template - letterhead (no address) · web viewcheck with your publisher, instructor, or institution...

1

APA TIPS 1-31 of Common Errors) in brief Updated Feb 20 2020 By Arlene Kent-Wilkinson RN PhD

arlenekentusaskca

Circle the APA Errors (by the number below) for each student paper Include first 4 pages only of this document with the student paper scanned with editing of APA Tip beside each error on their paper Send or post this entire APA File so that students can see in detail (starting on page 7) what their APA Errors were amp how to correct

TIP TOPIC New APA (2019) 7th ed Changes are in Red type throughout

APA (2010)6th ed Page APA (2019) 7th ed Page

1 Professional Paper (Sample) pp 41-59 pp 50ndash601 Student Paper (Sample) Nil pp 61ndash671a Title or Cover Page (Bold the Title only) p 41 229 pp 9ndash31 35ndash38 1b Running head (not required student paper) p 23 229 pp 41ndash59 pp 30ndash32 37 50ndash601c Page Numbers p 230 pp 31ndash32 44 50ndash672a Double Space p 229 p 45 61 2b Line Spacing (no extra line spaces cover) p 229 p 45 61 pp 187ndash1883 TypefaceFont (variety ok in 7th APA 2019) p 228 pp 41ndash58 p 44 227 pp 50ndash674a Abstract (not required for student paper) pp 25ndash27 p 41 202 229 p 38 504b Keywords p 26 41 91 pp 38ndash395 Title of the Paper on 1st page of Text (bold) pp 23 41ndash42 101ndash102 p 32ndash39 51 616a Introduction (subtitle not required) pp 27ndash28 42 63 p 476b Conclusion (level 1 heading-student paper) p 47ndash49 p 57 64 7a Paragraphs (Indent) p 229 p 39 45 617b Paragraphs (Justification) p 229 p 45 617c Paragraphs (Single Sentence amp Length) p 68 p 115

8 APA Level of Headings 5 levels pp 41ndash51 62ndash63 pp 47ndash488a Level 1 Centered Bold Title Case Heading pp 62ndash63 p 488b Level 2 Flush Left Bold Title Case Heading pp 62ndash63 p 488c Level 3 Flush Left Bold Italic Title Case Heading pp 62ndash63 p 48 56ndash578d Level 4 Indented Bold Title Case Heading Ending With a Period pp 62ndash63 p 488e Level 5 Indented Bold Italic Title Case Heading Ending With a Period pp 62ndash63 p 48

Kent-Wilkinson 2000-2020

2


APA (2010) 6th ed Page APA (2019) 7th ed Page


3

9 REFERENCEs (Citing References in Text)9a Citations in Text included in Reference list p 174 p 2579b Citations -Match p 174 p 2579c Period Placement pp 174ndash179 p 2549d Author (last name) in Citation p 181 p 51 56ndash57 262 2879e AuthorYear Placement p 181 pp 254ndash2659f Spaces (1 space between page amp Author ampyear) pp 43 174ndash175 pp 58ndash59 66ndash679g ldquoAndrdquo or ldquoamprdquo in Text [25 References] pp 41ndash59 p 172 p 2669h Brackets within Parenthesis p 94 198 p 292 nested missing 9i Citation- Personal Communication p 179 p 257 2909j Citation -Secondary Source p 178 p 2589k Citation URL p 88 p 282 34710 Authors One Two or Multiple10a One or Two Authors in Text p 42 175 p 26610b Three or More Authors in Text

Six or More Authors in Text p 14 42 175 177pp 184 198ndash199

p 266 p 51 59

10c Multiple Authors within Parenthesis pp 42ndash44 178ndash179 p 26311 AcronymsAbbreviations11a AcronAbbrev (write out in full 1st time cited) pp 106ndash111 pp 172ndash 17311b Abbreviations (eg and ie) p 180 p 17611c Acronyms (Beginning of a sentence) pp 106ndash111 p 17411d AcronymAbbrev (periodspunctuation) pp 88 pp 172ndash17312 Capitalization12a Capitalization (proper namesdisorders) pp 101ndash102 pp 165ndash16612b Capitalization (NationsLanguages) p 75 p 14213 Diagrams pp 231ndash232 p 25314 Numbers14a Numbers (figures or words) pp 63 111ndash114 pp 178ndash18114b BulletedNumbered Lists in Text p 64 pp 190ndash19214c Numbers (at beginning of sentence) pp 111ndash114 p 17915 Quotations 15a Quotations (Direct Quotes) p 88 pp 171ndash174 pp 271ndash27415b Quotations (Long Quotes) p 171 pp 271ndash27416 Avoid following writing errors (16-19)16a Anthropomorphism (avoidance of) p 69 p 11716b JargonWordiness (avoid) p 68 pp 114 116ndash11717 Active and Passive Voice 17a Active and Passive Voice p 77 pp 61 73ndash74 118 17b First PersonActive Voice


APA (2010) 6th ed page APA (2019) 7th ed page


4

18 Prepositions18a Avoid ending sentences with

propositionsldquoGet it Writerdquo Ref below ldquoGet it Writerdquo Ref Below

19 Pronouns19a Avoid using ldquoItrdquo to start a sentence

Avoid using pronouns by themselves ItThisThatTheseThose

pp 66 68 79ndash80 pp 120ndash121

19b Singular ldquotheyrdquo InclusiveBias-free language

Nil pp 120ndash121

20 References (APA Tips 20-31)(sample reference list)

pp 49ndash51 255ndash257 pp 59ndash60 66ndash67 401ndash405

20a Reference List (double space) pp 180ndash183 pp 39ndash40 303ndash30920b Reference (separate page) pp 49 180ndash183 pp 39ndash40 58 66 303ndash30920c References (label) in Bold pp 180ndash183 p 40 30320d References (complete) p 183 p 28320e Reference (Author line) pp 180ndash183 p 40 303 20f Reference (PPT SlidesLecture Notes Nil p 34720g Reference (You TubeTED Talk) Nil pp 66 342ndash34320h Reference PhD DissertationsMN Theses pp 207ndash208 pp 10 36 67 333ndash33420i Wikipedia entry Nil p 32920j Personal Communication (In text only) p 179 p 257 260 Section 8921 Authors21a Authors (Alpha orderAscending year) pp 182 p 30321b Authors (Same AuthorSame Year) pp 178 181ndash183 pp 304ndash30521c Authors (Initials first name only no credentials) p 176 pp 286ndash287 30321d Authors (Multiple) Include up to 20 p 286 305 309 31721e Authors (Multiple) up to 7 more than 8 pp 51 184 198ndash19921f Author Who is Author in Govrsquot report pp 282 329ndash33021g Author (ChaptersEditors of Textbooks) pp 202-205 pp 66 326ndash32822 Year and Date in Reference22a Year and Date p 206 pp 189ndash19123 Italic (What to Italic)23a Italic (journal title No) p 176 pp 170ndash17224 Abbreviations Acronyms in References24a Abbreviations Journal Titles pp 58ndash59 66ndash67 28324b Abbrev Editor(s) (Ed) edition (ed) p 184 p 66 321ndash325 24c Acronyms (in References) pp 106ndash111 p 32525 Ampersand lsquoamprsquo not lsquoandrsquo in References25 Ampersand lsquoamprsquo not ldquoandrdquo p 175 p 266 286 288

