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Terrorist Conspiracies, Plots and Attacks by Right-wing Extremists, 1995-2015 TwentyyearsafterTimothyMcVeighandTerryNicholsbombedtheMurrahFederalBuildinginOklahomaCityinApril1995,thebombingremainstheworstactofdomesticterrorisminAmericanhistory.Thebombinghasalsobeentheworstinstanceofright‐wingviolenceintheUnitedStates—buthardlyanisolatedone.Infact,theApril19attackwasonlythemostseriousofalongchainofviolentterroristacts,conspiraciesandplotscommittedbyadherentsofright‐wingextremistmovementsintheUnitedStates.Violencestemmingfromanti‐governmentextremists,whitesupremacists,anti‐abortionextremistsandotherextremerightmovementsoccurswithregularityeachyear,typicallydwarfingtheamountofviolencefromotherdomesticextremistmovements.Whatfollowsisaselectlistofterroristplots,conspiraciesandactscommittedbyright‐wingextremistsduringtheperiod1995‐2015.Itisnotacomprehensivelistofallright‐wingviolence.Manymurders,includingunplannedorspontaneousactsofviolence,arenotincludedhere,norarethousandsoflesserincidentsofviolence.Suchacompilationwouldbebook‐length.Rather,thislistfocusesonlyonpremeditatedplotsoractsbyright‐wingextremistindividualsorgroupsthatrisetothelevelofattemptedoractualdomesticterrorism.Evennarrowlyconstrued,thislistofincidentsdramaticallydemonstratesthewidescope,greatintensityandundeniabledangerofright‐wingviolenceintheUnitedStates.

1995 Variousstates,October1994toDecember1995:MembersofthewhitesupremacistAryanRepublicanArmycommittedmorethan20armedbankrobberiesintheMidwesternstatesofIowa,Wisconsin,Missouri,Ohio,Nebraska,Kansas,andKentuckyinordertoraisemoneytoassistthemintheirplantooverthrowtheU.S.government.Tilly,Arkansas,January1995:WhitesupremacistsChevieKehoeandDanielLewisLeerobbed,torturedandmurderedanArkansasgundealerandhisentirefamily.Thiswasoneofaseriesofviolentcrimes,includingmurdersandshootouts,committedbyKehoe,LeeandotherswhoplannedtooverthrowtheU.S.governmentandcreatean“AryanPeople’sRepublic.”DelawareWaterGap,Pennsylvania,April1995:Authoritiesarrestedanti‐governmentextremistFrederickUrbanafterhedeliveredacanisteroftriacetonetriperoxide,ahighlyvolatileexplosive,toagovernmentinformantattheDelawareWaterGapvisitorcenter.Urban,whohadbecomeincreasingly

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agitatedaftertheBranchDavidianstandoff,spokeofarminghimselfforarevolutionagainstthegovernmentandwarnedof“governmentgenocide.”Hewasconvictedofpossessionofunregisteredexplosives.OklahomaCity,Oklahoma,April1995:Inanactofrevengeagainstthegovernment’shandlingoftheWacosiege,anti‐governmentextremistTimothyMcVeighdetonatedatruckbombattheAlfredP.MurrahFederalBuildinginOklahomaCity,killing168peopleandinjuringhundredsmore.In1997,McVeighwasconvictedandsentencedtodeath;hewasexecutedin2001.HisaccompliceTerryNicholsreceivedlifesentencesinfederalandstatetrials.Spokane,Washington,July1995:DarwinMichaelGray,awhitesupremacistwithtiestotheneo‐NaziAryanNations,pleadedguiltytomanufacturingmarijuanaandbeingafeloninpossessionofafirearmaspartofapleabargain.ThechargesstemmedfromanFBIinvestigationthatuncoveredanallegedplotbyGraytouseafertilizerbombtodestroythefederalcourthouseinSpokane.AninformanttoldtheFBIthatGrayhadallegedlystolenblueprintsofthecourthouseandhaddetonatedpracticefertilizerbombs.Austin,Texas,September1995:FederalauthoritiesindictedtaxprotesterCharlesRayPolkforplottingtoblowupanIRSofficeinAustin,Texas,andothergovernmentbuildings.Hewaslaterconvictedofattempteduseofaweaponofmassdestruction,solicitationtocommitacrimeofviolence,andseveralfederalweaponviolations.Hereceivedasentenceofmorethan15yearsinprison.Muskogee,Oklahoma,November1995:WillieRayLampley,anadherentofthewhitesupremacistChristianIdentitysectandleaderofasmallmilitiacell,wasarrestedwithmembersofhiscellafterplottingtobombcivilrightsorganizations,federalagencies,gaybars,andabortionclinics.Alldefendantswereconvictedofconspiracytomanufactureandpossessabomb.Reno,Nevada,December1995:InDecember1995,tax‐protestersJosephMartinBailieandEllisEdwardHurstplantedafertilizerbomboutsideanIRSofficeinReno,Nevada.Thebomb,a30‐gallonplasticdrumpackedwith100poundsofammoniumnitrateandfueloil,luckilyfailedtoexplode.Hurst,whopleadedguiltyandtestifiedagainstBailie,receiveda10‐yearsentence;Bailiereceiveda36‐yearsentence.

1996 Conyers,Georgia,January1996:GeorgiaBureauofInvestigationagentsarrestedanti‐governmentextremistLouisElwardDeBrouxofConyers,Georgia,in1996forplottingtokillaRockdaleCountyjudgewhoruledagainsthimina1984trafficcase.Theelaboratemurderplotcalledforsuffocatingthejudgeinawoodenboxpumpedfullofnitrogen.DeBrouxpleadedguiltytoplottingtokillthejudgeandreceivedathree‐yearprisonsentence.

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Tampa,Florida,March1996:SovereigncitizenEmilioIppolitoandsixfollowers,mostofthemmembersofhisso‐calledConstitutionalCommonLawCourt,werearrestedforinterferingwithfederaltrialsinFloridaandCaliforniaandsendinglettersthreateningtokidnapandkilljudgesandjurymembers,amongothercharges.AnundercoverofficerinvolvedintheinvestigationtestifiedthatIppolitoandhisfollowersintendedtoshootorhanggrandjurorswhodidnotrescindanindictmentagainsthim.Onedefendantwasacquittedbuttheothersconvictedonsomeorallofthechargesagainstthem.Ippolitohimselfreceivedan11‐yearprisonsentence.Jackson,Mississippi,April1996:WhitesupremacistLarryShoemakeopenedfireatashoppingcenterinalargelyAfrican‐AmericanneighborhoodinJackson,Mississippi,killingonepersonandwounding10more.Astandoffwithpolicedeveloped,whichendedwhenShoemakecommittedsuicidebysettingfiretothebuildinginwhichhetookrefuge.Spokane,Washington,AprilandJuly1996:Agroupofwhitesupremacistswerearrestedin1996followingaseriesofbankrobberiesandbombingsinthePacificNorthwest.OnApril1,1996,themencreatedadiversionarybombingatanewspaperofficebeforerobbingtheU.S.BankbranchinSpokane.OnJuly12,themenrobbedtheU.S.Bankagain,firstbombingaPlannedParenthoodofficeasadistraction.LettersleftatonerobberyscenecontainedChristianIdentitypropagandarelatedtotheso‐calledPhineasPriesthoodaswellasdiatribesagainstthebankingsystem.In1997,afederaljuryfoundCharlesBarbee,RobertBerryandVerneJayMerrell,guiltyoftwoSpokane,Washington,bankrobberiesandbombings.Thedefendantsreceivedlifesentences.Afourthdefendant,BrianRatigan,waslaterconvictedofconspiracyforhisroleinthegroupandreceiveda55‐yearsentence.Macon,Georgia,April1996:GeorgiamilitiamembersRobertEdwardStarrIIIandWilliamJamesMcCranie,Jr.,werearrestedbyfederalagentsinApril1996onconspiracyandexplosivechargesforhavingbuiltpipebombs,planningtodistributethemamongmilitiamembersinanticipationofawaragainstthegovernment.Bothmenwerefoundguiltyofweaponchargesandsentencedtoeightyearsinprison.Phoenix,Arizona,July1996:MembersoftheArizonaViperMilitiawerearrestedonconspiracyandweaponschargesinconnectionwithanallegedplottoattackavarietyofgovernmentbuildingsinPhoenix.Evidenceagainstthegroupincludedillegalweapons,hundredsofpoundsofammoniumnitrate,andscoutingtapesmadewithdetailednarrationonhowtargetbuildingscouldbecapturedanddestroyed.Mostofthedefendantseventuallyenteredintopleadeals,receivingsentencesofonetonineyearsinprison.Bellingham,Washington,July1996:FBIagentsarrestedagroupofindividualsaffiliatedwiththemilitiaandsovereigncitizenmovements,includingWashingtonStateMilitialeaderJohnPitner,onconspiracy,weaponsandexplosivescharges.Accordingtotheindictment,thedefendantsbuilt,orconspiredtobuild,pipebombsandotherexplosivedevices,anddiscussedplanstobombvarioustargets,includingabridge,radiotower,andtraintunnel.Theindictmentalsoallegedthegroupplottedtoassaultorkillfederal

