terzić milicav2.link-onlineservice.com/media/files/skripta_e1.pdf · 2019-07-12 · visoka Škola...

VISOKA ŠKOLA STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA ZA INFORMACIONE TEHNOLOGIJE

Terzić Milica

Engleski jezik 1

Skripta

BeogradSemptembar, 2011

1

Sadržaj:

The Simple Present Tense ..................................................................................... 4

The Present Continuous Tense ............................................................................... 6

Verbs not Used with Continuous Tenses .......................................................... 8

The Simple Past Tense ........................................................................................... 8

The Past Continuous Tense ................................................................................... 10

Adjectives ending in -ED and -ING ........................................................................ 12

Comparison of Adjectives ...................................................................................... 13

The Future Simple Tense ....................................................................................... 14

Be+Going to+Infinitive .................................................................................. 15

Prepositions of Place .............................................................................................. 16

Prepositions of Time............................................................................................... 17

Reflexive Pronouns................................................................................................. 18

The Present Perfect Simple Tense ......................................................................... 18

Past Simple and Present Pefrect ...................................................................... 21

Modal Verbs............................................................................................................ 21

The Past Perfect Simple Tense .............................................................................. 23

Countable and Uncountabnle Nouns ..................................................................... 25

Quantifiers.................................................................................................... 25

Articles ................................................................................................................... 26

The Indefinite Article ..................................................................................... 26

The Definite Article ........................................................................................ 26

No Article ..................................................................................................... 27

Verb Patterns.......................................................................................................... 28

Defining Relative Clauses ...................................................................................... 28

Reported Speech .................................................................................................. 29

Statements ................................................................................................. 29

Questions .................................................................................................... 30

Orders ........................................................................................................ 31

Conditional Sentences ........................................................................................... 31

The First Conditional ..................................................................................... 31

The Second Conditional ................................................................................. 32

The Third Conditional .................................................................................... 32

The Passive Voice .................................................................................................. 33

2

Literatura ...............................................................................................................35

3

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (PROSTO SADAŠNJE VREME)

Prosto sadašnje vreme (present simple tense) se gradi od osnovnog oblika glagola(infinitiv bez «to»). Na primer, infinitiv sa «to» glagola raditi glasi to work a infinitiv bez «to» glasi work. Za svalica osim za treće lice jednine potvrdni oblik prostog sadašnjeg vremena glasi work. Za trećelice se dodaje –s.

Potvrdni oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I work – Ja radim We work – Mi radimoYou work – Ti radiš You work – Vi raditeHe works – On radiShe works – Ona radiIt works – Ono radi

They work – Oni rade

Nastavak –s u trećem licu jednine može imati različite oblike. Ukoliko se glagol završava navokal o nastavak će glasiti –es, kao u primeru glagola go koji u 3. l. jed. glasi goes ili glagoldo koji u 3. l. jed. glasi does.Ukoliko se glagol završava na –ch, -sh, -x, -ss, nastavak takoñe glasi –es.Na primer:He teaches (teach – predavati).She washes (wash – prati).He kisses (kiss – ljubiti).She fixes (fix – popravljati).Ako se glagol završava na –y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik –y prelazi u –ie. Na primer:He cries (cry -plakati).It flies (fly – leteti).Ako je ispred –y samoglasnik, nema promene.She plays (play – igrati).He stays (stay – ostati).Izuzetak je glagol have (imati) koji u trećem licu glasi has.

Upitni oblik glagola u prostom sadašnjem vremenu se gradi od pomoćnog glagola do,odnosno does (za treće lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola. Sva pitanja se u engleskom jeziku dele na Yes/No pitanja i Wh- pitanja. Yes/No pitanjanemaju upitnu reč i na njih se može odgovoriti sa „da“ ili „ne“. Wh- pitanja počinju upitnomrečju a one su: when, what, why, where, how, how much, how many...

Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Do I work? – Da li ja radim? Do we work? – Da li mi radimo?Do you work? – Da ti radiš? Do you work? – Da li vi radite?Does he work? – Da li on radi?Does she work? – Da li ona radi?Does it work? – Da li ono radi?

Do they work? – Da li oni rade?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način:

Do I work? – Yes, I do / No, I don’t

4

Do you work? – Yes, you do / No, you don’t. Does he work? – Yes, he does / No, he doesn’tDoes she work? – Yes, she does / No, she doesn’tDoes it work? – Yes, it does / No, it doesn’t

Do we work? - Yes, we do / No, we don’tDo you work? – Yes, we do / No, we don’tDo they work? –Yes, they do/No, they don’t

Upitni oblik – Wh- questions

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Where do I work? – Gde ja radim? Where do we work? – Gde mi radimo?Where do you work? – Gde ti radiš? Where do you work? – Gde vi radite?Where does he work? – Gde on radi?Where does she work? – Gde ona radi?Where does it work? – Gde ono radi?

Where do they work? – Gde oni rade?

Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog obika pomoćnog glagola do (odnosno does za treće licejednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.

Odrični oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I do not (don't) work – Ja ne radim We do not (don't) work – Mi ne radimoYou do not (don't) work – Ti ne radiš You do not (don't) work – Vi ne raditeHe does not (doesn't) work – On neradiShe does not (doesn't) work – Ona neradiIt does not (doesn't) work – Ono neradi

They do not (don't) work – Oni ne rade

Upotreba:

Prosto sadašnje vreme se koristi za:

Radnje koje se ponavljaju (navike, običaji, rutine)

I get up at 6 o'clock. (Ja ustajem u 6 sati.)She wears a uniform at work. (Ona nosi uniformu na poslu.)The English drink tea at 5 o'clock in the afternoon. (Englezi piju čaj u 5 sati popodne.)

U ovom smislu se mogu koristiti i prilozi i fraze za učestalost (reči koje označavaju koliko čestose dešava radnja). To su: Always (uvek), usually (obično), often (često), sometimes (ponekad), never (nikad),every day (svakog dana), every month (svakog meseca), every year (svake godine) i sl.Zatim, once a year (jedanput godišnje), twice a day (dvaput dnevno), three times a week(triput nedeljno) i sl.Prilozi always, usually, often, sometimes, never dolaze pre glavnog glagola u potvrdnomobliku. Fraze every day, every month, twice a year, itd. najčešće dolaze na kraju rečenice.

I always go to school at 8 o'clock in the morning. (Ja uvek idem u školu u 8 sati ujutru.)She usually drinks tea in the evening. (Ona obično pije čaj uveče.)We never eat in the living room. (Mi nikad ne jedemo u dnevnoj sobi.)

5

Opšte istine (nešto što je uvek tačno):

People change money in banks. (Ljudi menjaju novac u bankama.)A day has 24 hours. (Dan ima 24 časa.)The Earth goes around the Sun. (Zemlja se okreće oko Sunca.)The Sava flows into the Danube. (Sava se uliva u Dunav.)

Karakteristike subjekta:

He speaks English very well. (On dobro govori engleski.)My sister plays the piano. (Moja sestra svira klavir.)

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (SADAŠNJE TRAJNO VREME)

Sadašnje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostomsadašnjem vremenu (Present Simple Tense), tj. is/am /are+ sadašnji particip (presentparticiple) glavnog glagola.Sadašnji particip se gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak –ing:

go – going sleep – sleepingwork – working

Ako se glagol završava na jedan suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak, naglašen samoglasnik,krajnji se suglasnik ispred –ing udvostručava. Na primer:

hit – udariti particip: hittingstop – prestati particip: stoppingpermit – dopustiti particip: permittingbegin – početi particip: beginning

Krajnje –l se uvek uvostručava.Npr.:

travel – putovati particip: travelling

Potvrdni oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I am working – Ja radim We are working – Mi radimoYou sre working – Ti radiš You are working – Vi raditeHe is working – On radiShe is working – Ona radiIt is working – Ono radi

They are working – Oni rade


Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Am I working? – Da li ja radim? Are we working? – Da li mi radimo?Are you working? – Da li ti radiš? Are you working? – Da li vi radite?Is he working? – Da li on radi?Is she working? – Da li ona radi?Is it working? – Da li ono radi?

Are they working? – Da li oni rade?


