhd;rp]; nrd;fpd;R vd;w mnkupf;fH
1894 ,y; upr;kz;l; vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,af;fg;glj;ijg; gyUk; ghHf;Fk; tifapy; tbtikj;jhH.
106. jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk;
110. je;ij - NfhghyNkdd; jha; - rj;aghkh ,UtUf;Fk; 5 kfdhf
gpwe;jhH.111. Gul;rp ebfH>kf;fs; jpyfk; vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;lhH.
112. m w p Q H mz;zh mtHfs; vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpuid ,jaf;fdp
glr;RUs; MdJ.nry;Yyha;L
vd;Dk; nghUshy;
vd;W Nghw;wpdhH.
113. 1963 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id khepyr;
rl;l kd;w Nkyit cWg;gpduhdhH.
107. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-1. ebg;ghw;wy;kpf;ftiuAk; ebg;igf; fw;Wj; jUgtiuAk; vd miog;gH. ,af;Feh; 2. glg;gpbg;Gf; fUtpia nghUj;JtJk; cz;L. efh;j;Jk; tz;bapy; 3. ,aq;FUg; glq;fs;
ghHg;gjw;F,Uf;Fk;. Ntbf;ifaha;
108. nghUj;Jf:- 1. <];l;kd; -m) xUtH kl;Lk; ghHf;Fk;
glf;fUt
p
2. vbrd; -M) glr;RUs; 3. vl;tHL ikgpupl;R -,)fUj;Jg;glk; 4. thy;l; b];dp -<),af;fg;glk;
tpil: 1-M> 2-m> 3-<> 4-,
Jizg;ghlk;
ghujuj;dhvk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpud;
109. ghujuj;dh
vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpud; ,yf;ifapYs;s fz;bapy; 1917 Mk; Mz;L rdtupj; jpq;fs; gjpNdohk; ehs; gpwe;jhH.
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114. 1967 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w nghJj; NjHjypd; NghJguq;fpkiyj; njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw;whH.
115. 1 9 7 2 Mk; Mz;L jhkpUe;j ,af;fj;jpypUe;J
tpyfpg; Gjpafl;rpiaj; njhlq;fpdhH.
116. 1977 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w jkpofr;
rl;lkd;wj; NjHjypy; ngU ntw;wp ngw;W Kjy;tuhfg; gjtp Vw;whH.
117. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; mtuJ gzpfisg; ghuhl;b>lhf;lH gl;lk; toq;fpaJ.
118. kj;jpa muR mtHjk; gzpiag; ghuhl;b caupa tpUjhd ghujuj;dh(,e;jpakhkzp)tpUJ
toq;fpaJ. ,t;tpUJ mtUila kiwTf;Fg; gpd; 1988 Mk; Mz;L toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,yf;fzk;
ctk cUGfs; ctk cUG - njhlH 1. Nghy - fpspNghyg; Ngrpdhs;2. Giua - Nta;Giu Njhs; 3. xg;g - jhnahg;gg; NgRk; kfs; 4. cwo - KoT cwo; jlf;if
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5. md;d - kyud;d Nrtb"Nghy Giua xg;g cwokhd fLg;g ,iag
Va;g;gNeu epfu md;d ,d;d
vd;gTk; gpwTk; ctkj; JUNg."
ed;D}y; 367
ctik cUtfk;
mKjnkhop - nkhopaKJfaw;fz; - fz;fay;
Njd;jkpo; -
jkpo;j;Njd;
g+tpuy; - tpuy;g+kjpKfk; - Kfkjp
kyub - mbkyH
Kj;Jg;gy; - gy;Kj;J
tpw;GUtk; - GUttpy;kyHg;ghjk; - ghjkyH
,ay; MW nra;As;: jkpo; tpL J}J
E}w;Fwpg;G:-1. Nghypg;GytHfisj;
jiyapy;
Fl;Lgth; mjptPuuhk ghz;bad;.
2. ehy;tifg; ghf;fSk; taYf;F
mike;Js;sd. tug;Gfsha;
"nrtpia mWg;gjw;F tpy;yp Gj;J}uZk; jiyia ntl;Ltjw;F
xl;lf;$j;jDk; ,Ue;jikahy; jkpNo ePfpisj;Jr; nropj;J
tsh;e;jha;
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,ay; - 6 ciueil - njhd;ikj;
jkpofk;
119) "kdpj ehfhpfj; njhl;by;"
vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ? ,nyKhpah 120) ve;j gaph; tiffis
jkpoh;fs; tpw;whh;fs;? ney;> fk;G> Nrhsk;>Nfo;tuF> jpid> rhik> tuF Kjypa jhdpa tiffisAk;>
cSe;J> fliy> mtiu>Jtiu> jl;il> gr;ir>
nfhs;S> vs;S Kjypa gaWtiffisAk; jkpoh;fs;tpw;whh;fs;.
121) fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F Kd;Ng fpNuf;fk;> cNuhkGhp> vfpg;J Mfpa ehLfSf;F vg;nghUs;fis mDg;gg;gl;ld? m h p r p A k ; > kapy;NjhifAk;
> re;jdKk;. 122) fp.K.gj;jhk; E}w;whz;by;
murd; rhykDf;F ahidj;
je;jKk;> kapy;NjhifAk;> thridg; nghUs;fSk;
jkpofj;jpypUe;J
mDg;gg;gl;ld. 123) kJiuj;
jkpo;r;rq;fj;ijNa
Fwpf;Fk; GwehD}W>
gupghlypy;,lk; ngw;w nrhw;fs; ahit?
jkpo;nfO $ly;> jkpo; Ntyp
124) "$lypy; Ma;e;j xz;jPe; jkpopd;"
- vd;w tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? kzpthrfk;
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125) ghzd;> ghbdp> $j;jd;> tpwyp
vd;W ,aypir ehlff; fiyQh;fs;
,Ue;jikiaAk; mwpaKbfpwJ. 126) "gz;nzhL jkpnohg;gha;" -
vd;w tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y;? Njthuk;
127) "cOJz;L tho;thNu tho;thh;" - vd;w tup ,lk;
ngw;w E}y;? jpUf;Fws;
128) "fspW vwpe;J ngah;jy; fhisf;Ff;
flNd" vd;Dk; gupghly;
129) jdf;Ftikapy;yh xU ------------
--- jkpo; ,dk;. jdp,dk;
Jizg;ghlk;:- jw;fhyj;
njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;
130) njhy;ypaiy
Mq;fpyj; jp
y; "Mh;f;fpahy[p" vdf;
Fwpg;gpLth;.131) ,e;jpaj;njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh;
1963 Mk; Mz;L g+k;Gfhh;mUfpy; cs;s fPohh;ntsp vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;
Nkw;nfhz;l fly; mfoha;tpd; NghJ fp.K.
%d;whk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;j fl;ll ,bghLfs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
132) KJkf;fs; jhopfs; vd;why; vd;d? gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ,we;Njhiumth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa
nghUs; fSld; xU jhopapypl;Lg; Gijf;Fk;
tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,t;tifj; jhopfisNa
KJkf;fs; jhopfsvd;fpNwhk;.
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,yf;fzk; Gzh;r;r
p 133) ,Unrhw;fs; NrUk;NghJ
Njhd;wy;> nfLjy;> jphpjy; Mfpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLkhapd;
mtw;iwtpfhug; Gzh;r;rp vd;gh;. (v.L) 1. thio + gok; - thiog;gok - Njhd;wy; 2. kuk; + Nth; - kuNth; - nfLjy; 3. nghd; + Flk; - nghw;Flk;
- jphpjy; 134) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:-
1. tlf;F vd;Dk; jpirg;ngaNuhL gpw jpirfs; te;J NrUk; NghJ
m) epiynkhop <W ePq;Fk; M) epiynkhop <Wk; nka;Ak; ePq;Fk; ,) tUnkhop Kjy; nfLk; tpil: M 2. Nkw;F + ehL vd;gJ vdr;
NrUk;.m) Nkw;F ehL M) NkehL ,)
NkdhL tpil: , 3. fUik + Fopvd;gJ vDk;
tpjpfspd; gb GzUk;.
m) MjpePly;> ,dkpfy;. M) jd;ndhw;wpul;ly;> ,ilAfuk
,) Mjy;
,) <WNghjy;> ,dkpfy; tpil: ,
135) nghUj;Jf:- 1. mb mfuk; I mjk; - m)ntw;wpiy
2. MjpePly; -- M)fUk;gyif
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3. ,dkpfy; -- ,) igq;$o; 4. jd;ndhw;wpul;ly; - <) %J}h; tpil: 1-,> 2-<> 3-M> 4- m
,ay; VO nra;As; jpUf;Fws;
nghpahiuj; Jizf;Nfhly
;
136) ,y;yhiu ----------- vs;Sth;. vy;yhUk;
137) mwdPDk; ,d;gKk; <Dk;
jPjpd;wp te;j nghUs;. jpwdwpe;J
138) jpwdwpe ;J Njh;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;bath;
1. md;Gs;s ngw;Nwhh;. 2. Mh;tKs;s ez;gh;. 3. %j;j mwpTilahh; tpil: 3
139) mhpatw;Ws; vy;yhk; mhpJNgzpj; jkuhf; nfhsy; 1. rpwpath; 2. nghpahh; 3. cwtpdh; tpil: 2
140) Kjypyhh;f;F -------------- ,y;iy.
1. Cjpak; 2. el;G 3. Gif tpil: 1
Njthuk; - jpUehTf;furh;
141) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- jpUehTf;furh; jpUth%upy;gpwe;jth;. ngw;Nwhh; Gfodhh;. khjpdpahh;,tuJ jkf;ifahh;
jpyftjpahh;> jpUehTf;furUf;Fg; ngw;Nwhh; ,l;l ngah; kUzPf;fpahh;.
,tUf;Fj; jUkNrdh;> mg;gh;> thrPrh; vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L. ,tuJ
newp njhz;L newp.
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irt mbahu;fis ehad;khu;fs; vd;W toq;Fth;. ,th;fs; mWgj;J %th;. i r t rkaf;
Futh; ehy;tUs; xUth; jpUehTf;furh;. ,th;jk; ghly;fs; Njthuk; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,th;
jhz;lfk; ghLtjpy; ty;yth; Mjyhy;> ,th; jhz;l f Nte; jh; vdTk;
toq;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;L jpUth%u; flY}h; khtl;lk; gz;ZUl;bia mLj;Js;sJ.
142) E}w;Fwpg;G:-
Njthuk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyj; Nj + thuk; vdg; gphpj;Jj;
nja;tj; jd;ikia cila ,irg; ghly;fs; vd;Wk; Nj + Muk; vdg;
gpupj;Jj; nja;tj;jpw;Fr; #l;bg; ngw;w ghkhiy vd;Wk; $Wth;. irtj; jpUKiwfs; gd;dpuz;lDs;
Kjy; VOk; %tu;
Njthuk;> jpUehTf;furh; ghbmUspa ghly;fs; ehd;F> Ie;J> Mwhk; jpUKiwfs; ekf;Fg; ghlkhf mike;Js;s ghly; jpUehTf;furh; mUspaMwhe;jpU Kiwapy; cs;sJ.
143) "ehkhh;f;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk;" vd;Dk; ghly; _____
"mr;rkpy; iy mr;rkpy;iy" vdg; ghlj; J}z;baJ. 1. ghujpjhrid 2. Rujhit 3. ghujpahiu tpil: 3
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ciueil jkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay;
rpe;jidf
s; 144) "mwpT mw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp" -
jpUts;Sth; 145) cyfk; cUz;il
vd;gijg; gjpdhwhk;E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpwNf Nkiy ehl;bdh; cWjp nra;jdh;.
146) cyfk; vd;Dk; jkpo;r;nrhy; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; mbahfg; gpwe;jJ. cyT
147) cyT vd;gJ Rw;Wjy; vd;w nghUisj; jUk;.
148) Qhyk; vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy; "Qhy;" vd;Dk; nrhy;ybahfj; Njhd;wpaJ vd;gh;. "Qhy;"
vd;gjw;Fj; njhq;Fjy; vd;gJ nghUs;.
149) "twpJ epiy,a fhaKk;" ,t;tup
,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? Gwk;(30) 150) "tytd; Vth thD}h;jp" -
Gwk;(27) 151) "jPk;gpop ve;jpuk; ge;jy;
tUe;j" vd;w thp ,lk; ngw;wE}y; vJ? gjpw;Wg;gj;J 152) "me;jf; NfzpAk; ve;jpuf;
fpzWk;" - ngUq;fij
153) "cWkplj; Jjth cth;epyk;" - GwehD}w;W thpfs;
154) "gathf; fsuidau;
fy;yhjth;" - jpUf;Fws; 155) "Xh; mZtpidr; rj$wpl;l
NfhzpDk - csd;" - ahu; $wpaJ?fk;gh;
156) "clk;ghh; mopapd; capuhh; mopth;"
- jpU%yh;
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157) kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; - jpUf;Fws;
158) "Gy;yhfpg; g+lha;" - jpUthrfk; thp
,yf;fzk;: nghUs;
,yf;fzk; mfg;nghUs;
159) md;gpd; Ie;jpiz vit? FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;>
ghiy 160) Kjw;nghUs; vd;git
mfnthOf;fk; epfo;jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk; epyKk; nghOJk; MFk;.
161) Itif epyq;fs; 1. FwpQ;rp - kiyAk;> kiyrhh;e;j ,lKk;
2. Ky;iy - fhLk; fhLrhh;e;j ,lKk; 3. kUjk; - taYk; tay;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 4. nea;jy; - flYk; fly;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 5. ghiy - kzYk; kzy;rhh;e;j ,lKk; 162) nghOJfs; 2 tifg;gLk;:-
1. ngUk;nghOJ 2. rpWnghOJ
1) ngUk;nghOJ:- m) fhh;fhyk; - Mtzp> Gul;lhrpM) Fsph;fhyk; - Ig;grp>fhh;j;jpif ,) Kd;gdpf;fhyk; - khu;fop>
ij <) gpd;gdpf;fhyk; - khrp> gq;Fdp c) ,sNtdpw;fhyk; - rpj;jpiu> itfhrp C) KJNtdpw;fhyk; - Mdp> Mb
2) rpWnghOJ:-m) fhiy - fhiy 6 kzpKjy; 10 kzptiu M) ez;gfy; - fhiy 10 kzpKjy; 2 kzptiu
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kq j{!! ohVl!ohiPK!! sqXohiPK!
GxqRsq! Gtqigizl?!!!!
Le<heqg<gizl<!
bill!
Lz jz! givgizl!! lijz!!
lVkl! NXohVlohiPKgt! jugjx!
ofbkz! NXohVlohiPKgt! wxhiMhijz! -tOueqz<?!
LKOueqz<?!hqeheq!
f{hgz!
,) vw;ghL - gpw;gfy; 2 kzpKjy; 6 kzptiu <) khiy - khiy 6 kzpKjy; ,uT 10 kzptiu c) ahkk; - ,uT 10 kzpKjy; ,uT 2 kzptiu C) itfiw - ,uT 2 kzpKjy; fhiy 6 kzptiu
169) jpUkhy; _____
epyj;jpw;Fhpa
nja;tk;.
Ky;iy 170) kzKoh> ney;yupfpiz Mfpa ,uz;Lk; _____
jpizf;Fhpa
giwfs;. kUjj;
171) nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa njhopy;fs;
(vw;ghL - vy; + ghL> vy; - QhapW MFk;. - ghL - kiwAk; Neuk;)
163) jpizAk; nghOJk;:-
164) mfk;> Gwk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,yf;fzk; MFk;. nghUs;
165) FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> Kjypa Ie;Jk;
vdg;gLk;. mfd; Ie;jpiz
166) nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa epyg;gFjp
gFjpahFk;.
flYk; fly;rhh;e;j
167) ahkk; vd;gJ ,uT 10
kzpKjy; tiu MFk;.
