Term Paper Presentation Course: CVEN 632 Presented by: Shailendra Matoria Evaluating Electronic Toll Collection System against Conventional Toll Plaza Presentation Summary Introduction of Concept of ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) Different Components of ETC Methodology Toll Violations Costs and Benefits Case Study Results and Conclusions Suggestions and Future Scope Discussions Introduction A mature technology allowing electronic payment of tolls at highway speeds without interrupting the traffic flow. Around 70% of toll roads in USA now use ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) System. Components of ETC System Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) Automatic Vehicle Classification (AVC) Transaction Processing Violation Enforcement Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) System AVI system has two components: On board Unit or Transponder mounted on vehicle. Road-side antennae mounted on a gantry. Automatic Vehicle Classification (AVC) System Vehicle Classification: ETC applications have 4-5 types of vehicle classes. Different toll rates for different vehicle classes. AVC System: Treadles Count the number of axles. Light Curtains & Laser Profiles Can differentiate between a truck and a trailer Inductive Loop Sensors Can determine length, speed, number of axles of vehicles at highway speeds Transaction Processing Process of debiting customers accounts and answering customer inquiries. Violation Enforcement Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) Uses Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to read images of vehicle license plates. CCTV cameras, existing road enforcement cameras, mobile cameras mounted on vehicles can be used. Significant error rate require manual verification. Infrared cameras with high shutter speeds can improve on some inaccuracies. Obstacles faced by ANPR Enforcement System Continued ECH/TELECOMMUNICATIONS/DIAGRAMS/ETC/ETC.HTM Electronic Toll Collection Mechanism Costs & Benefits of ETC B/C Analysis- A Case Study Case: Carquinez Bridge in San Fransico Bay Area B/C analysis for ETC system evaluated against Conventional Toll Plaza Period of Study 20 years Gradual increase in ETC split or share over 20 years is considered Traffic Input Estimated Annual Traffic Volume (ATV) Base YearYear 20 Traffic Volume19,064,84934,433,238 ETC Split0.0%95.0% Peak Hour Statistics in Base Year MorningEvening PHV (veh/hr)1,4475,202 T (hr)22 PHV/AADT Payment Split and Transaction Time Input Transaction Time (sec) Cash 7 Ticket 4.5 ETC (headway) 2.4 Payment Split Manual Lane-Baseline Base YearYear 20 Cash83% Ticket17% Manual Lane-ETC Alternative Cash83%100% Ticket17%0% ETC Lane-ETC Alternative Cash, Checks64% Credit Card36% ETC Account Fact Cash & Checks Account Base Year Avg. Tags per Account1.35 Avg. Usage per Year160 Deposits $26.70 Avg. Balance other than Deposit$17.80 Credit Card Account Base Year Avg. Tags per Account1.35 Avg. Usage per Year160 Deposits $0 Avg. Balance other than Deposit$17.80 Unit Cost of ETC Lanes $62,361 Cost of Transponders $28.85 Other Infrastructure & Traffic Details Configuration of the Toll Plaza Total Number of Lanes (max 22)12 Ramp Distance prior to the Toll Plaza (miles)0.2 Ramp Distance leading from the toll Plaza (miles)0.2 Prevailing Travel Speed (mph)55 Mode Split among ETC Users Auto 94.76% Truck 5.11% Bus 0.13% Average Vehicle Occupancy Auto Truck 1.1 Bus 20 Value of Time by Mode & Toll Rate Time Value for Each Mode ($/hr) Auto$12.75 Truck$33.41 Bus (per rider)$12.75 Toll Manual User$2 ETC User$1.85 Fuel Consumption & Emission Rates Assumptions about Fuel Consumption Average Milage of Consuming one Gallon of Fuel25 Fuel Price per Gallon $1.10 Federal Tax on Gasoline ($ per Gallon)$0.18 State Tax on Gasoline ($ per Gallon)$0.18 Emission Rates during Acceleration (grams/gallon) Nox 24.7 HC 9.5 CO Emission Rates during Idling (grams/minute) Nox 0.0 HC 0.15 CO 2.5 Cost of Air Polution ($/kg of pollutant) Nox HC CO General Assumptions Inflation Rate 3% Annual Interest Rate 6% Discount Rate 6% Fee for Credit Card Transaction2% Personal Year (PY) Hours per Unit Personal Year1,768 PY for Information Technology0.11 PY for Accounting (base)0.46 PY for Accounting(ETC)2.36 PY for Program Costs (Toll Collection)61.04 Unit Cost per Personal Year$65,000 Result Summary for 20 Years NPV 1 =PVB 2 =NPC 3 =B/C 4 =IRR 5 = Overall$53,403,563$55,627,154$2,223, % Toll Agency$8,644,121$10,867,713$2,223, Users$44,711,053 $0 Community$48,389 $0 1 NPV: net present value, NPV = PVB - PVC 2 PVB: present value of benefits 3 PVC: present value of costs 4 B/C: Total benefit over capital investment, B/C = PVB/PVC 5 IRR: Internal Rate of Return Result Summary for 10 Years NPV 1 =PVB 2 =NPC 3 =B/C 4 =IRR 5 = Overall$10,641,305$12,864,897$2,223, % Toll Agency-$2,132,848$90,744$2,223, Users$12,758,788 $0 Community$15,365 $0 Conclusions Electronic Toll Collection System has a really good B/C Ratio as compared against base case of conventional toll plaza. Around % of the benefits comes from travel time savings for commuters. It is much more eco- friendly as emission rates are lowered due to less queues and less fluctuations in traffic flow. Toll Violation Enforcement still has to come up with something robust to check violations and to avoid false charges. Suggestions ETC System is a very effective use of technology in mitigating traffic congestion. Interoperability of various ETC Systems across USA is very much needed. For Toll violations instead of image processing passive transponder chips can be embedded in License Plate using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Technology. Discussions