term paper about inter core i5
DESCRIPTION
This term paper contains some basic features of Intel Core i5 processor for desktop and laptop computer. Some of the topics our history, advantage and disadvantages, illustration, architecture, and etc.TRANSCRIPT
ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.V.V. Soliven Avenue II, Cainta, RizalCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
Of
FOURTH YEAR STUDENTS
Microprocessor System
A Research Study on Intel Core i5 Processor
Presented by:
John R. Cariaga
Presented to:
Mr. Ivan Lee Mendoza
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Table of Contents
Title Page
Acknowledgement
I. Overview of the Research
Abstract
Introduction
II. RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Statement of the Problem
Objectives
Significance of the Study
Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
Scope and Delimitations
III. TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Physical Appearance
Parts and Function
Specification
IV. Features
V. Conclusion
VI. GLOSSARY
VII. REFERENCES
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the students of ICCT Colleges Foundation Inc., the success of any project depend
largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. We take this opportunity to
express our gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in successful completion of
this project.
We would like to show our greatest appreciation to our Professors through his
tremendous support and help and became motivated and encouraged every time we attend his
meeting. Without his encouragement and guidance this project would not have materialized.
The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed and who are
contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project. We are grateful for their
constant support and help.
Our deepest thanks to each of our member on this group for accomplishing this project
through their financial and working supports and same also for our great parents who never
stop supporting our studies by giving us comfort, inspiration and lessons for making this project
more possible.
Most of all, a big thanks to our Lord Almighty God for the glory of each of the day we
expend and by giving us knowledge, guidance and strength to make these project more
efficient and worthy.
Abstract
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Processor is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a
computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. This
term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s.
The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the
earliest examples, but their fundamental operation remains much the same.
Process is a program in execution. A process is more than the program code which is
known sometimes as a text section. It also includes the current activity, as represented by the
value of the program counter & the contents of the processor's registers.
Process generally includes the process stack, which contains temporary data (such as
method parameters, return addresses, local variables), and data section, which contains global
variables.
Introduction
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Core i5 is a brand name used by Intel for several microprocessors, the first of which
were introduced in late 2009. It is positioned between the mainstream Core i3 & Core 2 and the
high-end Core i7 & Xeon brands.
Core i5, like Core i7, is based on the Nehalem microarchitecture. The first Core i5 was
introduced on September 8, 2009 and is a mainstream variant of the Core i7, initially only quad-
core desktop processors based on Lynnfield, with dual-core mobile (Arrandale) and desktop
processors (Clarkdale) following in 2010.
Intel released the first Core i5 processor: The Core i5 750, which is a 2.66 GHz quad-core
Lynnfield processor with Hyper-threading disabled. Lynnfield Core i5 processors have an 8 MB
L3 cache, a DMI bus running at 2.5 GT/s and support for dual-channel DDR3-800/1066/1333
memory.
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Have you ever notice the difference if you have a new desktop or laptop featuring a
microprocessor with great performance in terms of multitasking and latest or heavy
applications?
Did you satisfy with the speed of your laptop/desktop or did you find trouble in meeting
the system requirements for your program, software or any application?
Objectives
General
To create a simple analysis about Intel Core i5 processor in terms of its performance
and capabilities
Specific
To show what are the actual appearance of Intel Core i5 in terms of perspective view
inside and outside of that processor.
To list its basic specification, special features, advantages and disadvantages.
Significance of the Study
In this study you can found out what are some important terms you need to know as a
consumer if you are going to buy you own personal computer or a desktop, laptop, mobile and
etc. A processor like core i5 is made for mainstream users who care about performance that we
can also see on its specification, special features and advantages.
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Review of Related Literature
45 nm technology
Not since the late 1960s have computer chips seen as dramatic an improvement as
Intel's new 45 nanometer (nm) transistors, Intel Co-founder Gordon Moore says. As part of this
new technology breakthrough, Intel has announced it will use two new materials to build the
insulating walls and switching gates of its 45nm transistors. Hundreds of millions of these
microscopic transistors -- or switches -- will be inside the next generation Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel
Core 2 Quad and Xeon families of multi-core processors. The company also said it has five early-
version products up and running -- the first of 15 45nm processor products planned from Intel.
