teori akuntansi aset dan kewajiban

7/21/2019 TEORI AKUNTANSI ASET DAN KEWAJIBAN

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ASSETS


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Perbandingan Definisi Aset

Committee on

Terminology

(1953, par. 26)

APB

(1970a, par. 57 &

132)

FASB

(1985, par. 25)

Something representedby debit balance

Property right or

value acquired

The future

Include A

deffered charge

Economicsresources having

future economics

value

More than legal

property Include A

deffered charge

Probable futurebenefit = future

services

potentials

Obtain and

Control by anentity

Past events or

transactions


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Assets Definition Approach

The Resources Economics Approach:

Broader than legal property concepts. Assets has value

because a future income (cash) stream Variasi dalam metode merealisasikan future benefit

Variasi menentukan probabilitas dan realisasi future benefit

The Severability-Exchangeability

Only those economics resources that can be severed fromthe firm and sold. Legal orientation


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Type Assets

TypeAssets

Held for sale: dalam suatu pertukaranlangsung, misalnya barang dagangan

Held for use in production: melaluiproses konversi/produksi menjadi barang jadi

kemudian dijual, misalnya bahan baku

Deferred Charges: pengakuannyaditangguhkan, misalnyaPrepaid cost, Beban

tangguhan


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Recognition and Measurement

ASSETS

Assets and Liabilities generally are initialy recorded on the basis ofeventsin which the enterprise acquire resources from other entitiesor incurs obligations to other entities. The assets and liabilities aremeasured by the exchange pricesat which the transfers take place.

Sacrificed to acquired the assets is called: The Historical Acquisition Cost

APB (1970a, par 145)

Initial Recording Principlessangat penting, untuk menentukan:

1. Datayang dimasukkan dalam proses akuntansi

2. Timing untuk mencatat3. AmountsdariA, L, Rdan Eyang dicatat


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Accounts Measurements ASSETS

Receivables Net realizable Value: Historical Cost - an estimate uncollectible amounts

Investmentsmarketable

SFAS 12 : LOCOM

SFAS 115: Current Values/Fair Value

Investment in Debt Securities, digolongkan menjadi salah satu dari tiga:

(1) Held-to maturity, (2) Trading, (3) Available fo sale

Investments Equity methodAdjusted Historical Cost(20-50%, APB Opinion 18)

Inventories Basic: Q x Unit Acquisition Cost.

Major Alternative:Flow assumptions: FIFO, LIFO, Weighted Average

ARB 43: LOCOM

Cost, Replacement Cost

The upper limit: Net Realizable valueThe lower limit: Net Realizable Valuea Normal Markup.

Asset

dibangun

sendiri dan

Persediaan

Manufaktur

ARB 43 :Full Absorption Costing untuk Inventory

SFAS 34:Acquisition Cost + Borrowing Interest (Kapitalisasi bunga)

untuk non-inventory assets


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Accounts Measurements ASSETS (Lanjutan)

Aset yang

Didepresiasi

atau

Deplesi

(sumber alam)

Book Value = Historical Acquisiton Cost Cumulative Depreciation

Metode depresiasi atau dideplesi

Umum: Straight-line; Sum of Year-Digits; Declining Balance; Unit Produksi

Khusus: Group and Composite Depreciation; Replacement and

Retirement Methods; Inventory-Depreciation Systems

Impaired Asstes Fair Value jika < Carrying Value (asumsikan undiscounted Future CF < Carrying

Value)Pertukaran

aset non

moneter

Nilai buku aktiva lama ditambah dengan kas jika ada tambahan kas

Intangible

Assets

Nilai buku (Acquiring historical costcummulative amortization

Deffered

Charge

Prepaid Cost (Biaya dibayar dimuka): Book Value

Deffered Cost (Beban Tangguhan): Book Value

Restrukturisa

si Piutang

Newly Restructured Future Cash Flow discounted at original rate.


