1

King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals

City and Regional Planning Department

CRP 514: Introduction to GIS

Term 122

Term Paper

The application of remote sensing in Geology

By

Haitham Mohamed Awad

ID # g201207220

Course Instructor

Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan

May. 18, 2013

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Table of Contents

Code Subject Page No.

Abstract 4

1 Introduction 5

2 Literature Review 6

3 Data requirement 7

4 Objective 8

5 Utilizing of remote sensing in geology 8

6 Methodology

9

7 Case studies 9

7.1 First case study 9

7.2 Case study objectives 10

7.3 Study area 10

7.4 Case study methodology 12

7.5 Investigation in lithology 14

7.6 Investigating the lineaments 21

7.7 Investigating the mineral detection 25

8 Second case study 29

8.1 Introduction 29

8.2 The study area 30

8.3 Objective 30

8.4 Remote sensing method 30

8.5 Fracture Method 34

8.6 The affect of the lineament on the dam axis 38

8.7 Conclusion 39

references 40

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Table of Figures

Code Subject Page No.

Figure (1) The geological maps of the study area 11

Figure (2) described the followed methodology 13

Figure (3) Enhanced Land sat ETM+ (bands2, 4 and 7) 15

Figure ( 4) shows the different in the resulted image of PC

transformation 17

Figure( 5) aColor acomposite of aratio images a3/5,a5/7 and 3/1 18

Figure (6 ) Image aafter IHS atransformation aprepared from ETM+

bands 1, 5, and 3 20

Figure ( 7) aImage aafter applying adirectional afiltering 22

Figure (8)

Data afusion abetween SAR and aaETM+ aimages, showing

the geological,a structural and alithological aelements in the

study area.

24

Figure (9) Ration aimage 5/4 aenables the adiscrimination of ferrous

aminerals as awhite color in the astudy area

26

Figure(10) Image aobtained by aSelective aPrincipal aComponent

technique ahighlighting the ahydroxyl bearing aminerals

as dark pixels

28

Figure (11) The Sabaloka area is located in the southern part of the River Nile State between

31

Figure (12) Colour composite of the Plateau obtained using bands 7, 4, 1 in

RGB, respectively

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Figure(13) Directional filtering in: (a) 330º (b) 50º directions of the

741 RGB image 33

Figure(14) Lineament map of the Sabaloka volcanic plateau 33

Figure (15) : Rose Diagram shows the main trends of fractures in the

Sabaloka Plateau 35

Figure (16) Lineament frequency contour density map of the Sabaloka plateau

36

Figure(17) The Lineament Length density contour map of the plateau

37

Figure (18) Rose diagram shows the main fractures trends at the dam

axis, based on field measurement 38

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The Application of remote sensing in Geology

Abstract

The main objective of this paper examine the use of Remote Sensing (RS) technology in

geological .two case study has been used, first case study is the use of Remote zSensing

Technology in zgeological zInvestigation and mineral zDetection in El zAzraq-Jordan and

seconed one is the using the remote sensing to investigate the proposed hydropower dam-Sudan.

In the first case study, the land sat techniques has been used in this study, Radar SAR images and

Land Sat Enhanced Thematic Mapper which has been used to (i) recognize the different

geological units existed in the two studies area, (ii) classify the structure and lithology of this

area, and (iii) investigate the hydrothermal alteration in this area. A different digital image

processing applications have used such as Hue ,Saturation (IHS) transformation, rationing,

Intensity and the Principal Components (PC) analysis. The color composite of the ratio images

(3/1, 4/3, and 5/7) IHS (1, 3, 5) and Principal Components (1, 2, and 3) facilitated to find out the

different types of igneous rocks in the study area. By using two different methods of remote

sensing (i) edge enhancement and directional filters and (ii) data fusion of SAR image+ ETM) A

lineament map has been created. To map the iron and iron oxide bearing mineral the selective PC

analysis of ETM+ using bands 1, 3, 4, and 5 have been used. The same idea has been applied by

using bands 1, 4, 5, and 7 for hydroxyl bearing minerals investigation. Finally, to detect the

mineral the hyper spectral method has been used which depend mainly on the mineral spectral.