The early versions of the new chip will be targeted at different computer market segments
including Windows Vista, Mac OS X, and Windows XP and Linux operating systems.
As for the size, the CPUs aren’t shrinking. In many cases, they’re growing. The size we refer to is
the size of an individual transistor within the CPU. The smaller each transistor is the more of
them will fit in you CPU, allowing for faster CPUs with more stuffed crammed in. Smaller
transistors also switch faster, allowing higher clock speeds, and use less power.
The Intel Core i5 consider having an excellent performance because of its processors.
The one that process for about 45 nm and 32 nm indicates the size of transistor inside that
processor.
Microarchitecture
Intel is pushing of what they called Nehalem microarchitecture into mainstream PCs
with the release of its first Core i5 chip which is also known as Core i5-750 which has been
introduced on September 8, 2009; it is a quad-core processor aimed at desktop PCs where
multimedia is a priority. It is the first chip based on the Nehalem design that will be aimed at
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PCs priced for the mainstream. Nehalem boasts improvements that make it faster and more
power-efficient than its predecessors.
The Core i5-750 runs at 2.66GHz and has 8MB of cache. It draws 95 watts of power and
is priced at $196 when bought in volume.
Nehalem was a significant architectural upgrade for Intel, and it usually takes a year for
a chip maker to bring new technology to mainstream audiences.
Nehalem integrates a memory controller onto the chip to provide a faster access path to
memory. Current mainstream chips have a memory controller on the chipset. Nehalem also
provides a faster pipe for the CPU to communicate with system components like a graphics
card.
The chip is being manufactured using the 45-nanometer process. Its launch comes just a
few weeks ahead of the Intel Developer Forum (IDF), where Intel is expected to shed some light
on chips manufactured with the more advanced 32-nm process. Intel is starting to manufacture
32-nm chips for mainstream desktops and laptops by the end of that year.
Intel Processor Architecture
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Some of the recently released microprocessor by Intel:
– NetBurst (microarchitecture)
– Core (microarchitecture)
– Nelahem (microarchitecture)
– Sandy Bridge (microarchitecture
NetBurst (microarchitecture)
• The NetBurst microarchitecture, called P68 inside Intel, was the successor to the P6
microarchitecture in the x86 family of CPUs made by Intel.
• The first CPU to use this architecture was the Willamette core of the Pentium 4 and the
first of the Pentium 4 CPUs
• All subsequent Pentium 4 and Pentium D variants have also been based on NetBurst.
• The NetBurst microarchitecture includes features such as :
• Front-Side Bus
• Hyper Pipelined Technology
• This is the name given to the 20-stage instruction pipeline within the Willamette
core
• Rapid Execution Engine
• With this technology, the two ALUs in the core of the CPU are double-pumped
• Execution Trace Cache
• It stores decoded micro-operations, so that when executing a new instruction,
instead of fetching and decoding the instruction again, the CPU directly accesses
the decoded micro-ops from the trace cache, thereby saving considerable time.
Nehalem (Microcomputer)
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• Nehalem is the codename for Intel processor microarchitecture, successor to the Core
microarchitecture.
• Nehalem processors use the 45 nm process.
• The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture was the desktop Core i7,
which was released in November 2008.
• Nehalem, a recycled codename, refers to a completely different architecture from
Netburst
• Focus on performance
• Utilize higher clock speeds and are more energy-efficient
• Hyper-threading reintroduced.
• 4–12 MB L3 cache
• Native (all processor cores on a single die) quad- and octa-core processors
• Intel QuickPath Interconnect in high-end models replacing the legacy front side bus
• Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of DDR3
SDRAM
• 2nd generation Intel Virtualization Technology which introduced Extended Page Table
support
Sandy Bridge (micro Computer)
Sandy Bridge is the codename for a microarchitecture developed by Intel beginning in
2005 for central processing units in computers to replace the Nehalem microarchitecture. Intel
demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor in 2009, and released first products based on the
architecture in January 2011 under the Core brand.
