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TRANSCRIPT
TemporalStructureinPhonology
RachelWalkerUniversityofSouthernCalifornia
MITFebruary24,2017
1.Introduc8on
1.Introduc8on
Segmentalrepresenta8on• Encodesspa$alandtemporaldimensions.
– Spa8al:howandwhereconstricConsareformedinthevocaltract.
– Temporal:sequencing,simultaneity,andparCaloverlapofconstricConacCons.
Ques8ons:• Whatkindsofsegmentalandsub-segmentaltemporalrela$onsare
neededinphonologicalrepresentaCon?• Iftemporalstructureisenriched,whataretheconsequencesfor
hierarchicalstructurebelowthesyllable,suchas– Segmentsandtheirinternalstructure– Whatgivesrisetoweightunits?
1.Introduc8on
Classicrootandfeaturebasedapproach
Root|[F]
• PhonologicalfeaturesarelocusofspaCalstructure• Rootnodesarelocusoftemporalstructure
Temporalorganiza8onisarela8onamongroots,notfeatures.
Temporal:Sequencing,overlap
Spa8al:ConstricConformaCon
1.Introduc8on
Classicview:Segmentstructure
• Temporaldimension:Classicroot-basedapproach– Eachsegmenthasarootnode.– Linearsequenceofrootsprovidesframefortemporalsequencingoffeatures.
– Withinasinglerootnode,featuresarenotordered.(e.g.Goldsmith1976,Clements1985,Sagey1986,Lombardi1990)
[p] [æ] [t]RootRoot Root
[-voi][Lab][+voi] [-voi][Cor]
ParCalrepresentaConforpat
1.Introduc8on
Classicview:Weight
• Weightdimension:Moraicapproach– Morasrepresentunitsofweightinasyllable.– Rootnodesmaybeorganizedundermorastosignifyasegment’sweightcontribuCon.
– Segmentsthatarenotweight-contribuCngarenotdominatedbyamora(ortheyshareamora).(Hyman1985,McCarthy&Prince1986etseq.,Hayes1989)
σ
µ µ
•••• (rootnodes) [k][l][æ][m] (IPAsymbolsstandforfeatures)
Moraicstructureforclam
1.Introduc8on
Goalsforthistalk
• MoCvatericherunderstandingoftemporalrela$onsamongsub-segmentalelements.– Evidencefrompar8alsegmentalbehaviorintemporaldimension.• CasestudyofphonotacCcpaaernsinvolvingrhoCcsinGeneralAmericanEnglish.
– InformedbyresearchonCmingofconstricCondeploymentandnewarCculatorydataonspaCalcharacterisCcsofrhoCcs.
• ProvidemeansforunderstandingsequenCaltemporalrelaConsintherimeasapotenCalsourceofweight.
• PursueimplicaConsforhierarchicalstructurewithinthesyllable.– Eliminaterootnodes
Roadmap
Sec.2.PhonotacCcsinvolvingrhoCcsinGeneralAmericanEnglish
Sec.3.Background:Bimoraic/ɹ/
Sec.4.Real-CmeMRIdata
Sec.5.AnalysisoftemporalstructureandimplicaCons
Sec.6.AlternaCvesandclosing
2.Phonotac8csInvolvingRho8csinEnglishRimes
2.Phonotac8csinEnglishrimes
• GeneralAmericanEnglish(GenAm):TypifiedbyrhoCcEnglishvarieCesspokeninregionsofU.S.midwestandwestU.S(Wells1982).
• TrimoraicmaximumforGenAmword-finalsyllables(Hammond1999,Hall2001,2002).
• GenAmtense/laxdisCncConcorrespondstoaquan8tydis8nc8on.– TenseVsand“true”diphthongsare2µs– LaxVsare1µ(Halle&Mohanan1985,Hammond1997)
• CodaCsare1µ.
µµ µµµ µµµ µµµµ*
pɛp kæmp kiːp kiːmp
pep camp keep *keempσ σ σ σ
2.Phonotac8csinEnglishrimes
Specialstatusoffinalcoronalobstruents.• Finalcoronalobstruentscanbenon-moraicinasyllableappendix
(Sherer1994).• ‘Complexcoda’refersheretocodaswithoutafinalcoronal
obstruent.