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1. Introduction

In the past, the geologist are performed the regional mapping and lithology mapping by using the

field observation and conventional ground surveys. firstly they used traverse lines at equal

intervals. So uncontrollable mistakes will take place during the mapping. The remote sensing and

mapping method are always modified and developed so the remote sensing play very important

role in geological application such as Mapping of lithology and alteration zones particularly

mountain and forest areas which are consider as a real challenge .The greatest advantage of

remote sensing is could be applied inaccessible and disputed areas as well as it gives a general

view which provide incorporated outlook of inter-relations between different land features .

remote sensing can easily delinate the lithology contact and geological structure that due to

existence the high resolution ,multi-spectral and advanced capabilities of digital image

processing techniques,. The remote sensing can investigate the natural resources such as

vegetation, mineral and lithology using multi spectral satellite systems. Big area was coverage by

data and link with their long-term existence make analysis of the spatial dynamics within larger

areas .the differential of the rock type and soil type and delineation of structure are consider as

the Most applications of RS in geology. The geologists increase contact to better spatial (30m)

and spectral resolution when they commence of Land Sat Thematic Mapper (TM) in 1982,

compared to the Multi spectral Scanner (MSS) used, for detailed geological studies. So now the

multi spectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper are mainly used by geologist to differentiate

between different types of rock while the hyper-spectral laboratory used to detect the lineament

and minerals .the multi spectral remote sensing is very use full for lithology mapping and

alteration zone In the regions where bed rock is exposed. the previous work confirm that the

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suitable method to distinguish the hydrothermal alterations is the ratio of TM band 5 and 7 while

the suitable method for mapping lithology is the spectral characteristic of TM bands

2. Literature Review

1.J. P. Rigol, M. Chica-Olmo Merging remote-sensing with geological environmental images

mapping: aapplication to the zCabo de zGata-Níjar zNatural Park, zSpain. The ztechniques to

combine the image of remote sensing with of different resolutions, such as Landsat TM and

SPOT panchromatic, are powerful tools to creation good-quality mixture images for geological

mapping, the zcombined images give a great zimprovement in zvisual zquality and are very use

full for their geological zinterpretation .

2. The Use of Remote Sensing and Fractures Analysis for Investigating the Proposed Site for the

Sabaloka Hydropower Dam Project, River Nile State, Sudan Elsheikh A. E. M.1, Elsayed

Zeinelabdein, The study was conducted to examine the suitability of the selected site for the

proposed hydro-power dam by using the remote sensing technique, the risky area which

characterized by dense fractures have been detected.

3. the extraction of geological disaster risk factors from the remote sensing information (ZHAO

Hongrui, LIU Xuekong, REN Hui1970) give a frame work to the evaluation of geological

disaster for get a framework used for the evaluation of the risk of geological disaster. This

paper examines the factors which are extracted from the remote sensing, and in the end four

parameters have been extracted, soil moisture content, vegetation coverage, surface roughness,

and land cover/use.

4. The use of Remote Sensing Technology in geological Investigation and mineral Detection in

El Azraq-Jordan. the main objective of this paper identify the different geological units existed

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in El Azraq area, classify the structure and lithology of this area and (iii) delineate the

hydrothermal alteration in this area A a different digital image processing applications have

used such as Hue and Saturation (IHS) transformation, ratioing and Intensity, the Principal

Components (PC) analysis

3.Data requirements

(Regionalastudy need wide) coverage area.and amoderatea resolution. the good data source for

regional_.applications anis a synergisticz combination.of_aradar andzland sat images tozfocusing

terrain_and textural_ainformationzToday, awith eacha new.satellite in space, some of the previous

work has to bearepeated in order to testzthe newztechnologies. This has led to a

widerzacceptance of remote sensing for.geologicalaapplications and. it haszfoundzits place among

thezadisciplineszof the earthasciences.

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4. Objective:

The main objective of this paper is to give an idea and workflow of the applications of the

remote sensing technology in geological studies and mention how the remote sensing technology

can assist in geological studies and taking the appropriate decisions.

5. Utilizing of remote sensing in geology

(Basicallyzthe Geological. applications) of ( remoteaSensing_İncludea the .following

surficial deposit / bedrock mapping

lithological mapping

structural mapping

sand and gravel (aggregate) exploration/ exploitation

mineral exploration

hydrocarbon exploration

environmental geology

geobotany

baseline infrastructure

sedimentation mapping and monitoring

event mapping and monitoring

geo-hazard mapping and planetary mapping

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6. Methodology

Two case studies have been used to find out the role of the remote sensing in geology:-

First case study is the use of Remote zSensing zTechnology in zgeological zInvestigation and

mineral zDetection in El zAzraq-Jordan.

