tercer seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y...

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Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas metanógenas en al mitigación Arqueas metanógenas en al mitigación del cambio climático en la del cambio climático en la agricultura agricultura Flávia Talarico Saia Flávia Talarico Saia Chemistry Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] 1

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Page 1: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la

agricultura al cambio climático

Arqueas metanógenas en al mitigación del Arqueas metanógenas en al mitigación del cambio climático en la agriculturacambio climático en la agricultura

Flávia Talarico SaiaFlávia Talarico SaiaChemistry Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho –

UNESP, Araraquara, SP, BrazilEmail: [email protected]: [email protected]

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Page 2: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

METHANMETHANEE

Methane has global warming potential (GWP) 21-25 times more than CO2

Fonte: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

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Methane accounts for about 20% of global warming

Inte

rgov

ernm

enta

l pan

el o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

(IPC

C), 2

007

19th centuryanthropogenic

Methane concentration in the atmosphere

Recovered and used as clean energy

Methane to Market

CH4 as a greenhouse gas

CH4 as a source of energy

Anaerobic treatment of waste

CH4

Page 3: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

• Mitigation strategies for methane emissions

• Use of methane as a energy source

• Sources of methane emission• Methanogenic microorganisms• Sources of methane emission• Methanogenic microorganisms

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Page 4: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

THEY ARE THE ONLY MICROORGANISMS KNOWN THAT PRODUCE METHANE

Page 5: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Methanogenesis: The Process

Anaerobic condition

multi-step process carried out by different groups of microorganisms

1. Hydrolytic Bacteria2. Fermentative Bacteria3. Acetogenic Bacteria4. Methanogenic Archaea

• It is important for carbon cycle since methanogenesis prevents a build-up of organic matter, allowing the other microorganisms to support the oxidation of substrates

HydrogenotrophicH2, formate

AcetoclasticAcetate

Methilotrophic Methanol

Methilotrophic Methanol

Methanobrevibacter Methanosaeta Methanosarcina

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1

2

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Page 6: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

WHERE ARE METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA ?Methanogens are ubiquitous in anoxic

environments

Hydroeletric Rice fieldswetlands

Landfill

Anaerobic digestersLivestock - cattle Termites

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Page 7: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Agriculture - source of methane

Yusulf et al. (2012) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Major sources of methane emissions: • Agriculture :Agriculture : In 2010 accounted for 53% of global methane emission• Energy: oil and natural gas systems• Waste: solid waste and wastewater treatment

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Page 8: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Yusulf et al. (2012) Renewable and Sustenaible Energy Reviews

• Manure: stored or treated in liquid system- Top emmiting counties: U.S., Germany, India, China, France, Russia, Turkey and Brazil.

Agriculture sectors

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Page 9: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

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Page 10: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Agriculture - CH4 emissions in Brazil

ManureManagement

7%

Wastewater Treatment

7%

Landfills 10%

Agriculture accounting for 45% of

CH4 emission10

Agriculture sectorsgreencleanguide.com

glogster.com

novotempo.com

10

Largest beef exporter in the world

Page 11: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Vinasse – liquid waste from ethanol SugarcaneSugarcane EthanolEthanol VinasseVinasse

Vinasse has been used as fertilizer to sugarcane fields•Emission of methane during storage of vinasse• Emission of N2O from soil

Rego e Hernández (2006); Oliveira (2011); Carmo et al., 2012

Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane ethanol in the world and immense volume of vinasse is generated – 10L vinasse/L ethanolIn 2006/2007, 190 billions of liters of vinasse were produced

Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane ethanol in the world and immense volume of vinasse is generated – 10L vinasse/L ethanolIn 2006/2007, 190 billions of liters of vinasse were produced

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Page 12: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Brazilian authorities announced that the country will target a reduction in its GHG between 36.1 and 38.9% from projected 2020 levels.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC (2007)

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Page 13: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Mitigation Strategies: Enteric Fermentation

•Large number of MA are in the ruminal liquid: 107 to 109 cells/mL (Kamra, 2005).

• CH4 is not only GHG but it is also a waste of fed energy for the animal

Hydrogenotrophic methanogens: Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales, Methanosarcinales have been found

Methanobrevibacter smithii Methanobacterium formicicum Methanosarcina barkeri

microbewiki13

Page 14: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Enteric Fermentation – mitigation strategies (MS) to methane emission

MS target the methanogens of the rumen directly or indirectly

• Diet Composition: use of easy degradable carbohydrate – reduce pH in the rumen – decreases MA. However, accumulation of organic acids can occur, leading to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and disruption of the rumen microbiota (Plaizier et al., 2008).

• Lipids: Fatty acids and oils (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Hook et al., 2010).

- inhibition of protozoa which supply methanogens with hydrogen - Increase the production of propionic acid - it is not used for methanogens - Binding to the cell membrane of methanogens and interrupting membrane transport

• Defaunation: decrease the number of protozoa by the use of copper, sulphate, acids, (Hook et al., 2010)

• Vaccines: target methanogens directly (Wedlock et al., 2010) Hook et al. (2010)

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Page 15: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Enteric Fermentation – mitigation strategies (MS) to methane emission

Researches have shown:

• MS are limited by the diet feed, the management conditions, physiological condition, use of the animal, and government laws.