TIP TOPIC APA (2010) 6th ed page APA (2019) 7th ed page


5

26 Capitalization26a Capitalization (First word in the Title) p 101 pp 66ndash67 167ndash16826b Capitalization (First word after colon) p 101 p 16526c Capitalization (Editor not edition) p 184 pp 66ndash67 287 322ndash32326d Capitalization (Journal Title-main words) p 167 58ndash59 66ndash6727 Punctuation in References 27a Period (within and at end of reference) pp 49ndash51 180ndash183 p 28427b Comma (after each author not before Yr) pp 182ndash184 p 28427c Comma (after journal title after the No) p 186 p 28427d Comma (after abbrev for eg or ie ) p 180 p 28428 Spaces in References28a Spaces (1 space between q author initial) pp 49ndash51 p 28628b Spaces (1 space before amp after the year

after Journal Title after the number No) pp 49ndash51 pp 45 154 187ndash188

202 28628c Spaces (No space between Vol amp No

No Space within page range pp 49ndash51 59 87ndash88 p 284

28d Spaces (Fill line with words to end of line29 Page Range29a Page Range (Use lsquoen dashrsquo not lsquohyphenrsquo) pp 49ndash51 pp 58ndash59 326ndash32729b Page Range Text (different from Ref List) pp 202ndash203 p 27429c Page Range of Chapter in book (pp 6ndash9) pp 202ndash205 p 32629d Page Range in Journal References p 101 pp 66 317ndash31830 Publisher Location 30a Location of Publisher (no longer in 2019) pp 186ndash187 pp 322 324 330ndash331

334ndash335 375ndash375 29731 Retrieval Links31a lsquoRetrieved fromrsquo or lsquoAccessed fromrsquo No

longer include in APA (2019) No colon or comma after lsquoRetrieved fromrsquo Do not include the retrieval date

192 255ndash257 p 299 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352

31b DOI (Use hyperlink for doi) httpdoiorg10or httpsdoiorg10

APA 2014 p 299

31c URL and DOI (do not underline or bold)Make Links live if work to be published or read on line httpwww Do not put period at end of DOI or URL as it may interfere with the link functionality

pp 49ndash51 187ndash189 192 pp 58ndash59 66ndash67 284 298ndash300

31d URL (Full Reference not url only) pp 88 187ndash188 p 299 28431e Avoiding Predatory Journals amp Publishers Nil pp 374ndash376

15 Main Changes in APA (2019) 7th edition By Arlene Kent-Wilkinson RN PhD


6

1 Sample lsquoStudent Paperrsquo (APA 2019 pp 61-67) lsquoRunning headrsquo lsquoAbstractrsquo and lsquoAuthors Notersquo not required for student papers unless

the instructor or Institution requires (APA 2019 p 30 35 37 38 61) Sample lsquoProfessional paperrsquo (APA 2019 pp 50-60)

2 Running head No longer include label lsquoRunning headrsquo on Title Page (APA 2019 p 37) There can now be an extra line space after the heading (APA 2019 p 32 50 61)

3 Bold lsquoTitle of the Paperrsquo lsquoAbstractrsquo and lsquoReferencesrsquo (APA 2019 p 40 58 66) Paper title also appears at the top of the first page of text (APA 2019 p 32)

4 TypefaceFont A variety of font choices are permitted in 7th edition APA (2019 p 44) Check with your publisher instructor or institution for any requirements regarding font

(APA 2019 p 44) In APA (2010) 6th edition ldquothe preferred typeface for APA publications was Times New Roman with 12-point font sizerdquo (p 228)

5 APA Level of Headings New 3rd level heading in 7th ed (APA 2019 pp 48ndash49) Flush Left Bold Italic Title Case Heading 3rd level heading NB In all 5 level headings every word is now in Bold and in lsquoTitle Case Headingrsquo meaning

every letter in each word in each heading is now Capitalized (APA 2019 pp 47ndash49) See example of all 5 Level of Headings below

6 Three or More Authors in Text Write out only the first authorrsquos last name then ldquoet alrdquo Use ldquoet alrdquo for the first and every subsequent time cited (APA 2019 p 266)

7 Authors (Up to 20) in Reference Include up to 20 Authors (last name and initials For 2 to 20 use lsquoamprsquo ampersand before last author For 21 or more authors include the first 19 authorrsquos names insert an ellipsis (but no

ampersand) and then add the final authorrsquos name (APA 2019 p 286 317)8 Location of the Publisher No longer include in the Reference (APA 2019 p 322)9 lsquoRetrieved fromrsquo or lsquoAccessed fromrsquo Do not include before url (APA 2019 p 299ndash300)10 Hyperlink (DOI) Use doi hyperlink for direct link to the article (APA 2019 p 300) 11 Live URLDOI Links should be live if the work is to be published or read on line

In 7th ed (APA 2019) either underline or blue font in the Reference pages is acceptable or plain font and no underline is acceptable (p 299)

12 Inclusive and Bias-free Language Use Singular ldquotheyrdquo (APA 2019 pp 120-121)13 Anthropomorphism See additional example to clarify avoidance of (APA 2019 p 117)14 How to Reference Powerpoint Slides or Lecture Notes (APA 2019 p 347)

Social Media (tweets twitter facebook etc) APA 2019 p 348-350) Audio visual works (Film Video TED Talk Webinar YouTube (APA 2019 p 342ndash344)

Wikipedia entries (APA 2019 p 329) 15 Avoiding PredatoryDeceptive Journals

See common characteristics of predatorydeceptive journals (APA 2019 pp 374ndash376)

5 Level of Headings APA (2019 pp 47ndash48) 7th edition

(NB the change in 3rd level thus change to 4th and 5th levels in 7th ed APA 2019)


7

(NB that every word in heading is upper case or Title case headings) Level 1 Centered Bold Title Case Heading

Text begins as a new paragraphLevel 2 Flush Left Bold Title Case Heading

Text begins as a new paragraphLevel 3 Flush Left Bold Italic Title Case Heading (New in 7th ed APA 2019)

Text begins as a new paragraphLevel 4 Indented Bold Title Case Heading Ending With a Period Text begins on

the same line and continues as a regular paragraph Level 5 Indented Bold Italic Title Case Heading Ending With a Period Text begins

on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph (APA 2019 pp 47ndash48)

Five Levels of Headings in APA Journals APA (2010 pp 62-64) 6th edition

Level of Heading

Format for Five Levels of Headings in APA Journals

Level 1 Centered Boldface Upper Case and Lower Cased Heading (a)Level 2 Flush left Boldface Upper amp Lowercase HeadingLevel 3 Indented boldface lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period (b) Text

starts right after the period on the same lineLevel 4 Indented boldface italicized lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period Text

starts right after the period on the same lineLevel 5 Indented italicized lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period Text starts

right after the period on the same line (APA 2010 pp 62-64)

a This type of capitalization is also referred to as title case b In a lower case paragraph heading the first letter of the first word is uppercase and the remaining words are lowercase See example manuscript Figure 21 (APA 2010 pp 62-64)

APA TIPS 1-31 of Common Errors APA (2019) 7th ed amp APA (2010) 7th ed By Arlene Kent-Wilkinson RN PhD ltarlenekentusaskca


8

Circle APA Tips 1-31 numbers that apply to student paper amp mark Tip on paper then scansend both back to student

TIP

TOPIC

New APA (2019) 7th ed Changes are in Red type throughout

APA (2010)6th ed Page

APA (2019)7th edPage

10 Professional Paper (Sample) Professional Paper Example (APA 2019 pp 50ndash60)

pp 41ndash59

pp 50ndash60

10 Student Paper (Sample) Student Paper Example (APA 2019 pp 61ndash67)

Nil pp 61ndash67

1a Title or Cover Page The professional Title Page includes the following elements Title Author

name(s) Affiliation of each Author and Author Note(s) Running head and Page number (APA 2019 p 29)

Student papers do not normally include the Running head Author Note or Abstract unless the instructor or Institution requires (APA 2019 p 30 35 37 38 61)