2 kzp 168) kUjk;> nea;jy; Mfpa ,uz;lDf;Fk;
ngUk;nghOJfSk; tUk;. MW
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kPd;gpbj;jy;> cg;Gtpistpj;jy;
172) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- m)
nghUspyf;fzk; _____
tifg;gLk;. 1.,uz;L 2.%d;W 3.Ie;J tpil:1 M) mfj;jpizfs; tifg;gLk;. 1.%d;W 2.Ie;J 3.VOtpil:3 ,) khh;fop> ij Mfpa ,uz;Lk;
fhyj;jpw;Fhpad. 1.Kd;gdp 2.gpd;gdp 3.,sNtdpy
tpil:1 <) ghiy epyj;jpw;Fhpagwitfs;
1.fpsp> kapy; 2.ehiu>
md;dk; 3.Gwh> gUe;J tpil:3
173) nghUj;Jf:- 1.FwpQ;rp - m) Kay;> khd; 2.Ky;iy - M) Gyp> fub 3.kUjk; - ,) Kjiy> Rwh 4.nea;jy; - <) vUik> ePh;eha;
tpilfs;:- 1-M 2-m 3-< 4-,
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217
,ay; vl;Lnra;As;
rPwhg;Guhzk;
tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk; Gyp trdpj;j glyk;
174) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-ngah; -
ckWg;Gyth; ,th; vl;laGuk; fbif Kj;Jg;
Gythpd; khzth;. mg;Jy;fhjph; kiuf;fhah; vd;w ts;sy; rPjf;
fhjpapd; Ntz;LNfhspd; tz;zNk ckWg;Gyth; rPwhg;Guhzk; vOjj;
njhlq;fpdhh;. E}y; Kw;Wk;
179) rPwhg;Guhzj;jpd; Kg;ngUk; gphpTfis vKJf?
tpyhjj;Jf;fhz;lk;>
EGt;tj;Jf;fhz;lk;> ̀ p[;uj;Jf;
fhz;lk; 180) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-
m) rPwhg;Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpath;
ckWg;Gyth;
M) ckWg;Gytiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp
181) chpa nrhy;iyj; Njh;e;njOJf:-
Kd;dNk rPjf;fhjp kiwe;jhh;. mtUf;Fg;gpd;> mGy;fhrpk; vd;w ts;sy; cjtpahy; rPwhg;Guhzk;epiwTw;wJ. ckWg;Gyth; ts;sy;
m) rPwhg;Guhzk;fis cilaJ. 1. %d;W 2. Ie;J 3. VOtpil:1
fhz;lq;
ngUkf;fis E}ypd;gytplq;fspy; epidT$h;e;J
Nghw;Wfpwhh;.,th; vz ;gJ ghf ; f shy ; Mfpa KJnkhop khiy vd;Dk; E}iyAk
gilj;jspj;Js;shh;. ,th; fhyk; gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;L.
175) ,iwtdpd; jpUj;J}jh; egpfs;
ehafj;jpd; rPhpatuyhw;wpid
vLj;jpak;Gk; ,dpa E}y; vJ?
rPwhg;Guhzk; 176) rPwh - vd;gjd; nghUs;
ahJ? tho;f ;if
177) Guhzk; - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
tuyhW 178) rPwhg;Guhzk; vj;jid tpUj;jg;
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218
ghf;fshy; MdJ? Iahapuj;J ,Ugj;NjO
M) 'Nfoy;‖ vd;gjd; nghUs;
1.vUik 2.Gyp 3.gd;wp tpil:3
182) ahh;> ahhplk; $wpa njhlh;
,J:- m) ntd;wp thsuNr ,J> Gypiag;gw;wpf; $wpatd; Kfk;kJ egpaplk; $wpajhFk;. M) NtnwhU fhl;bdpw; GFf ,J> Kfk;kJ egp> Gypaplk;$wpajhFk;. 183) rPh;Nkhidia
vOJf:-
kd;w Yd;wpa Kfk;kjpd; kyub tzq;fp rPh;Nkhid. kd;wy; - kyub
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219
184) mb vJifia vOJf:- ePz;l thy;epyk; Gilj;jplf; fple;Jly;
epkph;e;J $z;l fhy;kbj; jpUtpop fdy;fs; nfhg;gspg;gmb vJif ePz;l - $z;l
185) nghUj;Jf:- 1. fhd; - m)fub 2. cOit - M) rpq;fk; 3. klq;fy; - ,) Gyp 4. vz;F - <) fhL tpil:- 1-< 2-, 3-M 4-m
ciueil fhe;jpak
;
186) fhe;jpabfs; rpWtdhf ,Ue;j NghJ> F[uhj;jpg; ghly; xd;widf; Nfl;lhh;. "jhfj;jpw;F ePh; jUtjpy;
xd;Wkpy;iy: jPik nra;jth;f;Fk; ed;ikNa
nra;>
cz;ikg; nghUz;ikcz;L" vd;w mg;ghly; ,d;dh nra;ahik (mfpk;ir) vd;Dk; fUj ; jp id mtUs; tpijj;jJ.
187) cz;ikia kl;LNk NgRk;murd; mhpr;re;jpuid xU
ngha; Ngr itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt gy ,d;dy;fSf;F cs;shf;fpath; ahh;? Kdpth; tpRthkpj;jpuh;
188) mwtop - vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
md;G> mUs;
189) mwtop tpLjiyg;Nghh;:- typa Nghhpy; rhfpd;wth;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia tpl> mwtopg; Nghhpy; ,wg;Nghhpd;vz;zpf;if
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220
kpff; FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk; vd;Wk;> kw;w cyf ehLfs; ,jid Vw;fhtpbDk; ,e;jpah mjid Vw;W elj;jp> Vida ehLfSf;F xU
topfhl;bahfj; jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhh;.fhe;jpabfspd; mwtopg;Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F kf;fs;
MjuT ngUfpaJ: fjh; ,af;fk;> kJtpyf;F>
jPz;lhik xopg;G Mfpa
,af;fq;fs; gutpd.fhe;jpabfs; jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;j NghJ Vio coth;fs; tWikahy; miuahil
cLj;jpaijf; fz;lhh;. jhKk; md;W Kjy; Nkyhil mzptjid epWj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. miuahil Ald;
,q;fpyhe;jpy; ele;j tl;lNkir khehl;by; fye;J nfhs;sr; nrd;w NghJ>mg;Nghija ,q;fpyhe;JKjd;ikaikr;rh; rh;r;rpy;>'miu epUthzg;gf;fphp' vd;W Vsdk; nra;jNghJk;> fhe;jp abfspd; Kfj;jpy; Gd;dif
jto;e;jJ. 190) njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy;
,e;jpah;f;F vjpuhd ve;j epwr; rl;lq;fisf;
fhe;jpabfs;
nfhSj;jpajhy;
> rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;?
fWg;G
191) ve;j Mz;by; fhe;jpabfis Rl;Lf;
nfhy;yg;gl;lh
h;? 1948 Mk; Mz;L> rdthp 30>
jpq;f s;
192) ,isQh;fspd; flik:- ehl;by; ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy;
ehl;Lg;gw;W> nja;tg;gw;W> nkhopg;
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221
gw;W tsUk; tifapy;
fy;tp mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
193) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:
tsUk; tifapy; fy;tp mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; vit
m) fhe;jpabfs; ehlf E}iyg; gbj;jhh;. rputz gpJh;gj;jp
vd;Dk;
tsUk; tifapy; fy;tp mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
196) xUik gd;ikg; gpiofis
M) jpUf;Fwis nkhopngah;j;j cUrpa mwpQh;
jhy;Rjha; 194) chpa tpiliaj;
Njh;e;njOJf:- m) fhe;jpabfs; ehlfj;ijg ghh;j;J cz;ikNa Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjpg+z;lhh;. 1.rputzgpJ}h;gj;jp 2.mhpr;re;jpud;
3.gf;jg;gpufyhjd; tpil:2 M) giftdplKk; md;Gfhl;L vdf; $wpa E}y; 1.gftj;fPij 2.ed;D}y; 3.iggps; tpil:3 ,) mwnewpahfg; Nghw;wg;gl Ntz;bait 1.Mlk;guk;> tPz;nryT 2.vspik> rpf;fdk; 3.md;G>mUs; tpil:2
195) tpdhj;njhlh;fs; mikf;f:- m) fhe;jpabfs;> 'gyNfhb kf;fspd; gl;bdpiag; Nghf;Fk;
tho;thjhuk;‖ fjh; vd;W fUjpdhh;. 'gyNfhb kf;fspd; gl;bdpiag; Nghf;Fk; tho;thjhuk; ” vd vijf; fhe;jpabfs; fUjpdhh;.
M) ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; ehl;Lg;
gw;Wk;> nkhopg;gw;Wk;>nja;tg;gw;Wk;
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222
ePf;fp vKJf:- m) Xh; ,sk;ngz; E}nyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. ,sk;ngz; xUj;jp E}nyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;. M) kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cah;e;j jhfTk
J}a;ikahdjhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; Nghjh.kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cah;thdjhfTk;
J}a;ikahdjhfTk;> ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ.
197) nghUj;Jf:- 1. rj;jpa Nrhjid - m) jpUts;Sth; 2. gftj; fPij - M) fpwpj;Jt rkaE}y; 3. jpUf;Fws; - ,) fhe;jpabfs; 4. iggps; -<) ,e;J rkaE}y;
tpilfs;: 1-, 2-< 3-m 4-M
,yf;fzk; Gwg;nghUs;
198) Gwg;nghUs; vdg;gLtJ> tho;f;iff;Fj; JizGhpAk;
fy;tp> nry;tk;> Gfo;> tPuk;> murpay; Kjypa
nghUs; fisg; gw;wp $WtJ. 199) mfg;nghUs; tho;tpay;
vdpy;> Gwg;nghUs; cyfpay; MFk;. Gwk; g w ; w p a newpfisf ; $WtJ Gwj;jpiz MFk;.
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200) Gwj;jpizfs; ntl;rpapd; tiffs;
vj;jid? gd;dpuz;L
201) gd;dpuz;L tifahd Gwj;jpizfs;
ntl;rp vOJf:- 1. ntl;rpj;jpiz
2. fue;ijj; jpiz 3. tQ;rpj; jpiz
4. fhQ;rpj; jpiz
5. nehr;rpj; jpiz
6. copiQj; jpiz
7. Jk;igj; jpiz
8. thifj; jpiz
9. ghlhz; jpiz
10. nghJtpay;
jpiz 11. iff;fpisj; jpiz
12. ngUe;jpiz
202) ntl;rpj;jpiz:- gifehl;bd; kPJ Nghh; njhlq;F Kd;> me;ehl;bYs;s
MepiufSf;Fj; jPq;F Neuf;$lhJ vdf; fUJk; kd;dd;> jd; tPuh;fis mDg;gp
mtw;iwf; fth;e;J tur; nra;tJ ntl;rpj; jpiz. mt;tPuh;fs;
ntl;rpg;g+itr; #br; nry;thh;fs;. 203) fue;ijj; jpiz:-
ntl;rp tPuh;fshy; f th;e;J nry;yg;gl;l jk; Mepiufisf; fue;ijg; g+itr; #br;nrd;W
kPl;gJ> fue;ijj; jpiz
MFk;. 204) tQ;rpj; jpiz:-
kz;zhir fhuzkhfg; gifth; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wf; fUjp tQ;rpg; g+itr; #bg; NghUf;Fr; nry;tJ>
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205) fhQ;rpj;jpiz:- jd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w te;j khw;wurNdhL fhQ;rpg; g+itr; #b vjph;j;Jg; Nghhply; fhQ;rpj;jpiz.
206) nehr;rpj;jpiz:- gifaurdhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;l jk; kjpiyf; fhj;jy; Ntz;b>
cs;spUe;Nj> ntspNa ,Uf;Fk; gifaurNdhL nehr;rpg; g+itr;
#bg; Nghhpl;L> mk;kjpiyf; fhg;gJ nehr;rpj;jpiz.
207) copiQj;jpiz:- copiQg; g+itr; #ba jd; tPuh; fSld; khw;wurd;Nfhl;ilf;Fs; GFe;J kjpiyr; Rw;wp tisj;jy;
copiQj;jpiz. 208) Jk;igj;jpiz:-
gifNte;jh; ,UtUk; ntw;wp xd;iwNa Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L> jk; tPuh; fS ld ; NghhpLtJJk;igj;jpiz. ,t;tPuh;fs; Jk;igg; g+itr; #bg; NghhpLth;.
209) thifj;jpiz:- ntw;wpngw;w kd;dd; thifg;g+r; #b kfpo;tJ> thifj;jpiz.
210) ghlhz;jpiz:-
ghLjw;Fj; jFjpAila Xh;Mz; kfdpd; fy;tp> tPuk;> nry;tk;> Gfo;> fUiz Kjypatw;iwg; Nghw;wpg;
ghLtJ> ghlhz;jpiz. 211) nghJtpay; jpiz:-
ntl;rp Kjy; ghlhz;tiu cs;s
Gwj;jpizfspd; nghJthdtw;iwAk;>
tQ;rpj;jpiz.
217
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218
mtw;Ws; $wg;glhjdtw;iwAk; $WtJ> nghJtpay; jpiz.
212) iff;fpisj; jpiz:- iff;fpis vd;gJ xUjiyf; fhkk;. ,/J Mz;ghy; $w;W>ngz;ghy; $w;W vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
213) ngUe;jpiz:- ngUe;jpiz vd;gJ
nghUe;jhf; fhkk; ,JTk; Mz;ghw; $w;W> ngz;ghw; $w;W vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
214) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLOJf:-
1. Gwj;jpizfs; ------------- tiffs; vj;jid? m) Ie;J M) VO ,)
gd;dpuz;L tpil:, 2. epiufth;jy; vd;gJ -------------
m) fue;ij M) ntl;rp ,) copiQ tpil:M 3. kz;zhir fUjpg; NghUf;Fr; nry;tJ -------------
m) tQ;rpj;jpiz M) fhQ;rpj;jpiz ,)thifj;jpiz tpil:m 4. ghlhz;jpizvd;gJ ----------- $WtJ. m) Mz;kfdpd; xOfyhWfs; M) Nghhpd; jd;ikfs; ,) ngz; kfspd;
xOfyhWfs; tpil:m
5. xUjiyf; fhkk; vd;gJ ----------
---- m) md;gpd; Ie;jpiz
M) iff;fpis ,)ngUe;jpiz tpil:M
6. jd; ehl;ilf;
ifg;gw;w te;j
khw;wurNdhL vjph;j;Jg; NghhpLtJ----------- MFk;. m) nehr;rp M) Jk;ig ,)
fhQ;rp tpil:m
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219
,ay; xd;gJnra;As; gFjpfypj;njhif
215) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-
ey;ye;Jtdhh; rq;f fhyj;jth;. ,tiug; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;VJk; fpilf;fg; ngwtpy;iy. ,th;> nea;jy; fypapy; Kg;gj;J %d;Wghly;fisg; ghbAs;shh;. fypj; njhifiaj;
njhFj;jtUk; ,tNu vd;gh;. 216) E}w;Fwpg;G:-
vl;Lj; njhifAk; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;. vl;Lj; njhifAs; xd;whd fypj;njhif fypg;ghf;fshy; mike;jJ. ,J ehlfg; ghq;fpy;
mike;Js ;sJ . , i rNahL ghLtjw;Nfw;wJ. fypj;njhifapy; flTs; tho;j;ijAk; Nrh;e;J E}w;iwk;gJ ghly;fs; cs;sd. fypj;njhif FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;Dk;
Ik;ngUk; gphpTfis cilaJ. fypg;gh Js;sy; Xiriaf; nfhz;lJ. ekf;Fg; ghlkhf mike;Js;s gFjp>new;jw; fypahFk;. ,jid ,aw;wpath; ey;ye;Jtdhh;. ,g;ghly;fisg;
gbf;Fk;nghOJ> fUj;jhoKk; Xirapd;gKk; ek; cs;sj;jpidf;
nfhs;is nfhs;Sk;. vdNt ,jidj; jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh;'fw;wwpe; jhh; Vj;Jk; fyp‖ vdr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wth;.
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220
217) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- m) fypj;njhif ------------- E}y;fspy; xd;W.
1.gj;Jg;ghl;L 2.vl;Lj;njhif 3.gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F tpil:2 M) nea;jy; fypiag; ghbath; - -------- 1 .Xuk ;Ngh fpahh ;2 . f g p y h ; 3.ey;ye;Jtdhh; tpil:3 ,) 'Nghw;whiug; nghWj;jy;‖vd;gJ ----------- vdg;gLk;.