Second case study is the use of Remotez Sensingz and Fractures zAnalysis for zinvestigating the

Proposed Site for the Sabaloka zHydropower Dam zProject, River zNile State, zSudan.

7. Case study

7.1 First case study

Use of Remote zSensing zTechnology in zgeological zInvestigation and mineral zDetection in El

zAzraq-Jordan.

7.2 Case study objectives

The main objective of this work is to accomplish structural a lithological and minerals

exploration study of El-Azraq area using remote sensing techniques.

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7.3 Study area

El-Azraq area is located in Jordan in the NE part (Figure 1), from the Artin Mountain in the

North to EL Azraq .; the area is about 1330 km2. El-Azraq is small oasis , this area is main water

resource in Jordan because half of Jordan population take their water requirements from this

area.

(i) Sedimentary rocks:

The Balqa Group is the main rock type in the study area, and consists of:

Middle Eocene Limestone formation Chert (the Umm Rijam) - Fluvial deposits (Pleistocene),

cover the Limestone formation Chert which located in the middle of southern part of the area.

The fluvial have a flat zone that occupies a bounded area and form.

The recent deposite is Alluvial deposits sands, mud flat, politic, basaltic fragment and silt.

(ii) Igneous Rocks

The most important part is the Quaternary basalt which is covered by the alluvium deposite.

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Fig (1) shows the geological maps of the study area (Ibrahim 1996).

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The quaternary basalt is divided to three types:-

Abed Olivine Basalt Formation (early Miocene): which characterized by blocky rough,hills

hummocky, boulder shape. Salaman Basalt (early Miocene): characterized by small boulder and

flat area.

Madhala Basalt (Plio-Pleistocene): It is characterized by smooth surface.

7.4 Methodology

The study area was covered by remote sense data SAR Images Radar Sat (28/October) 1996 and

Land Sat ETM+ (02/Sep/2002) 173/38 and were used. The Land Sat images were conducted

because it characterized by large spectral resolution and high spatial resolution. While the SAR

can give valuable information about the topography and texture of the ground surface. The

Radar waves it is important for lithological mineral, and geological exploration and it depends

mainly on (i) the moisture (ii) the topography and roughness of ground (iii) the chemical and

physical characteristics of soil. And because the aridity of the study area the the capture dates

are negligible. The images were represented in UTM projection and, WSG84 and the geometric

is corrected, using topographic maps at scales1:100,000 and 1:50,000 with an output pixel size of

30 meters. To give a good structural ,mineral and lithological information The Geological maps

of at 1:250,000 and 1:50,000 scale has been corrected and scanned and For processing the digital

image, PCI-geomatica has been used.

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Figure (2) described the followed methodology.

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7.5 Investigation in lithology

The Thematic Mapper images have been used after processing in order to realize the maximum

lithological differentiation. By using dark pixel subtraction method the digital numbers have

been atmospherically processed. To select the most suitable technique for lithology

discrimination, some different image analysis techniques were studied. Different types of digital

image processing such as ratioing and PC analysis were applied to evaluate and contribute the

remote sensing in lithological field. Conversely, these techniques show the advantages of these

tools in such application.

Using of some spectral processing techniques was very important to show the efficiency of R.S

for investigating the lithology in the studied area. to produce an image of high quality the

atmospheric correction and a linear contrast stretch should be applied. To provide full use for

the 256 out put value the a linear transfer function is used. The geological interpretation is taken

place using the false color image which contain three stretch bands and the Enhanced images for

single band. Figure 3 illustrate the color composite of bands 4, 2 and 7 after improvements.

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Figure ( 3) : Enhanced Land sat ETM+ (bands2, 4 and 7) indicating the main geological rock

type in the study area

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(i) The use of Principal Component Analysis for investigating the

lithology

The Principal Component is a statistical method which is used in remote sensing to find the

suitable bands and to show spectral differences (PC) Analysis process lead to extract the new

information. It illustrates the grey level directions in the space of the feature. normally, it helps to

display obviously the zcorrelation of the zspectral zvalues between the zdifferent zchannels. many

information was obtaind from zLandSat zETM+ images , that because there are big numbers of

zspectral bands, mostly in the infrared zregion of the zspectrum. so, these information become

useful for lithology, terrain and soil pattern discrimination. By using linear and nonlinear

adaptive stretches the Principal Component can be transformed, visual examination of the

Principal Component for the basalt formation can be detected by the color composites which

contain the first three principal component (Figure 4).

