10/28The Eye Galen's anatomy of the ophthalmos (L. oculus) Galen's anatomy is similar to the anatomy that we know today keratoeideso -eides: appears likeo kerato-: hard, horno topmost, rounded part cornea crystalloeideso looks like crystalo crystal ! ice, somethin" clearo the lens Galen associated the pneuma within this structure, connectin" pneuma and the outside world to "i#e #isions - people $elie#ed #ision was occurrin" in the lens themsel#es hyaloeideso #itrious humor (%) choreo chore ! holeo pupil iris chiton skleroso pronounced &kee-ton&o sclera chiton choroeideso choroido resem$les skin opseos neurono neuron ! ner#eo opseos ! #isionGreek and 'oman (lothin" L. to"ao 'oman attire, a $i" cloth that you wrap around yourself Gr. chitono Greek apparel, outer co#erin"o tells status of society L. tunicao similar to a chiton, $ut more like a $i" shirt that you put a $elt aroundo anatomically, a tunic is somethin" that co#ers somethin"L. Tunics of the Eye corneoscleric (cornea and sclera) u#eal (ciliary, choroid, iris) retinalo innermosto rods and codsL. cornu and Gr. keras, keratos, and the cornea cornu: horn, hard cornea: hard, clear structureo corneal )erosis: dryness of the cornea keras, keratos: horn, hard rhinoceros: nose has a horn nasocorn ! unicornGr. skleros and sclera skleros: hard sclera: the hard thin"s, the white part of the eye $esides human $ein"s, animals do not ha#e sclera sclerakeratoiritis: inflamattion of the sclera, kerato, and iris acroscleroderma: hard skin on the e)tremities scleronychia: hard nailsGr. u#a (u#ea), "rape u#ea of the eye is an inner tunic*layer $etween the retinal and.... phacoto)ic u#eitis:o phaco-: lens u#ula: &little "rape& han"in" in the $ack of the throatGr. iris, iridos, rain$ow colored mem$rane of the eye iridople"ia: paralysis of the iris the middle of the iris is the pupil - if paralysed, cannot contract and e)pand to accommodate to li"ht keratoiridoscope mesiris: partial iris iridescent: +ris is the "oddess of the rain$ow, also has a ,erald's rodGr. kore, maiden, doll pupil of the eye in the pupil, you can see yourself - a little &doll& or person a pupil was considered a child that you raised anisocoria: une-ual pupils one $i", one small diplocoria: two pupils in the eye stenocoriasis: condition of narrowin" pupilL. cilium, eyelid hairlike process cilia ori"inally meant eyelid, $ut we refer to it as the eyelash(es) or hair-like pro.ections ciliectomyo refers to ciliary $ody, ciliophora: con#eys*$ears itself with hair-like pro.ectionsGr. kyklos, circle, wheel ciliary $ody cycl*o allows to focus #ision, has a circular $ody $icycle: two circles*wheels cyclople"ia: paralysis of ciliary $ody disa$les lens from focussin" on an o$.ect cyclochoroiditis: inflammation of the ciliary $ody and u#ueal tunic (which looks like a dried-up "rape) cyclostome: a circular openin" isocyclic: e-ual and circular e.". car$on atoms(yclos and (yclopia cyclopia: condition of one or$it a cyclops is not necessarily a one-eyed or three-eyed monster howe#er, it does ha#e an eye in the center of forehead cyclops are used $y (hronaus to defeat /ranaus 0eus frees the cyclos, in return, they make his li"htnin" $olts Gr. opsis, to look of appearance Gr. ops, opos, eye, faceL. rete, retis, net retina retinoschisis: split in the retina, separation of this tunic -schisis, schism: split photoretinitis: inflammation of the retina caused $y li"ht can $e caused $y starin" at the sun for too lon" macula: yellow spot rete testis: net-like #essels associated with the testicle retiform: net-like structure reticulum: little net e.". endoplasm reticulum'etiarius #s. 1ecutor "ladiator mo#ies are always wron" "ladiators do not pick their own weapons - chosen for them to match stren"th retiaris: has ad#anta"e of speed only has net and spear so he can mo#e -uickly retiaris is usually paired with a secutor secutor: sword and shield a lot of arms so he is not fast one fast and one slow person are paired