6

Am I working? – Yes, I am / No, I'm notAre you working? – Yes, you are / No, you aren’t. Is he working? – Yes, he is / No, he isn’tIs she working? – Yes, she is / No, she isn’tIs it working? – Yes, it is / No, it isn’t Are we working? - Yes, we are / No, we aren’tAre you working? – Yes you are / No, you aren’t Are they working? –Yes, they are / No, they aren’t


Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Where am I working? – Gde ja radim? Where are we working? – Gde mi

radimo?Where are you working? – Gde ti radiš? Where are you working? – Gde vi

radite?Where is he working? – Gde on radi?Where is she working? – Gde ona radi?Where is it working? – Gde ono radi?

Where are they working? – Gde onirade?

Odrični oblik sadašnjeg trajnog vremena se gradi od odričnog oblika pomoćnog glagolaTO BE u sadašnjem vremenu i sadašnjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola.

Odrični oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I am not (I'm not) working – Ja neradim

We are not (aren't) working – Mi neradimo

You are not (aren't) working – Ti neradiš

You are not (aren't) working – Vi neradite

He is not (isn't) working – On ne radiShe is not (isn't) working – Ona neradiIt is not (isn't) working – Ono ne radi

They are not (aren't) working – Onine rade

Upotreba:

Sadašnje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se koristi za:

Radnju koja se dešava u trenutku govora, te se stoga uz njega često nalaze vremenskeodrednice now (sada) i at the moment (u ovom trenutku).

She is reading a book at the moment. (Ona trenutno čita knjigu.)

Privremenu radnju

We're living in my sister's flat until we find a new house to buy. (Živimo u kući mojesestre dok ne nañemo novu kuću da kupimo.)

Planove vezane za budućnost.

I am visiting my sister next weekend. (Sledećeg vikenda ću posetiti svoju sestru.)

7

GLAGOLI KOJI SE NE UPOTREBLJAVAJU U PRESENT CONTINUOUS-u

Jedan broj glagola najčešće ne može da bude upotrebljen u trajnim vremenima. Najvažniji odnjih su: hear – čuti, see – videti , taste – okusiti , smell – mirisati, remember – setiti se ,understand – razumeti , wish – želeti , want – hteti, know – znati itd. Npr.:

Oni su, umesto u present continuous tense-u koriste u present simple tense-u.

I hear a noise in the next room. (Čujem nekakvu buku u susednoj sobi.)Stop! Don't you see the red light? (Stani! Zar ne vidiš crveno svetlo?)This cake tastes good. (Ovaj kolač ima dobar ukus.)Do you remember our first dance? ( Sećaš li se našeg prvog plesa?)I wish you a lot of happiness. (Želim vam mnogo sreće.)I know that you don't understand me. (Znam da me ne razumete).

Neki od datih glagola menjaju značenje u present continuous tense-u:

I see a boy in the garden. (Vidim dečaka u dvorištu.)She is seeing Milan. (Ona se viña sa Milanom.)

I don’t hear you. Could you repeat it, please. (Ne čujem te. Možeš li da ponoviš, molim te.)I am hearing from him twice a month. (Čujem se s njim dva puta mesečno.)

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (PROSTO PROŠLO VREME)

Prosto prošlo vreme (Simple Past Tense) pravilnih glagola se gradi od osnovnog oblikaglagola (infinitiv bez «to») i nastavka –ed.

Potvrdni oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I worked – Ja sam radio We worked – Mi smo radiliYou worked – Ti si radio You worked – Vi ste radiliHe worked – On je radioShe worked – Ona je radilaIt worked – Ono je radilo

They worked – Oni su radili

Ako se infinitiv glagola završava na –e, nastavak glasi –d Primer:He closed (close – zatvoriti)

Ako se glagol završava na –y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik, –y prelazi u –i. Primer:He cried (cry -plakati)

Ako je ispred –y samoglasnik, nema promene.She played (play – igrati)He stayed (stay – ostati)

Ukoliko se infinitiv završava na jedan suglasnik ispred koga je kratak, naglašen samoglasnik,taj krajnji suglasnik se udvostručava pred nastavkom za prosto prošlo vreme.plan – planned (planirati)stop – stopped (zaustaviti)

Nepravilni glagoli imaju posebne oblike za prošlo vreme i oni se uče napamet.

8

Upitni oblik glagola u prostom prošlom vremenu se gradi od pomoćnog glagola do u prošlomvremenu koji glasi did i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.


Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Did I work? – Da li sam ja radio? Did we work? – Da li smo mi radili?Did you work? – Da li si ti radio? Did you work? – Da li ste vi radili?Did he work? – Da li je on radio?Did she work? – Da li jeona radila?Did it work? – Da li je ono radilo?

Did they work? – Da li su oni radili?


Did I work? – Yes, I did / No, I didn’tDid you work? – Yes, you did / No, you didn’t. Did he work? – Yes, he did / No, he didn’tDid she work? – Yes, she did / No, she didn’tDid it work? – Yes, it did / No, it didn’t

Did we work? – Yes, we did / No, we didn’t Did you work? – Yes you did / No, you didn’tDid they work? – Yes, they did / No, they didn’t


Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Where did I work? – Gde sam ja radio? Where did we work? – Gde smo mi

radili?Where did you work? – Gde si ti radio? Where did you work? – Gde ste vi

radili?Where did he work? – Gde je on radio?Where did she work? – Gde je onaradila?Where did it work? – Gde ono radilo?

Where did they work? – Gde su oniradili?

Nepravilni glagoli grade upitni oblik na isti način.

Subjekatska i objekatska pitanja (Subject and object questions)

Kada se upitna reč odnosi na subjekat rečenice koja je odgovor na postavljeno pitanje,glagol stoji u potvrdnom obliku. Ovakvo pitanje se naziva subjekatsko.

Kod rečenice:Who called you? (Ko te je pozvao?) odgovor na pitanje glasiJohn called me. Odgovor na gorenavedeno pitanje je »John«, što je subjekat rečenice.

Kod rečenice:Who did you call last night? (Koga si pozvao sinoć?) odgovor na pitanje glasiI called Robert last night.Odgovor na gorenavedeno pitanje je »Robert«, što je objekat rečenice.

Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog oblika pomoćnog glagola do u prošlom vremenu i

9

osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.

Odrični oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I did not (didn't) work – Ja nisam radio We did not (didn't) work – Mi nismo

radiliYou did not (didn't) work – Ti nisi radio You did not (didn't) work – Vi niste

radiliHe did not (didn't) work – On nije radioShe did not (didn't) work – Ona nijeradilaIt did not (didn't) work – Ono nije radilo

They did not (didn't) work – Oni nisuradili

Nepravilni glagoli grade odrični oblik na isti način.

Upotreba:

Prosto prošlo vreme se koristi za radnju koja je završena u prošlosti. Karakteristične vremenske odrednice uz koje se upotrebljava su:

Yesterday – juče, the day before yesterday – prekjuče, two years ago – pre dve godine,three hours ago – pre tri sata, last Monday – prošlog ponedeljka, last year – prošlegodine, in 1977 – 1977.-e i sl.

I worked in a shop last year. (Radio sam u prodavnici prošle godine.)My brother finished his homework an hour ago. (Moj brat je završio domaći pre satvremena.)Last week we decided to buy a new house. (Prošle nedelje smo odlučili da kupimo novukuću.)Sandra closed the window a few minutwes ago. (Sandra je zatvorila prozor pre nekolikominuta.)My father built this house in 1997. (Moj otac je sagradio ovu kuću 1997.-e)The day before yesterday Marko bought a nice hat. (Prekjuče je Marko kupio lep šešir.)

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (PROŠLO TRAJNO VREME)

Prošlo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostomprošlom vremenu, tj. was/were i sadašnjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola.

Potvrdni oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I was working – Ja sam radio We were working – Mi smo radiliYou were working – Ti si radio You were working – Vi ste radiliHe was working – On je radioShe was working – Ona je radilaIt was working – Ono je radilo

They were working – Oni su radili

Upitni oblik glagola u prošlom trajnom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdnioblik) pomoćnog glagola TO BE (u prošlom vremenu) i lične zamenice.

10


Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Was I working? – Da li sam ja radio? Were we working? – Da li smo mi

radili?Were you working? – Da li si ti radio? Were you working? – Da li ste vi

radili?Was he working? – Da li je on radio?Was she working? – Da li je ona radila?Was it working? – Da li je ono radilo?

Were they working? – Da li su oniradili?