Title of Paper Bold the Title only on cover page in 7th ed (APA 2019 p 50 61) Do not bold any words on the cover in 6th ed (APA 2010 p 41) Authorrsquos Note Provides additional information about authors study registration data

sharing disclaimers or statements regarding conflicts of interest funding or contact information (APA 2019 p 35)

p 41 229

pp 29ndash3135ndash38 ProfessrsquolPaperExamplep 50 Student Paper Examplep 61

1b Running head The running head is an abbreviated version of the paper title All letters

and words of the running head (title) should all be in CAPS with a maximum of 50 characters (APA 2019 p 37) (eg ABORIGINAL HEALTH)

In 7th ed (APA 2019) do not include the label ldquoRunning headrdquo on the Title or Cover page or any page (APA 2019 p 37)

Running heads are required only for manuscripts being submitted for publication (APA 2019 p 37)

Running heads are not required for student papers unless the instructor or the institution requests them thus the header for a student paper includes only the page number (APA 2019 p 37)

pp 23 41ndash59 229

pp 30ndash32 37 50ndash60

student paper examplepp 61ndash67

1c Page Numbers All papers should contain page numbers Flush page number on right top of all pages including the Title page

p 230 pp 31ndash32 44 50ndash67

TIP

TOPIC APA (2010)6th ed

APA (2019)7th ed


9

Page Page 2 Spacing2a Double Space

No more than one double space between each line of information centre the information in top half of the title page

Double space the covertitle page abstract reference pages block quotations (APA 2019 p 45)

p 229 p 45 61

2b Line Spacing Can include an extra line space between the Title on the Cover Page and

remaining information (APA 2019 p 45) Remove extra line spaces between paragraphs and between references Only one double space (one line space) is required between paragraphs

(APA 2019 p 45)

p 229 pp 45 61187ndash188

3 TypefaceFont 12 point Times New Roman was preferred for print works in 6th ed

(APA 2010 41-58 228) Historically sans serif fonts have been preferred for online works and serif fonts for print works Sans Serif font (for online works) 11-point Calibri 11-point Ariel or 10-

point Lucida Sans Unicode) Serif font (for print works) 12-point Times New Roman 1-point

Georgia or 10-point Computer Modern However modern screen resolutions can typically accommodate either type of font thus A variety of font choices are permitted in 7th edition APA (2019 44 50ndash

227 ) Style Check with your publisher instructor or institution for any

requirements regarding font (APA 2019 p 44)

pp 41ndash58 228

pp 44 50ndash67227

TIP

TOPIC APA (2010)6th ed Page



10

4 4a Abstract

A brief comprehensive summary of the contents of the paper On a separate page Centre the title of Abstract Do not bold the title Abstract in 6th ed (APA 2010 p 41) Bold the title Abstract in 7th ed (APA 2019 p 38 50) Do not indent the first word rather flush the first sentence to the left Usually do not include References in the Abstract the abstract should

be a summary of what your paper is about not referencing the work of others

pp 25ndash27 41 202 229

p 38 50

4b Keywords Words phrases or acronyms that describe the most important aspects

of your paper Write the label Keywords in italic one line below the abstract and

indent 05 in like starting a new paragraph

p 26 41 91

pp 38ndash39

5 Text Headings

5 Title of the Paper Bold and Centre the Title of the paper at the top of first page of text as

well as on the TitleCover page (APA 2019 p 32) Do not bold the Title in 6th ed

pp 23 41ndash42 101ndash102

pp 32ndash39 51 61

6a Introduction The heading of Introduction on the first page is understood therefore is

not needed (APA 2019 p 47) The introduction paragraph does not need a heading other than the

Title of the paper (APA 2019 p 47)

pp 27ndash28 42 63

p 47

6b Conclusion Conclusion is a level one heading in a student paper and a level two

heading in a professional paper when under the Discussion which is a level one heading in 7th edition (APA 2019 p 57 64)

pp 47ndash49 p 57 64

7 Paragraphs 7a Paragraphs (Indent)

Indent the first word of every paragraph 05 inches (APA 2019 p 45) p 229 p 39 45

617b Paragraphs (Justification)

Do not justify paragraphs to the right (APA 2019 p 45)p 229 p 45 61

7c Paragraphs (Single Sentence amp Length) Avoid one sentence paragraphs (should have at least two sentences) Avoid long paragraphs paragraphs that extend the entire page are too

long (APA 2019 p 115)

p 68 p 115

TIP




11

8 APA Level of Headings 5 levels 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th levels (Note the change in 3rd level thus change to 4th and 5th levels in 7th ed APA

2019)

pp 41ndash51 62ndash63

pp 47ndash48

8a Level1

Centered Bold Title Case Heading Text begins as a new paragraph

pp 62ndash63

p 48

8b Level2

Flush Left Bold Title Case Heading Text begins as a new paragraph

pp 62ndash63

p 48

8c Level3

Flush Left Bold Italic Title Case Heading Text begins as a new paragraph (New in 7th ed APA 2019 p 48)

pp 62ndash63

p 48 56ndash57

8d Level4

Indented Bold Title Case Heading Ending With a Period Text begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph

pp 62ndash63

p 48

8e Level5

Indented Bold Italic Title Case Heading Ending With a Period Text begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph

pp 62ndash63

p 48

9 Citing References in Text

9a Citations in TextReference List (Inclusion) Each reference cited in text must appear in the Reference List and each entry

in the Reference list must appear in the Text (APA 2019 p 257)

p 174 p 257

9b Citations -Match Citations in text must match the author spelling number of authors and

exact year in the Reference List (APA 2019 p 257)

p 174 p 257

9c Period Placement Insert period after the parenthesis at the end of the sentence not before

(APA 2019 p 254)

pp 174ndash179

p 254

9d Author (last name) in Citation Use only the last name of Author in the citation Do not include author(s) initials in the citation of the reference within the

text (APA 2019 p 287)

p 181 pp 51 56ndash57262 287

9e AuthorYear Placement Place the year immediately after the author do not put (year) at end of

sentence by itself Correct is Health Canada (2018) reported that In repeated narrative citations within the same paragraph the author can be

cited without the year (APA 2019 p 265) Year is always included in parenthesized citations (APA 2019 p 265)

p 181 pp 254ndash265

9f Spaces One space needed between author and year or p and number no space is

needed between parenthesis and Author (APA 2019 pp 58ndash59 66ndash67) Correct is (Smith 2018 p 6) Incorrect is ( Smith2018 p6)

pp 43 174ndash175


9g ldquoAndrdquo or ldquoamprdquo in Text [See APA Tip 25 for use in References]Use ldquoandrdquo outside the parenthesis Correct example Smith and Jones (2018) stated Correct example Smith Nelson and Jones (2018) stated

pp 41ndash59 172

p 266


12

Use ldquoamprdquo the ampersand inside the parenthesis Correct example (Smith amp Jones 2018) Correct example (Smith Nelson amp Jones 2018)

9h Brackets within Parenthesis Use brackets to avoid nested parenthesis (APA 2010 p 94) Correct example (Canadian Nurses Association [CNA] 2010)

p 94198

p 292nested missing

9i Citation- Personal Communication How to cite Cite information as (A Kent-Wilkinson personal communication September 18 2016) in the body of the text only not in the Reference list (APA 2019 p 260)

p 179 p 257 290

9j Citation -Secondary Source Only the secondary source appears in the Reference List Comma after the author and year of the primary source as cited in In text citation (Rabbitt 1982 as cited in Lyon et al 2014) Use sparingly (APA 2019 p 258)

p 178 p 258

9k Citation URL Do not cite the URL in content of paperppt presentations Cite (Author year) Only include url in the Reference pages with a full

citation

p 88missingneeded

p 282 347missingneeded

TIP TOPIC APA (2010)6th ed page

APA (2019)7th edpage

10 Two or Multiple Authors 10a One or Two Authors in Text

Cite the one or two authors every time the reference occurs in text p 42 175

p 266


13

In referencing two authors use ldquoamprdquo ampersand not ldquoandrdquo within the parenthesis and do not put a comma after the first author (APA 2019 p 266)