• Long-term experiments in vivo need to be done to implement MS

• Economic viability of the producer needs to be addressed

Researches have shown:

• MS are limited by the diet feed, the management conditions, physiological condition, use of the animal, and government laws.

• Long-term experiments in vivo need to be done to implement MS

• Economic viability of the producer needs to be addressed

• Other strategies: selection of high quality grasses, increase grain level and increasing feed conversion efficiency to produce meat and milk

15Hook et al. (2010); Yusuf et al., 2012

Brazil: Brazil: diversty of methahogens related with diet – hay proportions (Neves et al., 2010) improvement of meat production related with sugarcane feeding in dry season (Primavesi et al., 2003)

Page 16: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Rice fields

Phillipot et al. (2009), Dubey (2005)

CH4 is produced by anaerobic degradation of organic matter that occurs in soil and also in roots

CH4 oxidation by methanotrophic

bacteria

MS = net methane emission16

www1.ethz.ch

Anaerobic CH4 oxidation

Page 17: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Methanolinea

Sakai et al., 2012

Methanobacterium kanagiense

Kitamura et al., 2011

• Acetoclastic but mainly hydrogenotrofic methanogens• Acetoclastic but mainly hydrogenotrofic methanogens

Methanoculleus chikugoensis

Dianou et al., 2011

• Methanotrophic bacteria• Methanotrophic bacteria

Methylosinus

Adachi et al 2001

Methylomonas koyamae sp

Ogiso et al., 2011 17

Page 18: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Mitigation Strategies: Rice field• Mitigation strategies include: - reduction of methane production; increasing methane oxidation, lowering methane transport through the plant

• Selection of cultivars with low exudation rates

• To keep the soil as dry as possible in the off- rice season : adverse environmental condition for methanogenesis

• Use of fertilizer: ammonium nitrate and sulphate instead of urea

• Selection of cultivars with low exudation rates

• To keep the soil as dry as possible in the off- rice season : adverse environmental condition for methanogenesis

• Use of fertilizer: ammonium nitrate and sulphate instead of urea

Current information is insufficient for the development of technology and strategy for reduction in methane emission

Phillipot et al. (2009), Dubey (2005)

To improve the knowldgement of methanogens and methanotrophic bacteria in soil and in roots

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Page 19: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Mitigation Strategy: anaerobic treatment of manure and vinasse

Land applications(N, K, P)

pathogenic microorganisms

Aim: to apply anaerobic technologyanaerobic technology to

PRODUCE METHANE for BIOENERGY PURPOSES

Aim: to apply anaerobic technologyanaerobic technology to

PRODUCE METHANE for BIOENERGY PURPOSES

Methane has a high energy value (ΔHo= 816 kJ/mol or 102 kJ/e- eq) that can be captured through combustion and used for space heating or eletricity 19

Page 20: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

• Studies have been carried out to better understand the anaerobic process in order to control the process and achieve optimum biogas yield.

Lettinga (1980)

Foresti et al. (1995)

Configuration of reactors Support medium

• Effect of inhibitory substances:ammounium, salt content, sulphate, temperature

UASB

HAIB

Polyhurethane foam

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Page 21: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Microorganisms – biodigestors treating manure slurries

• Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriales are predominant in anaerobic reactors treating different kinds of manure

• Due to high levels of ammonium, pointig out the importance of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (Netmman et al., 2010)

MethanomicrobiumMethanosarcina

Methanobrevibacter

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Page 22: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Microorganisms – biodigestors treating vinasse

• Acetoclastic and hydrogenothrophic methanogens Methanomicrobium sp

Methanosarcina Methanosaeta

bacmap.wishartlab.comAraújo et al. (2003)microbewiki

• Termophilic process – vinasse is produced at high temperatures (80-900C)Souza et al. (1992); Viana (2006); Ribas (2006) • Termophilic process – vinasse is produced at high temperatures (80-900C)Souza et al. (1992); Viana (2006); Ribas (2006)

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- sludge stable among harvests - It is necessary to decrease temperature - process is faster than mesophilic

Page 23: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Hydrogen and methane production

Use of two -stage bioreactors to produce hydrogen and methane

Acidogenic reactor

Acidogenic reactor

H2 and acids production

Methanogenicreactor

Methanogenicreactor

Consumption of acids and production of methane

Vinasse

Peixoto et al. (2012)23

Page 24: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Conclusions

Studies have shown that there are mitigation strategies, however a better understanding of the microorganisms, the factors affecting symbiotic relation with other microbial population and their environment, also long term expriments are needed to implement MS

Studies have shown that there are mitigation strategies, however a better understanding of the microorganisms, the factors affecting symbiotic relation with other microbial population and their environment, also long term expriments are needed to implement MS

Emissions of methane from agriculture activities are a worlwide problem, mainly regarding enteric fermentation, rice field and manure managment

In Brazil: contribution of vinasse used as fertilizer

Emissions of methane from agriculture activities are a worlwide problem, mainly regarding enteric fermentation, rice field and manure managment

In Brazil: contribution of vinasse used as fertilizer

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Page 25: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Brazil

• Studies focused on microbial diversity:

Amazon and Pantanal Amazon and Pantanal

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Page 26: Tercer Seminario regional agricultura y cambio climático: nuevas tecnologías en la mitigación y adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático Arqueas

Muchas graciasMuchas gracias

Flávia Talarico SaiaFlávia Talarico [email protected]@yahoo.com.br

55 16 3301950655 16 33019506

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