TERRESTRIAL SURVEYING

Department of «Geodesy and Geoinformatics» Tajik Agrarian

University

named after Sh. Shotemur

Firdavs Kukanov

• Objective

The purpose of this lesson is that such a terrestrial surveying, how and why it is held. Students need to know about the type of terrestrial surveying, terrestrial instruments used for surveying

Outline

• Introdaction• Measurements• Equipment used• Student task

Introduction

• Terrestrial surveying is also referred to as field or ground-based surveying. It can be defined as the art and science of taking measurements on or near the surface of the earth. Data acquisition is based on the collection of geospatial data.

Measurements

Measurements are collected using equipment at ground level of obtain the position an object.

Terrestrial surveying techniques involve the measurement of :

DistanceAngleAzimuthHeight

Equipment used

Electronic Distance Meter (EDM)Theodolite LevelingTotal stationGPS Receiver

Electronic Distance Meter (EDM)

• Theodolite - measuring instrument for determining direction and measuring the horizontal and vertical angles when surveying, topographic, and geodetic surveying, construction. The main measure of labor in the theodolite are the limbs of degree and minute graduations

Theodolite

Theodolite

Leveling

• Level (from Fr. Niveau - level, level) - a geodetic instrument (Equipment) for the leveling, that is, determining the difference in elevation between the several points of the earth's surface relative to the conventional level ie the definition of excess.

Level

Total station

• A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point.[1]

• Robotic total stations allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote control. This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member as the operator holds the reflector and controls the total station from the observed point.

• Total station

GPS • - the Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite

navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

• The GPS program provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. In addition, GPS is the backbone for modernizing the global air traffic system.

• The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems,[1] integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994

GPS Receiver

•Student task

• Topic; to measure the dictance using EDM task: Define an azimuth and elevation varios Tools: EDM, theodolite, level.