Correct in text is (Smith amp Jones 2019) or Smith and Jones (2019) Incorrect in text is (Smith amp Jones 2019) or Smith and Jones (2019)

10b Three or More Authors in Text (APA 2019 p 266) 7th edition In APA (2019) 7th edition for three or more authors write out only the

first author then ldquoet alrdquo (p 266) the first and every subsequent time cited

See Spooren et al 2013 example in sample paper (p 51) and in Reference list showing 3 authors (p 59)

Correct in parenthesis (Spooren et al 2013) Or Correct in narrative Spooren et al (2013) state Incorrect in parenthesis (Spooren et al 2013) Or Incorrect in narrative Spooren et al (2019) stateNB there is no comma after the period or before the year Three or More Authors in Text (APA 2010 pp 14 42 175 177) 6thed In 6th ed (APA 2010) Write out all names of authors from three up to

five the first time cited use ldquoet alrdquo on subsequent citations Correct in parenthesis (Smith Jones Nelson Bell amp White 2019)Or Correct in narrative Smith Jones Nelson Bell and White (2019)

state Incorrect in parenthesis (Smith et al 2019) Or Incorrect in narrative Smith et al (2019) stateSix or More Authors in Text (APA 2010 pp 184 198ndash199) 6thed In 6th ed (APA 2010) for six and more authors use the first author and ldquoet alrdquo for the first and subsequent times cited Correct in parenthesis (Jones et al 2018) Or Correct in narrative Jones et al (2018) NB there is no comma after the period or before the year

pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266

10c Multiple Authors within a Parenthesis When citing multiple authors within a parenthesis list by alpha order

of first author not the earliest year (APA 2019 p 263) Correct (Bell 2016 Carr et al 2008 Statistics Canada 2017 2019)


p 263



11 Abbreviations Acronyms11a Abbreviations (eg and ie)

eg for example ie that is pp 180 p 176


14

For each ie or eg always follow by a comma (APA 2019 p 176)11b AcronymsAbbreviations

Write out in full the first time cited with the acronym in parenthesis following if plan to cite again in text (APA 2019 pp 172ndash 173) The World Health Organization (WHO) Subsequent citingscitations can be abbreviated (WHO)

pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173

11c Acronyms (Beginning of a sentence) Do not start a sentence with an acronym (ie TB) Write the term out

in full even if abbreviated form was cited before in text or reword the sentence so that the acronym is not the first word (APA 2019 174)

Incorrect TB is an infectious disease with symptoms ofhellip Correct Tuberculosis is an infectious disease with symptoms ofhellip

Correct The infectious disease of TB has symptoms ofhellip

pp 106ndash111

p 174

11d AcronymsAbbreviations (periodspunctuation) Do not use periods with capital letter abbreviations and acronyms Objects or organizations (eg APA WHO)

State or province abbreviations (eg SK BC ON or NY PA CA)

pp 88 pp 172ndash173



12 Capitalization12a Capitalization (proper namesroles diseases)

Only capitalize proper names (eg Canada US) Roles or name titles do not require capitalization however their

pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15

abbreviations would (eg registered nurse (RN) physician (MD) nursing social workerhellip) (APA 2019 p 165)

Names of diseasesdisorders do not require capitalization (eg anxiety bi-polar diabetes schizophreniahellip) however their abbreviations would eg fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) tuberculosis (TB) (APA 2019 p 166)

Do not capitalize ldquoTheories concepts hypothesis principles models and statistical proceduresrdquo (APA 2019 p 166) However capitalize personal names that appear with the names of diseases disorders therapies treatments theories concepts hypothesis principles models and statistical procedures For example Jordanrsquos principle Alzheimerrsquos disease Downrsquos syndrome Freudian theory Maslowrsquos hierarchy of needs (APA 2019 p 166)

p 166

12b Capitalization (Nations languages) Always capitalize Aboriginal or First Nations in body of paper Example non-Aboriginal Indigenous Canadian American Indian

Example English French Creehellip (APA 2019 p 142)

p 75 p 142

13 Diagrams Avoid including conceptual models diagrams graphs charts created

and published by someone else (another author) in body of your paper or in appendices without their permission (APA 2019 p 253)

pp 231ndash232

p 253



14 Numbers14a Numbers (figures or words)

Use words to express numbers below 10 use figures for numbers of pp 63 111ndash114

pp 178ndash181


16

10 and above (APA 2019 pp 178)14b BulletedNumbered Lists in Text

If a bulleted lists are a complete sentence start with a capital letter and end with a period It phrases or sentence fragments start with small case and either no punctuation or a comma

Avoid having too many using bullets or numbers write out sentences in text using full sentences (APA 2019 pp 190ndash192)

p 64 pp 190ndash192

14c Numbers (at beginning of sentence) Do not start a sentence with a number of 10 and over (figure) Write

out number in words or re-organize or re-word the sentence (APA 2019 p 179)

pp 111ndash114

p 179

15 Quotations 15a Quotations (Direct Quotes)

Use quotation marks for direct quotes and always cite the page number or para number when citing the reference in text

Example ldquoAs of the 2016 census Indigenous peoples in Canada totaled 49 of the national populationrdquo (Statistics Canada 2017)

Use the paragraph symbol para if available or abbreviation para if pages are not numbered (APA 2019 p 273)

pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274

15b Quotations (Long Quotes) When quoting more than 40 words block the quotation and indent

the entire block but do not use quotation marks (APA 2019 p 242)




16 Avoid the following writing errors (16-19)16a Anthropomorphism (avoidance of)

Do not attribute human characteristics to animals or inanimate sources Correct Pairs of rats (cage mates) were allowed to forage together Incorrect Rat couples (cage mates) were allowed to forage together

p 69 p 117


17

Rationale ldquoRat couplesrdquo implies a misleading parallel between human romantic couples and pairs of rats (APA 2010 p 69 APA 2019 p 117)

Correct The theory addresses indicates or presentshellip Incorrect The theory concludeshellip Rationale A theory might address indicate or present but it is the

researchers not the theory itself who conclude (APA 2019 p 117) 16b JargonWordiness (avoid)

Avoid specialized terminology that is unfamiliar to those outside a specific group (ie jargon) (APA 2019 pp 116ndash117)

Avoid wordiness and redundancy (APA 2019 p 114) Example ldquoOn the one handrdquo ldquoOn the other handrdquo Example ldquoThat being saidrdquo use instead ldquoWhilerdquo ldquoHoweverrdquo

p 68 pp 114 116ndash117

17 Active and Passive Voice 17a Active and Passive Voice

Voice describes relationship between a verb and the subject and object associated with it In active voice the subject of the sentence is presented first followed by the verb and then the object of the verb (eg ldquostudents completed surveysrdquo) (APA 2019 p 118)

In passive voice the object of the verb is presented first followed by the verb and then the subject last (eg ldquosurveys were completed by studentsrdquo) (APA 2019 p 118)

Choose voice carefully Both active and passive are permitted in APA (APA 2019 p 118)

p 77 p 6173ndash74 118

17b First PersonActive Voice The APA manual 7th edition states that you should write your paper in an

active voice and use the first person if you are discussing your research Thus you should say ldquoWith this investigation Iwe concluded thathelliprdquo You should also use words like ldquosuggestsrdquo or ldquoindicatesrdquo and be concise when writing your work



