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Page 1: tesina_paradela

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Page 9: tesina_paradela

*,+-*,+�. � � �F� �. ������ � � �¨s � ��� i'� � � �.

-5-

extraction elements (septum

magnet, bum

ps, etc.) as well as a m

ore refinedcooling system

for the lead target.

BOOSTER

TOF tube

24 GeVProton beam

ISR

To SPS

TT2A

TT10

TT2

LINAC

PS

Experimental Area

Neutron source

Proton Beam24GeV

2 - 3 x 1013 pppNeutron-Beam

LeadSpallation

Target

Target

Detector

Neutron-Beam

230 meters

16° production angle

Figure 2.2: G

eneral layout of the experiment. The proton beam

is extracted via the TT2 transfer line and hits the lead target. A

t the end of the TOF

tunnel (TT2A) neutrons are detected about 230 m

from the prim

ary target.

The single bunch will be obtained by accelerating the beam

in only one ofthe four PS Booster rings w

orking with a RF harm

onic number h = 1. The

estimated longitudinal em

ittance will be ε

l ≈ 1.6 eVs. Injection w

ill take place at1.4 G

eV into the PS m

achine with a RF at h = 8, filling only one bucket. The

incoherent space charge tune shift will be ∆Q

x ≈ - 0.2 and ∆Qy ≈ - 0.3. These can be

considered acceptable values as some transverse em

ittance blow-up, of about 20 -

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-75-

fissioning nuclei with almost 100% efficiency. The solid angle covered by thesePPACs is about 90% of 4π. As PPACs work at very low gas pressure (7 mbar) thetarget and the PPAC will be placed in a stainless steel cylinder of 50 mm lengthwith its axis perpendicular to the neutron beam direction (figure 5.9). Thecylinder will be closed by 2 mm thick stainless steel flasks. This set-up is almosttransparent to neutrons and γ-rays. This experiment could then be coupled with(n,γ) capture and (n,n') measurements for example.

PPACs have been known for many years as a precise timing instrument butwere scarcely used before the considerable development of heavy ion physics, forwhich gas detector are better suited. A PPAC consists of two thin parallel stretchedfoils with a very low gas pressure in between. Particles traverse the detectorperpendicular to the planes. The principle of operation is the same as a MultiWire Proportional Chamber. The gap between the foils must be small, of a fewmillimetres, in order to maintain a high electric field, reduce the time spread andget a good time resolution. It has to be uniform to insure the same operatingregime on the whole active surface of the detector. Copper coated epoxi resin forprinted circuit board, on which thin aluminised plastic foils are glued, is verywell suited for this purpose. The copper layer is used for electric connections.

Figure 5.9: Experimental set-up (half part)

These detectors are built to operate with pressures ranging from 1 to 20mbars. In these low pressure conditions, a voltage of a few hundred volts appliedbetween the plates, typically 300 V/cm/bar, is sufficient to insure the proportionalregime. Released electrons gain enough energy to induce immediate secondary

-76-

ionisation in the homogeneous electric field, and Townsend avalanche isformed. It seems that pure hydrocarbons are best suited for these detectors andhigher gains can be reached with isobutane. Multiplication factors of thousandsare obtained with 100 % efficiency in a wide domain of energy losses. For largeenergy losses like those obtained from FF, a pulse height saturation can occur,therefore, a relatively low voltage can be set making the detector very safe, farfrom sparking. A 2 to 3 ns rise time pulse is collected due to the high velocity ofelectrons and the good homogeneity of the electric field. Positive ions contributevery little because they are not very close to the anode, in comparison with whathappens in a wire counter. Only the fast component of the signal due to themotion of electrons is used. The slow part from the positive ions is eliminated bydifferentiation of the signal. Best timing performances may not necessarilycorrespond to the fastest output rise time, since at very low gas pressure, pulsefluctuations can become important. Time resolutions of the order of 250 ps(fwhm) are obtained with such detectors even in large dimensions. Of course adelay of 40 to 50 ps/cm from the propagation time of a signal along the electrodeshas to be taken in account. They could then be used as the stop signal todetermine the TOF of the incident neutron.

Figure 5.10: Parallel Plate Avalance Counter schematic diagram.

It is possible to achieve a very good spatial resolution with PPAC. Thelocalisation is realised by strips on cathodes. A detector could be made with stripsevery tenth of an inch by deposited Aluminum on 0.9 µm of Mylar foils placedon each side of an anode made of a similar foil aluminised on both sides asshown in figure 5.10. Due to the range of FF in Mylar (≈ 12 µm), the limit angle

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