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Figure( 4) :shows the different in the resulted image of PC transformation, the gray color

indicate to the Madaba Basalt , while the white colour indicate to Salaman Basalt the light grey

color indicate to Abed olivine while the tuff is the black color.

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(ii) The use of zRatioing zAnalysis for zinvestigating zthe zlithology

The ratio image is used mainly for alteration and Lithological mapping, to prepare the ratio

image for each pixel the digital number (DN) is dividing in one band by the equivalent DN in

another band, then the result will stretch and plot the new value as images. To extract the spectral

information from the multi spectral images the rationing method can be used. To have a higher

contrast and more geological information Color the ratio images of 5/7, 3/5 and 3/1 should be

used, it is effective more than the zconventional color zimages (Figure 5).

Figure (5): zColor zzcomposite of ratio images 3/1, 5/7, and 3/5 took out from z ETM+ z indicate to the

zgeological zformations.

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In Figure (5) The Madhala Basalt is represented by pink color while The tuff is represented by

red color in represents, the limestone is represented by greenish color; while the blue color

indicate to Abed Olivine Basalt .

(ii) The zuse of IHS ztransformation for zinvestigating the lithology

When the ETM applied to the data the colors will be nearly to what the humans perceived

(Buchanan 1979). The color sphere represent the system which the intensity is represented by

the vertical axis while the saturation is represented by the, and the hue is represented by

circumference. The saturation and intensity are represented the purity of color and brightness

respectively, while the zwave length of zcolor is zindicator by hue . generally the HIS image can

be generated by using the ETM+band1, 5 , and 3 in the study area (Figure 6).zit is easy to

identify the volcanic zcone base on its zdark zred color.

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Figure (6):z Image after IHS ztransformation zprepared from zETM+ zbands 1, 5, and 3 zallows

the identify the volcanic zcones as zdark red

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(7.6)z Investigating the zlineaments:

The remote sensing is very useful in lithology mapping according to the previous technique as

well as detecting the geological structure such as lineaments. Other techniques which used to

extract the lineament are the spatial filtering and data fusion between SAR image and LandSat.

The zuse of zfiltering for zinvestigating the zlineaments

The zfiltering method is zused to (i) improve the image quality mainly for the interpretation of

visual, (ii) restore imagery and (iii) highlighting on lineament features by using the spatial

frequency. This zmethod means zthat the zvalue at each zoutput pixel is equal the zaverage of

zvicinity of input zpixels. the difference between the original pixel and neighbor average can give

the final image. To distinguish the oriented feature such as lineament the directional filter or

spatial filter is very useful. The following is directional filters examples.

The following zmatrix gave the best zfiltering result when the zbands 5 has zbeen used:

In this band the effect of spectral is minimized response. For detecting the lineament

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The suitable method for that is the Sobel which consist the the following matrix.:

In x direction: In y direction:

The visual assessment allowed the lineament delineation in the region. A remotely sensed

lineament map (Figure7) has been created using the edge enhancement and directional filtering.

Figure (7) : Image after zapplying directional filtering zallowing the zextraction of the zmain

zlineaments in the zstudy area

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(ii)The zuse of data zfusion ztechnique for zinvestigating thezlineaments

For the structure delineation mainly data fusion images have been used as well as the radar data

which can be used with some data sets, to improve the last result. To provide valuable

information about the physical and chemical characteristic (texture, rock type, topography)the

SAR can be fusion with the optic image. To enhance and correct the SAR image, the land sat

ETM image should be used.

The bands 7, 4 and 2 are used to convert Land Sat image from RGB color to I HS. Then,

transformed the HIS image to RGB in replacing the intensity channel (I) by SAR image.

The linear stretch is used to extract the lineament map (Figure 8). The zfinal image zpreserves the

zmulti-spectral zinformation and zemphasizes terrain zfeatures from zSAR Image.

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Figure ( 8) : Data fusion between ETM+ images and SAR, illustrate the structural, lithological

elements and geological in the study area.