18 Prepositions18a Prepositions (Avoid ending sentences with propositions)

Example Which department is he in Correction He is in which department

ldquoGet it WriterdquoRef



18

Ex Harm reduction means meeting the person where they are at Correction Harm reduction means meeting the person where they are See ldquoGet it Writerdquo in References below

below Below

19 Pronouns19a Pronouns (Avoid using ldquoItrdquo to start a sentence)

Instead state clearly what lsquoitrsquo is Example It describes Correct The author describes in the paper why thehellip Avoid using the following pronouns by themselves Incorrect ItThisThatTheseThose (APA 2019 pp 120ndash121) Correct or better is This strategy This Suicide Prevention Strategy

)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121

19b Singular ldquotheyrdquo (APA 2019 pp 120-121) Inclusive and Bias-free Language Use ldquotheyrdquo as a generic third person singular pronoun to refer to a person

whose gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context (APA 2019 pp 120ndash121)

Correct Example ldquoEach person turned in their questionnairerdquo

Nil pp120ndash121



20 APA Tips 20-31 References (sample reference list) pp 49ndash51 255ndash257

pp 59ndash6066ndash67401ndash405

20a Reference List (Double Space) (APA 2019 pp 39 303) Double space the entire Reference List both within and between the

entries (APA 2019 p 303)

pp 180ndash183

pp 39ndash40303ndash309

20b Reference (separate page) page formatting p 49 pp 39ndash40


19

Start the reference list on a new page after the text and before any tables figures or appendices (APA 2019 p 40 58 66 303)

pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309

20c References (label) in Bold Label the reference list ldquoReferencesrdquo in bold centered capitalized

(APA p 40) The headings of Abstract Paper Title and References should be

centered and bold in 7th ed (APA 2019 p 30 35 37 38 61)

pp 180ndash183

p 40 303

20d References (complete) All references cited must be complete with Journal title vol no

etc and doi link amp number if article and ldquoLocation Publisherrdquo if a book (APA 2010) and ldquoPublisherrdquo only (APA 2019)

p 183 p 283

20e Reference (Author line) Flush to the left and all other subsequent lines are a hanging

indent 5 inches (APA 2019 p 40 303)

pp 180ndash183

p 40 303

20f Reference - Powerpoint Slides or Lecture NotesCanan E amp Vasilev J (2019 May 22) [Lecture notes on resource allocation] Department of Management Control and Information Systems University of Chile httpsuchilefauacademiaeduElseZCanan Housand B (2016) Game on Integrating games and simulations in the classroom [Powerpoint slides] Slide Share httpslidesharenetbrianhousandgame-on-iagc-2016 Kent-Wilkinson A (2020) [Lecture notes on opioid overdose crisis] NURS 307 Integrating mental health and addictions into nursing College of Nursing University of Saskatchewan httpwwwbblearnusaskca

nil p 347

20g Reference (You TubeTED Talk)Freebird Meditations (2012 June 17) Progress muscle relaxation guided meditations [Video] YouTube TED (2012 March 16) Brene Brown listening to shame [Video]

YouTube https wwwyoutubecomwatchv=psN1DoRYYVO

Nil p 66 pp342ndash343

20h Reference Doctoral DissertationsMasterrsquos Theses Author A A (2003) Title of doctoral dissertation or masterrsquos thesis (Doctoral dissertation or masterrsquos thesis) Name of database (Accession or Order No) Reference Unpublished Doctoral DissertationsMasterrsquos ThesesAuthor A A (1978) Title of doctoral dissertation or masterrsquos thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or masterrsquos thesis) Name of Institution Location (APA 2010 p 207ndash208)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Reference Doctoral Dissertation (APA 2019 p 67)Yu S F (2004) Effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on psychological and health related quality of life outcomes in elderly

pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20

patients with heart failure (Publication no 3182156) [Doctoral dissertation The Chinese University of Hong Kong] Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global Reference Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation (APA 2019 p 334)Harris L (2014) Instructional leadership perceptions of elementary school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation] University of Virginia

20i Wikipedia entry (APA 2019 p 329) List of oldest companies (2019 January 13) In Wikipedia

httpsenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=list_of_oldest_companiesampoldid=878158136

Nil p 329

20j References (Personal Communication) Personal communications which are unrecoverable sources are cited

in the text only (APA 2019 p 257 260)Citing Personal Communications in Text (Section 89) Narrative citation

E-M Paradis (personal communication August 8 2019) Parenthetical citation

(T Nguyen personal communication February 24 2020)

p 179 p 257p 260



21 Authors21a Authors (Alpha orderAscending year)

List the References in alpha order of the first authors last name in ascending year (APA 2019 p 303)

Statistics Canada (2010) Statistics Canada (2014)

pp 182 p 303

21b Authors (Same AuthorSame Year) Order by 2017a 2017b of First word in title

pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21

Statistics Canada (2017a) Aboriginal populations in CanadaStatistics Canada (2017b) Immigrant populations in Canada

21c Author (First nameInitials) Initial of authors only for the first and middle names do not

include academic achievements (APA 2019 p 286ndash287 303)

p 176 pp 286ndash287 303

21d Authors (Multiple) 6th ed (APA 2010) up to 7 Up to seven authors write out all authors in the reference page

(but not in text) Smith F S Jones B D Nelson D C Kent A E Green B J Long S F (2017) Title of paper Journal Title 17(4) 25ndash29 Authors (Multiple) 6th ed (APA 2010) more than 8

More than eight authors list the first six then three ellipses then the last author (APA 2010) Example

Smith F S Jones B D Nelson D C Kent A E Green B J Long S F Woods S (2017) Title of paper Journal Title 17(4) 25ndash29 Authors (Multiple) Include up to 20 Authors (APA 2019 p 286) 7th ed

Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20 authors When there are 2 to 20 authors use an ampersand before the final authorrsquos name

When there are 21 or more authors include the first 19 authorrsquos names insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand) and then add the final authorrsquos names (See Chapter 10 Example 4)

Smith B Jones G White J Nelson T Kent D Bell C Wilson S Snow F Martin G Carter D Evans A Green R Wallace A Collins I Barton M Boyle E Harris R Barber D Elliot D hellip Hall D (2020)

pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317



21e Author Who is the Author position in a government report For government reports the author is usually visible in the url (APA

2019 p 330Examples are Government of Canada (2018)Title httpwww gcca engacts Office of the Correctional Investigator (2018) Annual report of the Office of the Correctional Investigator 2017-2018 (by Ivan Zinger Correctional Investigator) httpswww oci- becgccacntrptannrptannrpt20172018-engaspx

pp 282 329ndash330


22

21f Author (Chapters and Editors of Textbooks) If you are referencing from a chapter in an edited textbook be

careful to cite the Author of the Chapter not the Textbook Editors in the Author position (APA 2019 p 66 326ndash328)

Correct Park T (2019) Schizophrenia In W Austin D Kunyk C A Peternelj- Taylor amp M A Boyd (Eds) Psychiatric amp mental health nursing for Canadian practice (4th ed Chapter 20 pp 402ndash451) Wolters KluwerIncorrect Austin W D Kunyk D Peternelj-Taylor C A amp Boyd M A (Eds) (2019) Schizophrenia Psychiatric amp mental health nursing for Canadian practice (4th ed pp 402ndash451) Wolters Kluwer

pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328

22 Year and Date in Reference22a Year and Date

In order of year month day (2017 September 18) Write the month out in full- do not abbreviate

(APA 2019 pp 189ndash191)


23 Italic 23a Italic (What to Italic)

Italic the journal title or book title if no journal or book italic the title when referencing a website (APA 2019 pp 170-172)

Italic both the journal title and volume not the number Correct Journal of Clinical Nursing 22(5) 44ndash49




24 Abbreviations Acronyms in References24a Abbreviations Journal Titles

Write journal title out in full do not abbreviate (APA 2019 p 58ndash59 66ndash67 283)