to"ether if "ood people, people were allowed to li#e so that they could possi$ly fi"ht a"ainGr. phake L. lens, lentis, lentil a lentil has a $ean-like structure, which is associated with the shape of the lens(om$inin" 2orms for the eye phacolysis: dissolution of the lens aphakia: no lens pseudophakia: fake lens lenticular: pertainin" to the lens shaped like a lentil crystalline lens: lens of the eye stella lentis hyaloidea: star-like shape of the lens associated with the hyaloid portion of the stellaL. a-ua, water a-ueous humor: water-like, clear a-uiparous: "i#in" $irth in water a-ueductus cere$ri: con#eys water of the cere$rum 3rd to 4th #entricle'oman 5-ueduct (6ont du Gard) anythin" that con#eys water in the 'oman world cities re-uired water architects made a-ueducts, carryin" water /7E' water - 89 km a-ueducts could also $e tunnels underneathGr. hyalos, "lass L. #itrum, "lass #itreous humor hyaline: a protein that creates "lasso "lassy-like in structure hyalitis #itreous: "lass-like #itrella: a little thin" that is "lass-like in #itro: in "lass, in test tu$eo in #i#o means in a li#in" thin"Gr. $lepharon, eyelid $lepharochalasis: $a""y eyes associated with elderly, loss of peripheral #isiono -chalasis: la)ation, droopin" plepheroptosis: droopin" eyelid, appears sleepyo -ptosis: downward displacementL. palpe$ra, eyelid lateral palpe$ral raphe (rhaphe): : structures that come to"ether, appear like a sutureo -rrhape: suture, an anatomical line le#ator palpe$rae: lifter of the eyelid(on.ucti#itis inflammation of the con.ucti#a pink eye(on.uncti#a (L. .un"ere, .unctum, to .oin) pronounced &yun"& and &yunctum& eye$all and eyelid .oined to"ether $ul$ar: reflects onto the eye$all fornical: arch lim$al: end or ed"e2orni) ("en. fornicis) and fornication forni): an anatomical arch $rothelo prostitues would "ather under arches fornication: se) $efore marria"eL. lacrima Gr. dakryon - tear lacrimotone: de#ice that creates a decision into the lacrimal apparatus (what makes tears) dacryocystitis: inflammation of the tear sack -cys-: sack, $ladder dacryadenal"ia: pain of the tear "land dacrya"o"ue: a chemical that $rin"s forth tearsLacrimal 5pparatus lacrimal "land produces tears10/30The Eye 5ncient Theories of 7ision in anti-uity it was a complicated way of thinkin" how we see e)tramission: they $elie#ed we see thin"s $y pro.ectin" somethin" from our eyes (pneuma) o li"ht rays emittin" from eyeo doesn't make sense in the sense that if you're in darkness, you can't somethin" intromission: thin"s are comin" into the eye Galen's idea the dominant theory was e)tramission an atom in anti-uity was somethin" that could not $e cut - when you see thin"s, the o$.ect emits its atoms, carryin" the form of the o$.ect, thus strikin" the eye - ima"e comes into the eye and that's how you see ;.e nysta"mus (nusta>ein - to nod in sleep): eye noddin" hori>ontally o nysta"mus: noddin"o symptom checked when suspected of drinkin" alcohol a"eotropic nysta"mus: noddin" upwards o trop-: turn, chan"eo "eo-: eartho a-: from heterochromia: one eye is a color, other eye is a different color anisocoria, anisocorea: une-ual si>ed pupils Gr. meio#, less, smaller o miocardiao rhinomiosis: smaller noseo miotic,o meiosis: cell di#ision "oin" from diploid to haploid Gr. mydriasis - pupils that are o#erly dilated ametropia: refracti#e error lack of measured #ision o li"ht needs to come to a point in the eye, $ack of retina, to seeo hyperopia: point comes after the $ack of the eye asti"matism: a form of ametropia in which the refraction of a ray of li"ht is spread o#er a diffuse area rather than sharply focused to a point on the retina - not comin" to a focal point o sti"ma-: a mark, a point1ti"ma and 1ti"mata sti"mata: in roman catholic world, the idea that saints recei#e the mark of christ those closest to christ will recei#e the same marks as ,e did in crucification o 1t. 2rancis $elie#ed that he recei#ed these marks sti"ma has a point - nails ha#e a point=ia"nostic Terms "laucoma: increased intraocular pressure that results in dama"e to the optic ner#e macular de"eneration: pro$lem with central #ision pro"ressi#ely "o $lind cataract and "laucoma meant the same thin" in anti-uityGlauc*o - Gr. "laukos - sil#er*"leamin"*$luish "reen color(ataract (L. cataracta - waterfall) looks like a waterfall in re"ards to the ... of the eye5ncient ophthalmolo"y there was speciali>ation in ancient world, especially in a $i" city medicus oculi: doctors only treatin" the eye o medicus: doctors sal#es: spread onto the eye doctors would make a decent li#in", not as much today as they did then there was malnutrition in the ancient world, so eye diseases were epidemic they did cataract sur"ery a person's cataracts are so $ad that they cannot see, put needle into their eye thru the lens, push it down so they can see lolidk ptery"ium: trian"ular*win"-like fi$rous "rowth of the con.ucti#al tissue that e)tends onto the cornea trichiasis epiphora: cryin" aphakia: lack of lens6tery"ium (Gr. ptery"ion - win") ptery"oid: muscles in the shape of a win" ichthyoptery"ia: o ichthyo: fish helicopter type of stra$ismus in which the eye de#iates toward the nose o -trop-: turn, chan"eo -on: o$.ecto -ia: condition1tra$ismus (Gr. stra$ismos - s-uintin") eye turnin" in and out esotropia: turnin" toward the nose e)otropia: turnin" away from the noseEyelid dysfunction: entropion and ectropion entropion: eyelid turns toward the eye ectropion: eyelid droops away from the eye - appears red $ecause the con.uncti#a is turnsout sty(e)(hala>ion (Gr. chala>a, hailstone) #s. ,ordeolum (L. $arleycorn) chala>ion is ;/T a stye - appears $i" styes are not $i", usually occur on eyelid and are infections o $arleycorns are smaller than a hailstone hordeolum ! stye1nellen Eye (hart11/1Latin 5d.ecti#es look at handout on $lack$oard understand how latin ad.. function1in"ular ;ominati#e and Geniti#e ;ouns (re#iew) first 3 declensions are the most common only know nominati#e and "eniti#e ? sin"ular and plural first declension o nom. sin": -ao "en. sin".: -ae :nd declension o nom. sin".: -uso "en. sin".: -i 3rd declension (#arious) o "en. sin".: -is 4th and 8th aren't #ery common neuters o there is "ender with nouns in $oth Gr. and L.o nouns ha#e masculine, feminine, or neuter (neither) which are determined $y endin"s of words6lural ;ominati#e and Geniti#e ;ouns first declension o nom: -aeo "en: -arum :nd declension o nom: -io "en: -orum 3rd declension o nom: -eso -um or -ium when talkin" a$out anatomical terms, first term will always $e nom. (noun), second term could $e a "en. noun /' an ad.ecti#e5d.ecti#es a lot of them in Latin are used in En"lish - you can usually reco"ni>e, $ut some you can't in the Latin lan"ua"e, ad.ecti#es modify nouns $y a"reein" with the noun o in En"lish, we don't modify the ad.ecti#e e.". &the red do"& #s. &the red do"s&o a"rees with noun whether its sin"ular or plural if the noun is nom., ad.. must $e nom. if noun is "en., ad.. must $e "en. nouns can $e male, female, or neuter o masculine: hallu) #aruso feminine: co)a #arao neuter "enu #arumo the ad. chan"es to a"ree with the "ender num$er (sin"ular or plural) o fle)or di"itorum profundus fle)or ! sin"ular profundus ! ad.. (you can tell $y the -us endin") all ad. are either @st, :nd, or 3rd declension di"itorum ! "en.@st and :nd =eclension 5d.ecti#es like a @st-declension: -a noun to modify feminine nouns o e.". co)a #ara like a :nd declension: -us noun to modify masculine nouns o e.". hallu) #arus like a :nd declension: -um noun to modify neuter nouns o e.". "enu #arum with @st and :nd declension nouns o if the noun ? ad. ha#e the same endin"s, they a"ree with each othero chordae tendineae: the tendinous strin"so septum pellucidum: the transparent wall with other declensions o harder to tello foramen ma"num: "reat piercin", pl. foramina ma"nao corpus callosum: callous $ody, pl. corpora collosa3rd delension