1.nghiw 2.Kiw 3.epiwtpil:1
218) nghUj;Jf:- 1. gz;G - m) $wpaJ kwh mik 2. md;G - M) Ngijahh; nrhy; Nehd;wy;3. mwpT - ,) jd;fpis
nrwh mik 4. nrwpT - <) ghlwpe;J xOfy; tpilfs;: 1-< 2-, 3-M 4-m
ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; ee;jpkd;dd; tPuk;
219) Mrphpah;Fwpg;G:-
jkpo;$Wk; ey;Yyfj;Jf;F ,e;E}iy toq;fpathpd; ngaUk; CUk; mwpag;
ngwtpy;iy. 220) E}w; Fwpg;G:-
ee;jpth;kdpd; ngUikiag; Nghw;Wk; E}yhfh ,J
jpfo;fpwJ. gy;yt kd;dd; %d;whk; ee;jpth;kidg;ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff; nfhz;L
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221
ghlg;ngw;w fyk;gfk; Mjypd;> ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ.,e;E}ypd; fhyk; fp.gp.
xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L fyk;gf E}y;fspy; ,JNt Kjy; E}y; vd;gh;. fyk;gfk; vd;gJ> njhz;Z}w;whW tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W.
gytifg; nghUs;fisg; gw;wpg; gytifg;
ghly;fisf; fye;J ,aw;wg;ngWk; E}y; fyk;gfk; vdg;gLk;. fyk; + gfk; = fyk;gfk;. fyk; -
gd;dpuz;L: gfk; - MW. gjpndl;L cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhy; (GatFg;G> mk;khid> fhh;>
Cry;> ,uq;fy;> kwk;> jio> jtk;> rpj;J> ghz;>iff;fpis> J}J> tz;L> Fwk;>fhyk;> khjq;fp> fpsp> rk;gpujk;) fyk;gfk; vd;Dk; ngah;te;jJ vdTk; $Wth;.
221) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:- 1) f yk ;g fk ; - - - - - - - - - - - tifr;
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W. m) njhz;Z}w;whW M) gjpndl;L ,) gj;J tpil:m
2) giz vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;
--------------- m) muR M) My; ,) %q;fpy; tpil:,
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222
ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag
;
gpuge;jk;
222) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:- Nfus khepyj;jpYs;s
jpUtQ;irf; fsj;jpy; gpwe;jth; FyNrfu Mo;thh;. ,uhkgpuhdplk; gj;jp
kpFjpahf tha;f ; fg;
ngw;w fhuzj;jhy;> ,th; FyNrfug; ngUkhs; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; gd;dpU Mo;thh;fSs; xUth;. ,th; mUspa ngUkhs;
jpUnkhop> ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy; xd;W. ,jpy;
E}w;iwe;J ghRuq;fs;cs ; sd . ,th; t lnkhop> njd;nkhop ,uz;bYk; ty;yth;.
FyNrfuh; jkpopy;ngUkhs; jpUnkhopiaAk;> tlnkhopapy; KFe;jkhiy vd;Dk; E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh; . FyNrfuh;> jpUtuq;fj;jpd; %d;whtJ kjpiyf; fl;bajhy; mjw;Ff; FyNrfud; tPjp vd;Dk; ngah; ,d;Wk; toq;fptUfpwJ. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp.9Mk; E}w;whz;L.
223) E}w;Fwpg;G:-
jkpofj;jpd; gok;ngUk; rkaq;f Ss; xd;W itztk;.itztk; jpUkhiy
KO Kjw; flTsha;f;nfhz;L Nghw;Wk; gd;dpUMo;thh;fs ghbaUspa NjdpDk; ,dpa jPe;jkpo;g; gDty; ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk;. ek; ghlg;gFjp FyNrfu Mo;thh; ghba ngUkhs; jpUnkhopapd; Kjyhapuj;jpy;
cs;sJ.
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224) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:- m) jhh; Nte;jd; Nfhy; Nehf;fp
thOk; ------------- Nghd;wpUe;NjNdFb
M) ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy;
------------- FyNrfuh; ghbajhFk;. jpUtha;nkhop
225) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njOJf:- m) ngUkhs;
jpUnkhopfspy; ------------- ghRuq;fs; cs;sd. 1.,UE}w;iwe;J 2.E}w;iwe;J 3.E}Wtpil:2
M) FyNrfuho;thh; ghly; ----------
--- njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ. 1.jpUtpaw;gh 2.Kjyhapuk; 3. nghpa jpUnkhoptpil:3
ciueil jpUtUl; gpufhr
ts;syhh;
226) rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;fg;ghij mikj;j ts;syhh; ahh;?,uhkypq;f mbfs;
227) ve;j E}w;whz;ilj;
jkpopd;kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyk; vd mwpQh; Nghw;Wth;?gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;ilj;
228) mf;fhyj;Nj Gyth; ngUkf;fshYk; r%fr; rPh;jpUj;jr; nrk;ky;fshYk;
Nghw;wg;gLk; ngUQ;
rpwg;gpidg; ngw;wth; ahh;?
ts;syhh; 229) ,uhkypq;fh; ve;j khtl;lk;>
ve;j tl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;?f lY}h; khtl;lk; rpjk;guk; tl;lj;jpy; cs;s
kUJ}hpy;
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230) ,uhkypq;fh; ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhh;?
05.10.1823 231) ,uhkypq;fh; ngw;Nwhh; ahh;?
,uhikah> rpd;dk;ik 232) ,uhkypq;fh; ngw;NwhUf;Fvj;jdhtJ
kfd;? Ie;jhtJ kfd;
233) Mya me;jzh; ,uhkypq;fiu vt;thW ghuhl;bdhh;?,iwaUs; ngw;w jpUf;Foe;ij
234) ,uhkypq;fh; je;ij vg;NghJkiwe;jhh;? ,uhkypq;fh; gpwe;j MwhtJ
jpq;fspy; 235) ,uhkypq;fUf;F Ie;J
tajpy; fy;tp
fw;g;gpj;j Mrphpah; ahh;?rghgjpaplk;
236) xd;gJ tajpNyNa ,uhkypq;fh; vjpy; jpwd; ngw;wpUe;jhh;?ghly; GidAk; jpwd;
237) jpfk;gu rhkpahh; ,uhkypq;fh; nrd;wNghJ vt;thW $wpdhh;?',Njh Xh;cj;jk kdpjh; Nghfpwhh;'
238) jUkkpF nrd;idapYs;s fe;j Nfhl;lj;J ,iwtid tzq;fp kd KUfg;ghb kfpo;e;jth; ahh;?,uhkypq;fh;
239) ,uhkypq;fh; ghlypd; njhFg;Ng?nja;t kzpkhiy
240) ,uhkypq;fh; --------------
vd;Dk; E}iyAk; jpUnthw;wpa+h;r; rptngUkhd; kPJ>
-------------- vd;Dk; E}iyAk;
ghbdhh;.tbTil khzpf;fkhiy>vOj;jwpAk; ngUkhd; khiy
221
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241) ,uhkypq;fh; ghly;fs; vt;tif ahJ? ,dpaghly;fs;> fy;yhh;f;Fk; vspjpy; nghUs; tpsq;Fk; fUj;Jepiw ghly;fs;
242) vij tpUk;gpa ts;sw; ngUkhd;.xUik tho;T> xUikauR> xUikAyfk;
243) MZk; ngz;Zk; rknkd;W ciuj;jth; ahh;?,uhkypq;fh;
244) rq;ffhyj;jpy; xU
Ky;iyf; nfhbapd; Jah; ePf;f> ve;j ts;sy; jd; NjiuNa <e;jhh;.ghhp ts;sy;
245) ghhp ts;siyg;Nghy ts;syhh; $wpaJ vd;d? 'thba gapiuf; fz;lNghnjy;yhk; thbNdd;'
246) ts;sw;ngUkhd; tlY}hpy; -----------epWtpr;rhjp> kj NtWghbd;wpg;grpj;Njhh;f;nfy;yhk; cztpl;lhh;. rj;jpa
jUkr;rhiy 247) ts;syhh; vt;thW tho
Ntz;L nkd;Wk; kd;gijf;F czh;j;jpdhh;. kdpjNeaj;Jld;
248) 'caphpuf;fNk Nghpd;g tPl;bd;
jpwTNfhy;' vd;W $wpath; ahh;?ts;syhh;
249) rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f rq;fj;jpid ve;j Chpy;epWtpdh;?tlY}hpy;
250) ,uhkypq;fh; mUspa ghly;fs;
vt;thW epiwe;jit?
mUl;fUiz
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222
251) ,uhkypq;fh; MWnjhFjpfs; nfhz;l ghly;fis
vt;thW kf;fs; Nghw;Wfpd;wd?
jpUtUl;gh 252) ghujpahh; ,uhkypq;fiu
vt;thW Nghw;wpdhh;. 'GJnewpfz;l Gyth;”
253) ts;syhh; ----------- kpf;fth;. nkhopg;gw;W
254) mUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; ve;j Mz;L ijg;g+rj; jpUehsd;W
,wthepiy va;jpdhh;?1874
255) epug;Gf:-m) ,uhkypq;fh; jkpo;nkhopNa ---- ------------ jUk; vd;W fUjpdhh;?,wthjepiy
256) chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;J
vOJf:- m)―cynfyhk; czh;e;J Xjw; fhpatd;"
vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; ---------------- nghpaGuhzk;M) ts;syhhpd; ,aw;ngah; -------- ,uhkypq;fh;
257) ts;syhhpd; gd;Kf Mw;wy;fs;:-
1. rpwe;j nrhw;nghopthsh;2. Nghjfhrphpah;3. ciuahrphpah; 4. rpj;jkUj;Jth; 5. grpg;gpzp Nghf;fpa mUshsh; 6. gjpg;ghrphpah;
7. E}yhrphpah;
8. ,johrphpah;9. ,iwad;gh; 10. Qhdhrphpah;
11. mUshrphpah;
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223
258) ts;syhh; gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs;: 1. rpd;ka jPgpif 2. xoptpnyhLf;fk; 3. njhz;l kz;ly rjfk;
259) ,aw;wpa ciueil E}y;fs;: 1. kDKiw fz;l thrfk; 2. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;
jpUtUl;gh (MW jpUKiwfs;)
mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh
;; (Jizg;ghlk;)
260) E}w;iwk;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jkpofj;jpy; gpwe;J> khngUk; khw; wq;fs; epfo;tjw;F tpj;jpl;lth; ahh;?fhj;jtuhad; vd;Dk; mNahj;jp jhrg; gz;bjh;
261) fhj;jtuhad; vd;Dk; mNahj;jp jhrg; gz;bjh;
kf;fs; vy;yhUk; vt;thW Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;Js;sdh;?
njhd;dpe;jpar; r%fr; rPh;j;jpUj; jj;jpd; je;ij
262) ,tuJ ew;fUj;Jfs; ve;j ehLfspy; gRkuj; jhzpaha;g; gjpe;Js;sd. jkpofk;>
ik#h;> Me;jpuk;> jpUtpjhq;$h;> gh;kh> kNyrpah>
M];jpNuypah>njd;dhg;gphpf;fh>,yq;if.
263) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;j efhpy;
gpwe;jhh;?nrd;id Mapuk; tpsf;fpy;
cs;s> kf;fpkh efhpy;
264) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;j Mz;L> ehs; gpwe;jhh;?1845 Mk; Mz;L Nk
jpq;fs; ,Ugjhk ehs;.
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224
265) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; je;ij ngah;.fe;jrhkp
266) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ngw;Nwhh; ,l;l ngah; vd;d? fhj;jtuhad;
267) gs;spf;Fr; nrd;W fy;tp fw;Fk; NghJ mth; gpQ;R neQ;rpy; eQ;rha; ve;j nfhLik ,wq;fpaJ?
jPz;lhikf; nfhLik 268) tP.mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; vd;gthplk; ahh; fy;tp fw;wdh;?
fhj;jtuhad; 269) fhj;jtuhad; vij gapd;whh;?
rpj;j kUj;Jtk; 270) fhj;jtuhad; gilj;j ftpijiag;
gpw;fhyj;jpy;> jhk; njhlq;fpa ve;j ,jopy; ntspapl;lhh;. xU igrhj; jkpod;
271) fhj;jtuhad; ,aw;ngaiu tpLj;J ahUila ngaiu #l;bf; nfhz;lhh;? Mrphpah;mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh;
272) fhj; jtuhad; ePyfphpkiyg; gFjpapy; thOk; Njhlh; ,dg; gphptpy;
ve;j jpUkzk;
nra;J nfhz;lhh;? fyg;G jpUkzk;
273) vj;jid Mz;Lfs; mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh;
,uq;$d; nrd;W tho;e;jhh;.
gj;J Mz;Lfs; 274) mNahj;jpjhrh; ve;j kjf; fUj;Jfis
Mo;e;J fw;wth;? ,e;Jkjk;
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225
275) Gj;jkjf; fUj;Jfis vLj;Jiuj;jth ahh;?mNahj;jpjhr h;
276) mNahj;jpjhrh; gpwe;j kfd; -----
---- ngah; #l;b kfpo;e;jhh;?gl;lhgpuhkd;> khjtuhk;> rhdfpuhkd;>,uhrhuhk;
277) mNahj;jpjhrhpAla kfSf;F vd;d ngah; #l;b kfpo;e;jhh;.
mk;gpfhNjtp vd;Wk;> khahNjtp 278) rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy;
ifNjh;e;jjhy;> mNahj;jp jhriu vt;thW miof;fg; ngw;whh;? kUj;Jth; vd;Dk; gz;bjh; vd;Wk;
279) jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;f mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;l #oypy; ve;j rig Vw;gLj;jpdhh;?gpuk;k Qhdrig
280) nrd;idapy; Kf;fpakhd Ie;J ,lq;fspy; My;fhl; (1832 - 1907) ------------- vdj;
jypj;JfSf;F
,ytrg; gs;spfis epWtpdhh;? gQ;rkh; gs;spfs;
281) xU igrhj;jkpod; vd;w ,jo; ve;j
Mz;L Kjy; nrd; id
,uhag;Ngl;ilapy; ,Ue;J
Gjd; NjhWk; ehd;F gf;fq;fSld; ntspte;jJ. 19.06.1907
282) kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpapd;gb>vs; nrbapd; tpijapypUe;J nea; fz;L gpbj;j jpUehNs
jPghtsp vd;W GjpaNjhh;tpsf;fk; je;jth; ahh;?mNahj;jpjhrh; gz;bjh;
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224
283) ve;j ehl;by; ,d;Wk; Efh;nghUs; fz;Lgpbg;Gj;
jpUehshfj;jhd;
jPghtspiaf; nfhz;lhLfpwhh;fs;? rg;ghd;
ehl;by; 284) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;j
E}iy ,Ugj;njl;Lf; fhijfs; nfhz;l ngU E}yhf vOjpdhh;? Gj;juJ
MjpNtjk; 285) Gj;juJ MjpNtjjk; rhd;whf Kjypa E}y;fisj; Jiz E}y;fshff; nfhz;lhh;? ngUq;FwtQ;rp> tPuNrhopak;> ed;D}y; tpsf;fk;> ehadhh; jphpFws;> rpj;jh;
ghly;fs;> ituhf;fpa rjfk;> kr;r Kdpth; Qhdk;.
286) mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh; ve;j nkhopfis JizAld; vOjpAs;shh;. MjpNtjj;ijg;
ghyp>
Mq;fpyk; 287) tPukhKdptiug; Nghy;
vOj;Jr; rPh;j;jpUj;jKk; nra;Js;sth; ahh;?mNahj;jpjhrg; gz;bjh;
288) ew;rhd;Nwhh; ve;j Mz;L> ve;j ehs; nghd;Dly; ePj;Jg; GfOlk;G va;jpdhh;?1914 Nk khjk; Ie;jhk; ehs;
,yf;fzk; ghtiffs;
289) gh vj;jid tifg;gLk; mit ahit? gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit: ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh>tQ;rpg;gh
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225
290) ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;?
1. <w;wb Kr;rPuha;
Vida mbfs; ehw;rPuha; tUk;.