• Upgraded features from Nehalem include:
– Shared L3 cache includes the processor graphics
– 64-byte cache line size
– Two load/store operations per CPU cycle for each memory channel
– Decoded micro-operation cache and enlarged, optimized branch predictor
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– Improved performance for transcendental mathematics, AES encryption (AES
instruction set), and SHA-1 hashing
– 256-bit/cycle ring bus interconnect between cores, graphics, cache and System
Agent Domain
– Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) 256-bit instruction set with wider vectors,
new extensible syntax and rich functionality
– Intel Quick Sync Video, hardware support for video encoding and decoding
– Up to 8 physical cores or 16 logical cores through Hyper-threading
Family of Processor
This new family of processors consists of three classes
– core i3, core i5 and core i7.
• The Intel core i3 series has been made to cater to the entry level desktop and laptop
computer market.
• The core i5 series is aimed at the mid-level computing segment.
• The core i7 series is stuffed with high performance processors that can serve the high
end market.
• Every series of processors comes with a lot of variety, in terms of processing speed and
features.
Focus on Core i5 Processor
• Intel has just announced their latest lineup of Core i5 processors.
• Sandy Bridge, as the new architecture is called by engineers is Intel's new
microarchitecture, following Nehalem.
• The new processors are produced on Intel's 32 nm production process which has
reached maturity over the last few months.
• The core i5 line consists of three separate series of processors with
i) DualCore Core i5 Processors
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ii) QuadCore Core i5 Processors
• The Dual Core Core i5, as well as quad cores come with 4 threads each.
• The clocking frequency ranging from 2.933 GHz to 3.2 GHz
• 4 MB to 8 MB L3 cache
• Direct media interface
• Intel HD graphics
• Intel smart cache technology
• Hyper-threading enabled
• i5 chips are faster than the i3 chips
Core Confusion
• Get faster CPU performance from Core i7 parts than Core i5
• The majority of desktop Core i7 CPUs are quad-core processors, while many mobile Core
i5 processors are dual-core.
• There are mobile dual-core Core i7 processors, and likewise several desktop quad-core
Core i5 processors.
• Rare six-core Core i7, which are usually found with the desktop-only Extreme Edition
top-of-the-line models.
• To get better performance in each generation, buy a processor with a higher model
number
Cache Memory
• In addition to generally faster base clock speeds, Core i5 processors have larger cache
(on-board memory).
• help the processor deal with repetitive tasks faster.
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• If you're editing and calculating spreadsheets, your CPU shouldn't have to reload the
framework the numbers sit in. This info will sit in the cache so that when you change a
number the calculations are almost instantaneous.
• Larger cache sizes help with multitasking as well, since background tasks will be ready
for when you switch focus to another window.
• On currently available desktop processors, i5 CPUs have 3MB to 8MB of L3 cache, while
i7 processors have 8MB to 15MB.
Background of the Study
With some knowledge about Microprocessors types, function or theory of operation,
and its production which is also based on the lesson we also study in this subject, the
researchers formulate this project entitled, ”A Research Study on Intel Core i5 Processor.” The
growing industry of IC production, the Intel microprocessor is the leading brand of all time in
terms of its great application in advance technologies, most commonly start in computer and
mobile devices. That’s why the researchers are inspired to conduct the said study which will
deal with one common processor not only because of its popularity but also with its great
features that varies each year.
Advantage and Disadvantage of Intel Core i5
Intel core i5 is new family of microprocessors x 64-86 from Intel occupy the
middle ground in terms of cost and performance between the cheaper microprocessors
Intel Core i3 and more expensive Intel Core i7. Announcement of processors for desktop
Intel Core i5 held in the autumn of 2009, and are based on the core «Linnfield».