Was I working? – Yes, I was / No, I wasn’tWere you working? – Yes, you were / No, you weren’t.Was he working? – Yes, he was / No, he wasn’tWas she working? – Yes, she was / No, she wasn’tWas it working? – Yes, it was / No, it wasn’t

Were we working? - Yes, we were / No, we weren’tWere you working? – Yes, you were /No, you weren’tWere they working? –Yes, they were / No, they weren’t


Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Where was I working? – Gde sam jaradio?

Where were we working? – Gde smomi radili?

Where were you working? – Gde si tiradio?

Where were you working? – Gde stevi radili?

Where was he working? – Gde je onradio?Where was she working? – Gde je onaradila?Where was it working? – Gde je onoradilo?

Where were they working? – Gde suoni radili?

Odrični oblik prošlog trajnog vremena se gradi od odričnog obika pomoćnog glagola TO BE uprošlom vremenu i sadašnjeg participa glavnog glagola.

Odrični oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I was not (I wasn't) working – Janisam radio

We were not (weren't) working – Minismo radili

You were not (weren't) working – Tinisi radio

You were not (weren't) working – Viniste radili

He was not (wasn't) working – On nijeradioShe was not (wasn't) working – Onanije radilaIt was not (wasn't) working – Ono nijeradilo

They were not (weren't) working –Oni nisu radili

11

Upotreba:

Prošlo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se koristi za:

Radnju koja je u prošlosti duže vreme trajala:

She was reading a book all day yesterday. (Ona je ceo dan juče čitala knjigu.)

Dve radnje koje su se u prošlom vremenu paralelno dešavale:

While I was watching TV, my sister was doing her homework. (Dok sam ja gledao TV,moja sestra je radila svoj domaći.)

Prošlu radnju koja je duže trajala a prekinuta je nekom drugom prošlom radnjom. Tadruga radnja se obično izražava prostim prošlim vremenom (past simple tense):

I was watching TV when the telephone rang. (Ja sam gledao TV kada je telefonzazvonio.)When we arrived they were playing cards. (Kada smo stigli oni su igrali karte.)

Napomena: Glagoli koji se ne koriste u Present Continuous Tense-u, ne koriste se ni u PastContinuous Tense-u. Umesto njih se obično koristi glagol u Past Simple Tense-u.

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN –ING OR –ED (PRIDEVI KOJI SE ZAVRŠAJU NA–ING ILI -ED)

� -ing pridevi (adjectives) opisuju situaciju, osobu ili stvar:an interesting life – interesantan života boring teacher – dosadan profesoran exciting film – uzbudljiv film

� -ed pridevi (adjectives) opisuju kako se neko oseća:I’m very interested in modern art. (Ja sam veoma zainteresovan za modernu umetnost.)We were bored at the end of the lesson. (Bilo nam je dosadno na kraju lekcije.)She’s excited about going on holiday tomorrow. (Ona je uzbuñena zbog sutrašnjeg odlaska naodmor.)

Evo još nekoliko primera:I’m confused by this confusing letter. (Ja sam zbunjen ovim zbunjujućim pismom.)I am boring. (Ja sam dosadan.)I am bored. (Meni je dosadno.)She was very surprised when he came. (On je bila veoma iznenañena kada je on došao.)It was very surprising that he came. (Bilo je veoma iznenañujuće što je on došao.)

12

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (POREĐENJE PRIDEVA)

Kod jednosložnih i nekih dvosložnih prideva komparativ se gradi dodavanjem sufiksa –er, asuperlativ dodatkom sufiksa –est. Ispred superlativa se koristi odreñeni član the.old older the oldest (star, stariji, najstariji)smart smarter the smartest (pametan, pametniji, najpametniji)

Pridevi koji se završavaju na –y ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, menjaju –y u –i.friendly friendlier the friendliest (ljubazan, ljubazniji, najljubazniji)

Jednosložni pridevi sa kratkim samoglasnikom udvajaju poslednji suglasnik u poreñenju.big bigger the biggest (velik, veći, najveći)thin thinner the thinnest (mršav, mršaviji, najmršaviji)

Višesložni pridevi se porede na sledeći način: komparativ se gradi dodatkom priloga more asuperlativ dodatkom priloga most.beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful (lep, lepši, najlepši)popular more popular the most popular (popularan, popularniji,najpopularniji)

Ovakvo poreñenje se još naziva i složeno poreñenje. U okviru složenog poreñenja možemorazlikovati pozitivno i negativno poreñenje. Pozitivno poreñenje govori o tome da jedansubjekat u većoj meri sadrži navedenu osobinu.She is more intelligent than her sister. (Ona je inteligentnija od njene sestre.)

Negativno poreñenje govori o tome da jedan subjekat u manjoj meri sadrži navedenu osobinu.Belgrade is a less dangerous place than New York. (Beograd je manje opasno mesto odNjujorka.)

Neki pridevi mogu da se porede i uz pomoć sufiksa i uz pomoć prilogacommon commoner the commonest (običan, običniji, najobičniji) more common the most common

Razliku izmeñu dva subjekta možemo iskazati i sa different from.Belgrade is different from New York. (Beograd je drugačiji od Njujorka.)

Poreñenje po jednakosti znači da dva subjekta u istoj meri poseduju neku osobinu. U tu svrhukoristimo as …pridev... as.Mary is as beautiful as her sister. (Meri je lepa kao njena sestra.)He is as smart as I am. (On je pametan kao ja.)

Neki pridevi se porede nepravilnogood, better, the best (dobar, bolji, najbolji)bad, worse, the worst (loš, gori, najgori)little, less, the least (malo, manje, najmanje)much, more, the most (mnogo, više, najviše)many, more, the most (mnogo, više, najviše)

13

THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (PROSTO BUDUĆE VREME)

Future Simple Tense (Prosto buduće vreme) se gradi od modalnog glagola will iosnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez to).

Potvrdni oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I will (I’ll) work – Ja ću raditi We will (We’ll) work – Mi ćemo raditiYou will (You’ll) work – Ti ćeš raditi You will (You’ll) work – Vi ćete raditiHe will (He’ll) work – On će raditiShe will (She’ll) work – Ona će raditiIt will (It’ll) work – Ono će raditi

They will (They’ll) work – Oni ćeraditi

Upitni oblik glagola u Future Simple Tense-u se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdnioblik) modalnog glagola will i lične zamenice


Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Will I work? – Da li ću ja raditi? Will we work? – Da li ćemo mi raditi?Will you work? – Da li ćeš ti raditi? Will you work?– Da li ćete vi raditi?Will he work? – Da li će on raditi?Will she work? – Da li će ona raditi?Will it work? – Da li će ono raditi?

Will they work? – Da li će oni raditi?


Will I work? – Yes, I will / No, I won’tWill you work? – Yes, you will / No, you won’t.Will he work? – Yes, he will / No, he won’tWill she work? – Yes, she will / No, she won’tWill it work? – Yes, it will / No, it won’t

Will we work? - Yes, we will / No, we won’tWill you work? – Yes we will / No, we won’tWill they work? –Yes, they will/ No, they won’t


Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Where will I work? – Gde ću ja raditi? Where will we work? – Gde ćemo mi

raditi?Where will you work? – Gde ćeš tiraditi?

Where will you work?– Gde ćete viraditi?

Where will he work? – Gde će onraditi?Where will she work? – Gde će onaraditi?Where will it work? – Gde će onoraditi?

Where will they work? – Gde će oniraditi?

14

Odrični oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I will not (won’t) work – Ja nećuraditi

We will not (won’t) work – Mi nećemoraditi

You will not (won’t) work – Ti nećešraditi

You will not (won’t) work – Vi nećeteraditi

He will not (won’t) work – On nećeraditiShe will not (won’t) work – Onaneće raditiIt will not (won’t) work – Ono nećeraditi

They will not (won’t) work – Oni nećeraditi

Upotreba:

Prosto buduće vreme (future simple tense) koristimo:

da bismo govorili o radnjama koje predviñamo da će se desiti u budućnosti (futurepredictions).

She will travel to Jamaica next year. (Ona će putovati na Jamajku sledeće godine.)Will it rain tomorrow? (Hoće li padati kiša sutra?)

za odluke donete u trenutku govora.

A: ‘’We ran out of sugar.’’ B: ‘’I will go and buy some.’’ (Nestalo nam je šećera.) (Otići ću i kupiću ga.)