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agents.Fourdefendantswereconvictedonweaponscharges,whilePitnerwasconvictedonweaponsandconspiracycharges.Atlanta,Georgia,July1996:OnJuly27,1996,anti‐abortionextremistEricRudolphdetonatedabombattheAtlantaOlympicsthatkilledonepersonandinjuredmorethanahundredothers.ThiswasoneofseveralbombingsRudolphcommittedbetween1996and1998.Clarksburg,WestVirginia,October1996:FBIagentsarrestedMountaineerMilitialeaderFloydRaymondLookerandsixothersonchargesrelatedtostockpilingplasticexplosives,grenadesandhomemadebombsforuseinaplottoblowuptheFBI’snationalfingerprintrecordsfacilityinClarksburg.AjuryconvictedLookerofconspiracytomanufactureexplosives,transportingunregisteredfirearms,conspiracyandprovidingmaterialsupporttoterrorists.Hewassentencedto18yearsinprison.Fourotherdefendantswereconvictedonvariousrelatedcharges,whiletwowereacquitted.Tulsa,Oklahoma,December1996:InOctober1997,OklahomawhitesupremacistJamesViefhaus,Jr.,wassentencedtothreeyearsinprisononconspiracy,threatandbomb‐makingchargesinconnectionwitha1996plottobombfifteenU.S.cities.

1997 Atlanta,Georgia,JanuaryandFebruary1997:In1997,anti‐abortionextremistEricRudolphwasresponsiblefortwobombingincidentsintheAtlanta,Georgia,area.OnJanuary16,RudolphexplodedtwobombsattheSandySpringsabortionclinic,injuringseven.OnFebruary21,Rudolphdetonatedabombatalesbiannightclub,injuringfive.ThesebombingswerepartofaseriesofbombingsRudolphcommittedbetween1996and1998.Kalamazoo,Michigan,March1997:AfederaljudgesentencedmilitiamemberBrendonBlasztothreeyearsinprisonafterBlaszpleadedguiltytomakingpipebombs.DuringanApril1997hearing,afederalagenttestifiedthatBlaszhadbeenplottingtoblowupfederalbuildingsandatelevisionstation.Blasz’sarrestwasanearlyarrestassociatedwithaninvestigationintotheNorthAmericanMilitia(seebelow).Bridgeport,Texas,April1997:FourpeoplewithtiestotheTrueKnightsoftheKuKluxKlaninBridgeport,Texas,conspiredtobombanaturalgasprocessingplantasadiversionforanarmoredcarrobbery.Secondaryexplosionsdesignedtokillrespondinglawenforcementwerealsoplanned.Federalauthoritiesstatedthatthewould‐berobbersintendedtousetherobberyproceedstofundtheircontinuedterroristactivities.ShawnDeeAdams,hiswifeCatherineDeeAdams,EdwardTaylor,Jr.,andCarlJayWaskom,Jr.,pleadedguiltytotheirrolesintheconspiracyandreceivedlengthyprisonsentences.Tampa,Florida,April1997:FloridaauthoritiesuncoveredaplotbywhitesupremacistsToddVanbiberandBrianDonaldPicketttorobtwoOrlandobanksandsetoffpipebombsasdiversions.Vanbiberalso

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plottedtobombaFourthofJulycelebrationinOrlandoandothertargets.PickettandVanbiberweremembersoftheneo‐NaziNationalAlliance;accordingtoVanbiber,theyhadpreviouslycommittedthreebankrobberiesinTampaandConnecticut,thendonatedsomeoftheirtakingstoNationalAllianceleaderWilliamPierce.Vanbibereventuallypleadedguiltytochargesofbombmakingandpossessing14unregisteredexplosivesandreceiveda6½yearsentence.Pickettalsopleadedguilty.Athirdwhitesupremacistinvolvedintheplot,ChristopherNorris,wasconvictedofconspiringtorobabank,bombmaking,possessingillegalexplosives,andconspiracy.DavisMountains,Texas,April1997:Afterpolicearrestedthe“chiefofsecurity”fortheRepublicofTexas,asovereigncitizengroup,onweaponpossessioncharges,membersofhisgroupwereorderedbytheirleader,RichardMcLaren,tokidnaptwovocalopponents.Theincidentresultedinaweek‐longarmedstandoffwithTexasauthorities,followingwhichoneofMcLaren’sfollowerswasshotandkilledbyTexasRangers.McLarenwaseventuallysentencednotonlyonchargesrelatedtothestandoff,butalsoonfraudchargesrelatedtotheissuanceofmillionsofdollars’worthofbogusmoneyorders.ColoradoSprings,Colorado,May1997:Twotaxprotesters,JamesCleaverandJackDowell,committedanarsonthatdestroyedtheIRSofficeinColoradoSpringsandinjuredafirefighter.Upontheirconviction,afederaljudgesentencedCleaverto33yearsinprison,whileDowellreceiveda30‐yearsentence.FortHood,Texas,July1997:AuthoritiesinTexas,Kansas,Colorado,andotherstatesarrestedmembersofanundergroundmilitiacellonweaponschargesinconnectionwithaplannedattackonFortHood,Texas,duringaFourthofJulycelebration.Theplotformedaftermembersbecameconvincedthatforeign“NewWorldOrder”troopswerebeingtrainedonthebaseandfearedaninvasionbytheUnitedNations.Twoofthemeninvolved,BradleyGloverandMichaelDorsett,werediscoveredbyauthoritiesarmedandpreparingfortheattackatacampgroundclosetoFortHood.Gloverandtheothermembersarrestedreceivedvaryingsentencesonweaponsconvictionsinthevariousstateswheretheywereapprehended.Colebrook,NewHampshire,August1997:Aself‐declaredsovereigncitizen,CarlDrega,openedfireontwoNewHampshirestatetroopersfollowingatrafficstop,killingbothofthem.Thoughhisviolencestartedspontaneously,Dregaturnedtheincidentintoadeliberatekillingspreebydrivingtotheofficeofalocaljudgewithwhomhehadhadpreviousquarrelsandkillingher.Healsofatallyshotalocalnewspapereditorwhoattemptedtoaidthejudge.DregalaterdiedinashootoutwithlawenforcementacrosstheVermontborderafterwoundingseveralmoreofficers.

1998 Birmingham,Alabama,January1998:Anti‐abortionextremistEricRudolphbombedanabortionclinic,killinganoff‐dutypoliceofficerandseverelyinjuringanurse.ThiswasoneofseveralbombingsRudolphcommittedbetween1996and1998.Hewasarrestedafterfiveyearsasafugitiveandconfessedtohiscrimes.