The following 2010 saw the light of Intel Core i5 on the new core «Clarkdale»,
which are equipped with an integrated graphics processor. In early 2011, Intel released
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more effective and intelligent Intel Core i5 microprocessors based on the core «Sandy
Bridge». The existence of four digits after the Intel Core i5 is its relation to the above
architecture. These processors are manufactured on 32 nm technology, and have a new
processor socket LGA 1155. In a common semiconductor chip contains cache memory,
computing the core, graphics core and memory controller. Average production
increased by about 25%. The family of Sandy Bridge has 8 processors Core i5, which just
goes to show how Intel pays more attention to the middle class. In the line of the above
chips, only 3 microprocessor.
These microprocessors support automatic acceleration under load (the so-called
Turbo Boost technology and Turbo Boost 2.0) and integrated memory controller. Some
models have a built-in graphics core. As well as other microprocessors manufactured
socket LGA 1156 and LGA 1155 chipset connection is via bus DMI. The advantages of
Intel Core i5 microprocessors include their high energy efficiency. TDP data processor
ranges from 35 to 95 watts.
Intel Core seventh model, unlike the Intel Core Five, have a few more cache
memory and have the support of technology Hyper Threading. By its value these two
classes also differ greatly. If for Intel Core i5 processors will have to pay 170 to $ 205,
the Core i7 for more than $ 300. Microprocessors 5th and seventh series have four cores
(with the exception of the six-core Intel Core-i7-980 and dual-core Intel i5-2390T). At i3
processors have two cores. In addition, they do not support this technology as Turbo
Boost. These processors are not suitable for very demanding customers.
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Scope and Delimitation
Our study only pertains to the term microarchitecture, code, and some important
microprocessor specification of Intel Core i5 based on the history of its application, advantage
and disadvantage, features and some perspective view inside and outside of that processor like
analyzing its parts or actual physical structure. We are not focusing on a specific kind of Intel
Core i5 but we only give different example that is related or based on its general description. All
of the content of this paper may only be a theoretical, or a part of review and study from the
resources of our research.
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IHS
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Tables and Illustration
Physical Appearance
Processor Package Assembly
Top Side View
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Intel Core i5-600
Core (die)
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Intel Core i5 Wafer
Core (die)
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Sample
Microarchitecture
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Core i5 Quad-Core Structure
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Bottom
View of
Processor Package
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Pins
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Package Size
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Capacitor
No. of Pins: 1156
Model: Intel Core i5-600
The dimension is measured in mm
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Parts and Function
Package Assembly Parts
IHS – (Integrated Heat Spreader) is the surface used to make contact between the heat sink or other thermal solution of the CPU processor
Core (die) – is also called a processor die is a single continuous piece of
semiconductor material (usually a Silicon, a die can contain any number of cores up
to 6 available on market). It is where the transistors making up the CPU actually
reside.
Substrate – is a solid substance or medium to which another substance is applied
and to which the second substance adheres. It is material which is cut or formed into
thin discs called wafers on which the individual electronics components are made.
TIM – (Thermal Interface Material) is thermally conductive materials by definition
are thermally conductive materials specially designed to fill any voids or
irregularities that may exist between the heat sink and solid state relay. It is used to
provide efficient thermal exchange between the processor Integrated Heat Spreader
(IHS) and the fan-heat sink.
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LGA socket – (Land Grid Array) is a type of surface mount packaging for integrated
circuits (ICs) that is notable for having the pins on the socket rather than the
integrated circuit. It is a packaging technology with square grid of contacts on the
underside of a processor package.
Capacitor – it is serves as a reservoir of charge to supply the instantaneous charge
requirements of the circuit locally so the charge need not come through the
inductance of power trace. A smaller cap (typ. 0.01 μF – 0.1 μF) as physically close to
the power pins of the chip as is possible. Capacitor also shorts the high frequency
noise away from the chip.
Core (die) Parts]
Processor Graphics - is sometimes called as Intel HD Graphics, is a series of Intel
integrated graphics processors introduced in 2010 that are manufactured on the
same die as the processor, together forming an accelerated processing unit
especially enhance such 3D gaming, videos and etc.
Core - is a processing unit which reads in instructions to perform specific actions.
Instructions are chained together so that, when run in real time, they make up your
computer experience.