Za razliku od prostog budućeg vremena o čijoj je upotrebi bilo reči, kada govorimo o svojimplanovima i odlukama donetim ranije, koristimo konstrukciju

BE+GOING TO+INFINITIVE

A: I’ve got a headache. B: I will get you an aspirin. (Boli me glava.) (Doneću ti aspirin.)(Odluka koja nije mogla biti doneta ranije jer B nije znao da A boli glava.)

I bought the tickets for the cinema. I’m going to see a film. (Kupio sam karte zabioskop. Ići ću da gledam film.)(Čim je kupio karte znači da je odluku doneo pre trenutka govora, odnosno da je planirao.)

Ponekad je razlika izmeñu upotrebe ova dva načina izražavanja budućnosti veoma mala.Kada koristimo going to konstrukciju, mi znamo da će se nešto desiti na osnovunečega što sada možemo jasno videti, dakle iznosimo predviñanje zasnovano na nekomdokazu .

Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain. (Pogledaj te sive oblake. Pašće kiša.)I feel terrible. I think I`m going to be sick. (Osećam se grozno. Mislim da će mi pozliti.)

U situacijama kada je verovatnoća da će se radnja desiti manja, bolje je koristitiwill+inifinitiv.

Marko will probably arrive at about 6 o`clock. (Marko će verovatno stići oko 6 sati.)

15

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (PREDLOZI ZA MESTO)

Kao predlog za mesto at služi da odredi mesto gde se nešto dešava.at the football match (na fudbalskoj utakmici)at school (u školi)at the party (na zabavi)at work (na poslu)at university (na univerzitetu)at the concert (na koncertu)at Jane's (house) (kod Džejn)at the doctor's (kod doktora)at the door (na vratima)Zapamtite:at the traffic lights (na semaforu)at the desk (za stolom)at the top (na vrhu)at the bottom (na dnu)

Kao predlog za mesto in se koristi za gradove i države.in London (u Londonu)in France (u Francuskoj)Zapamtite da se kaže in the world (na svetu), in a picture (na slici), in a street (na ulici),in the mirror (u ogledalu)

Razlika u upotrebi at i in za mesto je u tome što in insistira na unutrašnjosti zgrade, a at možeznačiti unutra, neposredno ispred, neposredno izaI'll meet you at the theatre. (Naći ćemo se u pozorištu / kod pozorišta)I'll meet you in the theatre. (Naći ćemo se u pozorištu – u unutrašnjosti zgrade)

Kada se koristi za mesto on znači “na”on the roof (na krovu)on the floor (na podu)on the wall (na zidu)

Predlog to se koristi da označi pravac kretanja. Koristi se uz glagole kretanja.go to work (ići na posao)run to the office (trčati do kancelarije)swim to the boat (plivati do čamca)

Ako imenici home prethodi glagol kretanja, ispred nje se ne koristi predlogI'm tired. I'm going home. (Umoran sam, idem kući.)Did you walk home? (Da li si hodao do kuće?)

Ako imenici home prethode be, stay, do something, ispred nje dolazi atI'm staying at home this evening. (Ostajem kod kuće ove večeri.)When I am at home, I usually watch TV. (Kada sam kod kuće, obično gledam TV.)I like working at home. (Volim da radim kod kuće.)

Kada idemo od jednog do drugog mesta koristimo from...toWe travel from Novi Sad to Budapest. (Mi putujemo od Novog Sada do Budimpešte.)

Kada se govori o prevoznom sredstvu koristi se predlog byby bus (autobusom)by car (autom)

16

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME (PREDLOZI ZA VREME)

Kao predlog za vreme at se koristi za izražavanje sati i tačno datog vremena.at 6 o'clock (u 6 sati)at 7:30 in the morning (u pola 8 ujutru)at 11 pm (u 11 sati uveče)at noon (u podne)at midnight (u ponoć)at night (noću)

Predlog in se kao predlog za vreme koristi za označavanja meseci i godina, kao i ispred delovadana.in June (u junu)in May (u maju)

in 1987 (1987. godine)in summer (u leto)in winter (u zimu)in the morning (ujutru)in the afternoon (popodne)in the evening (uveče)

Predlog on se može koristiti da označi vreme dešavanja radnje i to onda kada se govori odanima.Mogu se navoditi dani u nedelji, delovi dana, ali i datumi.on Monday (u ponedeljak)on Sunday evening (u nedelju uveče)on 21st November (21. novembra)

From…to se takoñe koristi i za vremenski periodI work from 9 to 5. (Ja radim od 9 do 5.)

17

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (POVRATNE ZAMENICE)

Povratna zamenica u srpskom jeziku se izražava pomoću: «SEBE» ili «SE» i koristi se da seizrazi nešto što je neko sam učinio, bez ičije pomoći, uticaja ili krivice. Na primer: Ja sam SEposekao (Ja sam SEBE posekao). U engleskom jeziku, one po licima glase:

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)myself ourselvesyourself yourselveshimself themselvesherselfitself

Primeri:Do it yourself. (Uradite to sami.)He's looking at himself in the mirror. (On se gleda u ogledalu.)He cut himself with a knife. (Posekao se nožem.)Please, help yourselves. (Poslužite se, molim vas.)Leyla had a nice time in London. She enjoyed herself. (Leyla se lepo provela u Londonu.Uživala je.)

Povratnu zamenicu koristimo i uz predlog by u značenju alone (sam). She went on holiday by herself. (Ona je sama išla na odmor.)I made it by myself. ( Ja sam to sama napravila.)

Povratne zamenice mogu da budu uz sam subjekat ili na kraju rečenice kada se koriste uznačenju „lično“.She herself wrote the story. ili She wrote the story herself. (Ona lično je napisala priču.)

Izraz each other znači jedno drugome, meñusobno. They will help each other with the cleaning. (Pomoći će jedan drugome sa čišćenjem.)

THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (SADAŠNJE SVRŠENO PROSTOVREME)

Sadašnje svršeno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se gradi od glagola TOHAVE u sadašnjem prostom vremenu, tj. have/has i prošlog participa (past participle)glavnog glagola.Prošli particip se kod pravilnih glagola gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak –ed. Kodnepravilnih glagola prošli particip ima drugačiji oblik (tzv. treća kolona):

play – playedwork – worked sleep – slept

Potvrdni oblikJednina (singular) Množina (plural)I have (I've)worked – Ja sam radio We have (We've) worked – Mi smo

radiliYou have (You've)worked – Ti si radio You have (You've) worked – Vi ste

radiliHe has (He's)worked – On je radioShe has (She's) worked – Ona je radilaIt has (It's) worked – Ono je radilo

They have (They've) worked– Oni suradili

18

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I have (I've) slept – Ja sam spavao We have slept (We've) – Mi smo

spavaliYou have (You've) slept – Ti si spavao You have slept (You've) – Vi ste

spavaliHe has slept (He's) – On je spavaoShe has slept (She's) – Ona je spavalaIt has slept (It's) – Ono je spavalo

They have slept (They've) – Oni suspavali

Upitni oblik glagola sadašnjeg svršenog vremena se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdnioblik) pomoćnog glagola TO HAVE (u sadašnjem vremenu) i lične zamenice.


Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Have I worked? – Da li sam ja radio? Have we worked? – Da li smo mi

radili?Have you worked? – Da li si ti radio? Have you worked? – Da li ste vi radili?Has he worked? – Da li je on radio?Has she worked? – Da li je ona radila?Has it worked? – Da li je ono radilo?

Have they worked? – Da li su oniradili?


Have I worked?–Yes, I have / No, I haven'tHave you worked? – Yes, you have / No, you haven'tHas he worked? – Yes, he has / No, he hasn't.Has she worked? – Yes, she has/ No, she hasn't.Has it worked? – Yes, it has / No, it hasn't.

Have we worked? - Yes, we have / No, we haven't.Have you worked? – Yes, you have / No, we haven't Have they worked? –Yes, they have / No, they haven't.


Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Where have I worked? – Gde sam jaradio?

Where have we worked? – Gde smomi radili?

Where have you worked? – Gde si tiradio?

Where have you worked? – Gde ste viradili?

Where has he worked? – Gde je onradio?Where has she worked? – Gde je onaradila?Where has it worked? – Gde je onoradilo?

Where have they worked? – Gde suoni radili?

Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog obika glagola have (odnosno has za treće lice jednine) iprošlog participa glavnog glagola.