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SaintLouis,Missouri,February1998:FBIagentsarrestedwhitesupremacistDennisMichaelMcGiffenandfiveothermembersofagroupcalledTheNewOrderonweaponsandexplosiveschargesinconnectionwithallegedplotstorobbanksandarmoredcars,poisonpublicwatersupplies,andtoattackblacks,Jews,andcivilrightsorganizations.Fiveofthedefendants,includingMcGiffen,pleadedguiltytorelatedcharges,whileasixthwasconvictedincourt.BattleCreek/Kalamazoo,Michigan,March1998:In1999,membersoftheNorthAmericanMilitiaofsouthwesternMichiganwereconvictedonvariousconspiracyandweaponchargesrelatedtoaterroristplot.ProsecutorsaccusedBradfordMetcalf,KennethCarter,andRandyGrahamofplottingtokillfederalofficials,andtodestroyafederalbuilding,anIRSoffice,utilitytransmitters,andatelevisionstation.Carterpleadedguiltyandagreedtocooperatewiththegovernment;hereceivedafive‐yearsentence.Metcalfreceiveda40‐yearsentence;Grahama55‐yearsentence.Jasper,Texas,June1998:InJune1998,inanefforttoestablishanewwhitesupremacistgroup,whitesupremacistsShawnAllenBerry,JohnWilliamKingandLawrenceRussellBrewerkidnappedandkilledanAfrican‐Americanman,JamesByrd,Jr.,bychaininghimtothebackofapickuptruckanddragginghimtodeath.Allthreewerearrestedandeventuallyconvicted;Berryreceivedalifesentencewhiletheothertworeceivedthedeathpenalty.Olmito,Texas,July1998:Twoanti‐governmentextremists,JackAbbotGrebe,Jr.,andJonnieWise,associatedwiththeanti‐governmentRepublicofTexasgroup,conspiredtousebiologicalweaponstokillfederalofficials,includingPresidentClinton,andthedirectorsoftheFederalBureauofInvestigationandtheInternalRevenueservice.Ajuryfoundthemenguiltyoftwocountsofthreateningtouseaweaponofmassdestructionagainstfederalagentsandtheirfamilies.Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,August1998:Anti‐governmentextremistByronBazartepleadedguiltytosolicitinganothertouseanexplosivedevicetodamageordestroyabuildingownedbytheUnitedStates.TheFederalBureauofInvestigationlearnedoftheplotafteratechnicalschoolstudentnotifiedthemthatBarzartehadsolicitedassistanceinconstructinganexplosivedevicetobeusedagainstaWashington,D.C.,target.Amherst,NewYork,October1998:Anti‐abortionextremistJamesKoppshotandkilledaphysicianwhoprovidedabortionsinAmherst,NewYork.Theattackoccurredatthedoctor’shome.KoppfledtheUnitedStatesbutwaseventuallyarrestedinFrancein2001.In2003,Koppreceivedaconvictionforseconddegreemurderandasubsequentsentenceof25yearstolifeinprison.Spokane,Washington,October1998:Anti‐governmentextremistScottJosephMerrillambushedagovernmentroadworker,firing35roundsathimfromahiddenposition,killingtheman.Merrill,referringtohimselfasa“constitutionalist”(anothertermforsovereigncitizen),latertoldpolicethathehadreceivedanorderfromGodto“deliverjustice”andthathedidnotbelieveintheir“formofgovernment.”Merrill

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laterpleadednocontesttoaggravatedmurderinexchangeforthefederalgovernmentnotpursuingthedeathpenalty.Hereceivedasentenceoflifeinprison.

1999 Manassas,Virginia,January1999:Inearly1999,whitesupremacistPaulPowellwenttothehomeofateenheknewtoconfrontherforhavinganAfrican‐Americanboyfriend—oneofthegreatestcrimes,intheeyesofwhitesupremacists.Powellassaultedthevictim,stabbedherintheheartwithaknife,thenstompedonherthroat.Powellwaiteduntilthevictim’syoungersistercamehomefromschoolandattackedheraswell,raping,stranglingandstabbingherandleavingherfordead.However,shesurvivedandidentifiedherassailant.Eventually,Powellreceivedthedeathpenaltyforhiscrimesandwasexecutedin2010.SaintPetersburg,Florida,April1999:RacistskinheadJessyJoeRotenfiredshotsintothehomeofamulti‐racialfamilyinSt.Petersburg,Florida,onApril3,1999.Hisshotskilledasix‐year‐oldgirlandwoundedtwoothergirls.Rotenwassubsequentlyconvictedofmurderandotherchargesandreceivedalifesentence.Foley,Alabama,June1999:InJanuary2000,ChrisScottGilliamreceiveda10‐yearsentenceafterpleadingguiltytofederalfirearmchargesstemmingfromGilliam’sattemptedpurchaseof10handgrenadesfromanundercoverfederalagent,whichheintendedtouseasmailbombsagainstofficialsinWashingtonD.C.andMontgomery,Alabama.Gilliamwasamemberoftheneo‐NaziNationalAlliance.ReddingandSacramento,California,July1999:InJuly1999,whitesupremacistbrothersBenjaminMatthewWilliamsandJamesTylerWilliamskilledagaycoupleintheirRedding,California,home.TheyalsosetfiretothreeSacramentoareasynagoguesandanabortionclinic.Thebrotherspleadedguiltytothearsonsin2001.In2002,whileinprison,Matthewcommittedsuicide.InMarch2003,TylerpleadedguiltytomurderingtheReddingcouple.Hewassentencedto29yearsinprisontobeservedfollowinghis21‐yearsentenceforthearsons.Chicago,Illinois,July1999:DuringtheweekendofJuly2‐4,1998,whitesupremacistBenjaminSmith,amemberoftheWorldChurchoftheCreator,embarkeduponathree‐day,two‐stateshootingspree,targetingracialandreligiousminorities.Hekilledtwopeopleandwoundedelevenbeforehekilledhimselfaspoliceclosedinonhim.LosAngeles,California,August1999:WhitesupremacistBufordFurrow,amemberofAryanNations,traveledfromTacoma,Washington,toLosAngeles,California,whereheopenedfireinsideaJewishdaycarecenter,injuringthreechildrenandtwoemployees.Laterthatday,FurrowshotdeadaFilipino‐Americanpostalworker.HefledtoLasVegasviataxi,butsurrenderedattheFBIofficethere.Hestatedthathewantedtheshootingtobe“awake‐upcalltoAmericatokillJews.”Hepleadedguiltytomurderandotherchargesandreceivedasentenceoflifewithoutparole.

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Tallahassee,Florida,AugustandSeptember1999:InJune2000,ajuryconvictedLawrenceM.LombardiofsettingoffbombsatFloridaA&MUniversityontwoseparateoccasionsin1999,andforcommittingahatecrimefortargetingstudentsduetotheirrace.Hewassentencedtolifeplus39yearsinfederalprison.Seattle,Washington,September1999:ArresteddrivingavehiclestolenduringaSeptember1999Illinoiscarjacking,anti‐abortionextremistClaytonLeeWaagnerconfessedhewasdrivingtoWashingtontomurderanabortionprovider.Convictedofchargesinthatcase,heescapedfromjailwhileawaitingsentencingandembarkedonanextendedcrimespreethatincludedmailinghundredsofhoaxanthraxletterstoabortionclinics,bankrobbery,cartheft,andweapon‐relatedcrimes.Capturedinlate2001,Waagnerreceivedlengthysentencesinmultiplejurisdictions,including19yearsinfederalprisonforthreateningtheuseofweaponsofmassdestruction,andmailingthreateningcommunications.RochesterHills,Michigan,October1999:AuthoritiesarrestedRichardVanHazelandTroyCoeinRochesterHills,Michigan,chargingthemwiththeattemptedkidnappingandmurderofanaccountantwhogavetestimonyinanArizonacaseinvolvingachiropractorchargedwithincometaxevasion.VanHazelwasataxprotesterandwhitesupremacistwhowasconvictedin1987formailingdeaththreatstoI.R.S.agentsandanAfrican‐Americanjudge.ElkGrove,California,December1999:ThreemembersoftheSanJoaquinCaliforniaMilitiaconspiredtouseaweaponofmassdestructioninconnectionwithaplottodestroyapropanestoragefacility,atelevisiontowerandanelectricalsubstation,andtokillafederaljudge.Themilitiagroup’sleader,DonaldRudolph,wasconvictedbutgivenalessersentenceoffiveyearsaftertestifyingagainsthisco‐defendants,KevinRayPattersonandCharlesKiles.BothPattersonandKileswereconvictedandsentencedtomorethan20yearsinprison.SaintPetersburg,Florida,December1999:InlateDecember1999,federalagentsarrestedFloridamilitialeaderDonaldBeauregardinconnectionwithaplottorobNationalGuardarmoriesandstealexplosivesandtoblowuptransmissionlines,powerstations,andanuclearpowerplant.Beauregardpleadedguiltytoconspiracychargesandreceivedafive‐yearsentence.JamesTroyDriver,anaccompliceintheplot,receivedalessersentence.

2000 Houston,Texas,March2000:MembersoftheHoustonJointTerrorismTaskForcearrestedMarkWayneMcCoolafterheboughtC‐4explosivesandanautomaticweaponfromanundercoverfederalagent.McCool,whowasoncealeaderoftheTexasMilitia,wasplanningtousetheweaponsinanattackontheMickeyLelandFederalBuildinginHouston,Texas.McCoolpleadedguiltyandservedtimeonfederalcharges.