Shared L3 Cache - Level 3 or L3 cache is specialized memory that works hand-in-
hand with L1 and L2 cache to improve computer performance. L1, L2 and L3 cache
are computer processing unit (CPU) caches, verses other types of caches in the
system such as hard disk cache. CPU cache caters to the needs of the
microprocessor by anticipating data requests so that processing instructions are
provided without delay.
Memory Controller – also known as Integrated Memory Controller (IMC) is the
memory controller hub of a chipset integrated into a CPU. MCHs control the
operation of memory.
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Specification
General Specification
Introduced in 2009.
It is a 64-bit μP.
It has 4 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from 2.40 GHz to 3.60
GHz.
It has 781 million transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256
KB of L2 cache and 8 MB of L3 cache.
Other Specification
Intel Core i5 Desktop PlatformCodename Lynnfield Clarkdale
Process 45nm 32nmPlatform Desktop Desktop
Architecture Nehalem Westmere
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Socket (LGA) 1156 1156
Intel chipset support P55, P57, H55, H57,
Q57
P57, H57, Q57 (will require FDI for IGP)
Cores / Threads 4 / 4 2 / 4
Hyper Threading No Yes
QPI / DMI DMI DMIMemory Dual-channel Dual-channel
Turbo boost Yes UnknownL3 cache 8MB 4MB45nm IGP No Yes
Availability Q3 2009 Q4 2009
Additional Specification
Special Features
Some of the basic special features of Intel Core i5 are as follow:
1. Basically i5 processor are introduces to do the intelligent networking and enhance the
performance of the working for the sake of different purposes such as for gaming, faster
procession, reliable data transmission etc.
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BrandCode-named Cores Date released
Core i5
4 Sept, 2009
Desktop
Fab
Lynnfield 45 nm
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2. One of the important feature of the i5 processor is that it automatically manages the
power supply where needed and does not break the speed and the performance of the
system
3. I5 processors also allow the user to enjoy the heavy application with the higher rate
such as HD video composing, composing music and many more.
4. I5 also provide the opportunity to use the system with multi-tasking.
5. I5 processor is also able to increase the memory of the system and help users to work
with the high bandwidth and great performance.
6. A big feature of the i5 processors is that they have ability to run two multitasking
processors together that are generally called as dual processors and can increase the
working performance of the system efficiently.
7. Turbo boost technology of i5 processors is the key beneficial feature of the i5 processor
that allow the users to do their regular and important working with the help of heavy
applications
8. An i5 processor also consists of Hyper-Threading technology that enables the users for
multitasking and improves their business or working on the two different tasks at the
same time.
Turbo Boost feature
Turbo Boost refers to Intel's "overclocking" feature
built into its processors.
It allows the processor to run faster than its base clock speed when only one or two
processor cores are needed (like when you're running a single-threaded task that you
want done now).
This provides users with the opportunity to turn off a core if it’s not being utilized.
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Both Core i5 and Core i7 processors use Turbo Boost
Hyper-Threading Technology
Intel Hyper-Threading uses multi-threading technology to make a processor appear to
have more cores than it physically has to the operating system and applications.
Hyper-Threading technology is used to increase performance at multi-threaded tasks.
The simplest multi-threaded situation is a multi-tasking user running several programs
simultaneously, but there are other tasks that take advantage of Hyper-Threading
For instance multimedia operations (like transcoding, rendering, etc.) and Web surfing
(loading different elements like Flash content and images simultaneously).
All Core i7 CPUs use Hyper-Threading,
A six-core CPU can handle 12 streams
Four core handles eight streams, and a dual-core handles four streams.
Core i5 uses Hyper-Threading to make a dual-core CPU act like a four-core one, but if
you have a Core i5 processor with four true cores, it won't have Hyper-Threading.
For the time being, Core i5 tops out at handling 4 streams, using four real cores or two
cores with Hyper-Threading.
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Hyper-Threading
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Integrated Graphics
• Integrated graphics built into the processor core itself.
• Previous Intel integrated graphics were built onto the motherboard chipsets, rather
than on the processor.