2. ,uz;lb Kjy; gd;dpuz;L mbtiu tUk;.
291) ntz;gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? ntz;gh MW
tifg;gLk;. Fws; ntz;gh> Nehpir ntz;gh> ,d;dpir ntz;gh> g/nwhil ntz;gh> Nehpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh> ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay;ntz;gh vd;gd
292) xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,U tpfw;gj; jhDk; tUtJ (Fws; - ,uz;lb) Fws; ntz;gh
293) Kjy; ,uz;lb> xU tpfw;gkhAk;> filrp ,uz;lb xU tpfw;gkhAk;> ehd;fbfSk;
xUtpfw;gkhAk; tUtJ vJ? Nehpir ntz;gh
294) ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;
ngw;W Ie;jb Kjy;
gd;dpuz;L mbtiu ngw;WtUtJ? g/nwhil ntz;gh
295) xU tpfw;gj;jhDk; ,U tpfw;gj; jhDk; %d;wbfsha; tUtJ? Nehpirr; rpe;jpay;
ntz;gh 296) ntz;ghtpd; %d;wb
nfhz;ljha;j; jdpr; nrhy;ypd;wp xUtpfw;gj; jhDk; gy
tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUtJ? ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; ntz;gh
297) Mrphpag;ghtpd; tiffs;? mit ahit? Mrphpag;gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
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Nehpir Mrphpag;gh>,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh> epiy kz;by Mrphp ag;gh> mbkwp
kz;by Mrphpag;gh298) <w;wayb %r;rPuhAk; gpw mbfs;
ehw;rPuhAk;tUtJ? Nehpir Mrphpag;gh
299) KjybAk; filrpabAk; ehw;rPh; mbfshfTk;>
,ilapy; cs;s mbfs; ,UrPh; (Fwsb) mbfshAk; Kr;rPh; (rPe;jb)
mbfshAk; tUtJ? ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh
300) vy;yh mbfSk; ehw;rPh; mbfsha;
tUtJ. epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh
301) vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wp khw;wpg; gbj;jhYk; XirAk; nghUSk; khwhJ tUtJ? mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh
302) Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:-1) ntz;ghtpd; xir ------------- MFk;. nrg;gNyhir 2) Mrphpag;ghtpd; NtW ngah; --- ----------
MFk;. mftw;gh 3) Mrphpag;ghtpd; Xir ------------
- MFk;. mftNyhir
303) t.vz; rPh; mir tha;g;ghL
1 ,y;/yh/iu
Neh;Neh;Neh; Njkhq;fha;
2 vy;/yh/Uk; Neh;Neh;Neh; Njkhq;fha;
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3 vs;/Sth; Neh;epiu $tpsk; 4 nry;/tiu Neh;epiu $tpsk; 5 vy;/yh/UQ;
Neh;Neh;Neh;Njkhq;fha;
6 nra;/th; Neh;Neh; Njkh 7 rpwg;/G epiuNeh; epiuG
gpwg;G
nkhopj;jpwd; gapw;rp:
304) kuGr;nrhw;fs;:-
xypkuGMLfj;Jk; Me;ij myWk;
vUJ vf;fhskpLk;
fhfk; fiuAk; eha; Fiuj;jJ fpsp NgRk;
Fjpiu fidf;Fk;
Fapy; $Tk;
Fuq;F myg;Gk; $if FoWk;
rpq;fk; Koq;Fk;Nfhopnfhf;fhpf;Fk; ehp
CisapLk; Nrty; $Tk; Gyp cWKk;Gwh FDFk;
G+id rPWk;
kapy; mfTk;
ahid gpspWk;tz;L FuYk;
vypfPr;rpLk;
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305) tpid kuG:-mk;G va;jhh;
jz;zPh;
Fbj;jhd; Mil nea;jhh; ghy; gUfpdhs; ckp fUf;fpdhs; g+g; gwpj;jhs;
Xtpak; Gide;jhd;
kuk; ntl;bdhd;
$il Kile;jhh;khj;jpiu tpOq;fpdhd; Rth; vOg;gpdhd;KWf;Fj; jpd;whd;
nra;As; ,aw;wpdhd; NrhWcz;lhd;
306) vz; gpwnkhopr;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy; 1. mq;fj;jpdh; - cWg;gpdh;2. mjpfhhp - mYtyh; 3. mjpgh; - jiyth; 4. me;epah; - mayhh;
5. mgpN\fk; - ePuhl;L 6. mg+h;tk; - GJik 7. myq;fhuk; - xg;gid 8. mDkjp - ,irT 9. Mgj;J - ,lh; 10. Muhjid - topghL11. MrPh;thjk; - tho;j;J 12. ,yQ;rk; - ifa+l;L
13. ,yhgk; - tUtha; 14. cj;juT - Miz 15. cj;jpNahfk;- gzp
16. cgNahfk; - gad; 17. fpuhkk; - rpw;W}h;
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18. Fkhud; - kfd; 19. rhtp - jpwTNfhy; 20. e\;lk; - ,og;G 21. eh\;lh - rpw;Wz;b22. ghf;fp - epYit 23. f[hdh - fUt+yk; 24. tpQ;Qhdk; - mwptpay;25. [dq;fs; - kf;fs; 26. epGzh; - ty;Yeh; 27. M];gply; - kUj;Jtkid 28. B ];lhy; - NjePh;f;fil 29. g]; ];lhz;l;- NgUe;Jepiyak; 30. Ngh];l; MgP];- mQ;ryfk; 307) Fwpg;G:-
rpyp ehl;by; xURuq;fk;. mJ g+kpf;fbapy;
<uhapuk; mb Mok;cilaJ. jhkpuKk; jq;fKk; vLg;gjw;fhf ntl;lg;gl;l Ruq;fk;.
308) ,izahd jkpo;g; gonkhopfis mwpf:-1. Manners Make the
Man
xOf;fk; cah;T jUk; 2. All is well that ends
well
ey;y njhlf;fk; ey;yKbitj; jUk;. 3. Misfortunes never come
single.
gl;lfhypNy gLk;> nfl;l
FbNa nfLk;. 4. Do well what you have to do
nra;td jpUe;jr;nra;. 5. Every tide has its ebb
Vw;wk; cz;lhdhy; ,wf;fk; cz;L.
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,ay; gj;J - nra;As;
epw;f Neukpy;iy
309) rPf;fpuk; nry;Yf Neh;topapy; - vd;Dk; ghliy ,aw;wpath; ahh;? rhiy.
,se;jpiuad; 310) nrhw;nghUs;:-
m) nrj;ij - Fg;ig $sk; M) ,isg;ghWjy; -
Xa;ntLj;jy; 311) gphpj;jwpjy;:-
m) fz;zpuz;L - fz; +
,uz;L M) XhpuT - Xh; + ,uT 312) Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:-
rhiy. ,se;jpiuadpd; ngw;Nwhh; ,uhikah> md;dyl;Rkp.
,th; gpwe;j Ch; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj; jpYs;s rhiyeapdhh; gs;spthry;.
jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;j; Jiw jiytuhdhh;. cyfj;jkpo; Muha;r;rpf; fofk;> ,e;jpag; gy;fiyf;
fofj; jkpohrphpah; kd;wk;>
jpy;ypj; jkpo; vOj;jhsh;rq;fk;> cyfj; jkpo;g;gz;ghl;L ,af;fk; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhdth;rhiy.,se;jpiuad;. 1991 ,y; jkpof murpd; ghNte;jh; tpUJ ngw;whh;. jk;
tho;ehs; KOtJk; jkpopdKd;Ndw;wj;jpw; fhd
gilg;Gfis toq;fp vOr;rpa+l;bdhh;. ,th; tho;e;j fhyk; 06.09.1930 - 04.10.1998
313) E}w;Fwpg;G:-ghlg;gFjpapy; te;Js;s ftpij> 'g+j;jJ khDlk;‖ vd;Dk; ftpijj;
njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ. rhiyahpd;
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gilg;Gfshd 'Gul;rpKof;fk;‖
'ciutPr;R‖ Mfpa E}y;fs;
jkpof murpd; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd ghpRfs; ngw;Ws;sd.
ciueil gy;Jiw
Ntiytha;g;Gf s;
314) 'tpidNa Mlth;f;Faph;‖vd;gJ?
FWe;njhif
315) 'Ke;ePh; tof;fk; kf^c Nthby;iy‖
vd;gJ? njhy;fhg;gpak; 316) ngz;fs; ----------- nry;yf;
$lhnjdTk; $wp
te;jdh;. fly; fle;J
317) ehs;NjhWk; ----------- cUthfpd;wd.
GJg;GJj; Jiwfs;
318) gzptha;g;Gf;F chpa
fy;tpj; jFjpfis gythfg; gFf;fyhk; fPo;fhz;Nghk;. njhopw;fy;tp> njhopy; El;gf;fy;tp> fiy mwptpay;fy;tp> rpWnjhopy; fy;tp
319) njhopw;fy;tpj; Jiwfs; ahit? kUj;Jtk;> nghwpapay;>Ntshz;ik> rl;lk;
320) Nkdpiyf;fy;tpapy;
Njh;r ; r pngw;wth;fspd; gapw;rp? ,ilepiyahrphpah; g a p w; rp >
nrtpypah; gapw;rp> $l;LwTg; gapw;rp %yk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfisg; ngwyhk;.
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327) ve;j gzpfSf;Fk; clw;$W jFjp Ailath;fs; kl;LNk Nru,aYk;? Xl;Leh;> elj;Jeh;
328) 'tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; %yjdk;' vd;Dk; ghlypd; Mrphpah; ------
-------- jhuhghujp 329) ngUk;ghyhd gzpfSf;F
mbg;gilj; jFjp vJ? gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;G
Jizg;ghlk; - E}yfk;
330) goq;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; jkJ vz;zq; fisAk; nra;jpfisAk; ntspg;
gLj;Jtjw;Ff; ve;j
gytifg;
nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;? fw;ghiwfs;> fspkz; gyiffs;>
kug;gl;ilfs;> Njhy;fs;> Jzpfs;> gid Xiyfs;
331) gid Xiyfisg; gjg;gLj;jp -----
--------- Xiyr; Rtbfshf;fpdh;. vOjj;jf;f
332) cyf ,yf;fpaj; Jiwapy; epfo;e;j xU khngUk;Gul;rp --------------
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. fhfpjk;
333) cyfehLfs; midj;jpYk; fle;j rpy E}w;whz;Lfshf -----
---------> --- ---------- fhfpjq;fisNa gad;gLj;jj;
njhlq;fpdh;? vOjTk;> mr;rplTk; 334) gz;ilaf;fhyj;jpy;
fy;tpawpT ngw;Nwhhpd; vz;zpf;if
vt;tsthf ,Ue;jJ? FiwthfNt
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335) muz;kidfspYk; khspiffspYk; klq;FfspYk;
Nfhtpy;fspYk;
gbf;Fk; Nehf;fpd;wpg;ngUik Nrh;f;Fk; Nehf;NfhLvij mLf;fp
itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd? E}y;f s;
336) fy;tp vjid gfph;e;Jnfhs;sj; J}z;baJ?
kf;fisj; jj;jk; vz;zq;fisAk;> tpise;j mwpitAk;.
337) E}y; nghJ E}yfj;jpy; itf;fg; gl;lhy; -----------
mJ gyh;f;Fk; gad;gLk;. gad;kuk; cs;Sh;g;
gOj;jijg;Nghd;W338) ,e;jpah cs;gl
cyfehLfs; midj;jpYk; kf;fSf;fhd vd;d
jpwf;fg;gl;ld? nghJ E}yfq;fs;
339) E}yfj;jpd; gy;NtW ngah;fs;? Gj;jfr;rhiy> Vlfk;> Rtbafk;> Rtbr;rhiy> thrfrhiy> gbg;gfk;> E}y; epiyak;> gz;lhuk;.
340) E}yfk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izahf
Mq;fpy nrhy; jUf? 'iyg;uhp
' 341) ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; 'ypg;uh'
vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;Fg; vd;d
ngah;? Gj;jfk; 342) m) xU kdpjd; Mz;Lf;F 2000 gf;fq;fshtJ gbj;jhy; jhd; md;whl cyf elg;Gfis mwpe;jkdpjdhff; (Informative
Man)
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fUjg;gLthd; vd 'And]; Nfh‖ $wpAs;sJ. M) fphP]; efu muRfNs Kjd; Kjyhf kf;fSf;fhd E}y;epiyaq;fis mikj;jd. ,) ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s E}yfq; fspy; fy;fj;jh Njrpa E}yfk; Kjd;ik ahdJ. ,jpy;> gj;J ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fs; cs;sd.
343) E}yfkpy;yh CUf;F ------------
- vd;Dk; GJ nkhopAk;cz;ikia tpsk;GfpwJ
vd;gjid
mwpQh; Vw;Wf; nfhs;th;? mwpT gho;
344) ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjd;
Kiwahfj; jkpof muR jhd; ve;j Mz;L nrd;idg;
nghJ E}yfr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ?
1948 345) gs;sp vd;gJ vij
nfhz;L mwpit
tpijf;Fk; fsk;.
ghlE}y;fisf; 346) ----------- mwpit tsh;j;Jr;
nrOikg; gLj;Jk; kw;nwhUfskhFk;? E}yfNk
347) gs;spapy; khzth;fs; Xhplk;> E}yfk; Ntwplk; vd;w epiyia khw;w> ek; gs;spf; fy;tpj;Jiw ve;j tFg;giw
E}yfj;
jpl;lj;ijj;
njhlq;fpAs;sJ?
'Gj;jfg; g+q;nfhj;J”
229
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230
348) NtW rpy tbtq;fspYk; E}y;fs; cUkhw;wk;
ngw;W
E}yfg; gad;ghl;by; cs;sd? ,izaj;js E}yfk;> FWtl;Lfs;> kpd;dZ xsptl;L> Ez; RUs;
349) E}yfj;jpy; cs;s E}y;fisf; ---
------------> ------------- ghJfhj;jy; ekJ flikahFk;. fpopahkYk;> rpijTwhkYk;
350) m) ghgpNyhdpahtpy; cs;s epg;g+h; vd;w Chpy; fp.K.2000
Mz;bw;F Ke;ija Rkhh;2500 fspkz; gyiffspy; vOjg;gl;bUe;j E}y;fspd; njhFg;G fz;nlLf;fg;
gl;lJ. M) E}yfg; gad;ghl;bw;fhd tpjpfis cUthf;fpj; je;j rPh;fhop
rP.,uh.muq;fehjd; ,e;jpa
E}yfj; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg; gLfpwhh;.351) jkpofj;jpYs;s kpfg;
goikahd E}yfq;fs;.
1. ruRtjp kfhy; E}yfk;>
jQ;ir. (1820) 2. murpdh; fPo;j;jpirr; Rtb
E}yfk; nrd;id.