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7.6 zInvestigating zthe mineral zdetection:

(i)The use of zprincipal zcomponent and zFiltering for zmineral detection

Remote sensing is mostly used for mineral detection, especially for(i) mapping regional

lineaments, (ii) detecting zhydro-thermally zaltered rocks zassociated with ore zdeposit, (iii)

providing basic geologic data, and (iv) mapping local fracture patterns that may control

individual ore deposits. The rationing and PC analysis were used to process the. hematitic

alteration can be detected using the ratio of ETM+ Band 3 to Band (3/1) which is bright grey or

dark gray. In the blue region(band1) the weathered iron has weak Spectral response while in the

red region band (3/1) it has strong reflectance., so red band (3/1) can be used as indictor for the

iron oxide.the existence of vegetation or organic materials can be detected using the ratio 4/2

which is identical to 3/1 but the bright parts appear shifted.

In the band 7 the clay minerals , montmorillonite and kaolinite characterized by low reflectance,

while the band 5 has strong reflectance so the 5/7 normaly use to detect the clay minerals . the

bands 7 and 5are not diagnostic for Unaltered rock because they have identical brightness. This

brightness can be used for detect the ferrous mineral use the ratio image, so the zbest zratio

image is z5/4 (Figure 9).

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Figure (9) : Ration image z5/4 enables the zdiscrimination of zferrous zminerals as zwhite color in

the zstudy area

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(ii) The zuse of zselective Principal zComponent for zmineral zdetection

In the study area the mapping of iron and iron oxide is taken place using the ETM and the

processing technique (selective Principal Component Analysis (SPC) which is applied using

band 1, 3, 4 and 5.

To avoid the occurrence of hydroxyl bearing mineral, the band 7 should be excluded. The SPC of

band 1, 2, 3 and 5 make the oxide minerals highlights as bright particularly in the grey color

(Figure 10). The hydroxyl bearing minerals can be highlighted as dark pixel using bands 1, 4, 5

and 7 on the grey image (Laughlin, 1991). Using the (SPC) technique with the selective bands +

ETM normally gives a good results.

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Figure (10) : Selective Principal Component Image highlighting on the hydroxyl bearing

minerals as dark pixels

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8. Second case study

The Use of Remote Sensing and Fractures Analysis for Investigating the Proposed Site for the

Sabaloka Hydropower Dam Project, River Nile State, Sudan

8.1 introductions

The main objective of this study to examine the suitable location for hydropower dam in

Sabloka using different technique such as remote sensing and fracture analysis.

The Sabaloka six cataract volcanic rocks are cutted by the River Nile in the area of interest. And

the main rock types in the proposed dam are Rhyolite, Ignimbrite.

The Agglomerate is considered as the location of the dam which is characterized by less fracture.

The fractures system cut the eastern and western sides of the dam and the main trend of this

fracture are NE and NW. the length density and fracture frequency have ahigh value contour

maps in some areas which is consider as risk area in the proposed dam, that because the water

can easily leak through that area. The Um Maraheik fault is directly affected the dam wall

because it produces extensional fracture in the cataract. So this defects should be consider to

increase the stability and efficiency of the dam.

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8.2 THE STUDY AREA

The Sabaloka area is located in the North sudan about 80km north of Khartoum in the

River Nile State between longitudes 32° – 32°30" and latitudes 16° 15" – 16° 30" about

(Figure11).

8.3 Objective

The aim of this study is to investigate the suitability of the suggested site for dam construction

based mainly on the geological point of view using remote sensing, lithological identifications

and structural analysis.

8.4 REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION

In order to create more appealing image, the digital data should be manipulated by using

different digital Image Processing. For the Sabaloka volcanic plateau two image-processing

techniques were utilized to increase the sharpness of the image, to make the features more clear

and obtain more reliable information related to this project. The first applied technique was

image sharpening. This was applied through fusion of panchromatic band with the multispectral

bands of Land sat ETM+ image. The fused image is presented in figure (3) as color composite by

assigning 7, 4, 1 to RGB, respectively. This image has the spatial resolution of 14.25m which

enables the delineation of smaller linear features in the area.

The second technique was the spatial filtering. In the current investigation, high pass filters of

different window sizes and various kernels were applied to the image to enhance the linear

features in the area. Based on the knowledge about the evolution and the tectonic history of the

area, directional filtering was also applied in 330º and 50º directions, which represent the main

structural trends of the investigated area is show in figure (4).

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Figure (11) The Sabaloka area is located in the southern part of the River Nile State between

32

Figure (12): Colour composite of the Plateau obtained using bands 7, 4, 1 in RGB, respectively

Figure 2 described the followed methodology.