• Intel HD Graphics 2000/3000 in currently shipping Sandy Bridge processors.
• Integrated graphics saves power, since there won't be an extra graphics chip on your
laptop or desktop's motherboard using power.
Multicore-Microarchitecture (Microarchitecture) ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING Page 28
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• A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent
actual central processing units (called "cores"), which are the units that read and
execute program instructions.
• The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions such as add, move data, and branch, but
the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, increasing overall
speed for programs amenable to parallel computing.
• Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die (known
as a chip multiprocessor or CMP), or onto multiple dies in a single chip package.
Single Core Architecture
Multi Core Architecture
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cor
cor
cor
cor
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Multi-core CPU chip
The cores fit on a single processor socket
Also called CMP (Chip Multi-Processor)
The Cores run in parallel
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thread 1 thread 2 thread 3 thread 4
cor
cor
cor
cor
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Interaction with the Operating System
OS perceives each core as a separate processor
OS scheduler maps threads/processes to different cores
Most major OS support multi-core today: Window, Linux, Mac OS X,…
Within each core, threads are time-sliced (just like on a uniprocessor)
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threads 1 threads 2 threads 3 threads 4
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Why multi-core
• Difficult to make single-core clock frequencies even higher • Deeply pipelined circuits:
– heat problems– speed of light problems– difficult design and verification– large design teams necessary– server farms need expensive
air-conditioning• Many new applications are multithreaded • General trend in computer architecture (shift towards more parallelism)
Concept of Core
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Conclusion
• Multi-core chips an important new trend in computer architecture
• Several new multi-core chips in design phases
• Parallel programming techniques likely to gain importance
• Turbo boost feature is implemented after Core i5 design. So it is main feature of corei5.
• Core i5 has Dual and Quad Core Both.
Glossary
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DMI – (Direct Media Interface) is a bus technology used in Intel Core i5, i3, and i7
processors. The basic design or architecture is that the processor communicated over a
different channel with RAM, a different channel with PCIe and a third channel DMI to
communicate with all other components of the computer. This increases the
performance significantly.
Chipset - is a set of electronics components in an integrated circuit that manage the data
flow between the processor, memory and peripherals.
Intel Chipset Support – It install the latest software for your chipset, which contains
drivers for various components.
FDI ( Flexible Display Interface ) - is an interconnect created by Intel in order to allow
the communication of the HD Graphics integrated GPU found on supported CPUs with
the PCH south bridge where display connectors are attached.
IGP (Integrated Graphics Processor) – is a graphics chip that is integrated into a CPU.
The IGP serves the same process the graphics displayed on the computer
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) – is the “core” of any processor: It’s the unit that
performs the calculations. A typical ALU will have two input ports (A and B) and a result
port (Y). It will also have a control input telling it which operation (add, subtract, and, or,
etc.) to perform and additional outputs for condition codes (carry, overflow, negative,
zero result).
Register file – is a means of memory storage within a computer’s central processing unit
(CPU). The computer’s register files contain bits of data and mapping locations. These
locations specify certain addresses that are input components of a register file. Other
inputs include data, a read and write function and execute function.
Resources
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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.V.V. Soliven Avenue II, Cainta, RizalCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
► http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core_i5► http://www.slideshare.com/finaldraft-intelcorei5processorsarchitecture-130207093535-
phpapp01
► http://febooit.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-intel-core-i5.html
► http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i5_microprocessors
► http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-l3-cache.htm
► http://www.makeuseof.com/tags/cores
► https://forum-en.msi.com/index.php?
PHPSESSID=jubq6jpqpmbnc0v5m6if5aq550&topic=129150.msg9721
73#msg972173
► https://forum-en.msi.com► https://www.easynote.com/history-of-microprocessor► http://www.pcpro.co.uk/reviews/processors/351388/intel-core-i5-750► http://www.intel.com.ph/core-i5-600-i3-500-pentium-6000-desktop-
lga1156-tmdg
► http://www.intel.com/products/processor/corei5/index.htm
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