µµµ
glɪmps
glimpse σ
2.Phonotac8csinEnglishrimes
GenAmsyllabletemplatepredic8ons:Onlylaxvowelsbeforeacomplexcoda.• IllustraConwith[m]and[l];generallytrueofmostcodaCs
PronunciaConsarerHammond(1999)andCMUPronouncingDicConary(Weide1995witheditsbyHayes).WordsappearinginmulCplecellsarereportedashavingvariants.Note:/eː/,/oː/realizedas[eɪ],[oʊ]
2.Phonotac8csinEnglishrimes
• Notense/laxvowelcontrastbeforesimplecoda/ɹ/.• Diphthongsaaestedbeforesimplecoda/ɹ/,butnotɹCcoda.• Only[ɑ]and[ɔ]beforeɹCcoda.
AssumpCon:wordslikeperkcontainalongrhoCcvowelorsyllabic[ɹ]ratherthanaVɹsequence(Ladefoged&Maddieson1996).
2.Phonotac8csinEnglishrimes
• NeutralizaConoftense/laxcontrastbefore/ɹ/suggestscoda/ɹ/isbimoraic.
• Impliesthatvowelsinneutralizingcontextsareshort(lax).
• Butifcoda/ɹ/isbimoraic1. WhydorimeswithɑɹC(park,farm)andɔɹC(pork,form)not
exceedthesyllabletemplate?2. Whycanonly/ɑ/and/ɔ/precedeanɹCcoda?3. Whyaresyllableswithadiphthongplussimple/ɹ/coda
acceptable?(e.g.fire,hour)
3.Background:Bimoraic/ɹ/
3.Background:Bimoraic/ɹ/
Overview:Ar8culatoryreasonsforbimoraic/ɹ/
1. Coda/ɹ/inGenAminvolvesasequenceoftwolingualconstric8ons• Coronal:Tonguebodyraising• Pharyngeal:TonguerootretracCon
(Delaare&Freeman1968,Zawadzki&Kuehn1980,McMahonetal.1994,Gick1999,Gicketal.2002,Campbelletal.2010)
• PharyngealconstricConprecedescoronalconstricConincoda.(Campbelletal.2010onNorthAmEnglish/ɹ;/Gicketal.2006onMandarin(/ɹ/)
3.Background:Bimoraic/ɹ/
Overview:Ar8culatoryreasonsforbimoraic/ɹ/
2./ɹ/inGenAmhashighcoar8culatorydominance• Coar8culatorydominance=degreeofcoarCculatoryresistanceand
aggressivenessofasegment.(Recasensetal.1997,Recasens&Rodriguez2016)
• AconsonantwithhighercoarCculatorydominancehasgreatereffectonaneighboringvowel.
• TopreservecontrastsinqualityofaneighboringV,/ɹ/’slingualarCculaConsarephonologicallyorganizedinsequencetoanon-retractedvowelratherthanoverlappingit.(Walker&Proctor2013,Walkeretal.2016)
Root-basedtemporalstructure• Ifrootsarethebasisfor
temporalstructureoversub-segments,andeachsegmenthasasingleroot,within-segmentorderingoverspaCalelementsisnotpredicted.
• Ex:tradiConalfeature-geometricrepresentaConofarhoCcdoesnotrepresentsequencingofitssub-segments.(SeealsoScobbie&Pouplier2010)
3.Background:Bimoraic/ɹ/
FromWalshDickey1997
3.Background:Bimoraic/ɹ/
Phonologicalrepresenta8onfi[ngwithcharacteris8csof/ɹ/• Gesturesaresub-segmentalphonologicalunitsspecifiedfor
– ArCculator(e.g.lips,tongue8p,tonguebody,velum)– GoalarCculatorystate(e.g.lipclosure,tongue8pclosureatalveolarridge,openvelum)
– Blendingstrength(correlateswithcoarCculatorydominance)(Browman&Goldstein1986etseq.,Saltzman&Munhall1989,extensionsingeneraCvephonologyby).
• Temporalstructure:TwotemporalrelaConsforgestures– Synchronous:Simultaneousonsetofgestures– Sequen8al:Onsetoffollowinggesturesequencedwithreleaseoroffsetofprecedinggesture.
3.Background:Bimoraic/ɹ/
Gesturesinphonologicalgrammar• Temporalstructureovergesturesisconstrainedbygrammar.• ImplementaConusingOTconstraints.