Correct Journal of Clinical Nursing 22(5) 44ndash49 Incorrect JCN 22(5) 44ndash49

pp 58ndash5966ndash67 283

24b Abbreviations Editor(s) (Ed) edition (ed) Editor (Ed) E is capitalized edition (ed) is not capitalized (2nd ed) (APA 2019 66 321ndash325)

p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23

Note where the period and commas goQualitative research (2nd ed pp 13ndash19)

24c Acronyms (in References) Do not use acronyms in the Reference List (APA 2019 p 325) Incorrect WHO (2019) Correct World Health Organization (2019) Incorrect CBC (2019) Correct Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (2019)

pp 106ndash111

p 325

25 Ampersand lsquoamprsquo not lsquoandrsquo in References25 Ampersand lsquoamprsquo not ldquoandrdquo

Use ampersand ldquoamprdquo in reference before the last author (APA 2019 p 266 286 288) See 9g above for in text

Example Smith A E amp Jones B A (2018) Health care in diverse

p 175 p 266 286 288

26 Capitalization26a Capitalization (First word in the Title)

Only capitalize first word in the Title not all words unless proper name(s) Capitalize each word in the title of the journal only capitalize the first

word in the title of a book (APA 2019 pp 66ndash67 167ndash168)

p 101 pp 66ndash67 167ndash168

26b Capitalization (First word after colon) Always capitalize the first word after a colon in a title (APA 2019 p 165) Correct Bell A (2019) Forensic nursing Nursing roles and history Incorrect Bell A (2019) Forensic nursing nursing roles and history

p 101 p 165

26c Capitalization (Editor not edition) Editor(s) are capitalized (Ed) or (Eds) edition is not capitalized (2nd ed)

(APA 2019 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323

p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323

26d Capitalization (Journal Title-main words) Correct Journal of Forensic Nursing

p 167 58ndash59 66ndash67



27 Punctuations (Periods and Commas) in References27a Punctuation Period in the reference)

Period goes after the author and before the year after first initial of author after the year and at end of the reference or sentence (APA 2019 p 284)


p 284

27b Punctuation Comma Insert comma after each author and before the ampersand ldquoamprdquo but not

before the Year (APA 2019 p 284) Example Long A E amp Ball B A (2018)

pp 182ndash184

p 284

27c Punctuation Comma (End of reference) Insert comma after the journal title and after the number (No) not a colon

p 186 p 284


24

(APA 2019 p 284) Correct Ethnicity amp Health 9(2) 189ndash212 Incorrect Ethnicity amp Health 9(2) 189ndash212

27d Punctuation Comma Correct APA is to always include a comma after the abbreviations for eg or

ie (eg for example) or (ie that is) (APA 2019 p 284)

p 180 p 284

28 Spaces in References28a Spaces (APA 2019 p 286)

One space Need one space between every author initial Correct is Smith F S Jones B D Nelson D amp Kent A E (2017) Incorrect is Smith FS Jones BD Nelson D amp Kent AE (2017)

pp 49ndash51

p 286

28b Spaces (APA 2019 pp 45 154 187ndash188 286)One space is needed before and after the year Correct Smith A E (2017) Forensic nursing Incorrect Smith A E(2017)Forensic nursing One space is needed in text after the p and before the pagepage range Correct is (p 14) or (pp 16ndash22) Incorrect is (p14) or (pp16-22) One space is needed in Reference page after the Journal title and after the number and before the page or page range Correct is Journal of Forensic Nursing 8(2) 16ndash22 Incorrect is Journal of Forensic Nursing8(2)16-22

pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286

28c Spaces (APA 2019 p 284) No space between the volume and number and within page range Correct is Journal of Clinical Nursing 22(5) 44ndash49 Incorrect is Journal of Clinical Nursing 22 (5) 44 ndash 49


p 284

28d Spaces (page format) Fill each line with words to the end of the line Move content up from line below if it fits



29 Page Range29a Page Range (APA 2019 pp 58ndash59 326ndash327)

Use lsquoen dashrsquo not a lsquohyphenrsquo or not an em dash for pages range Example 58ndash59Get it Write (2002 September 15) Dashes En dashes and em dashes Distinguishing among the three Retrieved from httpwwwgetitwriteonlinecomarchive091502enemhtm

pp 49ndash51See ldquoGet it Writerdquo in Refrsquos below


29b Page Range in Text (APA 2019 p 274) Correct (Smith amp Jones 2017 pp 14ndash19) Incorrect (Smith amp Jones 2017 pp 14-19)

pp 202ndash203

p 274


25

29c Page Range of Chapter in References Pages (APA 2019 p 326) Correct Chapter in Book (pp 202ndash205) Incorrect Chapter in Book (pp 202-205)

pp 202ndash205

p 326

29d Page Range in Journal References in Reference Pages (APA 2019 66 pp 317ndash318) Do not include pp in Reference Pages Correct Nursing Journal 7(9) 14ndash19 Incorrect Nursing Journal 7(9) pp 14-19

p 101 pp 66317ndash318

30 Publisher Location 30a Location of the Publisher

The Publisher location is no longer included in the reference (APA 2019 p 322)

Correct (APA 2019 p 322) 7th editionCanadian Nurses Association (2017 March) Code of ethics for registered nurses httpscna-aiiccahtmlenCode-of-Ethics-2017- EditionindexhtmlNo Longer Correct (APA 2010 p 186-187) 6th edition Location PublisherCanadian Nurses Association (2017 March) Code of ethics for registered nurses Ottawa ON Author Retrieved from httpscna-aiiccahtmlenCode-of-Ethics-2017- EditionindexhtmlWorks with a Specific Location (APA 2019 p 297) 7th edition For works with a specific location such as a conference presentation

include the location in the reference to help with retrieval Provide the city province state or territory and country (APA

2019 p 297) Example Saskatoon SK Canada

pp 186ndash187

pp 322 324 330ndash331 334ndash335 375ndash375

p 297



31 Retrieval Links31a lsquoRetrieved fromrsquo or lsquoAccessed fromrsquo

No longer necessary to include the words ldquoRetrieved fromrdquo or ldquoAccessed fromrdquo in front of the url or doi (APA 2019 p 299)

Correct (APA 2019 p 299) 7th editionCanadian Nurses Association (2018 March) Position statement Promoting cultural competence in nursing httpswwwcna-aiicca No Longer Correct (APA 2010 p 192 199-200)Canadian Nurses Association (2018 March) Position statement

pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26

Promoting cultural competence in nursing Ottawa ON Author Retrieved from httpswwwcna-aiicca No colon or comma after lsquoRetrieved fromrsquo httpwww Correct Retrieved from Incorrect Retrieved from httpwww or Retrieved from Do not use the retrieval date for majority of references (unless specific date needed for works that may change over time eg

Wikipedia articles (APA 2019 p 290) Correct APA (2019) httpwww Correct APA (2010) Retrieved from httpwww Incorrect Retrieved March 27 2018 from httpwww

pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352

31b DOI Use hyperlink for doi as it provides a direct link to the article (APA

2019 p 299) httpdoiorg10 or httpsdoiorg10 Smith F S Jones B D amp Nelson D C (2017) Title of paper Journal Title 17(4) 25ndash29 httpsdoiorg10987654321

APA 2014

p 299

31c URL and DOI In 7th ed (APA 2019) either underline or blue font in the Reference

pages is acceptable or plain font and no underline is acceptable Links should be live if the work is to be published or read on line (p 299)

Correct httpwww also Correct httpwww If an online work has both a doi and a url include just the doi (APA