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Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,April2000:Duringaraciallymotivatedshootingrampagethattargetedethnicandreligiousminorities,whitesupremacistRichardBaumhammersofPittsburgh,Pennsylvania,shotandkilledfivepeople,includinganIndianman,aVietnameseimmigrant,aChineseimmigrant,anAfrican‐Americanman,andaJewishwoman.BaumhammersalsofiredshotsintotwoJewishsynagogues.Heeventuallyreceivedthedeathpenaltyforhiscrimes,butin2010wasgrantedanindefinitestayofexecution.

2001 Boston,Massachusetts,April2001:PoliceinBostonarrestedracistskinheadLeoFeltonandhisgirlfriend,EricaChase,afteranoff‐dutypoliceofficernoticedChasepassingacounterfeit$20bill.ThetwoweremembersofasmallwhitesupremacistterrorcellwhosememberswereplottingtoattackJewishandAfrican‐Americantargets;thecounterfeitbillsweretohelpthemraisethenecessaryfunds.Thecouplewasconvictedin2002ofplottingtobuildadestructivedevice,counterfeiting,obstructionofjustice,andfirearmsviolations.Feltonwasfoundguiltyofbankrobbery,conspiracytocommitarmedrobbery,andtryingtoobtainexplosiveswiththeintenttokillandinjure,anddamageproperty;hereceivedanearly22‐yearsentence.Chasereceivedafive‐yearsentence.Dallas,Texas,SeptemberandOctober2001:In“retaliation”forthe9/11terroristattacks,whitesupremacistMarkStroman,amemberoftheAryanBrotherhoodofTexas,murderedthePakistaniownerofaDallas,Texas,conveniencestoreonSeptember15,2001.OnSeptember21,StromanshotandwoundedaBangladeshigasstationattendant.OnOctober4,inMesquite,Texas,Stromanrobbed,shotandkilledanIndianconveniencestoreworker.Policearrestedhimforthatcrimethenextday.Stromanwasconvictedandsentencedtodeath.Hewasexecutedin2011.

2002 Nashville,Tennessee,January2002:WhitesupremacistMichaelEdwardSmithwasarrestedinJanuary2002afteramotoristobservedSmithpointinganassaultrifleataNashvillesynagogueandalertedpolice.Smith,wholedauthoritiesonabriefchasebeforesurrendering,laterdirectedthemtoalargecacheofburiedweapons,includinghandgrenades,pipebombsandarmor‐piercingammunition.OtherexplosivesandhateliteraturewerealsofoundinSmith’shome.Smith,whopleadedguiltytofourweaponschargesonMay19,2003,admittedthathehadconnectionstotheneo‐NaziNationalAllianceandtoaKuKluxKlangroup.AsearchofSmith’scomputerrecordsshowedthathehadconductedresearchonJewishinstitutionsinNashvilleandAtlanta.Hewassentencedto10yearsinprisononfederalweaponandhatecrimechargesinMarch2004.

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Flathead,Montana,February2002:DavidEarlBurgertandmembersofhis“Project7”militiagroupwereindictedonweaponsandconspiracychargesforplottingtokilljudgesandlawenforcementofficersinhopesofstartingarevolution.Burgertwasconvictedofweaponsviolationsandservedeightyearsinfederalprison.TheremainingProject7memberspleadedguiltyandreceivedlessersentences.Asof2015,Burgertiswantedbythefederalgovernmentonattemptedmurderchargesafterashootoutwithlawenforcementin2011.Tampa,Florida,August2002:Authoritiesrespondingtoareportofdomesticviolencediscoveredanti‐MuslimextremistRobertJ.Goldstein’shugecacheofweaponsandexplosivesandaplantoblowuptheIslamicEducationCenterinPinellasCounty,Florida.Helaterreceived12yearsinprisonafterpleadingguiltytoconspiracytoviolatecivilrights,plottingtodamageareligiousfacilityandunlawfulpossessionoffirearms.Hisaccomplices,ex‐wifeKristiLeePersinger,SamuelShannahan,andMichaelHardee,receivedlessersentencesfortheirrolesintheplot.Coeurd’Alene,Idaho,October2002:IdahoMountainBoymilitialeaderLarryEugeneRaugustwasarrestedinOctober2002onexplosiveschargesinconnectionwithaplottokilllawenforcementofficialsshouldtheyattempttoevictafriendofhis.In2003,Raugustpleadedguiltyto15countsofmaking,possessingandtransportingpipebombsandlandmines.Hereceiveda77‐monthsentence.

2003 Chicago,Illinois,January2003:In2003,MatthewHale,leaderofthewhitesupremacistWorldChurchoftheCreator,solicitedthemurderofafederaljudgewhooversawatrademarkcaseinvolvingthenameofhisgroup.Unfortunatelyforhim,thepersonhesolicitedwasanundercoverinformant.Halewassentencedto40yearsinprisonformurdersolicitationandobstructionofjustice.Olympia,Washington,January2003:FBIagentsarrestedsovereigncitizenandChristianIdentityadherentJamesD.BraileyofOlympia,Washington,onfederalfirearmchargesafterreceivinginformationthathewasplottingtokillGovernorGaryLocke.In2004,Braileypleadedguiltytoweaponsviolationsandwassentencedto15monthsinprison.BraileywasamemberoftheWashingtonJuralSociety,asovereigncitizengroup,whichelectedBraileyas“governor”ofthestateofWashingtonin1998.WashingtonCounty,Pennsylvania,February2003:KuKluxKlanleaderDavidWayneHullwasarrestedathishomeonweaponsandexplosiveschargesinconnectionwithaplottoblowupanabortionclinic.FederalprosecutorschargedHull,theImperialWizardoftheWhiteKnightsoftheKuKluxKlan,asmallPennsylvania‐basedgroup,withreceiving,manufacturing,possessingandtransferringadestructivedeviceinviolationoftheNationalFirearmsAct.Hewasfoundguiltyandsentencedto12yearsinprisonin2005.WexfordCounty,Michigan,October2003:FederalagentsarrestedMichiganmilitiamemberNormanSomerville,charginghimwithillegalpossessionofamachinegun,beingamarijuanauserinunlawful

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possessionoffourmilitaryrifles,andattemptingtomanufacturemarijuana.CourtdocumentsstatedthatSomervillewasplanningtokillpoliceofficersinretaliationfortheearlierfatalshootingofMichiganmilitiamemberScottAllenWoodringbystatepolice.ThedocumentsalsorevealedthatasourcetoldinvestigatorsthatSomervillewantedtocauseacaraccidentwithhisJeep,whichhewastryingtoequipwithamachinegun,inordertoshootrespondingpoliceofficers.Somervillewaslaterconvictedofunlawfullypossessingmachinegunsandsentencedto80monthsinprison.Miami,Florida,November2003:In2004,anti‐abortionextremistStephenJohnJordipleadedguiltytoattemptedarsonofanabortionclinic.InNovember2003,federalagentsarrestedJordiafterhecasedandvideotapedMiami‐areaabortionclinicsandcollecteditemsheplannedtouseinanattack,includingcontainersofgasolineandpropane,flares,startingfluid,andasilencer.Hewassentencedtofiveyearsinprison.Abbeville,SouthCarolina,December2003:Followingapremeditatedplanforviolence,fatherandsonsovereigncitizensArthurandStevenBixbyambushedandkilledtwolawenforcementofficersattheirhomeoutsideofAbbeville,SouthCarolina.TheBixbyskilledtheofficersoveradisputewithstateofficials.Followingastandoffandshootout,theBixby’swerearrested,aswasArthur’swifeRita,whowasinvolvedinplanningtheambush.ArthurBixby,seriouslyinjuredintheshootout,developeddementiaandneverwenttotrial.StevenBixbyreceivedthedeathpenaltyandRitaBixbyasentenceoflifeinprisonwithoutparole.

2004 Scottsdale,Arizona,February2004:WhitesupremacistDennisMahonmailedapackagebombthatinjuredtwopeopleattheOfficeofDiversityandDialogueinScottsdale,Arizona,in2004.Mahonwasconvictedofthebombingin2012andreceiveda40‐yearsentence.Hisbrother,alsoarrested,wasacquitted.OklahomaCity,Oklahoma,April2004:AryanNationsmemberSeanMichaelGillespieofRussellville,Arkansas,firebombedasynagogueinOklahomaCitywithaMolotovcocktailinwhatwasintendedtobethefirstofaseriesof14terroristattacks.However,hewasarrestedbeforebeingabletocarryoutanyfurtheracts.Gillespiereceivedanextendedsentencein2005becauseafterhisconvictionhetriedtosendalettertothetemplethatexpressedhishatredtowardJewishpeople.Theletter,whichwasreadincourt,alsodescribedhisdesiretosparka“racialholywar.”Tulsa,Oklahoma,May2004:Fatherandsonanti‐governmentextremistsWadeLayandChristopherLaywereconvictedofattemptedrobberyoftheMid‐FirstBankinTulsain2004,andofkillingasecurityguardduringtheattempt.Duringthetrial,bothdefendantsadmittedtotherobbery.TheysaidtheyneededmoneytoretaliateagainstthegovernmentbecauseofitsroleinthestandoffsatRubyRidge,Idaho,andWaco,Texas.WadewassentencedtodeathandChristophertolifeinprisonwithoutparole.