(Gafos1996/1999,2002,Hall2003,Davidson2003,Tejada2012,Smith2016a,b,inprep.,Walker&Proctorinprep.)
Codaweight• Amoramaybeassignedforeachgesturesequencedarerahead
vowelgestureinasyllable(=WEIGHT-BY-POSITION).(Browman&Goldstein2000,Nam2007;onconceptofVandCheadgesturesseeGafos2002andSmithinprep.)
3.Background:Bimoraic/ɹ/
LinkbetweenmorasandgesturesequencinginGenAm/ɹ/• SequenCallingualconstricCons(pharyngeal>coronal)incoda/ɹ/
executedovertwomoras.• PredictsneutralizaConofVquanCtydisCncConinrimeswith/ɹ/.
/ɪɹ/ear
ɹ-corɹ-pharɪ-TB
µ µµKey:Sub-segments• ɪ-TB=tonguebody
constricConof[ɪ]• /ɹ/-phar=tongueroot
retracConof/ɹ/• /ɹ/-cor=tonguebody
raisingof/ɹ/Dashedarrowrepresentssequen8alrela8on
3.Background:Bimoraic/ɹ/
Summingup:GesturalphonologyapproachenablesimplementaConofinsightsaboutthesequenCalproducConofbimoraic/ɹ/inGenAm,anditsneutralizingeffectonquanCty(tense/lax)contrastinaprecedingvowel.
4.Real-8meMRIStudy
4.Real-8meMRIstudy
Someofourques8onsIfcoda/ɹ/isbimoraic1. WhydorimeswithɑɹC(park,farm)andɔɹC(pork,form)not
exceedthesyllabletemplate?2. Whycanonly/ɑ/and/ɔ/precedeanɹCcoda?
4.Real-8meMRIstudy
Real-8meMRItechnique(Narayananetal.2004)
• EnCrevocaltractimagedinmidsagiaalplane.
• Newcompleteimageacquiredevery80msec,reconstructedas23.2frame/secvideo(Breschetal.2008).
• Synchronizednoise-reducedspeechaudiorecording(Breschetal.2006).
hap://sail.usc.edu/span/
4.Real-8meMRIstudy
Ar8culatoryspeechproduc8onstudy• Aim:InvesCgatetongueshapeduringrhoCcsandvowels.• FournaCveGenAmspeakers(3F,1M;pilotwith3M).
S8muli• CVCwords:/ɹ/inonsetorcoda,non-liquidCsarelabial/labiodental
Exx:reap,rip,beer,bare,rob,bar• AllphonotacCcallypossiblevocalicenvironments
• RealwordsofEnglishwherepossible
• Targetwordselicited5CmesinisolaCon(reps2-4analyzed)
[SCmuliwith/l/andwithliquidsinaddiConalcontextsalsoacquired–analysisinprogress.]
4.Real-8meMRIstudy
Vocaltractoutline• Superimposedvocaltract
outlinegeneratedbyalgorithmthatautomaCcallyidenCfiesair-Cssueboundaries
• ManualcorrecConwhereneeded.
• Outlineandsemi-polaranalysisgrid(bluelines)formbasisforanalysisofarCculaCons.
(Proctoretal.2010)
5
10
15
20
25
3035
Palate
Trachea
Glottis
Velum
Imageframeatonsetofclosurefor/ɹ/in[ɑɹɑ](pilotsubject).
4.Real-8meMRIstudy
ArCculatorytrackingdemo
Iden8fica8onofar8culatorylandmarks• Targetframeshand-idenCfied
byanalystsineachuaerance.• Vocalictarget:Timepointwith
maximallystabletonguedorsumattargetposture.
• Rho8ctarget:TimepointwithmaximallystablerhoCcpostureinacousCcintervalforconsonant.
4.Real-8meMRIstudy
Lips Pharynx
pool
Vtarget(green)andCtarget(blue)(meanof3uaerances)
5
10
15
20
25
3035
Palate
Trachea
Glottis
Velum
pill
Vocaltractoutlines
30
beer bare boor
bar bore
4.Real-8meMRIstudy:/ɹ/andVtongueshapes–F1
beer bare boor
bar bore
4.Real-8meMRIstudy:/ɹ/andVtongueshapes–M1
beer bare boor
bar bore
Someerrorsinedgetrackingremaintobecorrectedhere
4.Real-8meMRIstudy:/ɹ/andVtongueshapes–F2
beer bare boor
bar
4.Real-8meMRIstudy:/ɹ/andVtongueshapes–F3 4.Real-8meMRIstudy
Summary
• Lessdifferenceintonguerootstricturein[ɑɹ]and[ɔɹ]rimesrelaCvetootherVɹsequences.
