terms which might be useful for the a.p. literature exam
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Terms which might be useful for the A.P. Literature Exam. From Barbara Swovelin’s list. Ad hominem argument. From the Latin meaning “to or against the man,” this is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, to feeling rather than intellect. . alliteration. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Terms which might be useful for the A.P. Literature Exam
From Barbara Swovelin’s list
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From the Latin meaning “to or against the man,” this is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, to feeling rather than intellect.
Ad hominem argument
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close repetition of consonant sounds at beginning of words
alliteration
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brief reference to familiar person/thing/incident (often Biblical, historical, mythological or literary)
allusion
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directly addressing an absent or imaginary person
apostrophe
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repetition of vowel sounds
assonance
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narrative poem, originally sung (ballade: a French verse form)
ballad
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excessive pathos
bathos
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pause in line, dictated by rhythm (“A little learning…..is a dangerous thing)
caesura
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close repetition of identical consonant sounds around different vowels (flip-flop, or at the ends of words (hid-bed)
consonance
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two lines of verse, usually rhymed and of same meter
couplet
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events following the climax and falling action (resolution)
denoument
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“god from machine” (saves the day)
Deus ex machina
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the choice of words and their placement in sentences
diction
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juxtaposition of jarring sounds
dissonance
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rough, crudely written verse, usually comic
doggrel
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dignified poem mourning death
elegy
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end of phrase or sentence coincides with end of line (poetry)
end-stopped line
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extended narrative poem, exalted in style and heroic in theme
epic
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extended simile
Epic (Homeric) simile
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short, witty statement, graceful and ingenious
epigram
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final section of speech or written work (peroration)
epilogue
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“showing forth” (Greek), an insight
epiphany
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death inscription (“On the whole, I’d rather be in Philadelphia” W.C. Fields)
epitaph
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term used to characterize a person (Jack the Ripper)
epithet
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truth narrative illustrating a moral
fable
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makes use of figures of speech (techniques comparing dissimilar objects); specific figures of speech are listed separately
Figurative language
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group of syllables forming metrical unit:
iamb trocheeanapest dactyl
foot
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fixed metrical arrangement
form
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lacks regular meter and line length (relies on natural rhythm; most modern poetry)
Free verse
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black humor (like dead baby jokes)
gallows humor
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literary type or class, specific or general (carpe diem poetry, tragedy, novels, etc.)
Genre
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pair of rhymed iambic pentameter lines
Heroic couplet
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deliberate exaggeration
hyperbole
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language which evokes sensory experiences; engaging sight, smell, taste, etc.
imagery
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writer expresses a meaning contradictory to stated or ostensible one: Verbal irony: attitude opposite to
what is literally stated.Dramatic irony: situation
understood in double sense by audience (and not by characters on stage).
Situational irony: circumstances turn out to be reverse of those anticipated
irony
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or meiosis; understatement (in Hamlet, “a play of some interest”)
litotes
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originally (Greek) sung to lyre; lyric poetry expresses feelings of speaker in words which have musical qualities
lyric
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two unlike objects compared (“Life is but a walking shadow”)
metaphor
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figure of speech, name of object substituted for another (“my light [vision] is spent”)
metonymy
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pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables; see foot, a foot being the metrical unit; the following terms refer to number of feet per line: monometer, dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, octometer. Iambic pentameter refers to a line of five feet of iambs
meter
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recurring image, character, verbal pattern, etc.
motif
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tells a story (as does anything narrative)
Narrative verse
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lyric poem of some length, serious in subject and dignified in style
ode
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words whose sounds express or reinforce their meanings
onomatopoeia
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eight lines, iambic pentameter (abababcc)
Ottava rima
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two apparently contradictory terms (cold fires; conspicuous by his absence)
oxymoron
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human characteristics given to inanimate objects
Pathetic fallacy
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quality which evokes feelings of pity, sympathy, tenderness, etc
pathos
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a “mask” which the author assumes to speak to the audience
persona
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inanimate objects endowed with human qualities
personification
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14 lines divided into two parts, an octave (abbaabba) and sestet (cdecde)
Petrarchan sonnet
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stanza of four lines
quatrain
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duplication of an element of language, such as a word, phrase, clause, etc
repetition
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7-line stanza in iambic pentameter (ababbcc)
Rhyme royal
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14 lines, iambic pentameter (abab cdcd efef gg or abba cddc effe gg)
Shakespearean sonnet
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comparison using “like” or “as.”
simile
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same with rhyme of abab bcbc cdcd ee
Spenserian sonnet
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group of lines that form division of a poem
stanza
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the qualities that make up a literary personality or way of writing
style
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a deductive, logical argument, formulated around one major premise, one minor premise, and a conclusion (e.g. All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal.)
syllogism
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something that stands for something else, but also exists as an entity itself (a hammer and sickle for the USSR)
symbol
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part represents the whole (all hands on deck)
synecdoche
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the choice of words and their placement in sentences
syntax
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a group of three lines rhyming together or connected by rhyme with the adjacent group or groups of three lines
tercet
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aba bcb cdc etc
Terza rima
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author’s attitude toward (can also be towards audience or both)
tone
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a French fixed form (5 tercets and a quatrain, all with two rhymes)
villanelle
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Those are your terms, learn them and use them when appropriate.
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