3. fd;dpkhuh E}yfk;> nrd;id (1869)
4. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fof E}yfk; (1907)
5. mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fof
E}yfk;.
rpjk;guk;(1929)6. lhf;lh; c.Nt.rh. E}yfk;>
nrd;id (1947)
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231
7. kiwkiy mbfshh; E}yfk;> nrd;id (1958)
8. kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fof
E}yfk; (1966) 9. cyfj; jkpo; Muha;r;rp
epWtd E}yfk;> nrd;id (1970)
10. jQ;irj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk; (1981)
,yf;fzk;
mzp
352) mzp vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F vd;d nghUs;?moF 353) xU ghliyr;nrhy;yhYk;
nghUshYk; moF ngwr; nra;tJ vJ?
mzp 354) ,ay;ghf epfOk; epfo;r;rpapd;kPJ>
ftpQh; jk; Fwpg;gpid Vw;wpf; $WtJ. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp
355) jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpia gphpj;njOJf:
jd; + Fwpg;G + Vw;wk; +mzp 356) Gfo;tJNghyg; gopg;gJk;>
gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;tJk; -------
---- mzp vdg;gLk;. tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp 357) xU nrhy; ,U nghUs;gl
mike;J tUtJ
,ul;Lw nkhopjy; 358) ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; mzpia
vt;thW toq;Fth;? rpNyil
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359) rpNyil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? rpNyil
,Utifg;gL
k; nrk;nkhopr;
rpNyil
gphpnkhopr;rpNyil360) xU nra;Aspy; xU nrhy;
gphpT glhky; epd;W> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nghUis jUtJ.
nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil 361) xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU
nghUisAk;> mJNt gphpe;J epd;W NtnwhU nghUisAk; jUkhW
mikj;Jg;ghLtJ.
gphpnkhopr;rpNyil362) nghUs;:-
m) nra; - tay;> tPL M) gyif - gy tiffs; ,) jhs; - Kaw;rp <) Ja;a - jq;f> mofhd
363) gpd;tU epiyazp
vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
mit ahit? gpd;tUepiyazp
%tifg;gLk;. mit:-
1) nrhy; gpd;tUepiyazp 2) nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp 3) nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
364) nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;jnrhy;>
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J
ntt;NtW nghUisj; jUtJ.
nrhy;gpd;tUepiy mzp 365) nra;Aspy; xNu nghUs; jUk;
gy nrhw;fs; tUtJ.
nghUs; gpd;tUepiymzp
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366) Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xNunghUisj; jUtJ.
nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzp 367) ctikiaf; $wpg; nghUisg;
ngw itg;gJ ----------- MFk;.
gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp 368) B.A.,- Bachelor of Arts -
,sq;fiy M.A.,- Master of Arts - KJfiy B.SC., - Bachelor of science -,sk; mwptpay; M.SC., - Master of science - KJ mwptpay; B.COM., - Bachelor of
commerce- ,sk; tzpftpay;
M.COM., - Master of commerce -KJ tzpftpay; B.Lit., - Bachelor of literature -
,sq;fiy ,yf;fpak;
B.Ed., - Bachelor of Education- ,sk; fy;tpapay;
M.Ed., - Master of Education -KJ fy;tpapay; Ph.D., - Doctor of philosophy -
Kidth; I.A.S.,- Indian Administrative
service - ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gzp
I.P.S. - Indian police service -
,e;jpaf; fhty;gzp
I.F.S., - Indian forest service -,e;jpa tdg;gzp I.R.S., - Indian Revenue service - ,e;jpa
tUtha;g;gzp B.E.,- Bachelor of Enginering -,sk; nghwpapay; M.E.,- Master of Enginering -KJ nghwpapay; B.Tech - Bachelor of Techology -
,sk; njhopy;
El;gtpay;
M.Tech - Master of Technology - KJ njhopy;El;gtpay;
M.Phil., - Master of Philosophy -
Ma;tpay; epiwQh;
C.A.,- Chartered Accountant -fzf;fhah;
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nkhopahf;fk;
369) ,izahd jkpo;g;
gonkhopfis vOJf:- 1. small rudders guide great ships
rpW JUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk;.
2. you must walk before run
rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gL
3. Distance lends enchantment to the view
,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir
4. Measure is a treasure
msTf;F kPwpdhy; mKjKk; eQ;R
5. Make hay while the sun shines
fhw;Ws;s NghNjJ}w;wpf;nfhs;
11 Mk; tFg;G (jkpo;;)
ciueilg; gFjp 1. fy;tpNa mopahr; nry;tk; -
kiwkiyabfs; tpsf;fk;:-
nts;sj;jhy; mopahjjha;
nte;jo yhy; Ntfhjjha; murHfshYq;ifg;gw;wg;glhjjha;f; nfhLf;f nfhLf;f Fiwahjjha;f; fs;tH
fSf;F mQ;r Ntz;LtJ ,y;yhj jha; ekJ mwptpDs;Ns ,Uj;jyhw; fy;tpg;
nghUisg; ngWtjw;F
kpfTk; Kaw;rpAilatHfsha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W fy;tpNa mopah nry;tk; vd;gjid kiwkiy mbfshh; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.
nts;sj;jhy; mopahJ nte; joyhy; NtfhJ Nte;j uhYq;
nfhs;sj;jhd; KbahJ nfhLj;jhYk;
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2. nja;tr; rpjk;guj; Njth cd; rpj;je; jpUk;gp tpl;lhw; ngha; itj;j nrhg;gdkhk; kd;dH tho;Tk; GtpA nkq;Nf nka; itj;j nry;tnkq;Nf kz;l yPfHjk; Nkil naq;Nf if itj;j ehlf rhiy naq;Nf apJ fz; kaf;Nf -
,e;jg; ghliy mUspr; nra;jtH
gl;bdj;Jg; gps;isahh;
3) fy; tpapd;
rpwg; ig
vLj;J
ciuj;jtHfs;? xsitg; gpuhl;bahh;> jpUts;StH
4) 'Nfby; tpOr; nry;tq; fy;tp nahUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ait' vd;W $wpatHahh;?
jpUts;StH 5) ―kd;dDk; khrwf; fw;ndhDQ; rPH Jhf;fpd; kd;ddpw;
fw;Nwhd;rpwg;Gilad; -
kd;dDf;Fj; jd;Nwr ky;yhw;
rpwg;gpy;iy fw;NwhHf;Fr;
nrd;wtpl nky;yhQ; rpwg;G"vd;W ghbatH ahh;? xsitg;
gpuhl;bahh;6) 'tpyf;nfhL kf;fs; midaH
,yq;F Ehy; fw;whNuh Nlid atH‖
fz;Zila nud;gH fw ;Nwhh ; Kfj;jpuz;L
Gz;ZilaH fy;yh jtH vd;W jpUtha; kyh;e;jUspath; ahh;?
jpUts;St ehadhh;
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7) Kw;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpapy;
rpwe;J tpsq;fpa
ngz;kzpfs; ahtH?
xsitahh;> g+jg; ghz;bad;
kidtp> ngUe; Njtpahh;>fhiuf; fhyk;ikaH> kq;ifah;f; furpahh;
8) ngz;fs; fy;tpapy; r pwe ;J tpsq;fpAs;shh;fs; vd;gJ ahh;
$w;W %yk; njhpa te;Js;sJ? fk;gH
9) ngUj;j lq;fl; gpiwWjyhh;f; nfyhk; nghUe;J
nry;tKq; fy;tpAk; g+j;jyhy; tUe;jp
te;jtHf; fPjYk; itfYk; tpUe;J kd;wp tpistd
ahitNa vd;W $wpath;?fk;gH
10) mopah nry;tk; vJ ------------- fy;tp
11) mopahr; nry;tkhfpa fy;tpia ehk; vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ KiwahFk; vd;gij vjd; %yk;
mwpayhk;.“fw;wwpthh; fz;lJ mlf;fk; mlq;fhjhh; nghr;rhe;Je; jk;ik
Gfo;e;Jiug; ghh;"
2. tPur;Rit:-e.K.Ntq;flrhkp
ehl;lhh; 12) Rit vd;Dk; jkpo;r;
nrhy;Yk;> - ----------- vd;Dk; tlnrhy;Yk; xNu nghUs; cilad. u]k;
13) ehtpdhy; czug;gLk; Rit vj;jid tifg;gLk;? MWtifg;gLk;
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14) nrtpahy; Efug;gLgit vit? Fz> myq;fhuq;fshfpa nrhw;Ritfs;
15) nghUl; Rit vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
xd;gJ tifg;gLk;
16) vJ mg;nghONj mfd;W tpLk;? ehthw; Ritj;J cz;lit
17) vg;nghOJ epiyngw;W ,d;gk;
gag;gJ vJ?
nrtpahw; Ritj;jJ
18) xd;gJ tifahd nghUl;Ritia $W:eif> mtyk;> ,opg;G>tpag;G> mr;rk;> tPuk;> ntFsp> ctif> rkdpiy vd;gd
19) tpopahYk;> RitahYk; Efug; gLitfs; vit? nghUl; Ritfs;
20) xd;gJ RitAs; rkdpiyahtJ vJ? rhe;jk
; 21) rhe;jk; vd;gJ ahJ? Ik;nghwpAk; mlq;fg; ngw;Wg;gpwH itapDk;> tho;j;jpDk; thshw; NghopYk;> jhspy; tzq;fpDk;> kde;jhpahJ mtw;iwr; rkkhff; nfhz;L epw;Fk; epiyikNa rhe;jk;
vdg;gLk;. 22) Rit vd;gJ --------- vd;W $wg;gLk;.
nka;ghL
23) njhy;fhg;gpaH --------- vd;gjid ngUkpjk; vd;DQ; nrhy;yhw; Fwpf;fpd;wdh;?tPuk;
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24) ve;j nrhy;yhy; tPuk; Fwpf;fg;
gLfpwJ?ahtnuhLk; xg;g epy;yhJ Nkk;gl;L epw;wypd; ngUkpjk; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy; tPuk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
25) ngUkpjk; gpwf;Fk; ehd;F nray;fs;
ahit? fy;tp> jWfz;> ,ir> nfhil
26) nfhil tPuj;ijAk;>gil tPuj;ij
Ak; vLj;J fhl;Lk; ghl;L nky;y te;njd; ey;yb nghUe;jp<nad ,uf;Ft uhapd;>
rPUil KuRnfO jhaj;J muNrh jQ;rk; ,d;Dap uhapDk;nfhLf;Fntd;. vd;W eyq;fps;sp vd;w Nrhokd;dd; giftUld; N g h h ; njhlq;F Kd; $Wjy;.
27) ghhpapd; MUapH ez;gH ahh;?fgpyH 28) gwk;ehLvj;jidCHfis cilaJ?
Ke;EhW CHfis cilaJ
29) Ke;EhW CHfisAk; ahh;ngw;wdh;?
ghprpyH
ngw;Wtpl;ldH
30) cyfj;J NtW
vk;nkhopapYk;fhzg;glhjJ vJ?
nghUspyf;fzk; 31) nghUspyf;fzk;vj;jid gphpTfiscilaJ? ,U gphpTfiscilaJ. 1. mfg; nghUs;> 2. Gwg; nghUs;
32) mt;tpU tif ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq; fshYk;
czHj;jg;gLtd ahit? mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;Dk;
cWjpg; nghUs;fSf;F VJthfpa fhjnyhOf;fk;> tPunthOf;f
k;
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39) fhsj;jp Ntld; ahh;?fz;zg;gd;
40) fq;if Ntld; ahh;?Ffd;
41) Njthuj;jpYk;> jpUthrfj;jpYk; ahUila ngUik Ngrg;gLfpwJ?fz;zg;gd;
42) irt rkaj;ijepiy epWj;jpa ehy;tUf;Fk; Ke;jpatd; ahh;?fz;zg;gd;
43) fhsj;jp ehjid tzq;fpatH? jpUQhd rk;ge;jH
44) ve;j Ntlid fUthff; nfhz;L fq;if Ntldhfpa Ffid fk;gH tbj;Js;shh;? fhsj;jp Ntlid
45) Nfhriy ehl;L ,sturd; ahh;?
,uhkd;
46) tlnkhop fhtpaj;jpy; ,uhkid fhz Ffd; tUtJ
vt;thW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ? XH murd; kw;Nwhh; murid
fhz tUfpd;w jd;ikapy; 47) fk;gH Ffid vt;thW mikj;jpUf;
fpwhh;?
Mz;ltidf; fhzr;
nry;Yk; mbatdhf Ffd; Nfhyj;ijj; jpUj;jp mikj;Js;shh;.
Njth epd;foy; Nrtpf;f te;jndd; ehtha; Ntl;Ltd; ehabNad;
48) Ffd; vLj;J nrd;w nghUs;?NjDk;> kPDk;
49) ,iwtdplk; gad; fUjh gf;jp g+z;ltHfs;? Ffd; kw;Wk;fz;zg;gd;
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50) fq;if fiuapNy ,uhkid NrHe;jtd; ahh;?Ffd; 51) fp\;fpe;ijapy; ,uhkid
NrHe;jtd;
ahh;?Rf;hPtd;
52) ,yq;ifapy; ,uhkid NrHe;jtd;
ahh;?tpgP\zd;
53) ifk;khW fUjhj md;gpd;ePHikia ed;F tpsf;fpf; fhl;batd; ahh;? Ffd;
54) tpgP\zd; ,uhkid mile;J
vijg; ngw;whh;? ,yq;ifauirg; ngw;whh;
55) Rf;hPtd; ,uhkid mile;J vijg;
ngw;whh;?
fp\;fpe;ij 56) rPijf;fhf fhl;by;
,uhtzDld; Nghh; Ghpe;jfOfpd; Nte;jd; ahh;? rlhA
57) ― jd;DapH Gfo;f;F tpw;wrlhA" vd;W nrhy;ypa nrhy;ypd; nry;td; ahh;?mDkhd;
58) gujid vjpHj;J Nghhpl;ltd; ahh;?
Ffd; 59) Ffidg; NghyTk;> rlhA
NghyTk; ,uhkDf;fhf caph; Jwf;fTk; ,aytpy;iy vd tUe;jpatd;?
Rf;hPtd;
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60) md;gHfSf;F fyq;fiu tpsf;fkhf mike;jtHfs; ahh;?
fhsj;jp NtlDk; fq;if NtlDk; 61) y - s- o xyp NtWghL
myF - gwitapd; %f;F msF -
ngz; kapy; moF - ftpd;> tdg;G> vopy;miy - fly;
miy mis - Gw;W mio - $g;gpL,iy - kuk;> nrb>nfhbfspd;
,iy ,is - (cly;) ,isj;jy; ,io - Ehy; fiy - ftpd; fiyfs;
fis - ePf;F> gapHfis fio -
%q;fpy; jiy - xh;
cWg;G jis -
tpyq;F jio -
jioj;jy;
typ - typik> typj;jy; tsp - fhw;Wtop - ghij
4. Fbkf;fs;fhg;gpak; -nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp
Re;judhh;
62) Kb kf;fs; fijfs;
ahit? tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; fij
kjdfhkuhrd; fij
jpUtpisahly;fs; esd; fij
mhpre;jpud;fijJhpNahjdd; fij ,uhkH fij
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63) tlnkhopapd; 'Mjp fhtpak;' vd;W Gfog; ngWtJ? thd;kPfpapd; ,uhkhazNk
64) fpNuf;fHfs; goq;fhg;gpak; vd ghuhl;LtJ? N`hkH ghba , ypa l ; vd;gijahFk;
65) nkdy]; vd;w murh;ngUkhdpd; mofpa kidtpapd; ngah? n`yd;
66) n`yid rpiw vLj;jtd; ahh;?
ghhp]; vd;w ,ypa ehl;L ,sturd; 67) ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy;
goq;fhg;gpak; vJ? tH[py; vd;w ghthzh; ghba <dpl;
68) <dpl; ahUila tuyhw;wpid $WfpwJ?
<dpa]; vd;w murH ngUkhdpd; tuyhw;wpid
69) jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy;Kjy; Kjyhf fhg;gpak; vdr; rpwg;Gwj; Njhd;wpaJ vJ? rpyg;gjpfhuk;
70) Fbkf;fs; fijahf tpsq;FtJ
vJ? rpyg;gjpfhuk; Nfhtyd; Fbkf;fSs; xUtd; khjtp - guj;ijahpy; xUj;jp ,tHfSila rpf;fy; tho;f;ifNa rpyg;gjpfhur;
rpj;jpuk; 71) Fbkf;fs; tuyhNw Mjp
fhg;gpakhf ve;j ehl;by; mike;J tpsq;FfpwJ? jkpo;
ehl;by; 72) rq;f fhyNk ------------ fhyk;
MFk;.