• Amongperipheralvowels,pharyngealconstricConforcoda/ɹ/mostcloselyapproximatesthatofnon-highretracted[ɑ,ɔ].
4.Real-8meMRIstudy:Connec8onstoothervarie8es
Affini8esbetween/ɹ/andnon-high,non-frontVs• Intrusive‘r’arer[ɑ,ɔ,ə]inmanynon-rhoCcdialectsofEnglish.• [j]or[w]insertedarerhighvowels.
[ɹ] thelawis [lɔːɹɪz] thespais [spɑːɹɪz][j] thekeyis [kiːjɪz] thepayis [peɪːjɪz][w] thezoois [zuːwɪz] theshowis [ʃəʊːwɪz]DatafromUffmann(2007).Onintrusive/ɹ/seeWells(1982),McMahonetal.(1994)andKrämer(2008);seeGick(1999)foranarCculatorystudyandgesturalanalysisofliquidepenthesis.
• OldEnglish‘r’beforeaChasaposiConallydeterminedreducConto“an[a]-likevocalizedr”(Howell1991:53).
5.AnalysisofTemporalStructure
5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure
Proposal1:Temporalstructureinrimeswith/ɹ/• Temporalstructureinrimeswith/ɹ/issensi8vetovowelquality.• PharyngealconstricConof/ɹ/substan8allyoverlapswith
constricConformaConofhighlysimilarvowels/ɑ,ɔ,(ə)/.• Suchoverlapdoesnotoccurforotherperipheralvowels,which
involveconsiderablydisCnctlingualshaping.– HighcoarCculatorydominanceof/ɹ/preventsitsoverlapwithconsiderablydisCnctvowels,whilemaintainingvowelqualitydisCncCons.
Proposal2:Moraiccontribu8onof/ɹ/• Coda/ɹ/variablymapstooneortwomoras,dependingonthe
degreetowhichitcanoverlapwiththenuclearvowel.
5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure
Recall• NeutralizaConoftense/laxcontrastbefore/ɹ/suggeststhat
coda/ɹ/isbimoraic,causingaprecedingVtobeshort.
[ɪɹ]µµµear
ɹ-corɹ-pharɪ-TB
µ µµ
*[iːɹ]µµµµ
*[ɪɹk]µµµµ
ɹ-corɹ-pharɪ-TB
µ µµ
ɹ-corɹ-pharɪ-TB
µ µµµ
k-dor
µ
5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure
Ques8ons1. WhydorimeswithɑɹC(park,farm)andɔɹC(pork,form)not
exceedthesyllabletemplate?2. Whycanonly/ɑ/and/ɔ/precedeanɹCcoda?3. Whyaresyllableswithadiphthongplussimple/ɹ/coda
acceptable?(e.g.fire,hour)
• Insightgainedfromcomparingtemporalstructureofsyllableswithcoda/l/,whichpermitaricherrangeofvowelcontrasts.
5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure
WEIGHT-BY-POSITION:Amoraisassignedforeachgesturesequencedareraheadvowelgestureinasyllable.Temporalstructureofcoda/l/• DorsalretracConprecedesCoronaltongueCpraising.
(e.g.Sproat&Fujimura1993,Browman&Goldstein1995,Krakow1999,Gick2003)
• CoarCculatorydominanceofGenAm[l]<[ɹ](encodedinblendingstrength).LessercoarCculatoryeffectof/l/onaprecedingV.
• Hence,V-TBandl-dorcanoverlapandarenotsequenced.Offsetofeachiscoordinatedtoonsetofl-cor,so/l/addsonly1µ.
[ɪl]µµill
l-corl-dorɪ-TB
µ µKey:Sub-segments• ɪ-TB=tonguebody
constricConof[ɪ]• /l/-dor=tonguebody
retracConof/l/• /l/-cor=tongueCp
raisingof/l/
5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure
• Longvowelsarealsopossiblewithcoda/l/,asarelaxvowelsbeforeacomplexlCcoda.