2019 p 299) In 6th ed (APA 2010) do not underline or bold the URL or DOI in the

Reference pages Correct httpwww Incorrect httpwww Do not place a period at the end of the DOI or URL as it may interfere

with the link functionality (APA 2019 p 284)


pp 58ndash59 66ndash67298ndash300

31d URL (Full Reference) Do not cite the URL only in References without the full APA citation

reference author year title etc (APA 2010 p 88) Correct is to cite the full citation of Author (year) Title Location Publisher httpwww Author (year) Title Journal No(Vol) page range httpdoiorg10 Incorrect is httpwww without a title or any other information

p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284

31e Avoiding Predatory or Deceptive Journals amp Publishers (APA 2019 pp 374ndash376) Publishers of predatory or deceptive journals aggressively solicit

manuscripts to be published and charge to do so without providing services to justify those fees Open access journals that charge fees for publication are not inherently predatory but predatory journals commonly use this model

Predatory or deceptive journals often have the following

Nil pp 374ndash376


27

characteristics Informal solicitation hidden publisher or website lack of rigorous evaluation lack of transparency poor reputation nonstandard transmission processes lack of indexing in databases


References

American Psychological Association (2010) Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (6th ed) Washington DC Author

American Psychiatric Association (2014) How to use the new doi format in APA style (by Jeff

Hume-Pratuch) APA style blog

httpblogapastyleorgapastyledigital-object-identifier-doi

American Psychiatric Association (2017) DOI Display guidelines update (March 2017) (By

Timothy McAdoo) APA style blog


28



Psychological Association (7th ed)

Get it Write (2019 June 26) Hyphens en dashes and em dashes When to use them and how to type

them (by Nancy Tuten) httpsgetitwriteonlinecomarticlesen-dashes-em-dashes

Grammarly Blog (2019) Ending sentences with a prepositions Itrsquos ok and itrsquos not

httpswwwgrammarlycomblogyouve-been-lied-to-heres-why-you-absolutely-can-

end-a-sentence-with-a-preposition

Scribbr (2019 November 14) APA Manual 7th edition The most notable changes (by Raimo

Streefkerk) httpswwwscribbrcomapa-styleapa-seventh-edition-changes


2


APA (2010) 6th ed Page APA (2019) 7th ed Page


3



p 266 p 51 59





4







Nil pp 120ndash121






5








192 255ndash257 p 299 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352


APA 2014 p 299






6




















7








Level of Heading









8


TIP

TOPIC





pp 41ndash59

pp 50ndash60


Nil pp 61ndash67






p 41 229







pp 23 41ndash59 229





TIP


APA (2019)7th ed


9

Page Spacing2a Double Space



p 229 p 45 61



(APA 2019 p 45)

p 229 pp 45 61187ndash188







pp 41ndash58 228

pp 44 50ndash67227

TIP




10

4 4a Abstract



pp 25ndash27 41 202 229

p 38 50




p 26 41 91

pp 38ndash39

5 Text Headings




pp 32ndash39 51 61




pp 27ndash28 42 63

p 47









long (APA 2019 p 115)

p 68 p 115

TIP




11


2019)


pp 47ndash48

8a Level1


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8b Level2


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8c Level3


pp 62ndash63

p 48 56ndash57

8d Level4


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8e Level5


pp 62ndash63

p 48




p 174 p 257



p 174 p 257


(APA 2019 p 254)

pp 174ndash179

p 254


text (APA 2019 p 287)

p 181 pp 51 56ndash57262 287







pp 43 174ndash175



pp 41ndash59 172

p 266


12



p 94198

p 292nested missing


p 179 p 257 290


p 178 p 258


citation

p 88missingneeded






p 266


13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












3



p 266 p 51 59





4







Nil pp 120ndash121






5








192 255ndash257 p 299 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352


APA 2014 p 299






6




















7








Level of Heading









8


TIP

TOPIC





pp 41ndash59

pp 50ndash60


Nil pp 61ndash67






p 41 229







pp 23 41ndash59 229





TIP


APA (2019)7th ed


9




p 229 p 45 61



(APA 2019 p 45)

p 229 pp 45 61187ndash188







pp 41ndash58 228

pp 44 50ndash67227

TIP




10

4 4a Abstract



pp 25ndash27 41 202 229

p 38 50




p 26 41 91

pp 38ndash39

5 Text Headings




pp 32ndash39 51 61




pp 27ndash28 42 63

p 47









long (APA 2019 p 115)

p 68 p 115

TIP




11


2019)


pp 47ndash48

8a Level1


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8b Level2


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8c Level3


pp 62ndash63

p 48 56ndash57

8d Level4


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8e Level5


pp 62ndash63

p 48




p 174 p 257



p 174 p 257


(APA 2019 p 254)

pp 174ndash179

p 254


text (APA 2019 p 287)

p 181 pp 51 56ndash57262 287







pp 43 174ndash175



pp 41ndash59 172

p 266


12



p 94198

p 292nested missing


p 179 p 257 290


p 178 p 258


citation

p 88missingneeded






p 266


13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












4







Nil pp 120ndash121






5








192 255ndash257 p 299 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352


APA 2014 p 299






6




















7








Level of Heading









8


TIP

TOPIC





pp 41ndash59

pp 50ndash60


Nil pp 61ndash67






p 41 229







pp 23 41ndash59 229





TIP


APA (2019)7th ed


9




p 229 p 45 61



(APA 2019 p 45)

p 229 pp 45 61187ndash188







pp 41ndash58 228

pp 44 50ndash67227

TIP




10

4 4a Abstract



pp 25ndash27 41 202 229

p 38 50




p 26 41 91

pp 38ndash39

5 Text Headings




pp 32ndash39 51 61




pp 27ndash28 42 63

p 47









long (APA 2019 p 115)

p 68 p 115

TIP




11


2019)


pp 47ndash48

8a Level1


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8b Level2


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8c Level3


pp 62ndash63

p 48 56ndash57

8d Level4


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8e Level5


pp 62ndash63

p 48




p 174 p 257



p 174 p 257


(APA 2019 p 254)

pp 174ndash179

p 254


text (APA 2019 p 287)

p 181 pp 51 56ndash57262 287







pp 43 174ndash175



pp 41ndash59 172

p 266


12



p 94198

p 292nested missing


p 179 p 257 290


p 178 p 258


citation

p 88missingneeded






p 266


13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












5








192 255ndash257 p 299 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352


APA 2014 p 299






6




















7








Level of Heading









8


TIP

TOPIC





pp 41ndash59

pp 50ndash60


Nil pp 61ndash67






p 41 229







pp 23 41ndash59 229





TIP


APA (2019)7th ed


9




p 229 p 45 61



(APA 2019 p 45)

p 229 pp 45 61187ndash188







pp 41ndash58 228

pp 44 50ndash67227

TIP




10

4 4a Abstract



pp 25ndash27 41 202 229

p 38 50




p 26 41 91

pp 38ndash39

5 Text Headings




pp 32ndash39 51 61




pp 27ndash28 42 63

p 47









long (APA 2019 p 115)

p 68 p 115

TIP




11


2019)


pp 47ndash48

8a Level1


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8b Level2


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8c Level3


pp 62ndash63

p 48 56ndash57

8d Level4


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8e Level5


pp 62ndash63

p 48




p 174 p 257



p 174 p 257


(APA 2019 p 254)

pp 174ndash179

p 254


text (APA 2019 p 287)

p 181 pp 51 56ndash57262 287







pp 43 174ndash175



pp 41ndash59 172

p 266


12



p 94198

p 292nested missing


p 179 p 257 290


p 178 p 258


citation

p 88missingneeded






p 266


13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












6




















7








Level of Heading









8


TIP

TOPIC





pp 41ndash59

pp 50ndash60


Nil pp 61ndash67






p 41 229







pp 23 41ndash59 229





TIP


APA (2019)7th ed


9




p 229 p 45 61



(APA 2019 p 45)

p 229 pp 45 61187ndash188







pp 41ndash58 228

pp 44 50ndash67227

TIP




10

4 4a Abstract



pp 25ndash27 41 202 229

p 38 50




p 26 41 91

pp 38ndash39

5 Text Headings




pp 32ndash39 51 61




pp 27ndash28 42 63

p 47









long (APA 2019 p 115)