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Lenoir,Tennessee,August2004:OnAugust19,2004,federalagentsarrestedwhitesupremacistIvanDuaneBradenforthreateningtokillarabbiandchildrenbyblowingupasynagogue,aswellasplottingtokillNationalGuardsmenandtoblowupanarmoryinLenoirCity,Tennessee.Helaterconfessedtotheplotandwassentencedto15yearsinprison.Milwaukee,Wisconsin,September2004:InAugust2006,anti‐governmentextremistStevenParrofJanesville,Wisconsin,wassentencedto10yearsinprisonafterbeingconvictedinfederalcourtofconspiringtoblowupabuildingindowntownMilwaukee.In2004,ParrwasservingtimefordrugchargeswhenhetoldacellmateofhisplantoblowuptheReussbuilding.Parrtoldthecellmatethatthebuildingwasagoodtargetbecauseitheld800people,wasmadeofglass,andwasclosetothestreet.ThecellmatetestifiedthatParrplannedtouseatruckandfertilizertoblowupthebuildingandbelievedhecouldbe“thenextTimothyMcVeigh.”McKenzie,Tennessee,October2004:FBIagentsarrestedwhitesupremacistandanti‐governmentextremistDemetriusVanCrockerafterhepurchasedwhathethoughtwasC‐4andsarinnervegasfromanundercoverfederalagent.AjuryfoundCrockerguiltyoftryingtoacquirechemicalweaponsandexplosivestodestroygovernmentbuildings.Hewassentencedto30yearsinprison.

2005 Pennsville,NewJersey,May2005:Authoritiesarrestedtwowhitesupremacists,CraigOrlerandGabrielCarafa,chargingthemwithsellinggunsandsupplying60poundsofureaforabombtobeusedagainstoneofseveralpossibletargetstheydiscussed.Bothmenweresentencedonweaponscharges.Chattanooga,Tennessee,June2005:FederalagentsarrestedGeorgiaKlansmanDanielJ.SchertzonweaponschargesformakingsevenpipebombsintendedtobeusedagainstHaitianandMexicanimmigrantworkersinFlorida.Inapleaarrangement,Schertzreceiveda14‐yearprisonsentence.

2006 NewBedford,Massachusetts,February2006:WhitesupremacistJacobRobidawalkedintoagaybarinNewBedford,Massachusetts,andattackedpatronswithahatchetandafirearm,woundingthree.HefledtoWestVirginia,pickedupafemalecompanion,thencontinuedhisflightwest.PulledoverbyapoliceofficerinArkansas,heshotandkilledtheofficer.Latercorneredbypolice,hekilledhiscompanionandthenhimself.

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2007 Casper,Wyoming,February2007:AfederaljudgesentencedWyomingmilitiamemberRichardSerafintonearlysevenyearsinprisonforfirearmsviolations,includingpossessionoffirearmsinfurtheranceofacrimeofviolence.ThechargesstemmedfromafederalinvestigationintoSerafin,duringwhichSerafintoldanundercoveragentofhisplanstomovetotheArizona/Mexicobordertoassistinkillingimmigrants.Collinsville,Alabama,April2007:FederalagentsarrestedfivemembersoftheAlabamaFreeMilitiafollowingthelargestweaponsseizuretooccurintheSouthinyears.Duringabondhearing,anATFagenttestifiedthatRaymondKirkDillard,AdamLynnCunningham,BonnellHughes,RandallGarrettCole,andJamesRayMcElroywereplanninganattackonMexicansinatownnearBirmingham.Theagentfurthersaidthatthegrouphadanallegedpolicytoshootatanygovernmentagentsthatattemptedtoapproachthem.Allfivemenpleadedguiltytovariousweaponscharges.Austin,Texas,April2007:Anti‐abortionextremistPaulRossEvansplantedanexplosivedevicepackedwithtwopoundsofnailsintheparkinglotoftheAustin,Texas,Women’sHealthCenterandmailedbombstofourothertargets.AsearchofEvans’apartmentyieldedalistofotherpossibletargetsandseveralbooks,including“PipeandFireBombDesigns,”“SpecialForcesDemolitionTechniques,”andthewhitesupremacistnovel,“TheTurnerDiaries.”Evanswasconvictedonchargesthatincludedtheuseofweaponsofmassdestruction,manufactureofexplosivematerialandviolatingfreedomofaccesstoclinicentrances;hereceiveda40‐yearfederalprisonsentence.Joliet,Illinois,June2007:WhitesupremacistBrianMoudry,amemberoftheCreativityMovement,receiveda10‐yearfederalprisonsentenceforsettingfiretothehomeofanAfrican‐Americanfamilynearwherehelived.InJune2007,Moudrypouredgasolineonthehouseandsetitonfire.Eightchildrenandoneadultwereasleepinsidebutescaped.Moudrypleadedguiltytousingfiretointerferewithhousingrightsonthebasisofrace.

2008 Minneapolis,Minnesota,April2008:SovereigncitizenRobertBealeconspiredwiththreeotherstokidnapafederaljudgepresidingoverhistaxevasioncase.Bealeandmembersofhis“commonlawcourt”plottedtoshowupatthefederalcourtandarrestthejudgeifshedidnotdismissthechargesagainstBeale.“Iwanthertobeintimidated,”Bealesaidinarecordedtelephonecallfromprison.HealsosaidthatGod“wantsmetodestroythejudge…Hewantsmetogetridofher.”Bealereceivedan11‐yearprisonsentenceontaxevasion,bail‐jumpingandthreatcharges.Knoxville,Tennessee,July2008:Right‐wingextremistJimDavidAdkissonkilledtwopeopleandseriouslywoundedsixwhenheopenedfireonthecongregationofaUnitarianChurchinKnoxville,Tennessee.Expectingtodieduringtheattack,Adkissonleftbehindaracistandhomophobicsuicidenote

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whichdetailedhisdesiretokillliberalsandDemocrats.Hepleadedguiltyin2009andwassentencedtolifeinprison.Crockett,Tennessee,October2008:CrockettCountysheriff’sdeputiesarrestedwhitesupremacistsDanielCowartandPaulSchlesselman,whowerecasinghousestorobinordertogetfundstolaunchamurderousrampageprimarilytargetingAfrican‐Americanchildren,whichwouldculminateinanassassinationattemptonpresidentialcandidateBarackObama.Bothmenpleadedguiltytofederalweaponsandconspiracycharges.Cowartwassentencedto14yearsinprison,whileSchlesselmanreceived10years.CampLejeune,NorthCarolina,November2008:MarinecorporalKodyRayBrittinghamwaschargedwiththreateningthepresident‐electoftheUnitedStatesafterauthoritiessearchinghisroominconnectionwitharobberyinvestigationturnedupBrittingham’splanstoshootObama,whomheconsidereda“domesticenemy.”Investigatorsfounddocumentsoutlininghisplot,dubbed“OperationPatriot.”HelaterconfessedthatheplannedtoshootObamaandwassentencedto100monthsinprison.Gassville,Arkansas,November2008:ABaxterCountyjurysentencedself‐declared“constitutionalist”RichardBauertofourlifesentencesinprisonafterconvictinghimofaggravatedrobberyandfourcountsofkidnappingforabankrobberyinGassville.Bauerclaimedthathedeliberatelyrobbedthebankinordertoget“mymoneyback,”becausetheIRShadseizedhisretirementaccountsafterBauerrefusedtopayincometaxes.Woodburn,Oregon,December,2008:Fatherandsonanti‐governmentextremistsBruceandJoshuaTurnidgekilledtwopoliceofficersandcriticallyinjuredathirdafterplantingabombatasmallOregonbankaspartofarobberyattempt.Theywereconvictedofaggravatedmurderandsentencedtodeath.