/iːl/µµµeel
/ɪlk/µµµilk
l-corl-dorɪ-TB
µµ µ
l-corl-dorɪ-TB
µ µ
k-dor
µ
5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure
Proposal:Specialstatusof[ɑɹ]and[ɔɹ]
• LikethetemporalorganizaConofcoda/l/,thelingualretracCongestureof/ɹ/canoverlap/ɑ/and/ɔ/.– /ɹ/doesnotinterfereinaneutralizingfashionwitharCculaConof/ɑ/and/ɔ/,duetosimilarityintheirlingualretracCon.
• Asaresult,coda/ɹ/addsonly1µtoasyllablewith/ɑ/or/ɔ/.
[ɑɹ]µµare
ɹ-corɹ-pharɑ-phar
µ µ
/ɑɹk/µµµark
ɹ-corɹ-pharɑ-phar
µ µ
k-dor
µ
5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure
Diphthongsbeforecoda/ɹ/• Rimeswitha“true”diphthong([ɑɪ],[ɑʊ])and/ɹ/expectedto
contain4µ.
• Infact,speakerstendtoratewordslikefireandhouras1.5or2syllablesinlength(Lavoie&Cohn1999,Cohn2003,Cohn&Tilsen2015).
• Other(C)Vɹsequencesusuallyjudgedasonesyllable– Exx:peer,pear,par,pour– Vsthatarelaxorlacktense/laxcontrastinthiscontextplus/ɹ/
• BimoraicrepresentaConof/ɹ/isconsistentwiththesepaaerns.– fire,hourwouldhaveanextramora.(asproposedbyLavoie&Cohn1999,Cohn2003).
– Monophthongs+/ɹ/couldconformwith3µstructure.
• Monophthongvariantsbefore/ɹ/inAmericanmidlandregions– fire[fɑɹ],tower[tar]or[tɑɹ](Wells1982).
5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure
Overlongsyllableswithcoda/l/• Somesyllableswithcoda/l/canalsoberatedas1.5or2syllables
– Exx:peel,pale,pool,pile,owl,foil– LongVsanddiphthongsplus/l/
• Other(C)Vlsequencesusuallyjudgedasonesyllable– Exx:pill,bell,pal,pol,hull,pole,paul– Vsthatarelaxorlackatense/laxcontrastplus/l/
• Inwordsratedas1.5–2syllables,/l/behavesaspoten8allycontribu8ng2µ.
5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure
Connec8ontocomplextemporalstructureof/l/
• Coda/l/inGenAminvolvesasequenceofadorsalgesturefollowedbyacoronalgesture.
• Yetcoda/l/usuallycontributes1µ,becauseitsweakerlevelofcoarCculatorydominanceenablesl-dortooverlapprecedingV.
• Incontextswhere/l/appearstopotenCallycontribute2µ,thenuclearvowelisorcanbediphthongal,forsomeVsasarealizaConofdisCncCvelength:– [ij],[uw],[eɪ],[ɑɪ],[ɑʊ],[ɔɪ]
• GlideporConofdiphthongcouldbeantagonisCctodorsalgestureof/l/,prevenCngoverlap.– AntagonisminconstricCondegree,andfor[ɪ]/[j],inlocaConofconstricCon.
5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure:Summary
Temporalstructureforcoda/ɹ/
• Within/ɹ/:ɹ-phar>ɹ-cor
• Vandɹ-cor:V-TB>ɹ-cor
• Vandɹ-phar:CoordinaConofVandɹ-pharisvariable;dependsonsimilarity.(ForOTanalysis:Seeappendix.)
Temporalstructureforcoda/l/
• Within/l/:l-dor>l-cor
• Vandl-cor:V-TB>l-cor
• Vandl-dor:CoordinaConofVandl-dorissomewhatvariable.Generally,l-dormayoverlapprecedingV,butitcanbecoordinatedinsequencetoaglide-finaldiphthong.