19

Odrični oblikJednina (singular) Množina (plural)I have not (haven't) worked – Janisam radio

We have not (haven't) worked – Minismo radili

You have not (haven't) worked – Tine radiš

You have not (haven't) worked – Viniste radili

He has not (hasn't) worked – On nijeradioShe has not (hasn't) worked – Onanije radilaIt has not (hasn't) worked – Ononije radilo

They have not (haven't) worked – Oninisu radili

Upotreba:

Sadašnje svršeno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se koristi za:

Radnju koja je upravo završena, te se stoga uz njega često nalazi vremenska odrednicajust (upravo)

She has just gone out. (Ona je upravo izašla.)

Radnju koja se desila u prošlosti u neko neodreñeno vreme:

I have travelled to America. (Putovao sam u Ameriku.)

Prošlu radnju koja ima vidljive rezultate (posledice) u sadašnjosti.

The lift has broken down. We have to use the stairs. (Lift se pokvario. Moramo da idemostepenicama.)I have washed the car. It looks lovely. (Oprao sam kola. Izgledaju odlično.)

Radnju koja se desila u prošlosti ali je moguće da se ponovi u sadašnjosti.

I have seen wolves in that forest. You can still see them sometimes. (Video samvukove u toj šumi. Još uvek ih ponekad možeš videti.)

Radnju koja se dešava u nezavršenom vremenskom periodu. Vremenski period koji traje često je označen sa today, this morning / afternoon / evening /week / month / year / century, recently, lately...

I haven't seen him today. (Nisam ga danas video.)He has had a lot of bad luck recently. (U poslednje vreme nije imao mnogo sreće.)

U ovom značenju često se javljaju i prilozi ever i never da označe životna iskustvasubjekta.

He has never eaten Chinese food. (On nikada nije jeo kinesku hranu.)

Radnju koja je počela u prošlosti i još uvek traje. U tom smislu se koriste for i since.

For se koristi da označi vremenski period u kojem radnja traje.We have lived here for 10 years. (Živimo ovde već 10 godina.)

Since označava trenutak kada je radnja počela.They have been friends since their schooldays. (Oni su prijatelji još od školskih dana.)

20

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE and PAST SIMPLE TENSE

Present Perfect Tense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se dogodile uneodreñenom trenutku u prošlosti.

Mary has travelled to America. (Meri je putovala u Ameriku.)I have broken my leg. (Slomila sam nogu.)

Past Simple će se upotrebiti kada imamo vremensku frazu koja nam jasno ukazuje nato kada se nešto odigralo u prošlosti.

Mary travelled to America last year. (Meri je putovala u Ameriku prošle godine.)I broke my leg when I was ten. (Slomila sam nogu kad mi je bilo deset godina.)

Kada opisujemo odreñeni dogañaj često ćemo praviti kombinacije ova dva vremena.Kada navodimo činjenicu do koje je došlo možemo upotrebiti Present Perfect. Ali većsvaka druga detaljnija informacija vezana za tu situaciju će biti izražena Past SimpleTense-om.

I have lost my wallet. (Izgubila sam novčanik.)It happened in a supermarket. (To se desilo u supermarketu.)I came to the cashier but there wasn't a wallet in my bag. (Došla sam na kasu alinovčanik nije bio u torbi.)I was desperate. (Bila sam očajna.)

Uz reč when ide Past Simple Tense, jer se traži tačno vreme u prošlosti.

Have you ever been to England? (Da li si ikada bio u Engleskoj?)Yes, I have. (Da, jesam.)When did you go there? (Kada si išao tamo?)I went there three years ago. (Išao sam pre tri godine.)

MODAL VERBS (MODALNI GLAGOLI)

Modalni glagoli su glagoli nepotpunog značenja, koji odgovaraju našim: moći, hteti, umeti,smeti…U engleskom jeziku oni imaju tri važne karakteristike.1. traže dopunu u vidu infinitiva bez to2. imaju isti oblik za sva lica3. u odričnom i upitnom obliku ne koriste glagol to do, upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom

Must je jedan od modalnih glagola koji označava postojanje obaveze (obligation). To jenajčešće obaveza koja dolazi od prvog lica, tzv. unutrašnja obaveza.I must call my sister tonight. (Moram da pozovem sestru večeras.)She must win the competition. (Ona mora da pobedi na takmičenju.)

Glagolska konstrukcija have to ima slično značenje kao i must. Razlika je u tome što have tooznačava obavezu koja dolazi od drugog lica, tzv. spoljašnja obaveza. To se uglavnom odnosina pravila i zakone koji su nam propisani.Children have to go to school. (Deca moraju da idu u školu.)You have to fill in this form to get a visa. (Morate da ispunite ovaj formular da biste dobilivizu.)Glagol Have to se takoñe koristi umesto glagola modalnog glagola must u prošlom i budućemvremenu, jer must nema oblike za njih.You didn't have to come if you didn't want to. (Nisi morao da doneš ako nisi želeo.)

21

Treba voditi računa o tome da Have to nije modalni glagol.

Mustn't je odričan oblik glagola must i označava zabranu (prohibition).You mustn't smoke in the classroom. (Ne smete pušiti u učionici.)We mustn't play with matches. (Ne smemo se igrati sa šibicama.)

Davanje ili oduzimanje dozvole se izražava i konstrukcijom be allowed to.We are allowed to enter the temple. (Dozvoljeno nam je da uñemo u hram.)Ovom konstrukciojm možemo i zabranjivati.You are not allowed to smoke in the classroom. (Ne dozvoljava se da pušenje u učionici.)

Needn’t označava nepostojanje obaveze (lack of obligation). Umesto njega se može koristitinot need to koji se može menjati kroz vremena i nije modalni glagol.You needn’t clean the floor. (Ne moraš da očistiš pod.)He doesn’t need to play. (On ne mora da igra.)They didn’t need to fix the car, yesterday. (Nisu morali da poprave kola juče.)

Can označava postojanje sposobnosti (ability) u sadašnjosti dok can't označava nepostojanjesposobnosti (lack of ability).I can play the guitar. (Umem da sviram gitaru.)She can't drive a car. (Ona ne ume da vozi auto.)

Could govori o sposobnosti koja je postojala nekada u prošlosti. Couldn't označavanepostojanje sposobnosti u prošlosti.Michael could climb trees as a child. (Majkl je mogao da se penje na drveće kao dete.)I couldn't read when I was 4. (Nisam umela da čitam kada mi je bilo 4 godine.)

Za sposobnost ili mogućnost u prošlosti, koristi se još i glagol be able toI wasn't able to come yesterday. (Nisam mogao juče da doñem)

Razlika u upotrebi could i was/were able to se ogleda u tome što se could koristi zageneralnu sposobnost (general ability) u prošlosti, dok was/were able to za sposobnost u nekojspecifičnoj situaciji (ability on a specific occasion). (Kada ima značenje – uspeti nešto uraditi =manage)I could climb a tree when I was younger. (Umeo sam da se popnem na drvo kada sam biomlañi.)The prisoner was able to escape by climbing over the wall. (Zatvorenik je uspeo da pobegnetako što se popeo na zid.)Be able to se takoñe koristi za budućnost.I'll be able to come tomorrow. (Moći ću sutra da doñem.)

Can / can't može značiti i imati / nemati dozvolu (permission) da nešto uradite.You can leave the room. (Možete da napustite prostoriju.)We can't vote when we are 16. (Ne možemo da glasamo ako imamo 16 godina.)

May / might se koriste da označe verovatnoću (probability) da će se nešto desiti. Might nosinešto manju mogućnost da se radnja ostvari.It may rain. It is cloudy. (Možda će padati kiša. Oblačno je.)It might rain. It is still sunny.(Možda će padati kiša. Još uvek je sunčano.)

Would se koristi za zamišljene situacije. Često se skraćuje i glasi 'dWhere would you go? (Gde biste išli?)I'd stay at some hotel. (Odsela bih u nekom hotelu.)

Should / shouldn't (trebalo bi / ne bi trebalo) se koriste za davanje saveta, predloga,sugestija (advice, suggestions).

22

Mary should go home. She has high temperature. (Meri bi trebalo da ode kući. Ima visokutemperaturu.)You shouldn't walk alone by night. It is dangerous. (Ne bi trebalo da šetaš sam noću. Opasnoje.)

Shall / shan’t se koristi za obećanja, sugestije, naredbe i pretnje (promises, suggestions,commands, threats)I shan’t forget where I came from. (Neću zaboraviti odakle sam došao.)Shall I help you? (Da li da ti pomognem?)He shall not have dinner. (On neće dobiti večeru.)

THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (DAVNO PROŠLO PROSTO VREME)

Davno prošlo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se gradi od pomoćnog glagolaTO HAVE prošlom prostom vremenu (past simple tense-u), tj. had i prošlog participa glavnogglagola.

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I had (I’d) worked – Ja sam bio radio We had (We’d) worked– Mi smo bili

radiliYou had (You’d) worked – Ti si bioradio

You had (You’d) worked– Vi ste biliradili

He had worked (He’d) – On je bio radioShe had worked (She’d) – Ona je bilaradilaIt had worked (It’d) – Ono bilo je radilo

They had (They’d) worked– Oni subili radili

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I had (I’d) slept – Ja sam bio spavao We had (We’d) slept – Mi smo bili

spavaliYou had (You’d) slept – Ti si bio spavao You had (You’d)slept – Vi ste bili

spavaliHe had (He’d) slept – On je bio spavaoShe had (She’d) slept – Ona je bilaspavalaIt had (It’d) slept – Ono je bilo spavalo

They had (They’d) slept– Oni su bilispavali

Upitni oblik glagola u davnom prošlom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdnioblik) pomoćnog glagola TO HAVE (u prošlom vremenu) i lične zamenice.

Upitni oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Had I worked? – Da li sam ja bio radio? Had we worked? – Da li smo mi bili

radili?Had you worked? – Da li si ti bio radio? Had you worked? – Da li vi ste bili

radili?Had he worked? – Da li je on bio radio?Had she worked? – Da li je ona bilaradila?Had it worked? – Da li je ono biloradilo?

Had they worked? – Da li su oni biliradili?

23


Had I worked? – Yes, I had / No, I hadn'tHad you worked? – Yes, you had / No, you hadn'tHad he worked? – Yes, he had / No, he hadn'tHad she worked? – Yes, she had/ No, she hadn'tHad it worked? – Yes, it had / No, it hadn't

Had we worked? - Yes, we had / No, we hadn'tHad you worked? – Yes, you had / No, we hadn't Had they worked? –Yes, they had / No, they hadn't


Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)Where had I worked? – Gde sam ja bioradio?

Where had we worked? -Gde smo mibili radili?

Where had you worked? – Gde si ti bioradio?

Where had you worked? – Gde ste vibili radili?

Where had he worked? – Gde je on bioradio?Where had she worked? – Gde je onabila radila?Where had it worked? – Gde je ono biloradilo?

Where had they worked? –Gde su onibili radili?

Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog oblika prošlog vremena glagola have i prošlog participaglavnog glagola.

Odrični oblik

Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)I had not (hadn't ) worked – Ja nisambio radio

We had not (hadn't) worked – Mi nismobili radili

You had not (hadn't) worked –Ti nisi bioradio

You had not (hadn't) worked – Vi nistebili radili

He had not (hadn't) worked – On nijebio radioShe had not (hadn't) worked – Onanije bila radilaIt had not (hadn't) worked – Ono nijebilo radilo

They had not (hadn't) worked – Oninisu bili radili

Upotreba:

Davno prošlo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se upotrebljava za:

Radnju koja se završila pre neke druge prošle radnje.

She suddenly found that she had lost her camera. (Odjednom je shvatila da je izgubilafoto aparat.)

The Past Perfect Tense se upotrebljava u zavisnim rečenicama uz after. Takoñe se mogupojaviti i prilozi when i because.

After we had reached the top, we began to feel tired. (Pošto smo se popeli na vrh počelismo da osećamo umor.)

24

His friend tried to help him after he had lost all his money. (Prijatelji su pokušali da mupomognu nakon što je izgubio sav svoj novac.)When he had finished his homework, he went to play. (Kada je završio domaći, izašao jeda se igra.)Because he'd spent so much, he had very little money. (Pošto je bio potrošio toliko, imaoje vrlo malo novca.)

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (BROJIVE I NEBROJIVEIMENICE)

Brojive imenice (countable nouns) su imenice koje imaju množinu – mogu se brojati.book – knjiga books – knjigechild – dete children – deca

Nebrojive imenice (uncountable nouns) nemaju množinu – ne mogu se brojati.sugarmilklovemoney

QUANTIFIERS (IZRAZI ZA KOLIČINU)SOME AND ANY

Količina se može iskazati neodreñenim prilozima some i any.Some (nekoliko) se koristi u potvrdnim rečenicama. Može stajati isred brojivih imenica umnožini i ispred nebrojivih imenica.

She left some oranges on the table. (Ona je ostavila nekoliko narandži na stolu.)We need to buy some butter for the cake. (Treba da kupimo malo putera za tortu.)

Jedini slučaj kada se some upotrebljava u pitanjima jeste kada nekoga nudimo nečim.

Would you like some coffee? (Da li bi htela kafu?)How about some oranges? (Hoćeš li narandže?)

Any (ijedan, nijedan) se koristi u upitnim i odričnim rečenicama ispred brojivih imenica umnožini i ispred nebrojivih imenica.

Are there any eggs in the fridge? (Ima li jaja u frižideru?)There isn't any coffee left in the coffee box. (Nema nimalo kafe u kutiji za kafu.)

U potvrdnim rečenicama any znači ma koji, bilo koji, svaki.

Any day suits me. (Odgovara mi bilo koji dan.)Give me any book you want. (Daj mi ma koju knjigu hoćeš.)Any man can understand that. (Svaki čovek može to da razume.)

25

ARTICLES (ČLANOVI)

NEODREĐENI ČLAN (INDEFINITE ARTICLE)

Neodreñeni član (indefinite article) a/an se ispred imenica koje počinju suglasnikom čita / ə / dok se ispred imenica koje počinju samoglasnikom čita kao / ən /.a boy / ə boi /an egg / ən eg /

Neodreñeni član se koristi da označi lice ili stvar koje ne poznajemo ili koje po prvi putpominjemo. neodreñeni član se upotrebljava isključivo sa imenicama u jednini.

There is a boy in the street. (Neki dečak se nalazi na ulici.)She put an apple on the table. (Stavila je jabuku na sto.)

Neodreñeni član se koristi ispred imenskog dela predikata i profesija.I am a student. (Ja sam student.)The ugly duckling became a beautiful swan. (Ružno pače je postalo prelepi labud.)

ODREĐENI ČLAN (DEFINITE ARTICLE)

Odreñeni član (definite article) the se isped imenica koje počinju suglasnikom izgovara kao/ δə / dok se ispred imenica koje počinju samoglasnikom odreñeni član čita kao / δi: /.

the book / δə buk /the eyes / δi: аіz /

Odreñeni član se koristi za opisivanje odreñenih, poznatih lica i stvari.

The man you met is my friend. (Čovek kog si upoznao je moj prijatelj.)The book on the table is mine. (Knjiga na stolu je moja.)

Odreñeni član se koristi ispred superlativa i rednih brojeva.

She is the prettiest girl in the class. (Ona je najlepša devojka u razredu.)The first act of the play was the best. (Prvi čin drame je bio najbolji.)

Odreñeni član se koristi da označi pojmove od kojih samo jedan postoji na svetu.

the Earththe pastthe Sunthe weather

Odreñeni član se koristi ispred imena reka, mora, okeana, planinskih venaca…

the Savathe Adriatic seathe Atlanticthe Alps

Odreñeni član se koristi ispred imena pripadnika narodnosti da označi celu naciju.

the Frenchthe Swiss

26

Odreñeni član se koristi ispred imena javnih zgrada i institucija u gradu.

the Odeon Cinemathe National Museumthe Modern Art Gallerythe Globe Theatre

Odreñeni član se koristi ispred naziva instrumenata.

She plays the guitar. (Ona svira gitaru)

IZOSTAVLJANE ČLANA

Član se ne koristi

Sa imenicama u množini i nebrojivim imenicama kada govorimo uopšteno o nečemu

Apples are very good for your health.We drink coffee and tea.

Ispred imena jezika i obroka

She speaks French. (Ona govori francuski.)We had lunch with John. (Ručali smo sa Džonom.)

Ispred imena igara i sportova

Marko plays chess very well. (Marko igra šah vrlo dobro.)Many people like playing basketball. (Mnogi ljudi vole da igraju košarku.)