p 68 p 115

TIP




11


2019)


pp 47ndash48

8a Level1


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8b Level2


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8c Level3


pp 62ndash63

p 48 56ndash57

8d Level4


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8e Level5


pp 62ndash63

p 48




p 174 p 257



p 174 p 257


(APA 2019 p 254)

pp 174ndash179

p 254


text (APA 2019 p 287)

p 181 pp 51 56ndash57262 287







pp 43 174ndash175



pp 41ndash59 172

p 266


12



p 94198

p 292nested missing


p 179 p 257 290


p 178 p 258


citation

p 88missingneeded






p 266


13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












7








Level of Heading









8


TIP

TOPIC





pp 41ndash59

pp 50ndash60


Nil pp 61ndash67






p 41 229







pp 23 41ndash59 229





TIP


APA (2019)7th ed


9




p 229 p 45 61



(APA 2019 p 45)

p 229 pp 45 61187ndash188







pp 41ndash58 228

pp 44 50ndash67227

TIP




10

4 4a Abstract



pp 25ndash27 41 202 229

p 38 50




p 26 41 91

pp 38ndash39

5 Text Headings




pp 32ndash39 51 61




pp 27ndash28 42 63

p 47









long (APA 2019 p 115)

p 68 p 115

TIP




11


2019)


pp 47ndash48

8a Level1


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8b Level2


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8c Level3


pp 62ndash63

p 48 56ndash57

8d Level4


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8e Level5


pp 62ndash63

p 48




p 174 p 257



p 174 p 257


(APA 2019 p 254)

pp 174ndash179

p 254


text (APA 2019 p 287)

p 181 pp 51 56ndash57262 287







pp 43 174ndash175



pp 41ndash59 172

p 266


12



p 94198

p 292nested missing


p 179 p 257 290


p 178 p 258


citation

p 88missingneeded






p 266


13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












8


TIP

TOPIC





pp 41ndash59

pp 50ndash60


Nil pp 61ndash67






p 41 229







pp 23 41ndash59 229





TIP


APA (2019)7th ed


9




p 229 p 45 61



(APA 2019 p 45)

p 229 pp 45 61187ndash188







pp 41ndash58 228

pp 44 50ndash67227

TIP




10

4 4a Abstract



pp 25ndash27 41 202 229

p 38 50




p 26 41 91

pp 38ndash39

5 Text Headings




pp 32ndash39 51 61




pp 27ndash28 42 63

p 47









long (APA 2019 p 115)

p 68 p 115

TIP




11


2019)


pp 47ndash48

8a Level1


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8b Level2


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8c Level3


pp 62ndash63

p 48 56ndash57

8d Level4


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8e Level5


pp 62ndash63

p 48




p 174 p 257



p 174 p 257


(APA 2019 p 254)

pp 174ndash179

p 254


text (APA 2019 p 287)

p 181 pp 51 56ndash57262 287







pp 43 174ndash175



pp 41ndash59 172

p 266


12



p 94198

p 292nested missing


p 179 p 257 290


p 178 p 258


citation

p 88missingneeded






p 266


13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












9




p 229 p 45 61



(APA 2019 p 45)

p 229 pp 45 61187ndash188







pp 41ndash58 228

pp 44 50ndash67227

TIP




10

4 4a Abstract



pp 25ndash27 41 202 229

p 38 50




p 26 41 91

pp 38ndash39

5 Text Headings




pp 32ndash39 51 61




pp 27ndash28 42 63

p 47









long (APA 2019 p 115)

p 68 p 115

TIP




11


2019)


pp 47ndash48

8a Level1


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8b Level2


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8c Level3


pp 62ndash63

p 48 56ndash57

8d Level4


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8e Level5


pp 62ndash63

p 48




p 174 p 257



p 174 p 257


(APA 2019 p 254)

pp 174ndash179

p 254


text (APA 2019 p 287)

p 181 pp 51 56ndash57262 287







pp 43 174ndash175



pp 41ndash59 172

p 266


12



p 94198

p 292nested missing


p 179 p 257 290


p 178 p 258


citation

p 88missingneeded






p 266


13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












10

4 4a Abstract



pp 25ndash27 41 202 229

p 38 50




p 26 41 91

pp 38ndash39

5 Text Headings




pp 32ndash39 51 61




pp 27ndash28 42 63

p 47









long (APA 2019 p 115)

p 68 p 115

TIP




11


2019)


pp 47ndash48

8a Level1


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8b Level2


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8c Level3


pp 62ndash63

p 48 56ndash57

8d Level4


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8e Level5


pp 62ndash63

p 48




p 174 p 257



p 174 p 257


(APA 2019 p 254)

pp 174ndash179

p 254


text (APA 2019 p 287)

p 181 pp 51 56ndash57262 287







pp 43 174ndash175



pp 41ndash59 172

p 266


12



p 94198

p 292nested missing


p 179 p 257 290


p 178 p 258


citation

p 88missingneeded






p 266


13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












11


2019)


pp 47ndash48

8a Level1


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8b Level2


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8c Level3


pp 62ndash63

p 48 56ndash57

8d Level4


pp 62ndash63

p 48

8e Level5


pp 62ndash63

p 48




p 174 p 257



p 174 p 257


(APA 2019 p 254)

pp 174ndash179

p 254


text (APA 2019 p 287)

p 181 pp 51 56ndash57262 287







pp 43 174ndash175



pp 41ndash59 172

p 266


12



p 94198

p 292nested missing


p 179 p 257 290


p 178 p 258


citation

p 88missingneeded






p 266


13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












12



p 94198

p 292nested missing


p 179 p 257 290


p 178 p 258


citation

p 88missingneeded






p 266


13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












13









pp 14 42 175 177

pp 184 198ndash199

p 51 59 266




p 263






14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












14



pp 106ndash111

pp 172ndash 173





pp 106ndash111

p 174








pp 101ndash102

pp 165ndash166


15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












15




p 166



p 75 p 142



pp 231ndash232

p 253





pp 178ndash181


16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












16




p 64 pp 190ndash192



pp 111ndash114

p 179





pp 88 171ndash174

pp 271ndash274








p 69 p 117


17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












17






p 68 pp 114 116ndash117





p 77 p 6173ndash74 118










18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












18


below Below



)pp 66 68 79ndash80

pp 120ndash121




Nil pp120ndash121







pp 180ndash183




19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












19


pp 180ndash183

58 66 303ndash309




pp 180ndash183

p 40 303



p 183 p 283



pp 180ndash183

p 40 303


nil p 347





pp 207ndash208

10 36 67 333ndash334


20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












20




Nil p 329





p 179 p 257p 260






pp 182 p 303


pp 178 181ndash183

pp 304ndash305


21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












21




p 176 pp 286ndash287 303








pp 51 184 198ndash199

p 286305 309 317





pp 282 329ndash330


22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












22




pp202ndash205

pp 66 326ndash328
















p 184 p 66 321ndash325


23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












23



pp 106ndash111

p 325




p 175 p 266 286 288






p 101 p 165



p 184 pp 66ndash67 287322ndash323








p 284



pp 182ndash184

p 284


p 186 p 284


24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












24




p 180 p 284



pp 49ndash51

p 286


pp 49ndash51

pp 45 154 187ndash188 202 286



p 284









pp 202ndash203

p 274


25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












25


pp 202ndash205

p 326


p 101 pp 66317ndash318






pp 186ndash187


p 297






pp 192 255ndash257

p 299


26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












26



pp 290 319 326 328 347 349 350 352



APA 2014

p 299











p 88pp 187ndash188

p 299

p 284




Nil pp 374ndash376


27



References









28












27



References









28












28












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