5.1Analysisoftemporalstructure:Summary
Moraicstructure• Vowelgesturespecifiedforoneortwomoras(shortorlong)• EachgesturesequencedarerV’sheadgestureinrimegivesrisetoa
mora.Temporalrela8onsinvolvepar8alsegmentbehavior• Gesturesequencingwithinasegment• Cruciallackofsequencingofsomegesturesacrosssegments
Rela8onbetweengesturalsequencingandmorasNewclaim:Weightbyposi8oniscruciallynon-segmental
• Gesturesequencingwithinasegmentcangiverisetoaµ(asincaseofɹ-phar>ɹ-corinawordlikebeer).
• ParCaloverlapofsegmentsduetolackofsequencingofsomegesturesmaynotgiverisetoaµ(ɑ-phar,ɹ-pharinawordlikebar).
5.2Implica8onsforsegments
Recall:Classicsub-syllabichierarchicalstructure
(µ) |Root |[F]
Temporal:sequencing,overlap
Spa8al:constricConformaCon
Weight:length,weightcontribuCon
5.2Implica8onsforsegments
Wheretemporalstructureresides• AccountofphonotacCcspresentedinthistalkreliesontemporal
rela8onsatgesturallevel,notsegmentallevel.• Temporalroleofrootnodeinsufficientandobviated.Shortcomings
involvetemporalstructuredeployedoverpartofasegment.
ProposalEmployagestureset-basedapproachtosegment-hood
EliminaterootnodeInspiredbyset-basedapproachtofeatureclasses(Padgea2002)andotherworkthatreducessegmentalhierarchicalstructure(e.g.Steriade1988,Hayes1990).
5.2Implica8onsforsegments
Setsasanapproachtopar8algroupbehavior• ParCalfeatureclassbehaviorinTurkish(Padgea2002).• ClassofColorfeatures([back],[round])spreadsinvowelharmony.
– AllmembersofclassspreadwhentargetVishigh.– Only[back]spreadswhentargetVisnon-high.– Spreadingof[+round]toanon-highvowelisblockedbyageneralprohibiConinTurkishnaCveformson[o,ø]inanon-iniCalsyllable.
Stem Gen.sg. Nom.pl. Glossip ip-in ip-ler ‘rope’kɨz kɨz-ɨn kɨz-lar ‘girl’jyz jyz-yn jyz-ler ‘face’pul pul-un pul-lar ‘stamp’
Hightarget Nonhightarget
5.2Implica8onsforsegments
• Failureofnode-basedapproachtoparCalfeatureclassbehavior:
• Set-basedapproachtoparCalfeatureclassbehavior– FeatureclassColor=def{[back],[round]}– SPREAD(Color):
• Forallfeaturesf∈Colorinaprosodicword,iffislinkedtoanysegment,itislinkedtoallsegments.
• Foreachf∈Colorintheword,aviolaConisassignedforeverysegmenttowhichthatfeatureisnotlinked.
pul-un
Color
[+back] [+round]
*pul-lor
Color
[+back] [+round]
*pul-ler
Color
[+back] [+round]
5.2Implica8onsforsegments
• Reduc8onofhierarchicalstructure– “Boale-brush”structure;nofeature-geometricnodes.
– In[pul-lun],allfeaturesofColorclasscanspread.– In[pul-lar],onlybackfeatureofColorclasscanspread(duetoprohibiCononnon-iniCal[o]).
– SPREAD(Color)favorsthemaximalspreadingofColorfeaturespossible,whilerespecCngprohibiCononnon-iniCal[o],favoring[pul-lar]over*[pul-ler]
[+back] [+round]
Root
[-nasal][+son]
[+voice][+high]
5.2Implica8onsforsegments
Proposal:Segmentsasgesturesets• Takeset-basedapproachtopar8alsegmentbehavior.
– Eachsegmentcomposedofasetofgestures,norootnode.(PossibilityconsideredbyPadgea2002:98-99)
• Inputcontainslinearorderovergesturesets.
• Outputrepresentstemporalcoordina8onrela8onsovergestures(synchronous,sequenCal)withinandacrosssegmentalsets.– Enforcedbyphonologicalgrammar.– TemporalcoordinaConowingtoinputlinearorderovergesturesetsisviolable,withaviolaConcomputedforeachgestureintheset.