Ispred ličnih imena i imena gradova

I live in New York. (Ja živim u Njujorku)

U mnogim uobičajenim izrazima, kao što su

By day – danju, po danuAt night – noćuAt home – kod kućeAt work – na posluIn bed – u krevetuBy car – kolima

27

VERB PATTERNS (GLAGOLSKI OBRASCI)

Odreñeni glagoli zahtevaju iza sebe gerund (glagolska osnova+nastavak -ing). Takvi glagolisu:

love, like, hate, enjoy, prefer, detest, dislike kao i izrazi don't mind i can't stand

I love walking. (Ja volim da šetam.)My sister likes reading. (Moja sestra voli da čita.)Women hate ironing. (Žene mrze da peglaju.)My brother enjoys eating. (Moj brat uživa da jede.)Alex doesn't mind getting up early. (Aleksi ne smeta da ustaje rano.)I can't stand waiting for a bus. (Ne podnosim da čekam autobus.)

Posle odreñenih glagola dolazi to + infinitive. Takvi glagoli su:

want, decide, learn, need, hope i izrazi would like, would love, would hate

I want to leave now. (Želim da odem odmah.)He decided to drive to work. (On je odlučio da vozi do posla.)She’s learning to fly. (Ona uči da leti.)She needs to pass her exam. (Njoj je potrebno da položi ispit.)We would like to come tomorrow. (Želeli bismo da doñemo sutra.)

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (ODREDBENE ODNOSNE REČENICE)

Odredbena odnosna rečenica (defining relative clause) bliže odreñuje imenicu ilizamenicu na koju se odnosi. Ona se ne može izostaviti jer bez nje rečenica ili nemasmisao ili ga menja.

The police have caught the thief who stole the jewels. (Policija je uhvatila lopova koji je ukraodragulje) who stole the jewels je odredbena odnosna rečenica (defining relative clause).

Ove rečenice počinju odnosnim zamenicama who, whose, whom, which, where, that.

Kada govorimo o ljudima, koristimo who ili that.I talked to the man who won the race. IliI talked to the man that won the race. (Razgovarao sam sa čovekom koji je pobedio utrci.)

Kada govorimo o stvarima ili životinjama koristimo which ili that.I liked the car which my father bought. IliI liked the car that my father bought. (Svideo mi se auto koji je kupio moj otac.)

Kada odnosna zamenica menja prisvojnu zamenicu (his, her, their...) koristimo whose(čiji, čija, čije)

Marko is the boy whose parents live in our neighbouhood. (Marko je dečak čiji roditeljižive u našem kraju.)

Kada govorimo gde se nešto održalo ili dešavalo onda koristimo zamenicu where (gde).I saw the building where you had your party. (Video sam zgradu gde ste priredili žurku.)I know where he stayed. (Znam gde je odseo.)

28

Odnosne zamenice who, that i which mogu biti subjekat ili objekat odnosne rečenice.Npr.u rečeniciI talked to the man who won the race, who je subjekatili u rečeniciThat is the dog that attacked me, that je takoñe subjekat rečenice.Meñutim, u rečeniciThe letter which she sent me was nice, which je objekatIli u rečeniciThe man that I met yesterday was very kind, that je takoñe objekat.

Kada je odnosna zamenica objekat rečenice ona se može izostaviti.The man that I met yesterday was very kind = The man I met yesterday was very kind.The letter which she sent me was nice. = The letter she sent me was nice.

REPORTED SPEECH (INDIREKTNI GOVOR)

Doslovno navoñenje nečijih reči se naziva direktni govor (Direct Speech).

Mark said: “I have bought a new car.” (Mark je rekao: “Kupio sam novi auto.”)Sandra: “Peter is doing his homework.” (Sandra: “Piter radi domaći.)

Meñutim, prepričavanje nečijih reči se naziva indirektnim govorom (Reported Speech iliIndirect Speech)Pri prebacivanju direktnog govora u indirektni, dešavaju se izvesne promene.

Mark said (that) he had bought a new car. (Marko je rekao da je kupio novi auto.)Sandra said (that) Peter was doing his homework. (Sandra je rekla da Piter radi svojdomaći.)

STATEMENTS (IZJAVNE REČENICE)

Pri prebacivanju direktnih potvrdnih i odričnih izjavnih u indirektni govor one se obično uvodeglagolom say. Mogu se, meñutim upotrebiti još neki glagoli sa sličnim značenjem: tell (reći),add (dodati), answer (odgovoriti), declare (izjaviti). Nakon ovih glagola može doći veznikthat, ali to nije obavezno.

U indirektnom govoru dolazi do obaveznog slaganja vremena. Ako je uvodni glagol (say,tell...) u prošlom vremenu, dolazi do promene vremena iz direktnog govora.

He said: “I am a teacher.” (On je rekao: “Ja sam nastavnik.”)He said that he was a teacher. (On je rekao da je on nastavnik.)

“Mary is reading a book.” (“Meri čita knjigu.”)She said that Mary was reading a book. (Ona je rekla da Meri čita knjigu.)

Sarah: “John bought a present for his wife.” (Sara: “Džon je kupio poklon svojoj ženi.”Sarah said that John had bought a present for his wife. (Sara je rekla da je Džon kupiopoklon svojoj ženi.)

Milan: “They are working in the garden.” (Milan: “Oni rade u bašti.”)Milan said that they were working in the garden. (Milan je rekao da oni rade u bašti.)

29

“We have made a cake.” (Napravili smo tortu)They said that they have made a cake. (Oni su rekli da su napravili tortu.)

Mark: “Paul will do it.” (Mark: Pol će to uraditi.”)Mark said that Paul would do it. (Mark je rekao da Će to Pol uraditi.)

Evo do kojih promena u vremenima dolazi pri slaganju vremena.

Present Simple Tense prelazi u Past Simple TensePresent Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Continuous TensePresent Perfect Tense prelazi u Past Perfect TensePresent Perfect Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect ContinuousTensePast Simple Tense prelazi u Past Perfect TensePast Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Continuous TenseWill prelazi u WouldShall najčešće prelazi u WouldCan prelazi u CouldMight se ne menjaShould i Ought to se ne menjaju

Takoñe se dešavaju i promene u vremenskim odrednicama:Today postaje that dayYesterday postaje the day beforeThe day before yesterday postaje two days before Tomorrow postaje the next day ili the following dayThe day after tomorrow postaje In two days` timeNext week postaje the following weekA year ago postaje a year before ili the previous year

Mary:”I met him the day before yesterday.” (Meri: “Srela sam ga prekjuče.”)Mary said she had met him two days before. (Meri je rekla da ga je srela prekjuče.)John: “I`ll come tomorrow.” (Džon: “Doći ću sutra. ”)John said he would come the next day. (Džon je rekao da će doći sutra.)

QUESTIONS (UPITNE REČENICE)

Pre prebacivanju direktnih pitanja u indirektna vodi se računa o tome da li je pitanje tipaYes/No (bez upitne reči) ili Wh- pitanje (sa upitnom reči).

Rečenice se uglavnom uvode glagolima ask (pitati), inquire (pitati, raspitivati se), want toknow (želeti znati), wonder (pitati se)

Ako se radi o Yes/No pitanjima nakon uvodnog glagola dolazi if (ili whether) a zatimprepričano pitanje. Pravilo o slaganju vremena važi i ovde.

Ann: ”Are you English?” (An: ”Da li ste vi Englezi?”)Ann asked if they were English (An je pitala da li su oni Englezi.)

Obratite pažnju da je red reči iza if kao u potvrdnoj rečenici.

Evo još nekoliko primera:Sandra: ”Can John play the piano?” (Sandra: ”Da li Džon zna da svira klavir?”)Sandra wanted to know if John could play the piano. (Sandra je htela da zna da li Džonzna da svira klavir?)

30

Mark : ”Do you work i na bank?” (Mark: ”Da li radiš u banci?”)Mark asked whether I worked in a bank. (Marko je pitao da li radim u banci)

Mario: ”Has anyone been to Madrid?” (Mario: ”Da li je iko bio u Madridu?”)Mario wanted to know if anyone had been to Madrid. (Mario je hteo da zna da li je iko biou Madridu.)

Ako se radi o Wh-pitanjima if nije potrebno. Wh- pitanja počinju upitnim rečima when,which, who, why...

Ivana: ”Where does Mary live?” (Ivana: ”Gde živi Meri?”)Ivana asked where Mary lived. (Ivana je pitala gde Meri živi.)