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LIABILITIES


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LIABILITIES

Committee on Terminology (1953, par. 27)

Something represented by credit balance that is

or would be properly carried forward upon a

closing books of account according to the rulesor principles of accounting, provided such creditbalance is not in effect a negative balance

applicable to an assets. Entity theory

Legal debt


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Definisi LIABILITIES

APB (1970a, 132)

Economics obligations of an enterprise that are

recognized and measured in comformity with generallyaccepted accounting principles

Assets also include certain deffered credits that are notobligations but that are recognized and measured incomformity with generally accepted accounting

principles.Economics obligations

Include A deffered charge


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Type Liabilities

TypeLiabilities

Contractual Liabilities: Liabilities yangDidukung perjanjian tertulis ada dasar hukumsecara eksplisit

Constructive Liabilities:Liabilities yangtidak didukung perjanjian tertulis tetapi hanya

dinyatakan atas dasar trust

Equitable Obligation:Liabilities yangadapada gray area, yang timbul dari kewajiban sosial

Contingent Liabilities: kewajiban yangmuncul jika suatu kejadian tertentu terjadi dimasa

mendatang (bersyarat)

Deferred Credits:Liabilities yang

pengakuannya ditangguhkanPrepaid revenue dan

Beban yang masih harus dibayar


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For Current Liabilities: Face Value

For Noncurrent Obligations: PV based oncurrent interest rates

Bond: if ib= im present value = netproceeds = face value

if ib> im

Premiumif ib< im Discount

Recognition and Measurement

LIABILITIES


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Bonds Payable

Dinilai sebesar: Net Proceeds

PV of Principal (P x PVIF). xxx

PV of Interest (I x PVIFA). xxx +

Net Proceeds.. xxx

Nominal ... xxx -

Premium (Discount).. xxx

Premium/Discount diamortisasi


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Convertible Bonds (CB)

Bond yang dapat dikonversi dengan SahamBiasa

Tingkat bunga lebih rendah

Two Policy to Account for Convertible Bonds:1. CB diperlakukan seperti Bond biasa sampai saat

konversi

2. Memisahkan perhitungan hak konversi dan

ditambahkan pada Contributed capital Saat dikonversi tidak ada pengakuan gain or loss


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Debt with Stock Warrant

Utang dan Hak untuk membeli saham yangditerbitkan terpisah.

Stock warrant bisa diperjualbelikan.


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Redeemable Preferred Stock and

Other Hybrid Securities

Saham ini tanpa hak vote

Memiliki mandatori untuk menebus pada nilai pari

Perusahaan punya opsi untuk memanggil

Dividens kumulatif

DIvidends tahunan dengan tarif tetap


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Securitizations

Transferor Transferee

Financial Asset

Outside

Investor

SecuritasCash Cash

Jika Transferor melepaskan hak atas aset,maka dia akan mengkredit aset sepertimenjual, tidak timbul Utang.

Jika Transferor memiliki hak untuk membelikembali aset tersebut, maka transaksi sepertiini merupakan utang dengan jaminan aset, jaditimbul Utang di Neraca


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OWNERS

EQUITIES


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Owners Equity

The Stockholders residual interest in the net

assets of the firm (Proprietary theory)

APB 4 dan SFAC 6:The excess of the firms assets over the liabilities


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Accounting Classification System

ASSETS - LIABILITIES = OWNERS EQUITY

Contributed Capital Retained Earnings Unrealized Capital Adjustments

LegalCapital Other Contr.Capital DividensPrior PeriodAdjustmentsIncome StatementAccounts

Expenses

Debits

Losses

Ordinary Extra ordinary

Credits

Revenues Gains

Ordinary Extra ordinary


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Contributed Capital

Legal Capital

Modal saham sebesar nilai nominal, atau harga pasar saatditerbitkan jika tidak memiliki nilai nominal.