2009 Boston,Massachusetts,January2009:WhitesupremacistKeithLukeembarkeduponaspreeofmurderousviolenceagainstethnicandreligiousminoritiesintheBostonareainearly2009.HerapedandshotanAfricanimmigrant,andshotandkilledhersister,whohadtriedtohelpher.Shortlythereafter,heshotandkilledahomelessAfricanimmigrant.AlthoughheplannedtogotoasynagoguethateveningtokillasmanyJewsaspossible,thencommitsuicide,policeinterceptedhimbeforehecoulddoso.Lukefiredatpoliceduringachasebeforehecrashedhisvehicle.Policesubsequentlyarrestedhimwithoutincident.Lukewasconvictedofmurderin2013andkilledhimselfinprisonthefollowingyear.Arivaca,Arizona,May2009:In2011,ajuryinPimaCounty,Arizona,foundanti‐immigrationextremistShawnaFordeguiltyofmurderingamanandhisyoungdaughterduringa2009homeinvasion.Forderecruitedtwomen,AlbertGaxiolaandwhitesupremacistJasonBush,tobreakintothefamily’shomein

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Arivacawithher.FordebelievedthatFloreswasadrugsmugglerandwantedtorobhiminordertofinancetheanti‐immigrantactivitiesofherbordervigilantegroup,theMinutemanAmericanDefense.Wichita,Kansas,May2009:Anti‐abortionextremist(andsovereigncitizen)ScottRoederassassinatedaKansasphysicianwhoprovidedabortionserviceswhilethevictimattendedservicesataWichitachurch.Roederwasarrestedseveralhourslater.In2010,Roederwasconvictedoffirst‐degreemurderandsentencedtolifeinprisonwithoutchanceofparolefor50years.Washington,D.C.,June2009:WhitesupremacistJamesvonBrunnattackedtheUnitedStatesHolocaustMemorialMuseuminWashington,D.C.,enteringthefacilityandopeningfireonsecurityguardsinside,shootingandkillingoneofthem.Twoothersecurityguardsreturnedfire,woundingvonBrunnandpreventingfurtherdeaths.VonBrunnwasarrestedandchargedwithmurder.Hediedofnaturalcauseswhileawaitingtrial.

2010 Pensacola,Florida,January2010:Anti‐abortionextremistBobbyJoeRogerswasarrestedonafederalchargeofdamagingabuildingbyfireorexplosive.Accordingtoanaffidavit,RogersadmittedtosettingfiretotheAmericanFamilyPlanningclinicinPensacola,Florida,duetohis“strongdisbeliefinabortion.”Noonewasinjuredinthefire,buttheblazecausedapproximately$300,000indamage.InOctober,hepleadedguiltyandwassentencedto10yearsinprison.Austin,Texas,February2010:TaxprotesterJosephStacksetfiretohishome,drovetoanairportandboardedaplaneheowned.HethendeliberatelyflewtheplaneintoabuildinginAustin,Texas,thatcontainedlocalIRSoffices,killinghimselfandoneotherpersonintheprocessandwounding13more.ArlingtonCounty,Virginia,March2010:InMarch2010,JohnPatrickBedellofCalifornia,drovecross‐countytothePentagoninWashington,D.C.Bedellopenedfirewithahandgunatasecuritycheckpoint,woundingtwoPentagonofficers.Thetwoofficers,despitebeinginjured,wereabletoreturnfireandcriticallyinjureBedell,whodiedshortlythereafter.Bedellwasconvincedtheworldwasrunbydarkforcesandmalignantconspiracies.Hisconspiracy‐orientedbeliefsincludedananti‐governmentelement.Jacksonville,Florida,May2010:InMay2011,anti‐MuslimextremistSandlinMatthewsSmithofSt.Johns,Florida,wasdiscoveredinGlossMountainStateParkinOklahoma,wherehewasontherunafterallegedlydetonatingapipebombattheIslamicCenterinJacksonville,Florida,ayearearlier.WhenofficersapproachedSmith’scampsiteandaskedhimtosurrender,SmithbrandishedanAK‐47andwasfatallyshotbypolice.ThebombingisbelievedtohavebeenmotivatedbySmith’shatredofMuslims.Oakland,California,July2010:ByronChristopherWilliams,spurredbyracismandanti‐governmentsentiment,wasonhiswaytolaunchashootingspreeatthesitesofliberalorganizationsinSanFrancisco

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whenhewasstoppedbypolicefordrivingrecklessly.Armedwiththreegunsandwearingabulletproofvest,Williamsopenedfireontheofficerswhentheyapproachedhisvehicleandcontinuedtoexchangegunfirewithpoliceuntilhewasshotseveraltimesandwounded.WilliamswasconvictedinMarch2014offourcountsofpremeditatedattemptedmurderofapeaceofficer.Spokane,Washington,August2010:FBIagentsarrestedwhitesupremacistWaydeLynnKurtonfederalgunandforgerycharges.Accordingtoauthorities,KurtwasplanningtoassassinatePresidentObamaaspartofaterroristattackthathecalledhis“finalsolution.”Hisplansincludedabombingthatwould“dwarf”the1995OklahomaCitybombing.Convictedin2011,Kurtwassentencedto13yearsinprison.Madera,California,September2010:InJanuary2012,afederaljudgesentencedanti‐abortionextremistDonnyEugeneMowertofiveyearsinprison.InOctober2011,MowerpleadedguiltytochargesrelatedtoafirebombingtheMaderaPlannedParenthoodClinicandvandalizingamosqueonAugust24,2010.Concord,NorthCarolina,September2010:Anti‐abortionextremistJustinCarlMooseofConcord,NorthCarolina,wasarrestedforprovidinginformationrelatedtothemaking,use,ormanufactureofanexplosive,destructivedevice,orweaponofmassdestruction.Accordingtothecriminalcomplaint,Mooseusedsocialnetworkingsitestoadvocateviolenceagainstwomen’shealthcareclinicsandwhereabortionsareperformed,aswellastheiremployees.Additionally,MooseallegedlymetwithanindividualhebelievedwasplanningtobombaNorthCarolinaclinicandprovideddetailedinformationandinstructionaboutvariousexplosivesandincendiarymethodsthatcouldbeusedtodestroytheclinic.Moose,aself‐proclaimedmemberof“ArmyofGod”,anextremeanti‐abortiongroup,pleadedguiltytodistributinginformationonmakingandusingexplosives.Hewassentencedtothreeyearsinprison.

2011 ApacheJunction,Arizona,January2011:AfederalgrandjuryindictedwhitesupremacistJeffreyHarbin,whohadtiestotheNationalSocialistMovement,forpossessingandtransportinganexplosivedevice.Hewassentencedtotwoyearsinprisonafterpleadingguilty.ProsecutorsinthecaseallegedthatHarbinmadetheexplosivedevicestobeusedduringvigilanteoperationsontheMexicanborderanddesignedthemtocausethemostcarnagepossible.Hardy,Arkansas,January2011:RacistskinheadsassociatedwithBlood&HonourArkansastargetedthehomeofabi‐racialcoupleinHardy,Arkansas.JasonWalterBarnwell,GaryDonDodson,JakeMurphy,andDustinHammonddevisedaplantouseMolotovcocktailstofirebombthecouples’homeduringtheMartinLutherKing,Jr.,holiday.Dodsondrovethegrouptothevictims’home,whereBarnwell,Murphy,andHammondthrewthecocktails.Luckily,thecouplewasnotinjured.Allfourendeduppleadingguiltytofederalhatecrimescharges;anotherdefendant,WendyTreybig,alsoawhitesupremacist,pleadedguiltytoobstructingjusticeinconnectionwiththeincident.