ad.ecti#es le#ator superior le#atores superiores (plural) le#ator palpe$rae superioris le#ator palpe$rarum superiorum: -um is a "en. pl., palpe$rarum has the same endin" ad.. usually follow the noun that they're "oin" to modifysome common @st and :nd decl. ad.. ca#us: like a ca#e hollowed out, hi"h arch planus: flat, like a plain #arus: turned in distally #al"us: de#iatin" outward, opposite of #arus profundus: deep medius: toward the midline lon"us: lon" rectus: somethin" that is strai"ht #astus: #ast, $i", $road ma"nus: lar"e, "reat ma)imus: the "reatest par#us: little minimus: the least, the smallest3rd declension ad.. minor: lesser (comparati#e) maior: the "reater $re#is: short, $rief inferior: lower superior: hi"her anterior: comin" $efore posterior: comin" $ehind dorsalis: $ack #entralis: front superficialis: on the surface lateralis: away from midline medialis: toward midlineno ad. for 4th and 8th declensions participles essentially #er$al ad.. o descri$es an actiono the runnin" man - &runnin"& is the #er$, $ut also an ad. in the sense that it is descri$in" the man -ans, -ens, -ens o translates to what we know is -in"o ramus communicans: communicatin" $rancho ductus deferens: deferrin" -atus o most of the time its a passi#e participle - the action is done to ito somethin" has happened in the past, affects the presento li"amentum cruciatum: the li"ament that has $een crossedo fasciculus cuneatus: the $undle of fi$ers that ha#e $een wed"edima"e of eye sulcus circularis cornea o sulcus: "roo#e nom. sin".o circular sulcuso corneae: "en. nouno circular "roo#e of the cornea rectus lateralia #s. rectus medialis o all terms are ad.ecti#eo the noun is $ein" assumed as a muscleo rectus medialis: 5. centralis retina o 5 ! arteryo the central artery of the retinaother ima"e rima cornealis o rima: $order or ed"eo cornealis: ad.. euryops pectinatus o euryops: $road faceo pectinatus: ad.. cone shaped Escherichia coli (E. coli) o coli: colon -i indicates that it is a "en. noun --A of the colon panthera leo o $oth terms are nounso "enus, species11/4The Ear 5ristotle and ,earin" 5ristotle =e sensu, and =e anima prior to 5ristotle, we ha#e Empedocles' Theory - there's a $ell that resonates sound 5ristotle does understand that sound is mo#in" throu"h the air or somethin" is chan"in" in the air that allows us to hear #alue of hearin" o 5ristotle finds the sense of hearin" to $e the most importanto at that time, there's no printin" press, so you usually listen to the oracle speako key to knowled"e in =e sensu, $reaks down to sense, sensi$les, and perception o sensi$les: somethin" capa$le of $ein" sensedo perception: the $rain a$le to process what you sense into an ima"e or understand what is importanto focuses primarily on hearin"o somethin" is sensi$le when it has a certain proportion and at certain proportions, we cannot hearo consonance: to sound to"ether symphonia - two thin"s are in harmony 5natomy o 5ristotle did not practice human anatomy, $ut compariti#e anatomy (dissection of animals)o somethin" $ehind the eardrum is pure, where we hear - causes the symphony*proportion that we can hearo after 5ristotle, aer implantatus*aer in"enitus7itru#ius and 5coustics 7itru#ius, =e architectura o te)t has a lot of thin"s on how to $uildo typically uses nature as a model for how to $uild thin"so has idea of acoustics of theatres acoustics of theatres o theatrical performances and competitionso theatr*o: to #iew somethin"o important to also ,E5' somethin" tooo speakin" at $ottom, can hear at the top $ron>e #essels o diff $twn stone and wood theatreso wood theatres ha#e $etter sound - when sound "oes out, you want it to $e a$sor$ed, not to $ounce $ack $*c that could cause dissonanceo sound $ounces off of stone pro$lemsTheatre, 5mphitheatre, and 5rena theater: somethin" for the performin" arts, competitions, etc. amphitheatre: ;/T a collosseum two theatres stuck to"ether to create a circle arena: has sand on the $ottom ;.