– AllowsparCalsegmentbehaviorintemporaldimension.(cf.Byrd1996,Byrdetal.2009onsegmentsasgesturalmolecules)
5.2Implica8onsforsegments
/bɪn/bin Input:
Output:
1{labialclosure}i
2{TBpalatalnarrow}j
3{TTalveolarclosure,
velumopen}k
/bɪɹ/beer
Input:
Output:
TTalvclokvelopenk
TBpalnarj
labcloi
µ µSolidline=synchronous
Dashedarrow=sequenced
1{labialclosure}i
2{TBpalatalnarrow}j
3{TRretracted,TBraised}k
TRretrkTBpalnarj
labcloi
µ µ
TBraisk
µ
5.2Implica8onsforsegments
Nextsteps• Considerothersegment-basedphenomenainlightofset-based
approachExx:DeleCon,inserCon,metathesis– Constraintsdrivingthesephenomenawouldtargetsegmentsetsofgestures.
– Full-segmentalbehaviorrepresentsfullenforcementofrelevantconstraints.
– ParCal-segmentalbehavioralsopredicted;possiblyphenomenalikedebuccalizaCon,featuralmigraCon
– Perhapssomephenomenapreviouslyanalyzedassegmentalcouldbeanalyzedasinvolvingsinglegestures,suchasepentheCcgloaalstopsandfricaCves.
6.Alterna8vesandClosing
6.1Alterna8ves
One-root,onetemporalnode• Segmentrootisclassiclevelforsequencingofsub-segments.
(Clements&Hume1995;seeSagey1986,1988,Hammond1988fordiscussionoffeatureCming).
• FallsshortforrepresenCngintra-segmentalphonologicalsequencing.
Node-basedintra-segmentalsequencing• Variousproposalshavebeenmadetoobtainwithin-segment
sequencingofsub-segmentsviaasequenceofstructuralnodes.– Two-rootContours(Clements1987,Piggoa1988,Rosenthall1988).
– ApertureTheory:SequencesofapertureposiCons(closureandrelease)instops(Steriade1992,1993a,b,1994).
– Q-theory:SegmentsastriparCtesequencesofquanCzedsubsegments(Shih&Inkelas2014,Inkelas&Shihtoappear).
6.1Alterna8ves
Node-basedintra-segmentalsequencing
• ProblemspresentedbyparCalsegmentbehaviorinvolvingcodaliquidphonotacCcs:– SegmentsthatareparCallyoverlappedandparCallysequencedwithanothersegment
– ComputaConofweight-by-posiCon
• Issuesillustratedherewithtwo-rootapproach.
6.1Alterna8ves:Two-rootapproach
• Two-rootanalysisemploysasequenceoftworootnodesunderasingleskeletalposiCon.
• Thisapproachcanrepresenttemporalorderinginternaltoasegment.
• Appliedto/ɹ/and/l/inGenAmcodas:
x
root root
[Pharyngeal] [Coronal]
[ɹ]x
root root
[Dorsal] [Coronal]
[l]
6.1Alterna8ves:Two-rootapproach
• Capitalizingonitssegment-internalsequencing,thebimoraiccharacterof/ɹ/wouldbeaaributedtoitstwo-rootstructure.
• However,tyingmoraicstructuretosequencedrootnodesintherimeoverpredictsbimoraicity.
• FaultypredicConsaboutsomerimeswithacodaliquid.
– Whydoes/ɹ/notpapernasbimoraicfollowing/ɑ/and/ɔ/?– Whydoes/l/notusuallypapernasbimoraic?
6.1Alterna8ves:Two-rootapproach
• Whetherskeletalslots,rootsorsomeothernodeidenCfiessegments,spa8alelementsareorderedacrosssegments.
• FailstorepresentoverlapbetweenVandpharyngealsub-segmentofcoda/ɹ/,andlikewisebetweenVanddorsalsub-segmentof/l/,wherenon-sequencedsub-segmentsbelongtoseparatesegments.
x
root
[RTR]
/ɑ/x
root root
[Pharyngeal] [Coronal]
/ɹ/> [RTR]of/ɑ/representedas
preceding[Phar]of/ɹ/:Predictsbimoraic[ɹ]
(andsimilarly,bimoraic/l/)
6.1Alterna8ves:Two-rootapproach
• Autosegmentalspreadingcanrepresentakindofsub-segmentaloverlapinaroot-centeredapproach.
• Spreadingrepresentsthatasub-segmentiscoextensivewithassociatedrootnodes.