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Spokane,Washington,January2011:InMarch2011,theFBIarrestedwhitesupremacistKevinHarphamforattemptingtobombaSpokane,Washington,MartinLutherKing,Jr.,Dayparade.Harphamconfessedtoplantingabackpackalongtheparaderoutecontainingapipebombdesignedtobetriggeredbyaradiofrequencysystem.Luckily,thebombfailedtogooff.Harphamwassentencedto32yearsinprison.Fairbanks,Alaska,March2011:FoursovereigncitizensandmilitiamembersinAlaskawerearrestedin2011onfederalandstateweaponsandconspiracychargesrelatedtoaplottomurderfederalandstategovernmentofficialsengagedincriminalcasesagainstsomeofthem.Theydubbeditthe“2‐4‐1”plot,becausetheydecidedtheywouldkidnaporkilltwoofficialsforeverymilitiamemberarrestedorkilled.Chargesagainstafifthdefendantweredroppedafterheagreedtotestifyagainsttheothers.OnJanuary8,2013,aU.S.DistrictcourtjudgesentencedAlaskaPeacemakersMilitiamembersSchaefferCoxandLonnieVernontoover25yearsinprisoneach.LonnieVernon’swifeKarenreceivedasentenceof12yearsinprison.ColemanBarneyreceivedafive‐yearsentenceonweaponscharges.Madison,Wisconsin,May2011:ADaneCountyCircuitCourtjuryinMadison,Wisconsin,convictedanti‐abortionextremistRalphW.LangofMarshfield,Wisconsin,ofattemptedfirst‐degreeintentionalhomicideforplottingtokillPlannedParenthoodemployeesinWisconsinin2011.ThechargesstemmedfromaMay2011incidentwhenLangaccidentallyfiredabulletthroughthedoorofhismotelroom.Duringquestioningbythepolice,LangadmittedthathewasplanningtokillstaffmembersatthePlannedParenthoodclinicinMadisonthefollowingmorning.LangwassentencedinAugust2013to10yearsinprison.Washington,Oregon,andCalifornia,September2011:WhitesupremacistsDavidPedersenandHollyGrigsbyengagedinamulti‐statekillingspreethatresultedinfourmurdersinthreestates.ThecouplemurderedPedersen’sfatherandstepmotherinWashington,awhitemaninOregonaspartofacarjacking,andanAfrican‐AmericanmaleinCaliforniaaspartofanothercarjacking.Incourt,PedersonsaidhetargetedtheOregonmanbecausehebelievedhewasJewishandtheCalifornianmanbecausehewasblack.Aftertheirarrest,thecoupleadmittedtheyhadbeenheadedtoSacramentotofindaprominentJewishpersontokill.Macon,Georgia,November2011:AfederalgrandjuryindictedfourpeopleassociatedwithaNorthGeorgiamilitiagroupforplottingtobuyexplosivesandtryingtomakericintouseinattacksagainstthegovernment.ThemenhaddiscusseddispersingricindustinmajorU.S.cities,assassinatingfederalofficialsandemployeesoffederalagencies,andhadsurveilledtargetbuildingsinAtlanta,includingtheofficesoftheATFandIRS.FrederickThomasandDanRobertswereeachconvictedofgivingundercoveragentsmoneyandafirearminexchangeforanM‐4assaultriflesilencerandwhattheybelievedwereC‐4explosives.Theywereeachsentencedtofiveyearsinprison.SamuelCrumpandRayAdamswereconvictedofconspiringtoproduceabiologicaltoxinandreceived10‐yearsentences.

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FortStewart,Georgia,December2011:MorethanadozenmembersofamilitiagroupcalledForeverEnduringAlwaysReady(FEAR)werearrestedinGeorgiainconnectionwithadoublehomicideinwhichFEARmembersshotandkilledoneoftheirownmembers,whomtheysuspectedmightbecomeaninformant.Theyalsokilledtheman’sgirlfriend.FEARmembersfearedthattheirterroristplans,whichrangedfrombombingsandcrop‐poisoningallthewaytoassassinatingthepresident,mightbeexposed.FEARleaderIsaacAguiguiwasalsochargedwithmurderinghispregnantwifeinordertogetinsurancemoneywithwhichtobuyguns,ammunition,andothermaterialsforthegroup’sactions.Thosearrestedpleadedguiltyorwereconvictedofvariouschargesagainstthemandreceivedvaryingsentencesofuptolifeinprison.

2012 Benson,NorthCarolina,February2012:AfederaljudgesentencedKuKluxKlanleaderCharlesRobertBarefoot,Jr.ofBenson,NorthCarolina,to180monthsinprisonfollowedbythreeyearssupervisedreleasefollowinghisconvictiononchargesofconspiracytopossessstolenfirearms,possessionofstolenfirearms,solicitationtocommitacrimeofviolence,receiptofexplosiveswithintenttokill,illegalstorageofexplosivematerialsanddistributionofexplosivematerials.Theconvictionsstemmedfromaplotintheearly2000stoblowupJohnstonCountySheriffSteveBizzell,thecountycourthouse,andthecountyjail.Sixotherdefendantsinvolvedintheplotpleadedguiltytorelatedcharges.MendotaHeights,Minnesota,April2012:FBIagentsarrestedtwoMinnesotawhitesupremacists,SamuelJamesJohnsonandJosephBenjaminThomas,onweaponsanddrugcharges,respectively,inconnectionwithwhatauthoritiessaidwasaplottoattacktheU.S.government,minorities,and“left‐wing”targets.BothmenweremembersofJohnson’sAryanLiberationMovementandformermembersoftheneo‐NaziNationalSocialistMovement.Johnsonpleadedguiltytobeingafeloninpossessionofaweaponandwassentencedto15yearsinprison.Thomaspleadedguiltytopossessionwithintenttodistributedmethamphetamines,andreceived10yearsinprison.GrandChute,Wisconsin,April2012:InFebruary2013,afederaljudgesentencedanti‐abortionextremistFrancisGradytoelevenyearsinprisonforthearsonofaGrandChutePlannedParenthoodbuilding.InApril2012,Gradystartedafireinsidethebuildingusingahomemadeincendiarydevice.Plano,Texas,June2013:Anti‐governmentextremistAnsonChipleadedguiltyinfederalcourttochargesofpossessionofanunregisteredfirearmorexplosivedevice,themalicioususeofexplosivematerialandattemptingtoblowupanAtmosEnergynaturalgaspipelineonJune18,2012.Chiwasamemberofboththesovereigncitizenandtaxprotestmovements.Aspartofthepleadeal,prosecutorsdroppedachargeofcarryingadestructivedeviceduringacrimeofviolent.Chiwassentencedto22yearsinprison.OakCreek,Wisconsin,August2012:RacistskinheadWadeMichaelPageopenedfireataSikhtempleinOakCreek,Wisconsin,killingsixpeopleandwoundingfourothers,includingapoliceofficerrespondingto

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theshootings.Pagekilledhimselfatthesceneafterbeingshotbypolice.PagewasamemberoftheHammerskins,aracistskinheadgroup.HealsoplayedinthewhitepowerbandsEndApathyandDefiniteHate.LaPlace,Louisiana,August2012:ApairofambushesbyagroupofsovereigncitizenslefttwoSt.JohntheBaptistSheriff’sdeputiesdeadandtwootherdeputiesseriouslyinjured.ThefirstshootingincidentoccurredataValerocorporationfacilityparkinglot,whereadeputyworkingaprivatetrafficdetailwasshotatandwoundedbytheoccupantsofapickuptruck.Deputiesfollowedthetrucktoatrailerpark.Whiletheyquestionedtwosuspects,anothermanwithanassaultriflefiredatthem,killingtwodeputiesandwoundingathird.Deputiesarrestedsevensuspects,includingBrianLynSmithandKyleDavidJoekel,whowerechargedwithtwocountsoffirst‐degreemurderofapoliceofficerandthreecountsofattemptedfirst‐degreemurderofapoliceofficer.Arlington,Texas,October2012:FederalprosecutorschargedsovereigncitizenPhillipMonroeBallardwithattemptingtohiresomeonetokillU.S.DistrictJudgeJohnMcBryde.Ballard,whileincustodyawaitingtrialontax‐relatedcharges,allegedlyofferedanotherinmate$100,000incashtokillthejudgeoverseeinghiscase.BallardallegedlywantedtokillJudgeMcBrydebecausehebelievedthejudgewouldsentencehimtothemaximumsentenceof20yearsinfederalprison.In2014,Ballardreceiveda20‐yearsentenceforthesolicitation.BowlingGreen,Ohio,December2012:WhileinvestigatingOhiowhitesupremacistRichardSchmidtfortraffickingcounterfeitgoods,FBIagentsdiscoveredthatSchmidtpossessedalargecacheofweaponsandanotebookwithevidencethatSchmidtwastargetingDetroit‐areaJewishandAfricanAmericanleaders.InJuly2014,Schmidt,aconvictedfelon,pleadedguiltytofederalweaponandcounterfeitingcharges.SchmidthadconnectionstotheNationalAllianceandtheNationalSocialistMovement,bothneo‐Nazigroups.