Gul;rp
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73) Nfhtyd; fz;zfpapd; fhjy;
tho;it fhl;LtJ? Gfhh; fhz;lk;
74) fztid ,oe;j fz;zfpNa mtyr; Ritapd; Moj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ? kJiuf;
fhz;lk; 75) fz;zfpf;fhf vLj;j
fy;ypid tlmurH jiy kPJ Vw;wp te;j
nrq;Fl;LtdJ tPuj;ij ghLtJ? tQ;rp fhz;lk; 76) u - w- xyp NtWghL
mhp - jpUkhy;> rpq;fk;> fha;fis mhp mwp - mwpe;J nfhs; myhp - myhpg;g+ mywp - mOJ ,uj;jy; - gpr;irnaLj;jy;
,wj;jy; - rhjy; cuT - typik cwT - Rw;wk; ciu - nrhy; ciw - jiyaiz ciw
vhp - jP vwp - tPR
fhp - ahid fwp - fha;fwp> kpsF
Fuq;F - thduk;
Fwq;F - njhil $iu - tPl;Lf; $iu $iw - JzprPhpa - rpwe;j rPwpa
- rpde;j
guit - fly; gwit - gwg;githfpa caphpdk;kiu - khd;> jhkiu kiw - Ntjk;
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77) fz;zfpf;fhf gj;jpdp Nfhl;ltd;
vLj;jtd; ahh;?fathF kd;dd;
78) Kbkf ; fs ; tho;tpy; fhZk; rpwg;Gf;fs; vy;yhk; Fbkf;fs; tho;tpy; fz;lhy; ----------- ,dpf;Fk;. fhg;gpak;
79) rpyg;gjpfhuk; ------------
fhg;gpak; MFk;. Kj;jkpo;
5. Xa;T - NguwpQH mz;zh
80) ahUf;F Xa;T Neuk; Ntz;Lk;? ghLgLgtDf;F Xa;T
Neuk;Ntz;Lk;
81) NtiyNa ,y;iy> ehnsy;yhk; thshtpUf;fpwhd;? Xa;T my;y mJ nfhLik
82) Ntiy ,Uf;fpwJ - Ntiy nra;ahky;
thshtpUf;fpwhd; mjw;F ----------- vd;W ngah;.Nrhk;gy;
83) Ntiy ,Uf;fpwJ - Ntiy nra;j mYg;gpdhy; Ntiy N e u k ; Kbe;jJk; fl;il Nghy fPNo tpOfpwhd;
Jhq;fp tpLfpwhd;mjw;Fg; ngaH - Nrhh;T
84) xU NtiyAk; nra;a Ntz;ba
epiyapy; ,y;iy vg;NghJk;
Rk;kh
,Uf;fpwhd;. mjw;Fg; ngaH?xa;ahuk;
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85) Nuhk; ehl;ltH Xa;T
Neuj;ij vt;thW nrytpl;ldH?
kw;Nghh;> thl;Nghh;>kpUfq;fSld; Nghhpl;L mitfis nty;tJ Mfpatw;iw Xa;thf fUjpdh;
86) fpNuf;fHfs; Xa;T Neuj;ij vt;thW
nrytpl;ldH? fhg;gpak; vd;w juk; ngw;wGjpa ehlfq;fis fhz;gJ
87) ];ngapd; ehl;lthpd; Xa;T Neuk;?
Kul;Lf; fhisAld; NghhpLtJ
88) goe;jkpoH jkJ Xa;T Neuj;ij vt;thW nrytpl;ldH?
VWjOTjy;> kw;Nghh;89) ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;lthpd; Xa;T
Neuk; vt;thW nrytplg;gl;lJ? Nfhopr; rz;il> fubr; rz;il
90) vOr;rp juj;jf;f nghOJ
Nghf;fhff vij nfhz;Ls;sJ mnkhpf;fh? Fj;Jr;
rz; i l f ; fhf ngUk; gzk; nrytplg;gl;L tUfpwJ
91) mz;zh xU rPhparpe;jidahsH vd;gj id
ve; j f l;Liu njspTg;gLj;JfpwJ?
Xa;T
6. rkaq;fspd; nghJ ePjp -Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh;
92) rkak; vd;gJ ahJ? kdpj cs;sq;fis ,d;g md;gpd; tpis epykhfj; jFjpg;gLj;jpg;
gf;Ftg;gLj;Jk; jj;Jtj;jpw;F tho;f;if Kiwf;F rkak; vd;W ngah;
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93) kdpj tho;f;ifia
gf;Ftg; gLj;JtJ
vjdpd; Nehf;fk;? rkaj;jpd;
Nehf;fk; 94) rka epajp kw;Wk; ePjp vJ?
xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd; 95) ghrg; gopKjy; gwpg;ghh; Nghyvd;W
$wpatH?Nrf;fpohh;
96) Jd;g Neha;f;FkUe;jhf miktJ?
md;G
97) md;G tpijia tpijg; Ngdhf vd;Wk; kf;fs; vd;dplk; md;Gn r Y j ; J t j w ; F Kd; ehd; mth;fsplk; md;Gfhl;LNtd; vd;W nrhd;dtH ahh;?mh;r; /gpuhd;]p]; vd;w nghpahh;
98) KfkJ rhNfgpd; mUs; thf;F vJ? “gpwH md;G ghuhl;lhkYk; gpwH md;Gf;F
ghj;jpukhfhkYk
; ,Ug;gtdplk; ew;Fzq;fs; ,uh"
99) Gdpj FH - Mdpd; cgNjrk; ahJ? khe;jH Fyk; xd;Nw vd;gJk; mtHfs; midtUk; xU Fykhf thof;
flikgl;bUf;fpd;wd
H vd;gNj GdpjFH - Mdpd; cgNjrk;
100) rPd Njrj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Qhdp
ahh;?fd;g+\Pa];
101) cdf;Fg; gpbf;fhj xd;iw
eP gpwUf;Fg;gpbf;Fnkd;W epide;J
nra;ahNj vd;W $wpatH ahh;?fd;g+\Pa];
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102) ,tH tw;GWj;jpa ew;Fzq;fs;
vj;jid? Ie;J
103) Rd;[P vd;gJ vj;jidahtJ
ew;Fzk;? Ie;jhtJ
104) rpj;jhh;j;jiug; Gj;juhf;fpaJ vJ?
md;Gjhd; 105) ,e;J Ntjq;fSs; kpfTk; goikahd
Ntjk;? Hpf; Ntjk;
106) jkpo; kiw je;jth; ---------- jpU%yH
107) jpUke;jpuk; tFj;J ciuf;Fk;
nra;jpfs;
rka tho;f;if epajpfs; xOf;fq;fs;
108) jpU%yH vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lk; rka
topg;gl;l flikfs; vj;jid? ehd;F
109) irt cyfj;jpd; nrQ;QhapW? mg;gubfs;
110) e> z> -d xyp NtWghLmzy; - jhbmdy; - neUg;GMzp - ,Uk;ghy; Md Mzp Mdp - jkpo; khjk; Cz; -
czT Cd; - ,iwr;rp fzk; -
$l;lk; fdk; - ghuk; Ngz; - fhg;ghw;WNgd; - jiyapy; thOk; Ngd;
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kzk; - eWkzk; kdk; - cs;sk; kiz - cl;fhUk; gyif kid - tPL khd; - Gs;spkhd; Ke;ehs; - %d;W ehs;
Kd;dhs; - Ke;ija ehs; NjePH - Njapiy ePh;NjdPH - Njd; Nghy ,dpa ePH jpiz - xOf;fk;> epyk; jpid - jhdpatif
fid - Fjpiu fidf;fpwJ fiz - mk;G111) kuk; - kwk;
kdpjHf;F chpaJ kwk; (tPuk;) md;Nwy; mtH kuk;!
112) Cd; - Cz; Cz; - caphpfspd; czT
Cd; - caphpfspd; cly; gFjp 113) fy; - kiyapy; ,Ug;gJ fy;
fs; - gidapy; ,Ug;gJ fs; 114) guit - gue;J ,Ug;gjhy; fliyg;
guit vd;wdH.gwit - gwe;J tUtjhy; Gs;
,dj;ijg; gwit vd;wdH 115) ,uj;jy; - ,wj;jy;
gz;ila GyNthh; ,uj;jypDk; ,wj;jy; (capH tpLjy;) ed;nwd tho;e;jdH.
116) ghp - gwp mf;fhyf; fs;tHfs; ghp
(Fjpiu apy;) te;J (topg;gwp) gwpj;jy; nra;jdh;.
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117) fhp - fwpfhp mLg;gpy; fwprikg;NghUk; cz;L
118) mhp - jpUkhy; mwp - epid
119) gdp - gdpf;fhyk; gzp - Ntiy
120) fsp - fyp esidg; gpbj ; jpUe; j fyp ePq;fpaJ
(rdp)esDk; fspg;gile;jhd; (kfpo;T)
121) tpiy - tpiy Fiwe;jJ tpis - tpisr;ry; kpFe;jJ
122) xyp - nrtpahy; Nfl;gJ xsp - fz;zhy; ghh;g;gJ
123) tpsp - miog;G tpop - fz;tpop
124) xU - xU &gha; xWg;G -
jz;lid 125) kdk; - kzk;
kyhpd; kzj;jpy;
kdj;ijg; gwpnfhLj;Njd;
7.fy;ntl;Lfs; - jp.ig.rjhrptg; gz;lhuj;jhh;
126) rpw;Wsp nfhz;L
fy;jr;rHfshy;
nghwpf ; fg ;g l ; lJ
vt ; thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
fy;ntl;Lfs; vdTk; rpyhrh rdq;fs; vdTk; miof;fg; gLfpwJ.
127) fy;ntl;Lfs; ek; jha; nkhopahfpa jkpopy; vOjg; ngw;witfNs vd;gij mwpTWj;jpatHfs; ahh;? Nky; ehl;L NguwpQHfs;
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uhgHl; rpnty;> lhf;lH fPy`hh;d;> lhf;lH gHdy;>lhf;lH g+yH> lhf;lH \Py;l;\;
128) eLfy; tpoh gw;wp $Wk; Ehy;?GwehD}W
129) eLfy;ypd; Nky; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy;
,we;j tPudpd; ngaUk; ngUikAk; tiuag;gLk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij Fwpf;Fk; Ehy;fs; ahit?
mfehD}W> GwehD}W>kiyg; gLflhk;
130) ,we;j tPuHfspd; eLfw;fspd; Nky; nghwpf;fg;gl;l
mtHfSila ngaUk; gPLNk ek; ehl;by;Kjypy; Njhd;wpa -----------
MFk;.
jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfs; 131) filr; rq;fj;jpYk; eLfy; tof;fk;
,Ue;jij tpsf;Fk; Ehy;? jpUth&H Kk;kzpf; Nfhit
132) Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh ;
,aw;wpaJ? jpUth&H Kk;kzpf; Nfhit 'gl;Nlhh; ngaUk; Mw;wYk; vOjp el;;lfy;Yk; %JhH ej;jKk;'
133) mf;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfs; ,f;fhyj;jpy
vq;F fhzg;gLfpwJ?
nrQ;rpf;fLj;j jpUehjHFd;wpYk;> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Miz kiyapYk;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spFd;wpYk;
134) fp.gp.Vohk; Ehw;whz;L
Kjy; xd;gjhk;
Ehw;whz;L tiu jkpo;ehl;bd; Ml;rp Ghpe;jtHfs;
ahh;;? gy;ytH
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135) ahh; Kjypy; fUq;fw; Nfhapy;fs;
mikj;jdH? gy;yt murHfs;
136) nka;f;fPHj;jp mikj;J Ml;rpahz;L tUk; Kiw ahuhy;mwpKfg;gLj;jg; gl;lJ? Kjy; ,uhruhr Nrhodhy; fp.gp.893 Mk; Mz;L
137) nka;f;fPHj;jpfNshL mike;j fy;ntl;Lfs;
vy;yhk;ve;j Muha;r;rpf;F rpwe;jMjuq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd? tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpf;F
138) fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; kq;fy thh;j;ij? ];t];jp =
8. jkpof kfspH -m.fhkhl;rp
Fkhurhkp 139) kidf;F tpsf;fhf
tpsq;Fgts; ------------ ngz;
140) tPl;L tho;f;ifapYk; ehl;L
tho;f; ifapYk; rpwe;Jtpsq;fpatHfs;? xsitahh;> Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp> g+jg;ghz;bad; kidtp> fz;zfp> kzpNkfiy
141) jkpof kfspH jk; fztd;khUf;Fg; ngUik Njbje;jijAk;> tPl;bYk;
ehl;bYk; GfOld; nghypAk;kfspH jkf;F kidtpauha; tha;g;gjNa ngUk; Ngwhf
fUjpdH MltH vd;W $Wk; Ehy; vJ? FWe;njhif
ghly; (14)
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142) JwTf;Fk; njhz;Lf;Fk; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsq;FtJ ahh;? kzpNkfiy
143) cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj; NjhNu vd;W czTf; nfhil Ghpe;jtH?kzpNkfiy
144) je;ij nfhLj;jDg;gpa nfhOQ; Nrhw;iwAk; nfhs;s tpUk;ghJ> jw;nfhz;lhd;
tsj;jpw;Nfw;g>
ehSf;F xU Ntis czNt
cz;Zk; epiyia ve;jg;ghly; fhl;LfpwJ? ew;wpiz 10
145) ehLtpl;L ehL nrd;W eak;glj;
JhJiuj;jtH xsitahh;
146) tPl;bYk;
khiyapy; ky;ypif
kyh;e;jJk; tpsf;fpidNa
ney;Yk; kyUe;Jhtptopg;gl;ldH ngz;fs;
vd;gjid ve;j Ehy; $WfpwJ? neLey;thil
147) rq;f fhyj;jpy;
Fbirf; ifj; njhopy;fs; vdg; nghpJk; Ngrg;gLk; Ehy;
Ehw;G> Xiy Ntiy Kjypad eilngw;wd
vd;gij tpsf;Fk; nrhw;nwhlHfs; ahJ? gUj;jpg; ngz;bh;> ,Uk; gdq;Fil
vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhlHfs;
148) khj tpapd; Mly; ghly ; jpwikfis $Wk; ghl;L?
mfehDhw;W ghly;
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149) tpUe;Njhk;gypd; ngUe;jd;ikia tpsf;FgtH ahh;?
xy;fhg; Gfo; njhy;fhg;gpah; 150) mf;fhyj;jpy; tpUe;J vd;w
nrhy; ------- vdg; nghUs; gl;lJ. GJik
12 Mk; tFg;G
ciueilg;gFjp:- 1. caHjdpr; nrk;nkhop
ghpjpkhw; fiyQHtp.Nfh.#hpaehuhaz
rhj;jphpahh;
1) jkpo; n k h o p vj;jid g p h p T fSilaJ? ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd
%d;W gphpTfisAilaJ
2) ,aw;wkpnod;gJ ahJ? nghJikapd; ,Utif tof;fpDk; ,aq;Ffpd;w trdKQ; nra;AS khFk
; 3) ,irj; jkpnod;gJ ahJ? gz;nzhL fye;Je; jhsj;njhL $baJ> ,jd;fz;> fPHj;jdq; fSk; thpg;ghl;LfSk;> rpe;J>Mde;jf;fspg;G> Fk;kp>
njk;ghq;F Kjypait
mlq;Fk; 4) vitnay;yhk; ,ir
jkpohFk;? ,ir EZf;fk;> jhs tifNahj;J ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaNjthuk; ,f;fhyj;J ntspg;gl;LyTfpd;w fe;j Guhzf; fPHj;jid> nghpaGuhz fPHj;jid> rq;fPj re;jphpif
5) ehlfj; jkpOf;F Kd;NdhLahf
mike;jJ? ,irj;
jkpo;
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6) ehlfj; jkpOf;F rpwg;G tpsf;fk;
je;jJ vJ? ,irj;jkp
o; 7) ehlfj; jkpOf;F ,d;wpaikahJ
vJ? ,irj;
jkpo; 8) ehlfj; jkpo; ahUf;fhf tFf;fg;
gl;lJ? ifapy; EhnyLj;Jg; gbj;jw; Fhpa mtfhrkpy;yhj Ntiyf;
fhuHfSf;Fk; gbf;fj; njhpahj th;fSf;Fk; ey;ywpT Gfl;Lk; Nehf;NfhL
GFj;jg;gl;lJ. 9) cyfj;jpd; ,ay;gpid cs;sij As;sthNw Gide;J fhl;LtJ vJ? ehlfj; jkpo;
10) rh];jpuf; fy;tpAilahh;f;Fg; ------
,d;wpaikahN j ghi\awpTk;
11) jkpopd; topnkhopfs; vJ?njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> JS
12) cz;zhl;L nkhopfs; ahit?
njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> JS
13) jdpnkhop vd;gJ ahJ?
jhd; toq;Fk; ehl;bw; gapYk; kw;iwa nkhopfspd; cjtpapd;wp jdpj;J ,aq;Fty;yNj jdpnkhopvdg;gLk;
14) njd;dhl;LaH jdpr; nrk;nkhopvJ?