• Butspreadingacrosssegmentsdoesnotaltertheroot-nodecount,andthereforeisnotpredictedtoaffectthecomputaConofweight.
x
root
[RTR]
/ɑ/x
root root
[Pharyngeal] [Coronal]
/ɹ/Spreading
[Pharyngeal]fromtwo-root/ɹ/predictsitwillremainbimoraic
6.1Alterna8ves:Sonority-basedmoraicity
• SonorantcodaCscanbemoraicinsomelanguages,incontrasttoobstruents.
• Analyzedwithconstraintrequiringaµtodominate[+son](Zec1995).• CouldperhapsbeadaptedtoGenAmrhoCcstoenforcebimoraicity
overcoda/ɹ/,asthemostsonorantcodasegment.
Problems• Empirical:FailstopredictthatmoraiccontribuConof/ɹ/willbe
sensiCvetoprecedingvowel– Expectbimoraic/ɹ/following/ɑ/and/ɔ/.
• Conceptual:MissesconnecContosequencingoflingualconstricConsincoda/ɹ/.– Notclearwhycoda/ɹ/mustbebimoraic,whilevariousmoresonorantvocalicsegmentscanbemono-moraic.
6.2Closing:Represen8ngtemporalstructure
• Phonotac8csinvolvingtemporallycomplexcodaliquidsmoCvaterepresenCngtemporalstructureatlevelofsub-segments.– TwobasictemporalrelaCons:synchronous,sequenCal– FitswithgesturesasrepresentaConofsub-segmentalunits
• RootnodeaslocusoftemporalstructurefailstomakeappropriatepredicConsabouttemporalcoordinaConandcontext-dependentmoraicityofsegmentswithsequenCalsub-segments.
• Par8alsegmentbehaviorwithrespecttotemporalorganizaConofsub-segmentswithinandacrosssegmentscanbeaddressedbyrepresenCngsegmentsasgesturalsets,ratherthannode-based.
• Moraicstructureinducedthroughweight-by-posiConisunderstoodasbasedonsequencingamongsub-segments,notacountoverrootnodes,orsomeotherstructuralslots.
Thankyou
Collaborators
Shri Narayanan USC
Caitlin SmithUSC
Mike ProctorMacquarie
Tünde Szalay Macquarie
Ewald EnzingerMacquarie
Louis GoldsteinUSC
Appendix
SketchofOTanalysisoftemporalstructureofrimeswith/ɹ/(Forfullerdetails,seehandoutsfrommini-course)
• SensiCvetoqualityofnuclearvowel
Constraints• 3µ
AssignaviolaContoeverysyllablewithmorethan3moras(Hammond1999,Hall2001,2002)
• SEQ-VɹAssignaviolaConforanylingualretracCongestureof/ɹ/thatisnotinasequenCaltemporalrelaConwithanimmediatelyprecedingnon-retractedheadvowelgesture.
• Weight-by-Posi8onAssignaviolaContoeverygestureinasyllablethatlacksanassociatedmorathatissequenceddirectlyorbytransiCvityareraheadvowelgesture.
Appendix
/iː1ɹ2/eari-TB1µµɹ-cor2ɹ-phar2(=TBµµPalNar1TBRais2TRRetr2)
3µ WBP SEQ-Vɹ MAX-µ
a.!µµµ[ɪɹː]|||i-TBɹ-pharɹ-cor
*
b.µµµµ[iːɹː]\/||i-TBɹ-pharɹ-cor
*!
c.µµµ[iːɹ]\/|i-TBɹ-pharɹ-cor
*!
d.µµµ[iɹːɹ]\/|i-TBɹ-corɹ-phar
*!
Trimoraicstructureforan[ɪɹ]rime:Bimoraic/ɹ/andenforcedshortV
Appendix
/ɑ1ɹ2k3/arkɑ-phar1ɹ-cor2ɹ-phar2k-dor3(={TRretr1}{TBRais2TRRetr2}{TBVelClo3})
3µ MAX-SEG
SEQ-Vɹ MAX-µ
a.!µµµ[ɑɹk]|||ɑ-pharɹ-cork-dorɹ-pharb.µµµµ[ɑɹːk]||||ɑ-pharɹ-pharɹ-cork-dor
*!
c.µµµ[ɑɹː]|||ɑ-pharɹ-pharɹ-cor
*!
Trimoraicstructureforan[ɑɹk]rime:/ɹ/addsjustoneµ