2013 Seale,Alabama,January2013:Self‐describedwhitesupremacistDerekMathewShroutplottedtokillateacherandfiveclassmateswhowereAfrican‐American,andonestudenthebelievedtobegay.TheplotwasuncoveredafterateacheratRussellCountyHighSchoolinSeale,Alabama,foundajournalcontainingplansofanattackandalertedpolice.Investigatorsfoundbomb‐makingmaterialsandweaponsinShrout’shome.InApril2014,Shroutpleadedguiltytofirst‐degreeattemptedassault.Aweaponofmassdestructionchargewasdropped.Hereceivedasentenceoftwoyears’probationfollowedbythreeyearsinprison.Denver,Colorado,March2013:WhitesupremacistEvanSpencerEbelofDenver,Colorado,shotandkilledapizzadeliverydriver,thenusedthedeliveryman’sclothesasarusetoassassinateColoradoDepartmentofCorrectionsdirectorTomClements.Ontherun,hediedafewdayslaterinashootoutwith

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Texaslawenforcementofficers.Ebelwasamemberofthe211Crew,aColorado‐basedwhitesupremacistprisongang.Claxton,Georgia,June2013:OnDecember19,2013,afederaljudgeinVirginiasentencedGeorgiaKuKluxKlanmemberMichaelLeeFullmoreto52monthsinprisonforsellingassaultriflestoaconvictedfelon.Accordingtoevidencepresentedduringhispleaproceedings,Fullmoresoldthegunsinordertofundviolenceagainstminority‐relatedtargets.InJune2013,FBIagentsarrestedFullmoreafterhetoldanundercoveragentthathewantedtofire‐bombalocalCatholicchurchinaHispaniccommunityintheClaxton,Georgia,area.Montevideo,Minnesota,May2013:AgentswiththeFBIarrestedmilitiamemberBufordBraden“Bucky”Rogers,ofMontevideo,Minnesota,afterdiscoveringtwoMolotovcocktails,two“blackpowderandnaildevices,”apipebomb,andasemi‐automaticrifleathishome.Rogerswasaconvictedfelonprohibitedfrompossessingfirearms.AnFBIaffidavitassertedthatRogersregularlytalkedofplanstousehismilitiagroup,atinygroupcalledtheBlackSnakeMilitia,tocutoffcommunicationstotheCityofMontevideo,raidtheNationalGuardArmory,andbombtheMontevideoPoliceDepartment.Rogerspleadedguiltytobeingafeloninpossessionofafirearmandpossessinganunregistereddestructivedeviceandreceiveda40‐monthprisonsentence.Birmingham,Alabama,October2013:FederalprosecutorsinBirmingham,Alabama,chargedwhitesupremacistJamesDavidKircuswithunlawfulpossessionofanunregisteredfirearmandadestructivedevice.Accordingtoanaffidavit,Kircusconstructedabomboutofautomobileairbagshetookfromtheautoshopwhereheworked.Co‐workerssaidhedescribedhimselfasan“Aryan”andallegedlythreatenedto“killallthoseniggersatthehalf‐wayhousebyblowingthemup.”HewasconvictedinMarch2014andreceiveda10‐yearsentence.LosAngeles,California,November2013:PaulAnthonyCiancia,ananti‐governmentextremistfixatedontheTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA),allegedlytargetedTSAofficersduringaNovember2013shootingrampageattheLosAngelesairport.Accordingtopolice,CianciaapproachedaTSAcheckpointandbeganshootingTSAofficers,killingoneandinjuringtwoothers,aswellasacivilian.Caincia,whoengagedinagunbattlewithpolice,wasshotmultipletimesastheywhopursuedhimintoanairportterminal.Referringtohimselfasa“pissed‐offpatriot”whobelievedhisconstitutionalrightshadbeenviolated,CianciaallegedlypennedaletterthatexpressedangerattheTSAandstatedthatheintendedto“instillfear”bykillingmultipleTSAofficers.Inearly2015,prosecutorsannouncedtheywouldseekthedeathpenaltyagainstCiancia.Maplewood,Minnesota,December2013:FBIagentsinMinnesotaarrestedself‐describedmilitialeaderKeithMichaelNovakonfraudchargesforallegedlystealingconfidentialpersonalinformationofhundredsofmilitarypersonnelinordertocreatefakemilitaryIDsformembersofhismilitiagroup,the44thSpathaLibertas.Atahearinginmid‐December,anFBIagenttestifiedthatNovakhaddiscussedblowingupa

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NationalSecurityAgencybuildingandsaidthathehada“targetpackage”forinvestorWarrenBuffett.Novakpleadedguiltytostealingidentificationinformationandreceivedatwo‐yearsentencein2014.LasVegas,Nevada,August2013:LasVegaspolicearrestedtwosovereigncitizens,DavidAllenBrutscheandDevonNewman,accusingthemofplottingtokidnapandkillpoliceofficers.In2014,Brutsche,aspartofapleadeal,pleadedguiltytoachargeoffelonyconspiracytokidnappoliceofficers.NewmanpleadedguiltyinDecember2013toamisdemeanorchargeofconspiracytocommitfalseimprisonment.

2014 Rome,Georgia,February2014:FBIagentsarrestedthreeNorthGeorgiamembersofamilitiagroup,chargingthemwithconspiracytoreceiveandpossessunregistereddestructivedevices.AccordingtotheFBI,TerryEugenePeace,BrianEdwardCannonandCoryRobertWilliamson,attemptedtoobtainthermiteandpipebombsinordertolaunchterroristattacksagainstthefederalgovernment.Basedonon‐linecommentstheymade,thetrioseemtohavehopedtosparkagovernmentoverreactionthatwouldcausethemilitiamovementtoriseup.Katy,Texas,March2014:FBIagentsarrestedanti‐governmentextremistRobertJamesTalbot,Jr.,ofKaty,Texas,charginghimwithattemptedinterferencewithcommercebyrobberyandsolicitationtocommitacrimeofviolence.Accordingtoacriminalcomplaint,Talbot,tryingtoestablishagroupdubbedtheAmericanInsurgentMovement,soughttorecruitfivetosixlike‐mindedpeopletoblowupgovernmentbuildings,robbanksandkilllawenforcementofficers,aswellastoattackmosquesas“trainingmissions.”Talbotwasonhiswaytocommitanarmoredcarrobberywithinertexplosivesprovidedbyanundercoveragentwhenhewasarrested.InOctober2014,Talbotpleadedguiltytothechargesagainsthim.OverlandPark,Kansas,April2014:Long‐timeMissouriwhitesupremacistFrazierGlennMillerlaunchedanattackonJewishinstitutionsinthegreaterKansasCityarea,openingfireattwoinstitutionsinashootingspreethattookthelivesofthreepeople,includingonechild,beforepolicewereabletotakehimintocustody.Millertoldpoliceandthemediathathelaunchedtheattacks“forthespecificpurposeofkillingJews.”ProsecutorshaveindictedMilleroncapitalmurdercharges.LasVegas,Nevada,June2014:Husbandandwifeanti‐governmentextremistsJeradandAmandaMillerassassinatedtwoLasVegaspoliceofficersinJune2014,killingthemwhiletheywereeatinglunchatarestaurant.ThecouplethencrossedthestreettoaWal‐Mart,wheretheykilledacivilianwhoattemptedtointervene.Jeraddiedinasubsequentshootoutwithpolice.Amandaalsodied,killingherselfatthesceneafterbeingshotbypolice.Tremonton,Utah,July2014:Afterreceivingatipaboutamanwhoallegedlyhadtalkedaboutassassinatingpoliceofficersandblowingupapolicedepartmentheadquarters,FBIagentslaunchedaninvestigationthatendedwiththeJuly2014arrestofanti‐governmentextremistJohnHugginson

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explosivescharges.Accordingtocourtdocuments,Hugginshopedto“causethecommunitytoriseupagainstthegovernment.”Duringtheinvestigation,agentsconductedasearchofHuggins’homeandallegedlyfoundnotebooksdetailingtheactivitiesofTremontonpoliceofficers,instructionsonhowtobuildbombs,aswellasanimproviseddeviceandotherexplosivematerials.Austin,Texas,November2014:LarrySteveMcQuilliamsofAustin,Texas,asuspectedadherentoftheracistandanti‐SemiticreligioussectknownasChristianIdentity,launchedashootingattackindowntownAustin,Texas,firingover100roundsofammunitionattargetsincludingtheAustinPoliceDepartment,afederalcourthouseandtheMexicanconsulate.Accordingtopolicereports,McQuilliamshadimprovisedexplosivedevices,amapof34othertargets,includingchurches,andacopyoftheChristianIdentity‐relatedbookVigilantesofChristendom:TheStoryofthePhineasPriesthoodinhisrentalvan.McQuilliamsdiedatthesceneafteranAustinpoliceofficershothimatlongrange.