jkpo;
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15) jpirr; nrhw;fs; rhh;e;j nkhopfs;
1. Fy;yh - ghh;]p2. hpf;\h - [g;ghdp 3. g[hh; - ghh;]p4. mykhhp - Nghh;r;RfPrpak;5. vf;fr;rf;fk; - njYq;F 6. egh; - mugp 7. Ngdh - Nghh;RfPrpak;8. ,dhk; - cUJ 9. &gha; - ,e;J];jhdp
10. [h];jp - cUJ 11. Jl;L - lr;R 12. gPNuh - gpnuQ;R13. fLjhrp - Nghh;r;RfPrpak;
16) kuGr; nrhw;fis mwpf:gyhg;gpQ;R - gyh%Rthiog;gpQ;R - thiof;fr;ry;
KUq;ifgpQ;R - KUq;ifr;ruL mtiug;gpQ;R - mtiug; nghl;L khk;gpQ;R - khtL ,se;Njq;fha; - tOf;if Kw;wpa Njq;fha; - new;W
2. rkurk; - jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh
;
17) kdpjid vJ rkur Qhdpahf;F tjpy;iy? mOf;fhW> mth> ntFsp Kjypad
18) mOf;fhW vd ftpQH Fwpg;gpLtJ
vJ?
ehL> nkhop> rkanewp> rhjp
19) ehL vd;Dk; gw; why ; vij ,of;fpd;wdH? rkurk; (kw;w ehLfis
jhf;F tjd; %yk;)
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20) rkurf; Nfhapiy tlYhhpy; mikj;jtH? ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; 21) mUl; ngUQ; Nrhjpia
mUspr;
nra;jtH? ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs;
22) vJ cs;stiu rkurk; Qhdk; ngw
KbahJ? Ntw;Wik czHT cs;stiu
23) epWj;jw; Fwpfs;:- 1. fhy; Gs;sp (>) 2. miug; Gs;sp (;)3. Kf;fhy; Gs;sp (:)4. Kw;Wg; Gs;sp (.)5. Kg;Gs;sp (…)6. Nfs;tpf; Fwp (?) 7. czr;rp Fwp (!)8. ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs;Fwp (― ‖)9. xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (‗ ‘)10. jdp Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp (‗)11. Nkw;gb Fwp (―)12. gpiw milg;G ( )13. rJu milg;G [ ]
14. ,izg;Gf; NfhL (-)15. rha; NfhL (/)16. mbf;NfhL (-)
17. cLf;Fwp (*)3.ftpij NguhrphpaH v];.itahGhpg; gps;is
24) trdj; jpw;Fk;> ftpijf;Fk
; ,yf;fzk; tFj;jtH? Nfhyhpl;[;
25) ―nrhw;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy;
itg;gJ‖ vJ? trdk;
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26) rpwe;j nrhw;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy;
itg;gJ vJ? ftpij
27) ftpij iag; gw;wp Nthh;l;];
nthh;j;jpd; fUj;J? Mw;wy; e p u k ; g p a nrhw;fs;
jhkhfg; nghq;fp toptJ
ftpij 28) fPl;]; vd;w ftpQH ftpijia gw;wp
$WtJ? fhy;tha; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; nga;j xspkioNa ftpij
vd;wdH 29) [hd; u];fpd; ftpijia gw;wp
$WtJ? rPhpa czh;r;rpf;Fhpa fhuzq; f i sg ; ghtdh r f ; jpahy ; Fwpg;gLtJ ftpijahFk;
30) Ehjd Mq;fpyNgufuhjpftpijia gw;wp vd;d $WfpwJ?nra;As; newpapy;
,aw;wg;gLtNj ftpij vd;W $WfpwJ
31) ftpijapd; KjyhtJ ,ay;G vJ?
KjyhtJ ,ay;G nra;As; tbtpy; mike;jpUj;jy;
32) ftpijapd; ,uz;lhtJ ,ay;G
vJ? cyf cz;ikia fhl;bYk; ghtdh rf;jpapd; ,ay;GfisNa Nkw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
33) ,uhgHl; gl;ld; vd;gtH $WtJ
ahJ? vy;yhf; ftpQHfSk; igj;jpaf; fhuh;fNs
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4. kf;fs; tho;f;if
34) mf;fhy kf;fspd; ey;ypay;G fshfTk; rpwe;j
nfhs;iffshTk; tpsq;fpatd ahit? ,dpikahf NgRjy;> eLT epiyikahf ,Uj;jy;> ,ad;w tiug; gpwHf;FcjTjy;> gpwH nra;j cjtpia vf;fhuzq;
nfhz;Lk; vd;Wk;
kwthjpUj;jy; 35) mf;fhy kf;fspd; njhopy;
tiffs;? coT> thzpfk;> nerT
36) mf;fhy kf;fspd; xw;Wikapy;
jPh;khd nfhs;if vJ? “ahJk; CNu ahtUq; NfspH"
37) jk;NkhL gofpatHfs; jkf;F eQ;R Cl ;bDk;
mjid kwhty; cz;ghh;? mij ve;j Ehy; tpsf;FfpwJ? ew;wpiz “Ke;i j ,Ue;J e l ;N lhh ; nfhLg;gpd; eQ;Rk;
cz;gH edpeh fhpRH" 38) capH Neak; vd;gJ ,y;yhj
tiu vd;W nrhy;tjw;F topapy;iy? ehfhpfH
39) fw;wtHfs; ve;j Ntw;WikAq; fUjhky;
kjpf;fg;gl;L
te;jdH vd;gij $Wk; Ehy;?GwehDhW
40) mf;fhy kf;fs; ----------- ia ,opthf fUjpdH. ,uj;jy;
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41) ve;j Ehypd; %yk; mf;fhy kf;fs; gpwH nghUis tpUk;GtJ ,y;iy vd;gij
czuyhk;? FWe;njhif
42) cyfk; ehlhfthtJ ,Uf;fl;Lk;: fhlhfthtJ
,Uf;fl;Lk;
vq;Nf
ey;ytHfspUf;fpd;whh;fNsh
mq;Nf mJTk; ey;yjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;w fUj;J ,Uf;Fk; ghly; vJ?
GwehDhW ehlh nfhd;Nwh fhlh nfhd;Nwh mtyh nfhd;Nwhkpirah nfhd;Nwhvt;top ey;yt
uhlyH mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd
43) xw;iwg; gpiwf;NfhL tUk; ,lq;fs;:- 1. nkhop ngaHg;G:
njhiyf;fhl;rp (Television)vd;gJ ,e;ehspy; Clfq;fspy; (Media)Kjd;ik ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ
2. nghUs; $wy;: epiynkhop (mjhtJ Kjypy; epw;fpd;wnkhop)
3. nrhy;tU tpUj;jy;:- kyub (jhkiu) kyH Nghd;wghjk;
44) ,ul;ilg; gpiwf; NfhL tUk;
,lq;fs;:-
1. gythpfSf;Fg; nghJthd nra;jp fz;zdJ fU epwk; fz ;zdJ moF - Mwhk;Ntw;Wikj;
jw;fpoik 2. fhy,lf; Fwpg;G:
,lk;: jQ;rht+H ehs;: 10.02.2004 gfu milg;G tUkplk; thpf;F kpQ;rpagFjp
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xUikAld; epdJ jpUkyub epidf;fpd;w cj;jkH jk;
cwT Ntz;Lk; NgR vd;gJ Vty; tpidKw;W NgRf vd;gJ tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W.
Mq;fpyj;jpy; mUs; $He;J> jaT nra;J NgRf vd;Dk; nghUspy; tUk; Please speak vd;W nrhy;tijg; NgRf vd;W $wpdhw; NghJk; mNj
nghUisj; jUk;
Please speak - NgRfPlease bring - nfhzh;f Please type - jl;lr;R nra;f
45) jkpopirapy; ,Ue;j ehd;F ,ir
Kiwfs; ahit? Maghiy> tl;lghiy> jphpNfhzghiy> rJu ghiy 46) Vl;L Rtbfspy; ---------
nra;jpfs; nghjpe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? rpj;j kUj;Jtk;
5.MTe; jkpoUk;
47) nkhop QhapW vd;W miof;fg;
gl;ltH ahh;?NjtNeag; ghthzH
48) jkpo; ehl;by; jiy rpwg;ghf Nghw;wg;gl;lJ vJ?
'M”
49) kf;fs; ehfhpfj;Jf;F chpa ehd;F
epiyfs; ahit?
FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> efuk;
50) ve;j epiyAilatUf;Nf 'M‖
njhlHG ,Ue;jpUf;f $Lk;?FwpQ;rp epiy
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51) 'M‖ thdJ Kjd; Kjypy; ahh; epyj;jpw;Nf chpa tpyq;F?FwpQ;rp
52) Ml;ilAk; khl;ilAk; ngUthhpaha; tsHj;J mtw;wpd;CidAk; ghiyAk; cz;L tho;e;jtHfs; Ky;iy epyj;jpy; ,Ue;j MaHfs;
53) MaHfs; vij rpwg;ghftsHe;jdH?
khl;il rpwg;ghftsHe;jdH 54) jw;fhyj;jpy; 'M‖ vd;Dk; ngaH
ve;j ghiy Fwpj;jJ? ngz; ghiy Fwpj;jJ
55) ---- vd;gJ tpyq;Fg; nghJ
ngah;> Fjpiug; ngaHkh
56) --- vd;Dk; ngaNu M vd;W jphpe;jpUf;fyhk; kh
57) khL vt;thW Kf;fhukpLk; -----------
khmm 58) Ky;iy epyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ?
coT 59) coT ve;j epyj;jpy; rpwg;gile;jJ?
kUj epyj;jpy;
60) ―gfL ele;j $o;" vd;W
$WtJ vJ? ehybahh;
61) khl;bypUe;J ngwg;gLk;nghUs;fs; ahit? CDk; ghYk;> Njhy;>nfhk;G> curid (Nuhrid)> thy;kapH> rhzk;
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62) tPl ; i l j ; Jg;GuT nra;aTk; mLg;nghpf;fTk; gapUf;FukplTk; - -------- cjTfpwJ.
rhzk;
63) rpwe;j czTk; kUe;Jk; vJ?
japUk; NkhUk;
ntz;nzAk;
nea;Ak; ghypUe;JvLf;fg;gLtd
64) Kd;idj; jkpoH vij
nry;tkhf fUjp te;jdH? khl;bdj;ijr;
nry;tkhf fUjp
te;jdH 65) ghy; Kjy; nea;aPwhfTs;s
Ie;Jk; ----------- vdg;gLk;.
IaKjk; (gQ;rhkpUjk;)
66) jpiz tOTf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf:- 'vd; mk;ik te;jhs; mtSf;Fg; Gy;ypL” vd; mg;gd;
te;jhd; mtDf;Fj; jz;zPH fhl;L
67) MTf;Fk; M Ntw;Wf;Fk; kf;fs;
,l;l ngaHfs; ahit? rhj;jd; rhj;jp> nfhw;wd;
nfhw;wp> Kltd; Klj;jp>
nfhLk;Gw kUjd;> nfhLk;Gw kUjp
68) khLNghYioj;jy; vd;Dk; nrhy;
tof;F vjdhy;
vOe;jJ? fh is k f ; f l ; fh f kpf cioj;jypdhy;
69) fhis tpliy vd;Dk; ngaHfs; ahUf;F
ctikahF ngauhftoq;fp te;jd? kwtHf;Fk;> FWk;gurHf;Fk;
toq;fp te;jd
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70) ,isQhpd; typikia mwptjw;F
--------msitahff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
VW jOty;
71) Mokhd Mw;iw vijg; gw;wp
fle;jdH? Mtpd; thiyAk;> M NtWtpd; thiyAk;
72) MNtW vd;gJ ------- Fwpf;Fk;. fhisia
73) tho;f me;jzH thdth; Mdpdk; vd;wth; -------------
jpUQhdrk;ge;jH 74) M tpw;F --------- vd;Wk; ngah;.
Nfh75) vd; jh vd;Dk; tpid
,e;jpapy; - ---------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Njt;
76) jh - vd;Dk; tpid ,yj;jPdpy; -
--------- vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Njh 77) Nfhtd; vd;gJ ahiu Fwpf;Fk;?
murid Fwpf;Fk;
78) fpwpj;jthpd; rka MrphpaH Mq;fp yj;jpy; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? Nka;g;gH
vd;Wmiof;fg;gl;lhh; 79) Nfhtd; -- rptd;
(Mad; Mepiuia fhg;gJ Nghy; flTs; kf;fis fhj;J tUjy;)
80) Mkh vd;Dk; jkpo; nrhy; ----------- Fwpf;Fk;. fhl;Lg; gRit
81) Nfh vd;Dk; Fiwr; nrhy; ahiu
Fwpf;Fk;?muridAk;>
je; i j iaAk;
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$WtJ -------------- kuG
88) rPuq;fk;
Nfhtpy; tpOr; nry;tq;
82) "epd;Nfh thpD kpq;Nf" vd;D kplj;jpy; 'Nfh'vd;gJ ahiu Fwpf;Fk;?
je;ijiaf; Fwpf;Fk;
83) kpsF ePiur; (rhw;w KJ) rhj;jKJ
vd;gJ ahUila kuG? itztH ku G 84) jPkpjpay; jpUtpohtpy;
jPf;Fopiag; ------- jPkpjpaiy -----
vd;Wk; nrhy;Yjy; kuGG+f;Fopnad;Wk;>g+kpjpay;
85) j pUkzk ; Kjypa kq;fy epfo;r;rpfSf;F fPw;WNtatjid nfhl;lif vd;gJ
------------- kuG nrl;b ehl;L
86) Mrphpaiu IaH vd;Nw miog;gJ
-------- kuG NtYhh; Mk;g+Htl;lj;jhh;
87) mkpo;jj;ij cg;Gr;rhW vd;W
nahUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ait"
vd;Dk; Fws; $Wk;
fUj;J gz;ilAyfk; KOikAk; khNl> kf;fs; nry;tkhape;jJ mjdhy; nry;tk; khnldg;gl;lJ
89) czit tpistpg;gJk; jhDk; cztspg;gJk; vJ?
khL Fwpf;Fk; 247
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90) ePjpfisf; $w ePjpEhy;fs;
91) ,t;thW elf;f
vd;
6. ePjp Ehy;fspy; ,yf;fpa eak;
tpjpj;Jk;> ,t;thW elf;ff; $lhJ vd;W tpyf;fpAk; nry;tJ ------vd;w Ehy;fspd; ,ay;G. ePjp Ehy;fspd; ,ay;G
92) tho;f;ifiar; rPHgLj;j mike;j
Ehy; -------- ePjpEhy;fs;
93) jkpopy; mwEhy;fspy;
Kjd;ik ahdJ? jpUf;Fws;
94) ,ilf;fhldhh; Fwisg; gw;wp
$wpa fUj;J ahJ? “fLifj; Jisj;J
Vo;fliyg; Gfl;bf;
FWfj;jwpj;jFws;" 95) rpwe;j eaq;fisj; jd;ghy;
mlf;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gJ vJ?
jpUf;Fws;
96) jpUts;StH jhd; fz;l
nghpa fdtpd; topahf kf;fSf;F FWfpa mbfspy;
ve;j Fwis
mUsr; nra;jhh;. ',ue;Jk; caph;tho;jy; Ntz;bw; gue;J nfLf cyfpaw;wp ahd;”
97) ,uj;jy; nfhbaJ vd;w ePjpia fhl;l tpUk;Gk;
Ehy;? jpUf;Fws;
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98) fPo;kf;fis -------- Mfpa giwf;F
xg;ghfr; nrhd;dhh; jk;gl;lk;
99) fathplk; ,ufrpak; $wf; $lhJ vd;w ePjpia tpsf;Fk; Fws;? miwgiw ad;dH
fath;jhq; Nfl;l kiwgpwh;f;F
caj;Jiuf;f yhd; 100) ,uz;lbapy; ePjpia $Wk; Ehy;?