33

Figure (13): Directional filtering in: (a) 330º (b) 50º directions of the 741 RGB image

Figure (14): Lineament map of the Sabaloka volcanic plateau

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After applying different filtering techniques, the produced images were imported into the GIS

software for further manipulations. Lineaments were delineated in the GIS framework to

facilitate the production of a lineament map of the study area presented in figure (5).

8.5 Fracture technique Fractures are the surface of rock or mineral that lost the cohesion, they are considered to be

planes of weakness that may effects the efficiency of the dam. From this point of view, the

fractures in the volcanic rocks at the dam site area were studied in details.

At the proposed dam site, the fractures in volcanic rocks are not of tectonic origin; rather they are

mainly cooling joints. Moreover, there are some fractures related to the post Cretaceous local

faulting such as Um Maraheik fault. Umm Maraheik fault is a rotational fault bisects the

cauldron complex with E-W trend. The largest component of displacement is a dextral strike slip

movement of nearly 2 Km, with significant element of down throw to the north. This vertical

component increases westward from Jebel Umm Maraheik to reach a maximum value in the

trans-tensional basin (graben) at Elhugna area west of the Nile. According to gravity evidence,

this basin maintains a vertical thickness of about 1.35 Km of sediment accumulations (Dawoud

and Sadig, 1988).

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(i) The lineaments of the Sabaloka Plateau

Lineaments are the group of fractures that are detected by the remote sensing and directly

affected in the dam foundation and storage resulting in to collapse and seepage respectively.

The Sabaloka plateau shows joints of different types but the most common are extension and

columnarjoints due to the cooling of the volcanic rocks. Some joints that related to Um Mraheik

fault are observed near the proposed dam axis. These joints are clearly discernible from the

spatially enhanced space image. The conducted fieldwork confirmed the presence of these joints

and provided more detailed measurements regarding fractures in the investigated area. From the

field readings of the plateau fractures, rose diagram was created to present the most common

fracture trends throughout thearea, Fig (6).

Figure (15): Rose Diagram shows the main trends of fractures in the Sabaloka Plateau

36

(ii). Lineament Frequency Contour Map

Lineament frequency represent the number of lineament per unit area which can be calculated

using the following equation. The result of this computation is the frequency contour map

presented in Figure (7).

Lf=∑i=n ln/A

where =∑i=n ln/A is the total number of all lineaments and A is an area (m2)

Figure (16): Lineament frequency contour density map of the Sabaloka plateau

37

(ii) Lineaments Density Contour Map

Using the lineament map of Sabaloka volcanic, the lineament-length density (Ld) contour map

can be obtained by measuring the lineaments length per unite area, using the below equation to

obtain the fractures length density map shown in Figure (8).

Ld= ∑i=n li /A

Where ∑i=n li is the total length (Li) of all lineaments and A is the area (m2)

Figure (17): The Lineament Length density contour map of the plateau

38

In the lineament frequency and length density maps of the Sabaloka volcanic plateau, the high

and the low values in both maps, represent risky and low risk areas for water storage along the

reservoir, respectively.

8.6The affect of lineament on the dam Axis

Intensive field measurement had been conducted in dam axis for studying the fractures and joint

The river bed at the dam axis is underlain by the Agglomerate rocks of widely spaced joints with

average joint space range between 1 to 2 meters. The eastern and western banks of Nile at the

dam axis are covered by Rhyolitic rocks that shows closely spaced joints (10 -20 cm). Figure (9)

shows that the major joint sets are in NW and NE directions, and the dip values of these fractures

are mostly vertical to sub vertical. This main trends of the fractures cut across the axis of the

proposed dam.

Figure (18): Rose diagram shows the main fractures trends at the dam axis, based on field measurement

39

8.7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This term paper adeals with the application and result of remote sensing techniques in geology.

The “Remote Sensing” is the science of acquiring data and information (temporal spatial,

spectral) about material phenomenon, area, or objects, without direct touch with the area or

objects. From this study the remote sensing is very power full method in geology because it is

quick and efficient especially in geological mapping. The SAR images +land sat ETM with

special processing techniques can delineate and discriminate the lineament structures and

lithological units. Also, the remote sensing can gives good results in minerals exploration.

The directional filters and Principal Component are very useful to detect the lineament when

they applied to merging of SAR image +ETM. To delineate the altered area and detect the

mineral, the Component analysis Selective Principal, hyper spectral techniques and band

rationing have been used.

40

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