Other Contributed Capital

Stock premium (Harga pasar > Nilai pari) Donated capital (Modal sumbangan, fair value)

Reissue treasury stock (Harga Jual > harga penarikan)

Issue stock option (Tambahan konvensasi saat pembelian) Stock warrant (jika harga saham> nilai warrant+Kas)

Unrealized Gains or Losses

Gains or Losses dari securitas yang tersedia untuk dijual


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Owners Equity Transactions

Capital Transactions

Kontribusi oleh pemilik

Distribusi ke Pemilik

Income Related Transactions

Income Statement Transactions

Prior Period Adjustment

The Market

Value at TheTime of

Transactions


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Financial Instruments Adalah kontrak yang melibatkan financial aset dari satu

entitas dan financial liabilities dari entitas lainnya. FASB (1990, p.3)

Financial instruments adalah: Kas, bukti kepemilikankepentingan dalam suatu entitas, atau kontrak yang:1. Membebankan kepada satu entitas kewajiban

kontraktual untuk (a) mengirim kas atau instrumenkeuangan lainnya kepada entitas lainnya, atau (b)menukar financial instrument ataspotentiallyunfavorable termdengan entitas kedua.

2. Menyampaikan kepada entitas kedua hak kontraktualuntuk (a) menerima kas atau instrumen keuanganlainnya dari entitas pertama, atau (b) menukar financialinstrument ataspotentially favorable termdengan entitaspertama.


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Contoh Financial Instruments

Yang Umum

Cash held on demand deposit

Trade Receivable

Notes

Bonds Commons and Prferred stock

Yang Kompleks

didasari oleh motivasi manajemen misalnya untukmemanfaatkan hukum pajak, hedging dan untuk tujuanoff-balance sheet (misalnya Leasing)


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Derivatives

Instrument keuangan yang nilainya didasarkanpada instrumen keuangan lainnya, indeks saham,tingkat bunga, atau indeks tingkat bunga.

Ada dua Type derivatives:1. Forward Based derivativies

2. Option Based Derivatives


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Forward Based Derivatives

Party will

Realize Gain

Party will

Realize Loss

Forward Contract involve foreign currency atau komoditas

untuk Hedging

1. Future contracts: hedge thd fluktuasi kurs.

Misal: kontrak untuk membeli mata uang asing dengan kurstententu di masa yang akan datang.

2. Swap: hedge thd fluktuasi tingkat bunga pinjaman


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Option-Based Derivatives

Stock option

Klaim/opsi untuk membeli atau menjual saham (put-call) yang sengaja

diciptakan oleh investor untuk dijual kepada investor lain.

Convertible bonds

Obligasi yang dapat dikonversi dengan saham biasa. Obligasiseperti ini mengandung sifat ekuitas dan kewajiban.

Jika hak konversi digunakan maka akan menjadi modal setoran

Convertible Preffered Stock

Saham prioritas yang dapat dikonversi menjadi saham biasa. Padasaat konversi agio/diasgio juga ikut ditransfer.

Swaption: Gabungan Swap dan Option disebut


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Classification in The Balance Sheet

Classification

Approach

Current - Noncurrent

Asset dan Liabilities disajikan mulai dari yang paling likuid ke yangpaling tidak likuid. Pendekatan ini Hanya memberikan gambaran

kasar mengenai Liquidity phrusahaan.

MonetaryNon monetary combinedCurrent-Noncurrent

Memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai future cash flows

Held for Sale - Held for Use - Deferred Charges

Memberikan informasi tambahan mengenai bagaimana manfaat

ekonomik akan direalisasikan dan ketidakpastian disekitar realisasi.

Eclectic

Pengklasifikasian aset didasarkan pada atribut yang sedang diukur,

sehingga merupakan memilih yang paling sesuai untuk dipakai.


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Income Definitions

Sumber DefinisiCommittee on

Terminology

(1955, par. 8)

Income and profit refer to amounts resulting from

the deduction from revenues, or from operatingrevenues, of cost of gods sold, other expenses, and

losses

(Revenue-Expense Approach)APB

(1970b par.