jpUf;Fws; 101) ehd;F mbapy; ePjpia $Wk; Ehy;
-------- ehybahh;
102) nry;tk; epiyNgWilajd;W mope;J NghFe; jd;ikaJ vd;w fUj;ij tpsf;Fk; ghl;L -------
- ehybg; ghl;L
103) tapw;iw tsHg;gjw;fhf ------- Ngrp jphpa Ntz;lhk; ,r;rfk;
104) tapw;iw tsHg;gjw;fhf ,r;rfk; Ngrp jphpaNtz;lhk; vd;gij
tpsf;Fk; ghly; vJ? “
Nghw;wpNa Nghw;wpNa nad;WGJr;nry;tk; Njhw;wpahh; fz;nzyhk; njhz;Nl Nghy; - Mw;wy; gapw;wpg; gapw;wpg; gyTiug;gnjy;yhk; tapw;Wg; ngUkhd; nghUl;L
105) yso NtWghL
miy - fly; miy miye;J jphpjy; mio - $g;gpLmis - japH> gpir
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106) ,iy - kuk;> nrb nfhbfspd; ,iy ,io - nra;> Ehy; ,io
,is - nkype;J Nghjy; 107) ciy - rikf;f ciy itj;jy;>
ciyf;fsk; cio - ghLgLjy;> ciog;G cis - gplhpkaph;> NrW
108) xyp - xir xop - mopj;JtpL> njhiyj;J tpL xsp - ntspr;rk;> gJq;fpnfhs;
109) fiy - tpj;ij> fiye;JNghjy;
fio - %q;fpy; fis - taypy; fisnaLj;jy; Kfj;jpd; xsp
110) fpyp - mr;rk;> gyk; fpop - Jz;lhf; fpopj;jy;> NfhL fpopj;jy; fpsp - xU gwit
111) jiy - Kjd;ik> rpuR jio - Gy;> ,iy
jis - fl;Ljy; 112) jhyp - fztd; kidtpf;Ff; fl;Lk;
rpd;dk; jhop - Flk; thafd;w ghz;lk; jhsp - xU tifg; ghid> Fok;G jhspj;jy;
113) tiy - kPd; gpbtiy tio - xUtif kuk;>RuGd;id kuk; tis - nghe;J> tisay;>
tisT 114) thy; - tpyq;fpd;
thy;gFjp ntz;ik tho; - capH tho;> gpioj;jpU ths; - ntl;Lk; fUtp> xspnghUe;jpa
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115) thiy - ,sk; ngz; thio - kutif this - kPd;tif
7. kdpjH tho;f - lhf;lHK.tujuhrdd;
116) rpWtd; vijg; Nghw;Wfpd;whd; gyifAk;> gy;g;gj;ijAk;
117) goq;fhyj;jpy; ele;j NjHjy; Kiw ahJ? ifia caHj;Jtjd; %yk;> Fl Xiy %yk; NjHjy; eilngw;wJ
118) ahh; tho;tjw;fhfNt kf;fs; fUtpahf gad;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ? fl;rpfs;
119) fl;rpfis fhg;ghw;wgad;gLtJ
NkilfSk;> gj;jphpf;iffSk;
120) kf;fs; goq;fhyj;jpy; ------- > ------- fz;L kaq;fpdhh;fs;
gilfisAk;> gilfUtpfisAk;
121) ,d;iwa kf;fs; ----- > -------
Nfl;L kaq;fpwhh;fs;gj;jphpf;iffisAk;>
Nkilg;
Ngr;RfisAk; 122) vj;njspT Vw;gLk; fhyk; te;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ? vg;nghUs; ahh; ahh;tha;Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs;
fhz;gJ mwpT vd;w fhyk;
te;J 123) fpuhk kf;fs; vij ek;gpthoj;
njhlq;Fthh;fs;? $l;LwitAk;> ciog;igAk; ek;gp thoj; njhlq;Fthh;fs;
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252
124) kdpj tho;tpy;
cz;ikahd mbg;gilahf cs;sit?
ciog;G kw;nwhd;W $l;LwT 125) $l;LwTf;F ,ilAWfhf ,Ug;git nty;y ----- Ntz;Lk;? mwg;gil Ntz;Lk;
126) ciog;Gf;Fg; gQ;rk;
te;jhy;
mjnty;y ----- Ntz;Lk;cOepyk;
127) Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj
rKjhak;
miktjw;F vJ top
Ruz;LNthUk;>
Ruz;lg;gLNthUk; ,y;yhj rhjp rkak; fl;rp
,tNa Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhj rKjhak; cUthtjw;F topahFk;
128) mytYff; fiyr; nrhy; - mtw;wpd jkpohf;fk;: 1. nuf;fhh;l; - Mtzk; 2. nrful;lhp -
nrayH 3. NkNd[H - NkyhsH4. igy; - Nfhg;G5. GNuhNehl; - xg;Gr;rPl;L 6. ghy;fdp - Kfg;G khlk;
7. gh];Nghh;l; - flTr;rPl;L 8. bird; - tbtikg;G 9. tprh - EioT ,irT 10. nlypNfl; - NguhsH11. ];ng\y; g]; - jdpg; NgUe;J12. GuNghry; - fUj;JU 13. Ml;Nlhfpuhg; - tho;
njhg;gk; 14. tprpl;bq; fhh;L - fhz;Gr;rPl;L 15. gphPg; Nf]; - FWk; ngl;b 16. yk;rk; - jpul;rpj; njhif 17.nkapd; NuhL - Kjd;ikr; rhiy
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253
18. GNuhl;Nlhfhy; - kuGj;jfT 19.nrf; - fhNrhiy 20. urPJ - gw;Wr;rPl;L
21. rhk;gpad; - thif #b
8. jkpo;ehl;Lf; fiyr;
nry;tq;f s;
129) ―Mafiyfs; mWgj;J
ehd;F" vd;w KJ nkhopf;Nfw;g gy tifahd
fiyfis ghq;Fwmikj;jtH?
jkpoh;fs;
130) kpfkpfg; goq;fhyk; KjNy jkpofj;jpy; rpwg;Gg;
ngw;W tpsq;Fk; fiyfs; ahit? f l; l l f ; f iy> rpw;gf;fiy> Xtpaf; fiy
131) g+k;Gfhhpy; eilngw;w mfo;tha;tpy;
fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;? Gj;j
tpfhuk; kw;Wk;Vw;Wkjp,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; Kfj;J thuf; fl;llKk; fz;L gpbf;fg; gl;ld
132) fp.gp.11-12 Mk; Ehw;whz;ilr; NrHe;j fl;llg; gFjpfs;
ve;j mfo;
tha;tpy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld?
nfhw;ifapy; ele;j mfo;tha;tpy;
133) jkpo; ehL muR njhy; nghUs; Ma;Tj; Jiwapy; fz;L gpbf;fg; gl;lJ vJ. Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; vLgpj;J tho;e;j muz;id gFjp fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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134) jkpo; ehl;by; fhzg;ngWk; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fSs; kpfTk;
goikahdJ? ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;ij NrHe;j gps;isahh; gl;b vd;Dk;
Chpd; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;(,J ghz;baHfsJ gilg;ghFk;)
135) ve;j Ehw;whz;NlhL
Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;Fk; gzp epd;W tpl;lJ? fp.gp;.9 Mk; Ehw;whz;L
136) Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fis mikj;j tHfs; ahh;?gy;ytHfs;> ghz;baHfs;>
mjpaH>Kj;jiuah; 137) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfisr;
nrJf;fp Nfhapyhf;Fk;
Kiw ahUila
fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ? gy;ytH> ghz;baH
138) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfis nrJf;fpnfhapyhf;Fk; Kiw ve; j Ehw;whz;NlhL epd;W tpl;lJ?
fp.gp.8 Mk; Ehw;whz;L 139) jdpj;jdp Fd;Wfisr; nrJf;fp
Nfhapyhf;Fk; Kiwf;F
vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf mike;j
Nfhapy;? khky;yGuj;jpy;
cs;s Ie;J
ujq; fSk;>
fOFkiyapy;
cs;s ntl;Lthd;NfhapYk; 140) fw;fis xd;NwhL xd;whf mLf;fp mikf;Fk; Nfhapw;gzp ahUila fhyj;jpYk; ,e;ehspYk; njhlHe;J epytptUfpwJ? gy;ytH> ghz;baH
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255
141) gy;ytH fhyj;J rpwe;jitfshf fUjg;gl;lJ vJ? khky;yGuj;J flw;fiuf; Nfhapy;>
fhQ;rpGuj;J i fyhaehjH Nfhapy;
142) ghz;baH fhyj;jpy; rpwe;jJ? jpUg;gj;Jhh; jpUj; jspehjH
143) NrhoH fhyj;J rpwe;jitfs;?
ehh;j;jhkiy tprahya NrhoPr; Ruk;> jQ;ir
,uhruhNrr;Ruk;> vd;Dk;
jQ;irg; ngUTilahh;
Nfhapy; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jf; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoPr; Ruk;> jhuhRuk;>
IuhtNjRtuH Nfhapy;> jphpGtdk; jphpGtdtpNur;Ruk;
144) Nfhapy;fspy; NfhGuk;mikj;jy; ahUila fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ?gy;ytH fhyj;jpy;
145) Nfhapy;fspy; NfhGuk;mikj;jy; cd;djepiy mile;j fhyk;? tpraefu
kd;dHfs; fhyj;jpy;
146) gy;ytH fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpfs;vij nrJf;Ftjpy; rpwe;Jtpsq;fpdh;? ahidapd;
cUtj;ij 147) rpw;g ,ay; ty;YeHfs; ahiu
ghuhl;bg; NgRtH?
gy;ytH fhyj;J rpw;gpfis ghuhl;bg; NgRtH
148) gy;ytH fhyj;J rpw;gpfs;vjw;fhf ghuhl;lg; ngw;wdH?NfhapiyNa xU rpw;gkhftbj;njLj;jjhy;
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149) ahUila fhyj;jpy; kdpjj; jd;ikf;Fk; clw;
$WfSf;Fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;ld?tpraefu ehaf;fH
fhyq;fspy; 150) tpraefu ehaf;fH
fhyq;fspy; ahUila
fyhr;rhuj;
jhf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ? Kfk;kjpa
H 151) -------- Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj jkpo; ehl;by; nrg;Gg;gbkf; fiy kpf
cd;dj epiyapy;
tsHr;rp mile;Js;sJ Rkhh; 2800
152) nrg;Gg;gbkf;fiyf;F rhd;W
ahJ? Mjpr;r ey;Yhhpy;(jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;) fpilj;Js;s nja;tr;
nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp153) gy;ytH fhy nrg;Gj;
jpUNkdpfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;
L? $ u k ; > e l u h r H > nfhLKb> jphpGuhe;jfH> jphpGuRe;j hp
154) nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspd; nghw; fhyk;
vd;gJ ahUila fhyk;?
NrhoH fhyk;
155) nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs;
nra;jspg; gijj; jhk; ,k;kz;Zyfpy; gpwe;j jd; flik vd;W vz;zpatHfs;?
nrk;gpad; khNjtp 156) NrhoH fhyj;J nrg;Gj;
jpUNkdpfs; vt;thW nra;ag;gl;ld? Mfk Ehy;fspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;Wmjw;Nfw;gr; nra;a ngw;wit
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257
157) nrg;Gg; gbkf; fiy ahUila fhyj;jpy;
rpwg;gpoe;Jfhzg; gLfpwJ?tpraefu ehaf;fH fhyj;jpy;
158) Xtpaj;ij ntWe; njhopyhff; fUjhJ xU ------ rhjdkhfNt fUjpdH. Nahf
159) ve;j Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jp ypUe;J Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;w?
Vwf;F iwa fp .gp 7 Mk; Ehw;whz;bd;
njhlf;fj;jpypUe;
J 160) Xtpaf; fiyf;F mUk;
gzpaw;wpa kd;dHfs;? gy;yt kd;dHfs; kw;Wk;Nrhokd;dHfs;
161) gy;yt kd;dHfspy; ahh; rpwe;j
Xtpadhf tpsq;fpdh;?kNfe;jputHkd;
162) Xtpa fiyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha;
tpsq;Fk; Nfhapy;fs;? khkz;^Hf; Fiffspd; ntsp kz; lg j ; jpYk;> f h Q ; r p G u k ; ifyhrehjH Nfhapy;> gdkiy Nfhapy;>
jQ;irg; ngUTilahh;
Nfhapy;163) ve;j Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk;
Xtpak; kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ? gdkiyapy; cs;s kz;lgj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; vopyhh;e;j
Mly; kfspd;
Xtpak; 164) kur;rpw;gf;fiy ve;j
Ehw;whz;b ypUe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ? fp.gp.16 Mk; Ehw;whz;L
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258
165) je;jr; rpw;gf; fiy ahUila fhyj;jpy; jhd; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ? ehaf;f
kd;dHfs; 166) ,tHfSila fhyj;jpy;
je;jj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l nghUs;fs; ahit? flTsH
cUtq;fSk;> mur murpaH cUtq;fSk; ngl;b> gy;ytHf;Fj;
jz;L Nghd;w nghUs;fSk; je;jj;jhy;
nra;ag;gl;bUfpd;wd 167) ve;j Chpy; ehaf;f kd;dH
mtuJ gl;lj;jurp MfpNahuJcUtq;fs;> ehd;fb cauj;jpy;
je;jj;jpy;
fk;gPukhf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd? jpUtuq;fj;jpy;
168) rpwpa mstpy; cs;s je;j rpw;gq;fs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd? mofH Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
169) ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fSf;Fhpa tpjp1 . <Wnf l ; l vjpHkiwg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; xw;WkpFk;.2. me;j> ,e;j vd;Dk; Rl;Lj;jphpG mLj;Jk; ve;j vd;Dk; tpdhj;jphpG mLj;Jk; xw;W kpFk;.(v.fh) me;jr;rpiy> ve;jf;fhyk; 3.nra;ntd; vr;rj;jpd; gpd;
xw;WkpFk;(v.fh) Xlf; fz;lhh; 4.td; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfu <w;Wr; nra;njd; vr;rj;jpd; gpd; xw;W kpFk; (v.fh) Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhd; ,fu <w;Wr; nra;njd; vr;rj;jpd; gpd;Dk;
kpFk;
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(v.fh) vOjpg;ghh;170) z> e> d NtWghL mwpf:-
muz; - kjpy;> ghJfhg;G Nfhl;il mud;> rptd;
171) mz;zk; - Nky;tha;
md;dk; - xU gwit 172) Mzp - $hpa ,Uk;Gj;
Jz;L Mdp - xU khjk; 173) Miz - fl;lis
Mid - ahid 174) cz;Z - rhg;gpL
cd;D - epidj;Jg;ghh; 175) Cz; - czT
Cd; - ,iwr;rp
176) vz;z - epidf;f> vz;zpg;ghh;f;f vd;d - Nfs;tp
177) fiz - mk;Gfid - fidj;jy;
178) fzk; - Neuk;fdk; - gS> Rik
179) fhz; - ghh; fhd; - fhL
180) jzp - mlq;F jdp - jdpj;jpUj;jy;
181) Jzp - rPiy Jdp - Jd;gk;> Nfhgk;> mr;rk;
182) jpiz - epyk;> xOf;fk; jpiz - jhdpa tif
183) ehz; - fapW> ehzk;
ehd; - jd;idf; Fwpg;gJ> jd;ik ,lg;ngaH
184) jpz;ik - typik jpd;ik - jPik
185) tz;ik - tsk;> toq;Fjy; td;ik - typik
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186) flTs; ngaHfs; - tlnkhopapy; 1.mq;faw; fz;zp - kPdhl;rp 2.mwk; tsHj;jhs; -
jHkrk;tHj;jpdp 3. vhprpdf;nfhw;wit - nusj;jpuJHf;if 4. Iahwg;gH - gQ;rejpRtuH 5. nrk;nghd; gs;spahh; - nrhh;zGhPr;RuH6. ePs; neLq;fz;zp - tprhyhl;rp 7. ahopYk; ed; nkhopahs; -
tP hkJ
195) fe;j Guhzk;:- MWfhz;lq;fs;>
135 glyk;> 10345 ghly;fs;
196) jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;:- %d;W
fhz;lk;> 3363 ghly;fs; 197) Njk;ghtzp:- 3 fhz;lk;> 36
glyq;fs; 3615 ghly;fs; 198) rPwhg;Guhzk;:- 3
fhz;lq;fs;> 92 glyq;fs;> 5027 ghly;fs;
199) ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;:- 5