Tom: ”Why has Ann gone?” (Tom: ”Zašto je An otišla? ”)Tom wanted to know why Ann had gone. (Tom je želeo da zna zašto je An otišla.)

ORDERS (NAREDBE)

Naredbe se najčešće uvode glagolom tell (reći). Još se javljaju order, command (oba uznačenju narediti) dok se molbe uvode glagolom ask (zamoliti)

Glagol tell zahteva iza sebe direktan objekat.

Imperativ iz direktnog govora postaje infinitiv u indirektnom, dok negativni imperativ(prohibitiv) postaje negativni infinitiv.

Ann: ”Open the window.” (An: ”Otvori prozor.”)Ann told me to open the window. (An mi je rekla da otvorim prozor.)

Ann: ”Don’t open the window.” (An: Nemoj da otvoriš prozor.)Ann told me not to open the window. (An mi je rekla da ne otvaram prozor.)

Tom: ”Please, pass me the glass, John.” (Tom: ”Molim te, Džone, dodaj mi čašu.”)Tom: ”John, will you pass me the glass, please.” (Džone, da li bi mi dodao čašu, molimte.”)Tom: ”John, could you pass me the glass, please.” (Džone, da li bi mogao da mi dodaščašu.”)su molbe i kao takve se u indirektnom govoru uvode na isti način, glagolom ask.

Tom asked John to pass him a glass. (To je zamolio Džona da mu doda čašu.)

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (USLOVNE/POGODBENE REČENICE)

Kondicionali (uslovne rečenice) su zavisne rečenice koje se uvode veznikom if (ako). Uzavisnosti od toga kolika je mogućnost za ostvarenje radnje svi kondicionali se dele na prvi,drugi i treći kondicional.

THE FIRST CONDITIONAL (PRVI KONDICIONAL)

Prvi kondicional se još naziva i realni. Sam naziv kaže da postoji velika mogućnost zaostvarenje radnje koja se uslovljava. Kao i u svakoj složenoj rečenici, razlikujemokondicionalnu (uslovnu) rečenicu i glavnu rečenicu.

31

Uslov se u prvom kondicionalu izražava u Present Simple Tense-u, dok se u glavnoj rečenicijavlja Future Simple (will + infinitiv bez to).

If you finish your homework on time, you will get a good mark. (Ako završiš domaćizadatak na vreme, dobićeš dobru ocenu.)If she spends all the money, she will not go shopping. (Ako potroši sav novac, ona nećeići u kupovinu).

Kao varijacije prvog kondicionala javljaju se sledeće izmene.

Umesto oblika will+infinitiv mogu se javiti ostali modalni glagoli sa infinitivom.

If you want to lose weight, you should/must eat less bread. (Ako želiš da oslabiš,trebalo bi / moraš da jedeš manje hleba.)If everything is in order, you may/can leave at once. (Ako je sve u redu, možeš odmahotići.)

U glavnoj rečenici se može desiti da se takoñe javi Present Simple Tense. To se dešava kadagovorimo o naučnim činjenicama ili drugim izvesnim radnjama.

If you heat ice it turns to water. (Ako zagrevaš led pretvoriće se u vodu.)If there is an economy crisis prices go up. (Ako nastane ekonomska kriza cene rastu.)

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL (DRUGI KONDICIONAL)

Drugi kondicional nosi sa sobom manju verovatnoću da će se radnja ostvariti iako to nijepotpuno nemoguće.Uslov se izražava Past Simple Tense-om, dok se u glavnoj rečenici nalazi modalni glagol would + infinitiv bez to.

If I had a map, I would lend it to you. (Kad bih imala mapu, posudila bih ti je.)If someone stole my car, I would call the police. (Kad bi mi neko ukrao auto, pozvala bihpoliciju.)Prošli oblik glagola TO BE se često u drugom kondicionalu javlja samo kao WERE za sva lica.

If I were you, I wouldn`t do that. (Da sam ja na tvom mestu, ne bih to uradila.)

Varijacije se takoñe mogu javiti u obliku modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would+infinitivu glavnoj rečenici.

If I knew his number, I could ring him up. (Kad bih znala njegov broj, mogla bih da gapozovem.)If you tried again, you might succeed. (Kad bi ponovo pokušao, možda bi uspeo.)

THE THIRD CONDITIONAL (TREĆI KONDICIONAL)

Treći kondicional označava zamišljenu ili potupo nerealnu situaciju. On nam daje do znanjada više ne postoji mogućnost za ostvarenje radnje. Uslov se izražava Past Perfect Tense-om, dok se u glavnoj rečenici nalazi modalni glagol would + prošli infinitiv bez to. Prošli infinitiv (perfect infinitive) je oblik infinitiva koji se gradi od glagola HAVE + PASTPARTICIPLE glavnog glagola, npr. have been, have gone, have taken ...

If I had seen him, I would have told him the news. (Da sam ga videla, rekla bih muvesti.)

32

If someone had stolen my car, I would have called the police. (Da mi je neko ukraoauto, pozvala bih policiju.)

Varijacije se takoñe mogu javiti u obliku različitih modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would uglavnoj rečenici.

If he had invited me, I might have come to the party. (Da me je pozvao, možda bih idošla na zabavu.)If the police had come on time, they could have caught the burglar. (Da je policijadošla na vreme, možda bi uhvatili provalnika.)

U uslovnoj rečenici se takoñe mogu javiti neke varijacije. Umesto Past Perfect Tense-a može sejaviti Past Perfect Continuous Tense.If we had been travelling by car, the accident might not have happened at all. (Dasmo putovali autom, možda do nesreće ne bi ni došlo.)

THE PASSIVE VOICE (PASIV)

Glagoli imaju dva stanja: AKTIV ili radno stanje i PASIV ili trpno stanje.

Ako subjekat rečenice vrši radnju, onda je glagol u AKTIVUSomebody cleans the office every day. (Neko čisti ovu kancelariju svakog dana.)

Ako subjekat rečenice trpi radnju, onda je glagol u PASIVU.The office is cleaned every day. (Ova kancelarija se čisti svakog dana.)Objekat aktivne rečenice (the office) postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice i dolazi na početakrečenice, a glavni glagol (clean) se stavlja u pasiv (is cleaned).

Pasiv se gradi od odgovarajućeg oblika glagola to be i prošlog participa (past participle)glavnog glagola.Tako će u sadašnjem vremenu pasiv glagola clean glasitiam cleaned, are cleaned, is cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica) a u prošlom vremenuwas cleaned, were cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica)

Rečenica koju smo imali u sadašnjem vremenu, ovako bi izgledala u prošlom.Somebody cleaned the office yesterday. (Neko je juče očistio ovu kancelariju.) (AKTIV)The office was cleaned yesterday. (Ova kancelarija je očišćena juče.) (PASIV)

Ostala vremena pasiva

Present ContinuousSomebody is cleaning the office. (AKTIV)The office is being cleaned. (PASIV)

Past ContinuousSomebody was cleaning the office. (AKTIV)The office was being cleaned. (PASIV)

Present PerfectSomebody has cleaned the office. (AKTIV)The office has been cleaned. (PASIV)

Past PerfectSomebody had cleaned the office. (AKTIV)The office had been cleaned. (PASIV)

33

Modali i buduće vremeSomebody will clean the office. (AKTIV)The office will be cleaned. (PASIV)Somebody can clean the office. (AKTIV)The office can be cleaned. (PASIV)

Upotreba:Pasiv se koristiKada ne znamo ko je izvršio radnjuThe house was built in the 19th century. (Kuća je izgranena u 19.-om veku.)Kada izvršilac radnje nije bitan.Wine is served during the lunch. (Vino se služi tokom ručka.)Ako želimo da označimo izvršioca radnje, koristimo predlog by.These cakes have been made by mother. (Ove kolače je napravila moja majka.)

Napomena: Samo prelazni glagoli (glagoli koji imaju objekat iza sebe) mogu da se stave upasiv.

34

Literatura

New English File Intrermediate, Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Oxford UniversityPress, 2007

New Headway Intermediate, Liz Soars, J. Soars, Oxford University Press, 2007

M. Terzić, Materijal sa predavanja u word formi na predmetu Engleski jezik 1, Visoka školastrukovnih studija za informacione tehnologije

35

terzić milicav2.link-onlineservice.com/media/files/skripta_e1.pdf · 2019-07-12 · visoka Škola...

Documents