134)

Net income (net loss)the excess (deficit) of revenueover expenses for an accounting period

(Revenue-Expense Approach)

FASB (SAFC 6,1985b par. 70)

Comprehensive income is the change in equity (netassets) of an entity during a period of transactions andother events and circumstances from non-ownersources

(Asset-Liability Approach)


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Revenue Definitions

Sumber Definisi

Committee onTerminology

(1955, par. 5)

Revenue results from the sale of goods and rendering of servicesand is measured by the charge made to customers, clients, ortenants for goods and services furnished to them


APB

(1970b par. 134)

Revenuegross increases in assets and gross decrease in

liabilities measured in conformity with generally acceptedaccounting principles that result from those types of profit-directed activities


FASB

(SAFC No. 6,1985b par. 78)

Revenues are the inflows or other enhancements of assets of an

entity or settlements of its liabilities (or combination of both)during a period from delivering or producing goods, renderingservices, or other activities that constitute the entitys ongoing

major or central operations



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Gains

Sumber Definisi

APB

(1955, par. 198)

Revenuesfrom other than sales of products,

merchandise, or services

FASB

(1985b par. 82)

Gains are increases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or

incidental transactionsexcept those that result from revenues

or investments by owners

Dalam hubungannya dengan definisi Revenue, telah menimbulkan

Pro-Con

Munculah konsep: Current operating income concept

All-inclusive income concept


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Expenses Definitions

Sumber Definisi

Committee on

Terminology

(1957, par. 3)

Expense in the broadest sense includes all expired

costs which are deductible from revenues (Revenue-Expense Approach)

APB (1970b

par. 134)

Expensesgross decreases in assets or gross increases in liabilities

recognized and measured in conformity with generally acceptedaccounting principles that result from those types of profit-

directed activities of an enterprise


FASB (SAFC6, 1985b par.80)

Expenses are outflows or other using up of assets or incurrence

of liabilities (or combination of both) during a period fromdelivering or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying outother activities that constitute the entitys major or central

operations



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Perbandingan Definisi Aset

Committee on

Terminology

(1953, par. 26)

APB

(1970a, par. 57 &

132)

FASB

(1985, par. 25)

Something representedby debit balance

Property right or

value acquired

The future

Include Adeffered charge

R-E

Economicsresources having

future economics

value

More than legal

property

Include A

deffered charge

R-EA-L

Probable futurebenefit = future

services

potentials

Obtain and

Control by an

entity

Past events or

transactions

A-L


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Current Operating vs. All-Inclusive Income

Current OperatingLaporan L/R hanya berisi

item-item yangberasal dari kegiatannormal operasi

Akibatnya, item-item nonoperating dilaporkandi laporan perubahanLaba Ditahan

All-InclusiveLaporan L/R harus berisi dan

melaporkan semua komponen

laba komprehensif

Akibatnya laporan Laba Ditahan

hanya berisi total earning

(clean surplus) yang terdapat

di laporan L/R dan distribusi

dividen

(BegBl + Lb (Rg)-Div=EdgBl)

School of Thought


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Perbandingan Baik-Buruk

Current Operating All-Inclusive

1. CO lebih berguna untuk menilaikinerja manajemen

2. CO lebih berguna untuk

memprediksi kinerja masa y.a.d.Alasan:

Aliran ini percaya bahwa parapengguna hanya melihat bottom-line net income untuk menilai dan

prediksi. OKI jika laporan L/Rdimasuki item-item yangextraneous, nonoperating,insidental, maka user akan seriouslymisleading.

1. CO mudah dimanipulasi denganjudgment manajemen untukmangklasifikasikan suatu item

extraordinary atau tidak.2. CO menyembunyikan gain/loss

pada laporan R/E

3. All-I mencerminkan semua netincome yang terjadi dalam periode

bersangkutan4. All-I mengklasifikasikan item-item

yang normal dan unusual dalamsatu laporan, dan mencerminkankinerja manajemen & perusahaan

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